May Phu Tau Thuy

1
GII THIEU CHUNG

a) Khi niem v My phu tu thuy v chc nang cua chng
My phu tu thuy bao gom tat ca cc my mc, thiet bi dong luc tren tu, tr my chnh
v noi hoi chnh. Chng bao gom to Diesel - My pht dien, cc bom phuc vu tren tu, cc my
nn kh, cc thiet bi trao nhiet, cc thiet bi loc v phan ly dau - nuc, v.v ... cng vi cc he
thong dung ong v cc thiet bi khc tren dung ong c cc chc nang sau.
1. Phuc vu cho hoat dong cua my chnh (doi vi he thong dong luc diesel) v noi hoi
chnh (doi vi he thong dong luc hoi nuc) nhu: he thong cung cap nhien nhien lieu, he thong
boi tron cung bc, he thong lm mt, he thong kh nn. Trong trang tr dong luc hoi nuc l
cc thiet bi thuoc cc he thong: he thong cap nuc noi, bau ngung hoi, ht chan khong.
2. Phuc vu ht kho v can bang tu, gom cc thiet bi thuoc cc he thong: He thong ht
kho, he thong dan tu.
3. Phuc vu cc nhu cau sinh hoat cua con ngui tren tu, gom cc thiet bi thuoc cc he
thong: he thong cap nuc an, nuc sinh hoat, he thong thong gi, he thong lm lanh v dieu ha
khong kh, he thong suoi, he thong nuc thai ve sinh.
4. Truyen cong suat t dong co chnh den thiet bi day: dung truc - chan vit, hop so.
5. am bao gi on dinh hung di v dieu khien quay tro tu, gom cc thiet bi my mc
thuoc he thong li, he thong tang on dinh tu (cc cnh giam lac).
6. Cung cap dien nang v chieu sng tren tu: to Diesel my pht dien hoac tua bin hoi-
my pht.
7. Neo tu v phuc vu boc xep hng ho xuong v len tu nhu cc thiet bi dng mo nap
ham hng, thiet bi cau, hay bom hng.
8. am bao an ton cho tu v con ngui tren tu, gom cc thiet bi: Cc thiet bi bo chy,
cc thiet bi thuoc he thong cu hoa, cc thiet bi cu sinh, he thong chong chm, ...
9. Dng de do dac v theo di cc thong so, tu dong dieu khien v dieu khien t xa nhu
cc he thong kh nn, he thong kh nn, thuy luc- dien cng cc thiet bi do, cc cam bien v cc
thiet bi dien khc.
b Phan loai My phu tu thuy
My phu tu thuy rat da dang ve cong dung, kieu loai, nguyen tac lm viec, ket cau, vat
lieu che tao v tnh nang lm viec, chng duoc su dung cho cc muc dch hoac trong cc dieu
kien lm viec khc nhau. Ni chung, My phu tu thuy duoc phan loai theo cc cch sau:
1. Theo cong dung cu the c the chia thnh: bom, my nn kh, quat gi, my li, my
neo, ti, cau, cc thiet bi chung cat nuc, bau ngung, thiet bi trao nhiet, my loc, phan li vv.
2. Dua vo tnh chat cong tc cua thiet bi c the chia ra nhu sau (c tnh qui uc de tien
cho viec hoc tap v nghien ca):
+ May thuy luc l cc my mc lm viec vi cc loai chat long tren tu nhu cc my
bom, dong co thuy luc, bo truyen thuy luc.
+ May thoi l cc my mc lm viec vi chat kh, nhu cc quat gi, my nn kh.
+ May ti l cc thiet bi, my mc hoat dong theo nguyen l tang ti nhu ti neo, ti
cau.
+ Ihiet bi trao nhiet l cc thiet bi dng de trao doi nhiet gia cong chat nng v
cong chat lanh, nhu bau sinh hn dau nhn, sinh hn nuc, ham dau, bau ngung,
dn bay hoi.
+ Cac thiet bi phu khac: gom cc thiet bi, my mc phu cn lai, nhu my phan ly
dau, my loc nuc la canh...
http://kimcokynhan.wordpress.com
2
3 Dua vo vi tr bo tr thiet bi tren tu, cc my phu duoc chia ra:
+ Cac thiet bi tren boong: bao gom cc my phu tu thuy duoc lap dat tren boong,
nhu ti cau, ti neo, thiet bi cu sinh, cu hoa v my li.
