Part A

Part A: Multiple Choice
1. As the angle of incidence is increased for a ray incident on a

reflecting surface, the angle between the incident and reflected rays
ultimately approaches what value?
a. zero b. 45 degrees c. 90 degrees d. 180 degrees

Answer: D
The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the
normal. As this angle approaches 90 degrees, the reflected ray also
approaches a 90 degree angle with the normal; thus, the angle
between the incident and reflected ray approach 180 degrees.

Link to More Information About ...
The Law of Reflection

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2. If you stand three feet in front of a plane mirror, how far away
would you see yourself in the mirror?
a. 1.5 ft b. 3.0 ft c. 6.0 ft d. 12.0 ft

Answer: C
If you stand 3 feet from the mirror, then your image is three feet on
the other side of the mirror; this puts your image a total of six feet
from you (3 feet to the mirror plus 3 more feet to the image).

Image Characteristics for Plane Mirrors

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3. A concave mirror with a focal length of 10.0 cm creates a real
image 30.0 cm away on its principal axis; the corresponding object is
located how far from the mirror?
a. 20.0 cm b. 15.0 cm c. 7.5 cm d. 5.0 cm

Answer: B
Use the mirror equation:
1/d
i
+ 1/d
o
= 1/f
where d
i
= +30.0 cm and f = +10.0 cm.
Substitute and solve for d
o
.
1/d
o
+ 1/(30.0 cm) = 1/(10.0 cm)
1/d
o
= 1/(10.0 cm) - 1/(30.0 cm) = 2/(30.0 cm)
d
o
= 15.0 cm

The Mirror Equation - Concave Mirrors

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4. A concave mirror forms a real image at 25.0 cm from the mirror
surface along the principal axis. If the corresponding object is at a
10.0 cm distance, what is the mirror's focal length?
a. 1.4 cm b. 16.7 cm c. 12.4 cm d. 7.1 cm

Answer: 7.1 cm
1/d
i
+ 1/d
o
= 1/f
where d
i
= +25.0 cm and d
o
= +10.0 cm.
Substitute and solve for f.
1/(10.0 cm) + 1/(25.0 cm) = 1/f
1/f = 14/(100. cm) or 0.14/cm
f = 100./14 cm = 7.1 cm

The Mirror Equation - Concave Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Concave
Mirrors

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5. If a virtual image is formed along the principal axis 10.0 cm from a
concave mirror with the focal length 15.0 cm, what is the object
distance from the mirror?
a. 30.0 cm b. 10.0 cm c. 12.4 cm d. 6.0 cm

Answer: D
1/d
i
+ 1/d
o
= 1/f
where d
i
= -10.0 cm and f = +15.0 cm. (Note that d
i
is negative if the image is virtual.)
o
.
1/d
o
+ 1/(-10.0 cm) = 1/(15.0 cm)
1/d
o
= 1/(15.0 cm) - 1/(-10.0 cm) = 5.00/(30.0 cm)
d
o
= 6.0 cm

Mirrors

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6. If a virtual image is formed 10.0 cm along the principal axis from a
convex mirror of focal length -15.0 cm, what is the object distance
from the mirror?
a. 30.0 cm b. 10.0 cm c. 6.0 cm d. 3.0 cm

Answer: A
1/d
i
+ 1/d
o
= 1/f
where d
i
= -10.0 cm and f = -15.0 cm. (Note that d
i
is negative if the image is virtual.)
o
.
1/d
o
+ 1/(-10.0 cm) = 1/(-15.0 cm)
1/d
o
= 1/(-15.0 cm) - 1/(-10.0 cm) = -1/(30.0 cm)
d
o
= 30.0 cm

Image Characteristics for Convex Mirrors | The Mirror Equation - Convex
Mirrors

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7. If a man's face is 30.0 cm in front of a concave shaving mirror
creating an upright image 1.50 times as large as the object, what is
the mirror's focal length?
a. 12.0 cm b. 20.0 cm c. 70.0 cm d. 90.0 cm

