You are on page 1of 50

Relay

Coordination
-BY JAIKISHAN GIANANI
WHY PROTECTION IS REQUIRED ?

TO PROTECT COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

(GENERATORS , TRANSFORMERS , OH LINES
CABLES , MOTORS , CIRCUIT BREAKERS ETC)


TO PROTECT THE POWER SYSTEM



COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS & POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS

PROTECTIVE RELAYS

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

RELAY CO-ORDINATION
WHY RELAY CO-ORDINATION ?

TO ACHIEVE SELECTIVITY/ DISCRIMINATION

ONLY FAULTY SECTION OF POWER SYSTEM
TO BE ISOLATED

GENERALLY USED FOR OVERCURRENT AND
EARTH FAULT RELAYS


FUSES
SIMPLEST AND MOST COMMONLY USED
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE

PROVIDES OVER LOAD PROTECTION TO A
CERTAIN DEGREE

IT CONSISTS OF A FUSIBLE METAL (
TIN, LEAD ALLOY OR SILVER ) WIRE
ENCLOSED IN A CONTAINER WITH METAL
CONTACTS AND QUENCHING MEDIUM


FUSES
IT NORMALLY FOLLOWS THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF I^2 * t = K , HOWEVER ENCLOSED
FUSES HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC OF I^3.5
* t = K

FUSES HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC OF
LIMITING THE PROSPECTIVE FAULT
CURRENT TO A LOWER VALUE

OVERCURRENT RELAY
A RELAY WHICH OPERATES WHEN THE
CURRENT THROUGH IT EXCEEDS A PRESET
VALUE

THE VALUE OF THE PRESET CURRENT
ABOVE WHICH THE RELAY OPERATES IS
CALLED THE PICK UP VALUE OF THE
RELAY

AN OVERCURRENT RELAY IS NORMALLY USED
FOR PROTECTION OF DISTRIBUTION
FEEDERS , MOTORS AND TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF OVERCURRENT RELAYS
CONSTRUCTION WISE:
ELECTROMAGNETIC:
a)ATTRACTED ARMATURE YPE
b)INDUCTION DISC TYPE
STATIC
NUMERIC

APLICATION WISE:
INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME RELAY
(IDMT) RELAY
DEFINITE TIME RELAY
INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY



IDMT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL RELAY EQUATION :
t = K/((I/In)^n 1)

t = RELAY OPERATING TIME

I = FAULT CURRENT

In = RELAY PLUG SETTING ( PICK UP )

n = CONSTANT

K = CONSTANT



IDMT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
AS PER BRITISH STANDARD DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS ARE OBTAINED BY
SUBSTITUTING VALUES OF n AND K

NORMAL INVERSE : n = 0.02 , K = 0.14
OPERATING TIME AT TEN TIMES PS = 3.0 SECS

VERY INVERSE : n = 1 , K = 13.5
OPERATING TIME AT TEN TIMES PS = 1.5 SECS

EXTREMELY INVERSE : n = 2 , K = 80
OPERATING TIME AT TEN TIMES PS = 0.808 SECS



RELAY SETTINGS
IDMT RELAYS :

PS = PLUG SETTING (FOR SETTING PU)

TMS = TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING( OPTG TIME)

RELAY FOLLOWS THE CHARACTERISTICS FOR
VARIOUS VALUES ( x PS) OF OPERATING
CURRENT

RELAY SETTINGS
DEFINITE TIME RELAY :
PU= PICK UP CURRENT

t = OPERATING TIME

RELAY OPERATES ABOVE PU CURRENT AFTER
SET TIME DELAY t

INSTANTANEOUS RELAY :
PU = PICK UP CURRENT

RELAY OPERATES ABOVE PU CURRENT
INSTANTLY

METHODS OF CO-ORDINATION
TIME GRADED RELAY CO-ORDINATION

CURRENT GRADED RELAY CO-ORDINATION

CURRENT AND TIME GRADED RELAY CO-
ORDINATION

USE OF DIRECTIONAL RELAYS


TIME GRADED RELAY
COORDINATION

SOURCE A B
C
FAULT
F
FOR FAULT AT LOCATION F OPERATING TIME OF
RELAY AT C < B < A

DISADVANTAGE: OPERATING TIME MAXIMUM FOR
FAULTS NEAREST TO THE SOURCE

APPLICATION:SHORT DISTANCE RADIAL FEEDERS
WHERE FAULT CURRENT IS ALMOST SAME FOR SECTIONS
SA, AB ,BC AND CD
S
D
CURRENT GRADED RELAY
COORDINATION
SOURCE
A
B
C D
S
F3 F1
F2
FAULT LEVEL F1 > F2 > F3