+ Cac thiet bi trong buong may bao gom cc my phu tu thuy cn lai.
4. Dua vo cch truyen dong (hay dang nang luong su dung) cho cc my phu, chia ra:
+ Iruyen dong truc tiep bng diesel: gom cc my phu duoc truyen dong truc tiep
boi dong co Diesel chnh hoac Diesel doc lap, nhu cc bom hng, cc my nn
kh, bom nuc cu hoa su co.
+ Iruyen dong bng hoi nuoc (hoc khi nn, khi chay) gom cc my phu su dung
nang luong t hoi nuc de truyen dong, nhu cc bom piston kieu day thang, cc
my nn kh li tam dan dong bang tua bin hoi, cc bom phut (Ejector) dng hoi
nuc, cc bau ham dau.
+ Iruyen dong bng dien: gom cc my phu do dong co dien lai, nhu cc my bom,
my nn kh. ay l phuong thc truyen dong duoc dng pho bien cho cc my
phu tu thuy ngy nay.
+ Iruyen dong bng thuy luc: gom cc my phu duoc truyen dong boi dong co thuy
luc, nhu cc my cau hng thuy luc, my neo thuy luc, my li thuy luc, thay doi
buc cua chan vit bien buc, trong cc he thong tu dong dieu khien v dieu khien
t xa.
+ Iruyen dong bng suc ngui: gom cc my phu duoc dan dong bang sc ngui,
nhu cc bom tay dau nhn, cc my nn kh su co, bom tay ht kho, ...
c Cc yeu cau doi vi My phu tu thuy
Do My phu tu thuy c rat nhieu kieu loai, nen viec lua chon kieu loai v quy cch can
xuat pht t tnh hnh cu the, trong d can xem xt k cng, ton dien cc mat sau day:
1) Su dung thch hop, tc l nang luc lm viec, tnh nang v kha nang dieu chinh theo yeu
cau qui dinh trong cc dieu kien hoat dong khc nhau cua tu. ay l dieu kien m moi my
phu deu phai thoa mn.
2) Tin cay v ben, dac biet l doi vi cc my phu c anh huong ln den he dong luc v su
an ton cua tu (nhu bom dau boi tron, bom nuc lm mt, my li, bom nuc cha chy) th
day l yeu cau quan trong nhat.
3) C hieu suat v tnh kinh te cao, tren co so thoa mn 2 yeu cau tren mi xt den yeu
cau ny.
4) Kch thuc v trong luong gon nhe. Giam nhe trong luong v giam nho khong gian dat
my phu rat c loi cho viec khai thc, kinh doanh tu thuy. Nhat l cc my phu hieu suat thap
hoac thi gian hoat dong t cng can ch den yeu cau ny.
Trong luong my phu duoc hieu l tong cua trong luong kho cua thiet bi v he thong vi
trong luong dau dot, dau nhn, nuc cha trong my v he thong.
Cho dat my phu l dien tch v khong gian m my phu (ke ca he thong cua n v cc
chi tiet chuyen dong) chiem cho.
5) C kha nang tu dong ho cao.
6) C tnh van nang (thong dung) v duoc tieu chuan ha cao nham giam bt khoi luong
cong viec cua Nh my dng v sua cha tu, ha thap gi thnh sua cha v dng tu.
7) Su dung, bao dung don gian nham giam bt cc chi ph cho viec sua cha v bao
dung.
8) Gi re, c tnh kinh te cao.
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Bat c kieu loai my phu no cng kh thoa mn tat ca cc yeu cau tren. Do d khi lua
chon v so snh cc my phu cu the phai can c vo tnh hnh cu the m xt xem nhng yeu
cau no l chnh, tc l dat mot so yeu cau len hng dau v coi l dieu kien bat buoc, cc dieu
kien khc c the coi l th yeu. Viec ny di hoi ngui lm k thuat phai am hieu hai mat kien
thc co ban sau:
- cc yeu cau cua doi tuong phuc vu cua My phu, anh huong cua my phu ti doi tuong
phuc vu cua n:
- cau tao, tnh nang, nguyen l v dieu chinh My phu, phuong php lua chon v tnh ton.