Answer: D
First find d
i
.
If the d
o
= 30.0 cm and the M = +1.50 (Note: M is + since the image is upright), then use
M = -d
i
/d
o
to find that d
i
= -45.0 cm (the - d
i
value is consistent with the image being
virtual - located behind the mirror).
Now use the mirror equation to find the focal length:
1/d
i
+ 1/d
o
= 1/f
where d
i
= -45.0 cm and d
o
= +30.0 cm.
Substitute and solve for f.
1/(30.0 cm) + 1/(-45.0 cm) = 1/f
1/f = 1/(90.0 cm) or 0.0111/cm
f = 90.0 cm

Mirrors

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8. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane
mirror?
a. virtual, inverted and enlarged
b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and the same size as object
d. real, upright and the same size as object

Answer: C
When you look at your image in a plane mirror, you see
an upright image; it is located on the other side of the mirror (and
thus is virtual); finally, it has the same dimensions (height, width)
as yourself (the object).


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9. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a
concave mirror when the object is located somewhere between the
focal point (F) and the center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
a. virtual, upright and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and reduced d. real, inverted and enlarged

Answer: D
For concave mirrors, when the object is located anywhere between F and C, the image is
real, inverted, enlarged in size, and located beyond C. You should get this very result if
you were to draw a ray diagram.

The Anatomy of a Curved Mirror

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concave mirror when the object is at a distance further than the
center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
a. virtual, erect and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced

Answer: B
For concave mirrors, when the object is located anywhere beyond C,
the image is real,inverted, reduced in size, and located between F
and C. You should get this very result if you were to draw a ray
diagram.

Ray Diagrams - Concave Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Concave
Mirrors

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concave mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less than
the focal length (f)?
c. virtual, upright and reduced

Answer: A
For concave mirrors, when the object is located anywhere inside the
F, the image is virtual, upright, enlarged in size, and located on the
opposite side of the mirror. You should get this very result if you were
to draw a ray diagram.

Ray Diagrams - Concave Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Concave
Mirrors

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convex mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less than
the absolute value of the focal length (f)?

Answer: C
For convex mirrors, regardless of where the object is located, the
image is virtual, upright,reduced in size, and located on the
opposite side of the mirror. You should get this very result if you were
to draw a ray diagram.

Ray Diagrams - Convex Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Convex Mirrors

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13. Use of a parabolic mirror, instead of one made of a circular arc
surface, can be used to reduce the occurrence of which of the
following effects?
a. spherical aberration b. mirages
c. chromatic aberration d. light scattering

Answer: A
The problem of spherical aberration are caused by the inability of the
outer portions of a concave spherical mirror to reflect and focus light
to the same image locations as other portions of the mirror. A cure for
the problem involves the use of a mirror with a different shape in the
regions far from the principal axis; a parabolic mirror solves this
problem.

Spherical Aberration

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14. When the image of an object is seen in a plane mirror, the image
is
a. real and upright. b. real and inverted.
c. virtual and upright. d. virtual and inverted.

Answer: C
Look at yourself in a plane mirror and you see your image - it
is upright. The image is located on the other side of the mirror since
reflected rays diverge upon reflection; when mirrors produce images
on the the opposite side of the mirror, the images are said to
be virtual.


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15. When the image of an object is seen in a plane mirror, the
distance from the mirror to the image depends on
a. the wavelength of light used for viewing.
b. the distance from the object to the mirror.
c. the distance of both the observer and the object to the mirror.

Answer: B
For plane mirrors, the image distance is the same as the object
distance (d
i
=-d
o
). The only way to modify the image distance is to
modify the object distance.

Image Characteristics for Plane Mirrors | Ray Diagrams for Plane Mirrors

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16. If a man wishes to use a plane mirror on a wall to view both his
head and his feet as he stands in front of the mirror, the required
length of the mirror
a. is equal to the height of the man.
b. is equal to one half the height of the man.
c. depends on the distance the man stands from the mirror.
d. depends on both the height of the man and the distance from the
man to the mirror.

Answer: B
The portion of mirror required to view the full image of an object is
always one-half the height of the object (for plane mirrors only). For
the skeptics who believe C is the more believable answer, see the
proof given on the Physics Classroom tutorial page.

What Portion of a Mirror is Required to View an Image?

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17. When the image of an object is seen in a concave mirror the
image will
a. always be real. b. always be virtual.
c. be either real or virtual. d. will always be magnified.