RELAYS AT A , B AND C SET TO PICK UP AS PER
FAULT CURRENT DUE TO FAULTS AT F1 , F2 AND F3
RESPECTIVELY

DEFINITE TIME RELAYS USED ( TIME SETTING OF ALL
RELAYS IS SAME


80%
CURRENT GRADED RELAY
COORDINATION
ADVANTAGE :
1) TIME SETTING OF RELAY NEAR THE
SOURCE IS LESS
2) CHEAP , AS ONLY DEFINITE TIME RELAYS
CAN BE USED

DISADVANTAGE:
1) RELAYS TEND TO OVERREACH
2) HENCE ONLY 80% OF THE FEEDER IS
NORMALLY COVERED
3) TRANSIENT STABILITY IS NOT GOOD


TIME AND CURRENT GRADED RELAY
CO-ORDINATION
COMBINATION OF TIME AND CURRENT GRADING
USED

RETAINS ADVANTAGES OF BOTH SYSTEMS WHILE
ELIMINATING THE DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH

IDMT RELAYS NORMALLY USED

ALSO COMBINATION OF BOTH DEFINITE TIME
AND IDMT RELAYS CAN BE USED
TIME AND CURRENT GRADED RELAY CO-
ORDINATION
SINCE RELAYS HAVE INVERSE TIME CURRENT
CHARACTERISTIUCS , FAULTS NEAREST TO
THE RELAY ARE CLEARED FASTER

RELAYS DO NOT OVERREACH AS OPERATION
CAN BE DELAYED FOR SAME PICK UP VALUES


TIME AND CURRENT GRADED RELAY CO-
ORDINATION
IDMT RELAY CHARACTERISTIC IS INVERSE
FOR CURRENTS UP TO 10 TIMES THE PS

BETWEEN 10 AND 20 TIMES THE PS THE
RELAY HAS AN ALMOST DEFINITE TIME
CHARACTERISTICS

RELAY PLUG SETTING IS DONE AS PER THE
FULL LOAD CURRENT RATING OF THE
FEEDER
TIME AND CURRENT GRADED RELAY CO-
ORDINATION
RELAYS ARE SET TO PICK UP AT HIGHER
CURRENTS TOWARDS THE SOURCE

OPERATING TIME IS ALSO SET
PROGRESSIVELY HIGH TOWARDS THE SOURCE

DATA FOR RELAY CO-ORDINATION
ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE POWER SYSTEM
NETWORK

THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FAULT LEVELS
AT VARIOUS BUSES

THE RATIO OF ALL CT AND PT USED FOR
PROTECTIVE RELAYS IN THE SYSTEM
DATA FOR RELAY CO-ORDINATION
THE NORMAL AND MAXIMUM LOAD RATING
OF ALL FEEDERS

RATING AND STARTING CURRENT OF
LARGEST MOTOR AT EACH BUS

SHORT TIME RATING OF ALL POWER
EQUIPMENT , CABLES/ OH LINES AND BUS
BARS

TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF O/C RELAY CO-
ORDINATION
ONE LINE DIAGRAM :
25 MW UNIT1
31.25MVA
31.5 MVA
0.14 P.U
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
FUSE
LT MOTOR
HT MOTOR
H
11/0.433 KV
2MVA 0.06 PU
GEN
11/6.9 KV
12 MVA 0.08 PU
B1
B2
B3 B4
SIMILAR TO FEEDER BC
SIMILAR TO UNIT 1
FAULT LEVEL DATA
SR NO BUS NUMBER
(VOLTAGE)
MAX(MVA)/KA MIN(MVA)
1 B1 ( 11KV) 450/23.63 225
2 B2 ( 11KV) 400/20.99 200
3 B3 ( 433V) 33/44 30
4 B4 (6.9KV) 150/12.55 140
5 HT MOTOR 130/10.87 120
6 LT MOTOR 22/29.33 20
F
D
D
G
G
LT M
A
E
E
CT RATIO DATA
SR NO LOCATION NUMBER CT RATIO
1 A 2000/1
2 B 1000/1
3 C 1000/1
4 D 125/1
5 E 1000/1
6 F 3000/1
7 G 1200/1
8 H 50/1
9 LT MOTOR NA(FUSE 160 A)
SHORT TIME RATING DATA
SR NO COMPONENT DESIGNATION RATING(MVA/SEC)
1 B1 40KA /3SEC
2 B2 40KA/3SEC
3 B3 50KA/1SEC
4 B4 21KA/1SEC
5 CABLE B1-B2 20KA/1SEC
6 CABLE LT MOTOR 20KA/1SEC
7 CABLE HT MOTOR 20KA/1SEC
MOTOR RELATED DATA
HIGHEST RATING HT MOTOR
RATING : 450 KW
FULL LOAD CURRENT : 45A
STARTING CURRENT : 248A
STARTING TIME : 5SEC