4
PHN I. MY THUY LUC
CHUONG I. THUY LUC HOC VA CC VAN CO BAN LIEN QUAN EN MON
HOC
Chuong ny de cap den cc khi niem, kien thc co ban cua mon Thuy luc hoc, cc tnh
chat co ban cua chat long c lien quan truc tiep den mon hoc My phu nham gip sinh vien he
thong ho kien thc, nam vng v tien cho viec nghien cu mon hoc.
1.1 Khi niem chung
1.1.1 Mon Thuy luc hoc
Ngnh co hoc nghien cu can bang v chuyen dong cua chat long, luc tuong tc gia chat
long v vat the n chay qua hoac vi be mat gii han duoc goi l Co chat long. Neu ngoi chat
long cn nghien cu ca chuyen dong cua kh v dng chay qua cc vat the- ngnh Thuy kh
dong hoc.
Khoa hoc ve cc qui luat can bang v chuyen dong cua chat long, p dung cc qui luat
ny de giai quyet cc van de thuc te duoc goi l Thuy luc hoc. Mon thuy luc chu yeu nghien
cu dng chat long bi gii han v dan hung bang thnh cng, tc l trong kenh dan: song
ngi, ong, cc chi tiet trong cc my thuy luc.
Nhu vay c the ni l mon Thuy luc nghien cu dng chay ben trong cua chat long v giai
quyet cc bi ton ben trong, n khc vi trung hop dng mot moi trung lien tuc vng vat the
ran khi n chuyen dong trong khong kh hoac chat long duoc nghien cu trong cc ngnh Hng
khong v ng tu.
Mon Thuy luc hoc cng chi chu yeu nghien cu chuyen dong cua cc chat long giot v
phan nhieu duoc xem nhu khong nn duoc. Dng chay ben trong cua cc chat kh chi quan he
vi Thuy luc khi van toc chuyen dong cua chng nho hon nhieu so vi toc do truyen am trong
moi trung d v, di nhien, khi tnh nn duoc cua chng c the bo qua. Cc trung hop chuyen
dong nhu vay tuong doi thung hay gap trong thuc te, v du dng chay cua khong kh trong cc
he thong thong hoi, dieu ho khong kh v mot so he thong dan kh khc. Ve sau, thuat ng
"chat long" duoc hieu l chat long giot v kh khi c the coi l khong nn duoc.
Mon Co chat long pht trien theo hai con dung. Con dung th nhat- bang l thuyet, tc
l dng phuong php giai tch ton hoc chnh xc dua tren co so cc dinh luat co hoc. N d tao
ra mon Co chat long l thuyet, mot thi gian di ton tai doc lap khong lien he truc tiep vi thuc
nghiem. Phuong php cua co long l thuyet l cong cu nghien cu khoa hoc rat hu hieu. Tuy
nhien, viec nghien cu thuan tu l thuyet chuyen dong cua chat long gap rat nhieu kh khan v
khong phai lc no cng giai quyet duoc nhng van de m thuc tien dat ra.
Con dung th hai l p dung rong ri th nghiem v tch lu so lieu kinh nghiem de su
dung trong thuc te k thuat. Phuong hung ny dan den hnh thnh mon Thuy luc hoc. Giai
doan ban dau mon Thuy luc hoc l khoa hoc thuc nghiem thuan tu, ve sau ny khi cc k
thuat tnh ton pht trien th n su dung ngy cng nhieu cc phuong php cua Co long l
thuyet, v nguoc lai, Co long l thuyet cng su dung th nghiem lm tieu chuan dnh gi mc
do tin cay cho cc ket luan cua mnh. Nhu vay, su khc biet gia hai hung pht trien cua mot
ngnh khoa hoc dan dan mat di.
Phuong php su dung trong Thuy luc hoc hien dai nhu sau. au tien, cc hien tuong
nghien cu duoc don gian ho v p dung cc qui luat cua co l thuyet doi vi chng. Sau d
ket qua tnh ton duoc so snh vi so lieu thuc nghiem, lm r mc do sai khc v hieu chinh
lai cc cong thc v cc ket luan l thuyet de ph hop cho viec p dung thuc te. Mot loat hien
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tuong m tnh ton bang l thuyet vo cng kh khan duoc nghien cu bang cch th nghiem,
cn ket qua duoc cho o dang cc cong thc thuc nghiem.