Answer: C
Concave mirrors can produce real images (if the object is beyond the
focal point) and virtual images (if the object is located in front of the
focal point). These images can be either magnified in size (if object is
in front of F or between C and F), reduced in size (if object is located
beyond C),or the same size as the object (if object is located at C).

Image Characteristics for Concave Mirrors

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18. When the image of an object is seen in a convex mirror the image
will
a. always be real. b. always be virtual.
c. may be either real or virtual. d. will always be magnified.

Answer: B
Convex mirrors always (always) produce images which are virtual,
upright, and reduced in size. Since reflected light rays always diverge
from each other, these convex mirrors can never produce real images.
Draw a ray diagram to convince yourself that this is true.

Image Characteristics for Convex Mirrors

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19. Rays of light traveling parallel to the principal axis of a concave
mirror will come together
a. at the center of curvature. b. at the focal point.
c. at infinity. d. at a point half way to the focal point.

Answer: B
The focal point is the location where light rays traveling parallel to the
principal axis converge. (Perhaps you remember the demo with the
concave (converging) mirror and the pencil or dollar bill.)

Reflection of Light and Image Formation
20. Right angle mirrors produce three images of objects. Which of the
following is statements is/are true of the middle image?
a. The middle image is the same size as the object.
b. The middle image is the same distance from the mirror as the
object.
c. The middle image will exhibit left-right reversal relative to the
object.
d. The middle image is a real image.
e. The middle image is an upright image.
f. The magnification of the middle image is -1.
g. When sighting at the middle image, light will reflect twice prior to
reaching one's eye.

Answer: ABEG
A is true; like any plane mirror image, the image formed by two
mirrors oriented at right angles is the same size as the object.
B is true; the middle image is the same distance from the crease of
the dual mirror system as the image is from the crease. However,
image distances are usually measured as the smallest distance
measured perpendicularly to the mirror. For middle images, this
distance would be measured to an extended mirror line and it would
be the same distance as that from the object to that same mirror.
C is false; the middle image, unlike the primary images, does not
exhibit this feature of left-right reversal.
D is false; the middle image is a virtual image; it is upright and
located behind the mirror (like any virtual image).
E is true; just look at the middle image and you will see an upright
image.
F is false; a magnification of -1 means that the image would be
inverted (negative M) and the same size as the object (1); the middle
image is the same size as the object but it is not inverted.
G is true; light will reflect twice - once off each mirror - prior to
traveling to the viewer's eye.

Right Angle Mirrors

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21. Two plane mirrors are attached to form a dual mirror system with
an adjustable angle. As the angle between the mirrors increases, the
number of images _____.
a. increase b. decreases c. remains the same

Answer: B
Consider two mirrors arranged at a 0-degree angle - parallel to each
other. There would be an infinite number of images, one located
directly behind the other forming a line which seems to extend
forever. Suppose the mirrors are adjusted to a 30-degree angle (see
question #29 below). The mirrors would create 5 images of objects
placed between the mirrors. Now suppose that the angle is increased
to a 90-degree angle (see question #29 below). Finally, suppose the
mirrors are adjusted to a 180-degree angle to form a single plane. At
such an angle, only one image would be formed. As the angle is
increased, the number of images decreases.

Other Multiple Mirror Systems

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22. Which of the following statements is/are true of a virtual image?
a. Virtual images are always located behind the mirror.
b. Virtual images can be either upright or inverted.
c. Virtual images can be magnified in size, reduced in size or the
same size as the object.
d. Virtual images can be formed by concave, convex and plane
mirrors.
e. Virtual images are not real; thus you could never see them when
sighting in a mirror.
f. Virtual images result when the reflected light rays diverge.
g. Virtual images can be projected onto a sheet of paper.

Answer: ACDF
A is true; virtual images are always located behind the mirror.
B is false; virtual images are always upright.
C is true; a virtual image is reduced in size if formed by a convex
mirror; it is magnified in size when created by concave mirrors; it is
the same size as the object when created by plane mirrors.
D is true; convex and plane mirrors always form virtual images;
concave mirrors will form virtual images of objects placed between
the focal point and the mirror.
E is false; while virtual images are not real, they can be seen if
sighted at in the mirror - just consider your plane mirror image which
you probably view everyday.
F is true. Virtual images result when incident light from the object
strikes the mirror, reflects and diverges. The virtual image is located
behind the mirror at the spot where the reflected rays would converge
if extended behind the mirror.
G is false; only real images which are formed in front of mirrors can
be projected onto the screen. Virtual images are located behind the
mirror where the light does not travel.

