Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Centro de Cincias Sociais Aplicadas

Departamento de Cincias Administrativas
Programa de Ps-Graduao em Administrao


Disciplina: Formulao, implantao e avaliao de polticas pblicas
Prof: Dinah dos Santos Tinoco, Dra.
Aluno: Marcos Araujo Mortoni Silva

Anlise de Texto

Texto (Referncia): DUNN, Willian (2003). Public policy analysis: an introduction. 3
rd
ed.
Cap. 2: Policy analysis in the policy-making process


Introduction
Policy analysis seeks to create, transform and communicate knowledge about and in the
policy-making process (33);
The effectiveness of policy-making depends on: the availability of policy relevant
information;
The communication and use of policy analysis are essential;

Some historical background
Middle English, policie, which referred to the conduct of public affairs or the administration of
government (34);
There are porous boundaries among political science, public administration, and policy
analysis, all of which study politics and policy.
Early origins
1. Contemporary meaning: To break problems into basic elements or parts, much as a clock
or machine, decomposing, for instance, into alternatives, outcomes and objectives;
2. Other conception (restrictive view): a collection of quantitative techniques used by
systems analysis, decision analysts and economists;
3. 18 B.C, Hammurabi Code: designed to establish a unified and just public order in a period
when Babylon was in transition from a small city-state to a large territorial state. Set of
policies reflected the economy and social requirements of stable urban settlements. The
code covered criminal procedures, property rights, trade and commerce, family and
marital relations, physicians fees and accountability (34/35);
4. In the early Mesopotamian there was a growing consciousness for relation between
knowledge and the production of policy-relevant information, even some procedures were
based in part on evidence acquired through experience, any reasonable definition of
science requires that knowledge claims be assessed against observations that are
independent of the hopes of analysts, or of those who hire him; Such nowadays, the
invocation of the term the good science in this and other contexts may represent little
more than ritualistic purification;
5. In the Middle Ages, Kings and Princes recruited policy specialists to provide advice and
technical assistance in areas where ruler were least able to make effective decisions
finance, war and law (36);
6. In England, petty nobles and urban rentiers (investors) were recruited without
compensation to manage local governments in their own interests;
7. Jurist trained in Roman law and jurisprudence had a strong influence in policy making.
They were largely responsible for the transformation of the medieval state and the
movement toward modern government (37);
8. The age of the Enlightenment became an ever more dominant theme among policy
makers and their advisers. The development and testing of scientific theories if nature and
society gradually came to be seen as the only objective means for understanding and
solving social problems;
The Nineteenth-Century Transformation
1. In nineteenth-century Europe, producers of policy-relevant knowledge began to base their
work on the systematic recording of empirical data, no more based in authority, ritual or
philosophical doctrine;
2. The first censuses were conducted in the United States (1790) and England (1801). In
England by Manchester and London schools;
3. It was that time that statistics and demography began to develop as specialized fields;
4. In the Manchester Society, an enthusiasm for quantification was coupled with a
commitment to social reform, or progress of social improvement in the manufacturing
population;
5. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834): to confine its attention rigorously to facts and, as far as
it may be found possible, to facts which can be stated numerically and arranged in table;
6. There were similar development in France, Germany and the Nederlands (38);
7. Another exponent: Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874): a Belgian mathematician and
astronomer who addressed many new resources of research, such as: questionnaire design,
data collection, analysis and interpretation; data organization and storage, and
identification of conditions under which data are collected;
8. In England, Henry Mayhew studied the life and employment conditions of the urban poor
in natural settings. As a participant observation, he lived among the urban poor, gaining
first-hand experience of actual living conditions.
9. He was an important influence on the revision of policies on old-age pensions;
10. The nineteenth-century transformation was not the result of declarations of allegiance to
cannons of logical empiricism and the scientific method;
11. Actually, the transformation came, rather, from the uncertainty accompanying the shift
form agrarian to industrial societies, a shift that preceded the Industrial Revolution;
12. Although, political stability was associated with profound social instability;
13. For the most part science and technology was not responsible for the growth of newly
centralized systems of political control;
14. Dominant social groups valued policy-oriented research as a means to achieve political
and administrative control (39);
15. In the sphere of factory production, for example, the political organization if work
preceded scientific and technological developments that later culminated in efficiency
enhancing machinery and the specialization of tasks.
16. The questions of the day where practical and political: need to earn to maintain
themselves and their families; need to earn before there was a taxable surplus;
The Twentieth-Century and beyond
1. An important feature was the institutionalization of the social and behavioral sciences and
social professors; They were graduated with the first and advanced degrees in policy-
relevant disciplines and occupied permanent positions in governments or performed short-
term consulting;
2. Active role in the administration of Woodrow Wilson during the World First War;
3. Later, under the Republic administration of Herbert Hoover, social scientist carried out
two major social surveys: Recent Economics Trends and Recent Social Trends;
4. However, the largest influx came with Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, when a large
numbers of social scientists staffed the numerous new agencies established during the
Roosevelt administration;
5. The primary function of social scientist in the 1930s was to investigate policy problems
and broad sets of potential solutions, and not, as a later periods, to employ economic
modelling, decision analysis or policy experimentation to identify and select specific
solutions to problems (40);
6. The Roosevelt administrations Planning Board: a majority of whose members were
professional social scientists, provides a good illustration of the approach to policy