Thuy luc hoc dua ra cc phuong php tnh ton v thiet ke cc cong trnh thuy (dap, kenh,
dung ong dan chat long), cc my thuy luc (bom, tua bin, bo truyen dong thuy luc) v cc
thiet bi khc dng trong cc linh vuc ki thuat khc nhau. Thuy luc hoc c nghia dac biet trong
ngnh che tao my, ngnh thung xuyen phai giai quyet cc van de lien quan den dung dan
kn ( cc ong) v dng chay dui p luc, tc l dng khong c be mat tu do c p suat khc p
suat kh quyen.
Cc he thong thuy luc, bao gom cc bom, dung ong v cc thiet bi thuy luc khc duoc su
dung rong ri trong phan ln cc he thong tren tu (lm mt, cap nhien lieu, boi tron...). Cc
my mc hien dai su dung rong ri cc bo truyen dong v tu dong dieu khien bang thuy luc.
So vi cc phuong thc truyen dong khc, truyen dong thuy luc c mot loat uu diem dng
ke sau: bien chuyen dong quay thnh chuyen dong tinh tien don gian, thay doi ti so truyen mot
cch deu dan, kch thuc v khoi luong nho gon so vi cc phuong thc truyen dong khc khi
cng cong suat.
e tnh ton thiet ke he thong dan dong thuy luc, tu dong dieu khien v cc my thuy luc,
de khai thc, sua cha v dieu chinh dng can phai nam vng kien thc l thuyet co ban cua
mon Thuy luc hoc.
1.1.2 Luc tc dung len chat long. p suat trong chat long.
Chat long trong Thuy luc hoc duoc xem nhu mot moi trung lien tuc, khong c khoang
trong, tc l bo qua cau trc phan tu chat long, tham ch cc phan to vo cng b cng duoc coi
l bao gom so luong ln cc phan tu.
Do c tnh chay nen o chat long chi c cc luc khong tap trung (hay phan bo) tc dung,
chng phan bo lien tuc trong the tch chat long (hay trong khoi chat long) v tren be mat. Cc
luc ny l ngoai luc doi vi chat long v duoc chia thnh cc luc khoi v luc mat, mot cch
tuong ng.
Cac luc khoi theo dinh luat hai Niuton ti le vi khoi luong chat long hay, neu chat long
dong nhat, - vi the tch cua chng. l trong luong chat long v luc qun tnh cua chuyen
dong theo tc dung len chat long trong chuyen dong tuong doi c gia toc cua vat cha chat
long, hoac qun tnh do chat long chuyen dong khong on dinh.
Cac luc mt phan bo lien tuc tren be mat
khoi chat long dang xt v trong trung hop
phan bo deu s ti le thuan vi dien tch be mat
ny. Cc luc ny l ket qua tuong tc truc tiep
cua cc khoi chat long ke ben len khoi chat
long dang xt hoac cua cc vat the khc (vat
ran hoac kh) tiep xc vi chat long dang xt.
Trong trung hop tong qut, luc mat R,
tc dung tren dien tch S, nghieng so vi be
mat ny mot gc no d v c the phan thnh
thnh phan vuong gc F v tiep tuyen T.
Thnh phan dau duoc goi l luc p suat, thnh
phan th hai- luc ma st.
Cc luc khoi cng nhu cc luc mat thung dng o dang cc luc don vi, c nghia l luc tren
mot don vi tuong ng. Luc khoi don vi (hay cn goi l mat do luc khoi) tnh cho mot don vi
Hnh 1.1. Phan luc mt thnh hai thnh
phan
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khoi luong, cn luc mat- tren mot don vi dien tch. V luc khoi bang tch cua khoi luong vi gia
toc, do d luc khoi don vi chnh l gia toc (nen c the goi l gia toc luc khoi).