Image Characteristics for Plane Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Concave
Mirrors | Image Characteristics for Convex Mirrors

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23. Which of the following statements is/are true of a real image?
a. Real images are always located behind the mirror.
b. Real images can be either upright or inverted.
c. Real images can be magnified in size, reduced in size or the same
size as the object.
d. Real images can be formed by concave, convex and plane mirrors.
e. Real images are not virtual; thus you could never see them when
sighting in a mirror.
f. Real images result when the reflected light rays diverge.
g. Real images can be projected onto a sheet of paper.

Answer: CG
A is false; real images are always located in front of the mirror.
B is false; real images are always inverted and never upright.
C is true; a real image can be magnified if placed between C and F of
a concave mirror; it can be reduced in size if placed beyond C in front
of a concave mirror; and it can be the same size as the object if
placed at C in front of a concave mirror.
D is false; convex and plane mirrors always form virtual images and
can never form real images; only a concave mirror can form both
types of images.
E is false; real images can be seen when sighting at the image
location (just like virtual images can).
F is false; real images result when reflected light rays converge to a
point.
G is true; real images (unlike virtual images) can be projected onto a
sheet of paper. Because real images form in front of the mirror at the
locations where reflected rays converge, the image can be projected
onto a sheet of paper if it is placed at this image location.


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24. Which of the following situations would always result in an image
which is magnified in size?
a. Concave mirror: d
i
> 0 and d
o
< d
i

b. Convex mirror: d
o
> 0
c. Plane Mirror: d
o
> 0
d. Concave Mirror: d
o
> R
e. Concave Mirror: d
o
< f
f. Concave Mirror: d
o
> f and d
o
< R

Answer: AEF
A results in a magnified image. If the image distance is greater than
0, then the image is a real image. If the image distance is greater
than the object distance, then according to the magnification ratio,
the image height must also be equal to the object height.
In B and C, a convex and a plane mirror never creates a magnified
image. Convex mirrors always create images which are reduced in
size. Plane mirrors always create images which are the same size as
the object.
In D, the object is placed beyond the center of curvature of a concave
mirror. In such an instance, the image is reduced in size and located
between C and F.
In E, the object is placed between the focal point and a concave
mirror. At such an object location, the image is virtual, magnified,
and upright.
In F, the object is placed in between points C and F of a concave
mirror. For such an object location, the image is real, magnified, and
located beyond the center of curvature.


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25. Which of the following situations would always result in an image
which is upright?
a. Concave mirror: d
i
> 0 and d
o
< d
i

b. Convex mirror: d
o
> 0
c. Plane Mirror: d
o
> 0
d. Concave Mirror: d
o
> R
e. Concave Mirror: d
o
< f
f. Concave Mirror: d
o
> f and d
o
< R

Answer: BCE
In A, the image is real and its distance is further from the mirror than
the object. This could only occur when the object is placed between C
and F of a concave mirror. For such an object location, the image is
real, inverted, and magnified in size.
In B, a convex mirror is used. Convex mirrors always produce upright,
virtual images.
In C, a plane mirror is used. Plane mirrors always produce upright,
virtual images.
In D, the object is located beyond the center of curvature of a
concave mirror. At such an object location, the image would be
real, inverted and reduced in size.
In E, the object is located in front of the focal point of a concave
mirror. At such an object location, the image would be
virtual, upright, and magnified.
In F, the object is located between the center of curvature and the
focal point of a concave mirror; the image would be real, inverted,
and magnified.


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26. TRUE or FALSE:
Virtual images formed by mirrors are always upright images.
a. TRUE b. FALSE

Answer: A
This is a true statement. The image characteristics of being upright
and being virtual go hand in hand. If the image is virtual, then it is
upright; and vice versa. Only real images are inverted and only
inverted images are real.

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Part A: Multiple Choice

1. As the angle of incidence is increased for a ray incident on a

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