questions characteristics of the 1930s; The board was conceived as a general staff
gathering and analyzing facts, observing the interrelation and administration of broad
policies, proposing time to time alternative lines of national procedure, based on thorough
inquiry and mature consideration;
7. World war II and postwar provided opportunities to demonstrate the value of social
science in solving social problems;
8. Military and civilian agencies relied on social scientists to investigate problems of
national security, social welfare, defense, war production, pricing and rationing;
9. In this period, the seminal contribution to policy research was The American Soldier
(1950), a four-volume study produced by many of the most able applied social scientists
in the country;
10. Military police makers turned to the social researcher, not only for facts, but also for
casual inferences and conclusions that would affect the lives of millions of troops;
11. This large research program contributed to the development and refinement of
multivariate analysis and other quantitative techniques that are now widely used by
researches in all social science disciplines (40/41);
12. After World War II, The policy sciences: recent developments in scope and method
(1951) was the first systematic effort within the social and behavioral sciences; This book
was not confined to theoretical aims of science. Moreover, their purpose is not simply to
provide a basis for making efficient decisions, but also provide knowledge needed to
improve practice of democracy;the ultimate goal is the realization of human dignity an
theory and fact;
13. The systematic study of public policy also grew out of public administration then a field
within political science. In 1937, Harvard University established the Graduate School of
Public Administration which focused in part on public policy;
14. In the 1940s, an interuniversity committee was established to develop political curricular
materials. The major product of which committee was Public Administration and Policy
Development: A case book (1952);
15. At that time, the Committee speaks for the close the relationship between policy analysis
and public administration before and after de World War II;
16. The development of methods and techniques in public policy did not originate in political
science. The technical side of policy analysis rather grew out of engineering, operations
research, systems analysis, applied mathematics and applied economics;
17. World War II had prompted the involvement of specialists whose orientation toward
policy was primarily analytical;
18. The idea of analysis came to be associated with efforts to separate or decompose
problems into their fundamental components;
19. This idea was called analycentric perspective. This idea tends to preclude or restrict
concerns with political, social and administrative aspects of public policy.
20. Although, the analycentric turn represents a movement away from the multidisciplinary
and normative vision of Lasswells policy sciences;
21. The analycentric turn was accompanied by the growing influence of non-profit
organizations (think thanks), such as the Rand Corporation (42);
22. The development of program planning budget systems (PPBS) was due in large measure
to the efforts of operations researches and economists under Charles Hitch under the Rand
Corporation;
23. The questions, related to national defense, were:
How the country could purchase national security in the most efficient manner?
How much of the national wealth should be devoted to defense;
How the funds allocated to defense should be distributed among different military
functions? And
How to assure the most effective use of these funds?
24. PPBS was introduced into the Department of Defense in 1965 and was later mandated to
use in all federal agencies, but it was difficult to implement. After 1971 it became into
desuse;
25. Despite mixed conclusions about its success, PPBS does appear to have captured the
attention of government and university analysis who value systematic procedures for
selecting and evaluating policy alternatives;
26. The analycentric turn has been offset to some extend by the rapid growth of private
foundations, although the natural sciences continued to receive the bulk of the
government research support;
27. But this situation changed from the 5% of all available federal research funds (1970s) to
approximately 40% (1980-90);
28. At the same time, more than 95% of all research fund by government, non-profit and
private organizations is applied research in practical problems;
29. By the 1970s, many social science disciplines had established institutions (43);
30. In the 1980s the process of institutionalization policy-oriented social science was carried a
step further by the creation of multidisciplinary professional associations;
31. In addition to the new mainstream, journal were several hundred others focused on
specific issues;
32. In the same period, universities in the US and Europe founded new graduate programs
and degrees in policy analysis;
33. Most research universities in the US have policy centers or institutes listed in the
Encyclopedia of Associations;
34. In Washington and state capitals, and in the European Union, policy analyst is a formal
job description;
35. The National governors Association and the National League of Cities have policy
analysis units. There are similar units throughout the US, directorates of European Union,
international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Bank;

The policy-making process
The development of policy analysis has been a response to practical problems and crises;
Policy analysis is a series of intellectual activities embedded embedded in a social process;
The social dimension, which includes politics, psychology and culture, is usually described as
a policy-making process, or policy process (44/45);
A series of interdependent activities arrayed through time: agenda setting, policy formulation,
policy adoption, policy implementation, policy assessment, policy adaptation, policy
succession and policy termination;
The policy process is composed of complex rounds or cycles and each phase is linked to the
next. In backward and forward loops;
Individuals as well as interest groups, bureaus, offices, and departments participate in one or
more policy cycles through cooperation, competition, and conflit;
In some cases, policies are adopted first, and then justified by working backward to agenda
setting, where problems are formulated or reformulated to fit the policies;
Parallel cycles may occur with different groups developing policies at the same time and there
may be forward as well as backward branching from one phase to multiple successor or
predecessor phases.
Adjacent phases may be linked, or skipped altogether, creating short circuits;
Solutions and problems are in continuous flux, creating a degree of complexity that prompts
metaphors of garbage cans, primeval policy soups, and organized anarchies.