Luc mat don vi duoc goi l ng suat cua luc mat, n c the phan thnh cc ng suat php
v tiep. ng suat php duoc goi l p suat thuy luc hay don gian l p suat. Neu luc p suat F
phan bo deu tren dien tch S th p suat duoc xc dinh bang cong thc
p=F/S (1.1)
Trong trung hop tong qut
S / F p
lim
0 S
A A =
A
(1.2)
on vi p suat trong he don vi quoc te (SI) l pascal
1Pa=1N/m
2
.
Trong ki thuat thung dng cc don vi khc nhu
1 at=1 KG/cm
2
:
1 bar=10
5
Pa=1,02 at.
ng suat tiep trong chat long, tc l ng suat ma st duoc bieu dien bang cong thc
S / T
lim
0 S
A A = t
A
, (1.3)
cn don vi cua n cng giongcua p suat.
1.1.3 Cc tnh chat co ban cua chat long giot
Mot trong nhng dac tnh co hoc co ban cua chat long l khoi luong rieng cua n. Khoi
luong rieng l khoi luong mot don vi the tch chat long. Neu chat long dong nhat th
=m/\,(kg/m
3
), (1.4)
trong d m- khoi luong chat long c the tch \.
Trong luong rieng chat long l trong luong mot don vi the tch
=C/\,(N/m
3
), (1. 5)
trong d G- trong luong chat long trong the tch \. Lien he hai cong thc tren v biet C=gm, c
=/g, (1.6)
trong d g=9,81m/s
2
, gia toc trong trung.
Neu chat long khong dong nhat th cc cong thc tren chi cho tri so khoi luong v trong
luong rieng trung bnh cua khoi chat long trong the tch dang xt. e xc dinh tri so chnh xc
cua v can phai xt phan to the tch vo cng b v tm gii han cua cc ti so tuong ng.
Ngoi ra ngui ta cn dng khoi luong rieng tuong doi cua chat long
o
, bang ti so khoi
luong rieng chat long so vi cua nuc o 4
o
C:
o
=
cl
/
n
. (1.7)
Sau day l tm tat cc tnh chat vat l co ban cua chat long.
1. Iinh nn duoc. hay l tnh chat thay doi the tch dui tc dung cua p suat, duoc dac
trung bang he so nn the tch
p
(m
2
/N), d l do thay doi the tch tuong doi khi thay doi mot
don vi p suat, nghia l:
p
=-(d\/dp)/\. (1.8)
Dau am trong bieu thc l do the tch chat long giam khi p suat tang. e lm v du, xt
trung hop p suat gia tang mot luong hu han p=p
2
-p
1
v V=\
2
-\
1
, coi
p
=const, ta c
\
2
\
1
(1-
p
p),
hay, neu tnh den phuong trnh (1.4), thu duoc cong thc gan dng xc dinh khoi luong rieng
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2

1
/(1-
p
p). (1.9)
ai luong nghich dao vi he so
p
duoc goi l mo dun dn hoi K, thong qua K c the viet
(1.8) dui dang hu han nhu sau:
V/\=-p/K, (1.8' )
day chnh l dinh luat Hc tong qut.
Sau khi thay the tch bang khoi luong rieng, t cong thc (1.8) thu duoc
K=-dp/[d(1/)]=dp/d hay K/=dp/d=c
2
, (1.10)
trong d c- van toc truyen sng doc trong moi trung dn hoi, bang van toc am thanh.
oi vi cc chat long giot mo dun dn hoi K giam khi tang nhiet do v tang khi p suat
tang. Vi nuc o p suat moi trung th gi tri cua K vo khoang 2000 MPa, mo dun dn hoi
cua cc chat long khc cng o cap do nhu vay, v du doi vi cc dau khong th K xap xi 1200
MPa.
V du theo (1.8') c the thay, khi p suat tang len 0,1 MPa th the tch nuc s giam di
1/20000. Hoac theo (1.9), khi p suat nuc tang den 40 MPa th mat do (khoi luong rieng) chi
tang khoang 2%, cn doi vi dau khong- khoang 3%. Cho nen, ni chung, c the coi cc chat
long giot l khong nn duoc, tc l coi mat cua chat long khong phu thuoc p suat cua n.
Nhung o cc p suat rat ln v khi xt den cc hien tuong dao dong dn hoi th can phai xt den
tnh nn duoc cua chat long. Ngui ta cn phan biet mo dun dn hoi doan nhiet v dang nhiet.