HIGHEST RATING LT MOTOR
RATING : 37KW
FULL LOAD CURRENT : 66A
STARTING CURRENT :363A
STARTING TIME : 3SEC



FEEDER RELATED DATA
FEEDER F

NORMAL LOADING : 2000A

FEEDER G

NORMAL LOADING : 700A
CO-ORDINATION INTERVALS
TYPE OF RELAYS ASSUMED : INDUCTION DISC
TYPE OVERCURRENT RELAYS

BREAKER TO FUSE INTERVAL: 0.15 SEC

BREAKER TO BREAKER INTERVBAL : 0.25 SEC

INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT OPERATING TIME:60mSEC

LT MOTOR CALCULATIONS

STARTING CURRENT OF LT MOTOR = 363A

FUSE RATING = 160A (SLOW BLOWING)

CURRENT THROUGH FUSE DURING MOTOR
STARTING = 363/160 = 2.26 TIMES RATED A

BLOWING TIME FROM CHARACTERISTIC = 14SEC

FAULT CURRENT FOR FAULT AT LT MOTOR
TERMINALS = 29330A

= 29330/160 = 183 TIMES FUSE RATING

FUSE BLOWING TIME FROM CURVE = 0.03 SEC

MCC INCOMER (F) CALCULATIONS

NORMAL LOAD AT MCC INCOMER (F) = 2000A

STARTING CURRENT OF LARGEST LT MOTOR =363 A

MAXIMUM LOAD ON INCOMER (F) = 2000+363 = 2363 A

CT RATIO OF INCOMER (F) = 3000/1

CURRENT(Ip)AT F = 2363/3000 =0.788A

OPERATING TIME DESIRED FOR FAULT AT LT MOTOR
TERMINALS = 0.03+ 0.15 = 0.18SEC

MCC INCOMER (F) CALCULATIONS


FAULT CURRENT THROUGH FOR LT MOTOR TERMINAL
FAULT = 29335 A

CURRENT THROUGH CT SEC = 29335/3000= 9.77A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT F = 9.77/0.788=12.4

DESIRED TMS =0.066




TRF HT (D) CALCULATIONS
RELAY USED AT D IS NORM INV + HIGH SET

CURRENT THROUGH D FOR FAULT AT B3(MAX)
= 44000/25.4( TRF RATIO) = 1732A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT D = 1732/125(CTR)
=13.85A

HIGH SET ELEMENT SETTING = 1.3 * 13.85 = 18.0A
(SET 30 % HIGHER THAN MAX LT FAULT LEVEL)

RELAY D HIGH SET ELEMENT SETTING = 18A


TRF HT (D) CALCULATIONS
CURRENT THROUGH D FOR MAX LOADING AT F =105A

PICK UP OF RELAY AT D = 105/125(CTR) = 0.84A

FAULT CURRENT THROUGH D FOR FAULT AT F =
44000/25.4( TRF RATIO) = 1732 A

FAULT CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT D 1732/125
= 13.85 A
= 13.85 / 0.84 = 16.5 TIMES THE PICK UP





TRF HT (D) CALCULATIONS
DESIRED RELAY D OPERATING TIME FOR FAULT AT F
= 0.18 + 0.25 = 0.43SEC

DESIRED TMS FOR RELAY AT D =0.177





TRF HT (D) CALCULATIONS
RELAY D HIGH SET P U CHECK

FAULT CURRENT FOR MIN FAULT AT D = 10500A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT D = 10500/125 = 84A

HIGH SET RELAY SET TO PU AT 18A

RELAY OPERATING TIME 0.06 SECS

11 KV I/C (C) CALCULATIONS
RELAY USED AT C IS NORM INV

MAX LOAD THROUGH C = 630 + 105 ( FL AMP OF
BOTH TRANSFORMERS) = 735A

PICK UP= 735/1000 = 0. 735A

FAULT CURRENT THROUGH C FOR FAULT AT D =
20995 A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT C = 20995/1000 =
21A



