SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

INSTRUCTED BY : Mr. L P M I Sampath

NAME :K K C S Kodikara
INDEX NO : 110301J
GROUP : 10
DATE OF PER : 05 /06/2014
OBSERVATION SHEET







OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Voltage (V) Field Current If (A)
20 0.01
40 0.04
60 0.05
80 0.07
100 0.09
120 0.12
140 0.14
160 0.17
180 0.20
200 0.24
220 0.30
240 0.39
260 0.53
270 0.63

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Is/c (A) If (A)
0 0
1 0.01
2 0.05
3 0.07
4 0.10
5 0.13
6 0.16

Load test (inductive) Load test resistive

V A
180 0.00
178 0.32
176 0.66
176 0.96
174 1.28




V A
20 5.5
30 5.0
40 4.7
50 4.3
60 4.0
70 3.7
80 3.3
90 2.9
100 2.6
110 2.2
NAME: K K C S Kodikara
INDEX NO : 110301J
GROUP: 10
DATE OF PER: 05/06/2014
PRACTICAL: Synchronous generator
INSTRUCTED BY: Mr. L P M I Sampath

0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
o
p
e
n

c
c
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)

&

s
h
o
r
t

c
c
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)

field current If (A)
open and short cct characteristics
voltage Vs field current
short cct current Vs field current

CALCULATIONS

From the thevenins equivalent circuit,

If r
a
is small,

Where V
O/C -
Open circuit voltage
I
S/C -
Short circuit current

Therefore synchronous reactance (X
S
) can be determined by using the plotted characteristics curves
for a given field current.

Sample calculation for field current 0.1 A,
V
O/C
= 107.5 V (from graph)
I
S/C
= 3.75 A (from graph)
X
S
= 107.5 / 3.75
= 28.67

Similarly, we can calculate synchronous reactance (X
S
) for given field currents and results are listed
below.
Field Current
(A)
Open circuit voltage
(V)
Short circuit current
(A)
Synchronous
reactance
()
0.10 107.5 3.75 28.67
0.20 176.25 6.25 28.20
0.30 220 8.75 25.14
0.40 245 12.5 19.60
0.50 252.5 16.25 15.54
0.60 265 20 13.25










12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s

r
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

(

)

field current If (A)
Synchronous Reactance (XS) vs. Field Current (If)
Short Circuit Ratio is defined as,






From the name plate data of synchronous generator,
Rated Voltage = 240 V
Rated Current = 6.65 A

Therefore, from the open and short circuit characteristics curves,
Field current for rated open circuit voltage = 0.38 A
Field current for rated short circuit current = 0.15 A

Saturated synchronous reactance X
Ssat
in per unit,

By using open cct and short cct characteristics curves
Saturated synchronous reactance X
Ssat
in ohms,

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Load Current (A)
Load Voltage vs. Load Current
zero pf
pf=1
Using the phasor diagram;
V
2
(2X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
E = 240V and
X
S
= 13.33

Sample calculation for load current 1 A,

When Cos = 0

= 90
0
V
2
(2 X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
V = 253.33 V

= - 90
0
V
2
(2 X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
V = 226.67 V

When Cos = 1

= 0
V
2
(2 X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
V = 239.63 V

When Cos = 0.9

= 25.84
0
V
2
(2 X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
V = 245.51 V


= - 25.84
0

V
2
(2 X
S
I Sin ) V + (X
S
2
I
2
- E
2
) = 0
V = 233.89 V

































I
(A)
V(V) At
Cos = 1
V(V) At
Leading
Cos =0
V(V) At
Lagging
Cos =0
V(V) At
Leading
Cos =0.9
V(V) At
Lagging
Cos =0.9
1 239.63 253.33 226.67 245.51 233.89
2 238.51 266.66 213.34 250.42 227.18
4 234.00 293.32 186.68 258.39 211.91
6 226.28 319.98 160.02 263.81 194.09
8 215.01 346.64 133.36 266.45 173.49
10 199.58 0373.3 106.7 265.96 149.76
12 178.92 0399.96 80.04 261.75 122.31

50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 3 5 7 9 11
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Load Current (A)
Terminal Voltage vs. Load Current Graph for Different loads
Cos =1
Leading Cos = 0
Lagging Cos = 0
Leading cos = 0.9
Lagging cos = 0.9
DISCUSSION
1. Importance of the SCR with respect to the generator performance.

The Short Circuit Ratio is the ratio of the field current that required for generate rated armature
voltage at open circuit to the field current that required for produce rated current at short circuit when
the machine is driven at synchronous speed. And SCR is given by the reciprocal of per unit
synchronous reactance.

The SCR value of a synchronous generator can represent information about the generator
performance. Low value of SCR indicates a low value of current under short circuit conditions owing
to large value of synchronous reactance. When the SCR is higher, stability limit increased and also
voltage regulation is improved.

2. Comment on the variation of synchronous reactance with field current.

The synchronous reactance is defined to be as follows,

When we observe the short circuit and the open circuit characteristic curves, we can see that the
ratio of (V
O/C
/ I
S/C
) is nearly constant for lower values of the field current as before the machine
begins saturation, when the open-circuit characteristic curve is nearly linear. The synchronous
reactance must remain constant. But in higher value of the field current, the ratio of (V
O/C
/ I
S/C
) is not
constant due to open circuit non-linearization. The synchronous reactance begins to drop rapidly. This
is because of the fact that the rate of increase of open circuit characteristic is reducing faster and at the
saturated region the slow growth of flux affects to the armature reaction and the self-inductance of the
armature coils.

3. Synchronous generator has characteristic of a current transformer. Explain.

When we consider the rotor winding of a synchronous generator, the rotor winding will be primary
of a transformer and the field winding to be the secondary of transformer, then the field current to be
the primary current, and the armature current to be the secondary current and a synchronous generator
act as a step-up current transformer since the armature current is much higher than the field current.

In a current transformer, when the secondary winding is short circuited, that short circuit current is
proportional to the primary current. Similarly, when the armature is short circuited in a synchronous
generator, we can observe that the armature current is proportional to the field current by the short
circuit characteristic curve. Hence, the synchronous generator shows characteristics of a current
transformer.






4. Comment on the variation of the terminal voltage with load current for various power
factor loads.

We already obtained some terminal voltage vs. load current curves for different power factors.
When speed and exciting current constant, the terminal voltage of a synchronous generator changes
with the different load.















Fig : variation of terminal voltage verses load current for different loads

The terminal voltage decrease when the load current increases, but when power factor is lead, the
load characteristic curve rise at the beginning and then decreased. Each curve is nearly straight at the
beginning but tends to bow with the load current increases.The maximum current can be obtained
when the generator terminals are short circuited. The steady short circuit current is not much greater
than full load rated current. This is purely arranged to prevent excessive current in the event of a short
circuit.