Tri so mo dun dn hoi doan nhiet ln hon dang nhiet (khoang 1,5 lan) v xay ra o cc qu trnh
nn hoac gin no nhanh gan nhu khong c su trao doi nhiet, cc tri so cho o tren l cc gi tri K
ng vi cc qu trnh dang nhiet.
2. Cin no nhiet duoc dac trung bang he so gin no the tch
T
, d l do thay doi the tch
tuong doi khi nhiet do thay doi 1
o
C o p suat khong doi, tc l
T
=(\/T)/\, (1.11)
neu xt den (1.4) th thu duoc
=
1
/(1+
T
T), (1.12)
trong d v
1
mat do o nhiet do I
1
v I.
oi vi nuc, khi p suat v nhiet do tang (t 0,1 MPa v 0
o
C den 10 MPa v 100
o
C) th
cc he so
T
tang (t 14.10
-6
den 700.10
-6
). Cn doi vi dau khong, khi p suat nam trong
pham vi t 0 den 15 MPa c the lay trung bnh khoang 800.10
-6
.
3. Suc ben ko trong chat long giot theo thuyet phan tu c the l dng ke. Trong cc th
nghiem doi vi nuc d duoc khu kh v lm sach can than, ng suat ko trong thi gian ngan
c the dat ti 23- 28 Mpa [1]. Tuy nhien nuc sach k thuat, cha cc phan tu ran lo lung v
cc bot kh nho, khong chiu duoc ng suat ko d rat nho, do d coi trong chat long khong ton
tai ng suat ko.
4. Tren be mat danh gii gia chat long v kh c cc luc cng be mat tc dung v tao ra
mot p suat bo sung no d. Tuy nhien, p suat ny chi dng ke khi chat long c the tch nho.
p suat ny duoc xc dinh bang cong thc p=2/r , trong d - he so sc cang be mat cua
chat long: r l bn knh cong (tri so am khi mt cong lm xuong).
Tri so (N/m) cua cc chat long tiep gip vi khong kh o 20
o
C nhu sau: nuc- 73
-3
, con-
22,5
-3
, dau hoa- 27
-3
, thuy ngan- 460.10
-3
. Khi nhiet do tang th he so sc cang be mat giam.
Trong cc ong dung knh nho, p suat phu do sc cang be mat lm nang (hoac ha) chat long
len so vi mc bnh thung dac trung cho hien tuong mao dan cua chat long.
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5. Iinh nhot l tnh chat can tro xe dich (truot) gia cc lp chat long. Tnh chat ny
bieu hien o cho, l trong chat long o dieu kien nhat dinh s xuat hien cc ng suat tiep. Tnh
nht l tnh tri nguoc vi tnh linh dong, chat long c do nht cao hon th km linh dong hon
v nguoc lai.
Trong dng chay cua chat long nht doc
theo ong xay ra su hm dng l do c tnh nht
(H.1.2). Van toc v giam cng vi khoang cch y
ti thnh ong cho ti v=0 khi y=0, cn cc lp
chat long truot tuong doi nhau km theo xuat hien
ng suat tiep hay cn goi l ng suat ma st.
Theo gia thiet, lan dau tien duoc Niuton de
xuat nam 1686, sau d dua tren co so th nghiem
cua N. P. Petrov nam 1883, ng suat tiep trong
chat long phu thuoc vo tnh chat chat long v dac
diem dng chay, o che do chay tang n c the
duoc bieu dien bang
=dv/dy, (1.13)
trong d (Pa.s)- he so ti le duoc goi l do nht dong luc hoc cua chat long.
T qui luat ma st (1.13) thay rang ng suat tiep chi c the c o chat long chuyen dong,
nghia l tnh nht cua chat long chi the hien khi n chay v o trang thi tinh c the coi ng suat
tiep bang khong (doi voi chat long dc biet, cn goi l khong niuton, thi he so khong phai l
hng so m l hm cua dv/dy, tuc l =f(dv/dy), khi do co the co ung suat tiep o trang thai
tinh, vi du, cac chat keo).