11 KV I/C (C) CALCULATIONS
CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT C = 21/0.75= 28 TIMES

DESIRED OPERATING TIME FOR FAULT AT D =
0.06 + 0.25 = 0.31 SECS

TMS OF RELAY AT C =0.152

11 KV O/G (B) CALCULATIONS
ASSUMED THAT FAULT LEVEL AT B1 AND B
IS SAME

ASSUMED THAT FAULT LEVEL AT D AND B2
IS SAME

FOR FAULT AT B2 OPERATING TIME OF RELAY
AT C IS O.31 SECS

OPENING OF EITHER C OR B CAUSES POWER
INTERRUPTION TO B2

HENCE PICK UP AND TMS OF RELAY AT B IS SAME AS
THAT OF RELAY AT C ( NO TIME GRADING)
11 KV I/C TO B1 (A) CALCULATIONS
FULL LOAD CURRENT OF GENERATOR = 1640A

CT RATIO AT A = 2000/1

PICK UP OF RELAY AT A = 1640/2000=0.82A

ASSUMED THAT FAULT LEVEL IS SAME AT B
AND B1

FAULT CURRENT THROUGH B FOR FAULT AT B =
23600 A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT B = 23600/1000 =
23.6A




11 KV I/C TO B1 (A)
CALCULATIONS
PICK UP OF RELAY AT B = 0.75A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT B = 23.6/0.75 = 31.5
TIMES PICK UP

OPERATING TIME OF RELAY AT B FOR FAULT AT B =0.31

TMS OF RELAY AT B = 0.158



11 KV I/C TO B1 (A)
CALCULATIONS
FAULT CURRENT THROUGH A FOR FAULT AT B = 23600 A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT A = 23600/2000 =11.80

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT A = 11.80/0.82=14.4 TIMES

DESIRED OPTG TIME IS 0.31 + 0.25 =0.56SEC

TMS OF RELAY AT A =0.22

6.9 KV I/C (G) CALCULATIONS
RELAY AT G IS NORM INV

MAXIMUM LOAD ON G IS 700 + 248 = 948A

CT RATIO AT G = 1200/1

PICK UP OF RELAY AT G = 948/1200 = 0.79A

CURRENT THROUGH G FOR FAULT AT HT MOTOR
TERMINAL = 10877 A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT G = 10877/1200 = 9.06A

6.9 KV I/C (G) CALCULATIONS
CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT G = 9.06/0.79 = 11.5 TIMES PICK UP

RELAY OPERATING TIME REQ = 0.06 + 0.25 = 0.31 SEC

RELAY TMS =0.11

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT G FOR FAULT AT B4=
12551/1200 = 10.45A = 10.45/0.79=13.22 TIMES PICK UP


FOR TMS = 0.11 OP TIME = 0.3 SEC


TRF HT (E) CALCULATIONS
RELAY AT E NI + HIGH SET

MAX LOAD ON E = 630A

CT RATIO AT E = 1000/1

PLUG SETTING OF RELAY AT E = 630/1000 =
0.635A

FAULT CURRENT THROUGH E FOR FAULT AT G
= 12551/ 1.6(TRF RATIO) = 7844A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT E = 7844/1000 =
7.84 A

TRF HT (E) CALCULATIONS
CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT E IS 7.84/0.635 =12.35 TIMES THE PS

DESIRED OP TIME FOR FAULT AT B4 = 0.31 + 0.25 = 0.56 SEC

TMS OF RELAY AT E =0.206





TRF HT (E) CALCULATIONS
HIGH SET ELEMET

CURRENT THROUGH E FOR MAX FAULT AT G
= 12551/ 1.6(TRF RATIO) = 7844A

CURRENT THROUGH RELAY AT E = 7844/1000= 7.84A

HIGH SET ELEMENT SETTING = 1.3 * 7.84 =10.2

CURRENT THROUGH E FOR MIN FAULT AT E
10500/1000 = 10.5A

HENCE HIGH SET WILL OPERATE FOR MIN FAULT AT E

FINAL RELAY SETTINGS
SR
NO
LOCATION RELAY
CURVE
PICK
UP
TMS HS
1 A NI 0.82A 0.22 -
2 B NI 0.75A 0.158 -
3 C NI 0.75A 0.152 -
4 D NI +HS 0.84A 0.177 20A
5 E NI +HS 0.635A 0.206 10A
6 F NI 0.788A 0.066 -
7
G NI

0.79A 0.11 -
TYPICAL FUSE CHARACTERISTIC
OPERATING
CURRENT(%)


THANK YOU

You might also like