Cng vi do nht dong luc hoc cn su dung do nht dong hoc
=/, (m
2
/s) (1.14)
Ngoi don vi tren cn dng don vi goi l stoc, 1 St=1 cm
2
/s, v mot phan tram cua St duoc
goi l xentistoc, cSt.
o nht cua chat long giot giam khi nhiet do tang, cn doi vi cc kh th nguoc lai, do
nht cua chng tang khi nhiet do tang. ieu ny duoc giai thch l do su khc nhau ve ban chat
tu nhien gia do nht chat long v kh. Trong chat long khoang cch gia cc phan tu gan hon
rat nhieu so vi kh, do nht chu yeu do luc lien ket phan tu quyet dinh. Khi nhiet do tang th
cc luc ny giam, nen do nht giam. oi vi chat kh, do nht chu yeu do chuyen dong nhiet
hon loan cua cc phan tu qui dinh, mc do cua n tang khi nhiet do tang.
Anh huong cua nhiet do den do nht c the dnh gi bang cong thc
=
o
e
-(T-To)
, (1.15)
trong d v
o
- do nht o nhiet do I v I
0
: - he so, doi vi dau nhn vo khoang 0,02-0,03.
o nht cua chat long cn phu thuoc vo p suat, tuy nhien su phu thuoc nay chi dng ke
khi p suat thay doi tuong doi ln (hng truc MPa). Khi p suat tang, do nht cua da so cc
chat long tang v c the dnh gi bang cong thc
=
o
e
-(P-Po)
, (1.16)
trong d v
o
- do nht o p suat P v P
0
: - he so, doi vi dau nhn khong vo khoang 0,02-0,03
(gioi han duoi ung voi nhiet do cao, cn gioi han tren- nhiet do thap).
o nht cua chat long duoc do bang nht ke. Pho bien hon ca l ong nht ke Engle, n l
mot bnh hnh tru dung knh 106 mm v c gan mot ong ngan dung knh 2,8 mm o dy.
Thi gian chay t qua ong ny dui tc dung cua luc trong trung cua 200 cm
3
chat long duoc
Hnh 1.2. Bieu do van toc cua chat
long nhot doc thnh ong.
9
thu chia cho thi gian chay t
n
cua luong nuc cat nhu the o 20
o
C duoc goi l 1
o
E (1 do Engle):
1
o
E=t/t
n
, trong d t
n
=51,6 s.
e chuyen doi
o
E thnh St doi vi dau nhn dng cong thc: =0,073
o
E-0,063/
o
E.
6. Iinh bay hoi l tnh chat von c cua tat ca cc chat long giot, tuy nhien cung do bay
hoi cua chng khc nhau v phu thuoc vo dieu kien moi trung trong d c chat long.
Mot trong nhng chi so dac trung cho tnh bay hoi cua chat long l p suat hoi bo ho
cho theo hm cua nhiet do. p suat hoi bo ho ng vi nhiet do nhat dinh cng ln th tnh bay
hoi cng ln. Khi tang nhiet do th p suat hoi bo ho tang, nhung mc do khc nhau o cc
chat long khc nhau.
oi vi cc chat long don gian th su phu thuoc tren hon ton xc dinh, nhung doi vi
cc chat long phc tap, l hon hop nhieu thnh phan, th p suat hoi bo ho khong chi phu
thuoc vo nhiet do v cc tnh chat l- ho m cn phu thuoc vo tuong quan cua the tch cc
pha hoi vi pha long. p suat hoi bo ho tang khi tang phan the tch cua pha long. Thung
ngui ta cho gi tri p suat (hay do dn hoi) hoi bo ho o ti le the tch pha hoi v long bang
4:1.
7. Iinh ho tan khi trong chat long dac trung bang luong kh ho tan trong mot don vi the
tch chat long, n khc nhau o cc chat long khc nhau v thay doi khi p suat thay doi.
The tch tuong doi kh ho tan den trang thi bo ho trong chat long c the tnh theo dinh
luat Henry, n ti le thuan vi p suat, tc l
\
Kh
/\
Cl
=kp/p
o
,
trong d \
Kh
- the tch kh qui ve dieu kien bnh thung (p
o
,I
o
) ho tan trong the tch \
Cl
: k- he so ho
tan: p- p suat chat long.
He so k c cc gi tri sau o 20
o
C: doi vi nuc- 0,016: dau hoa- 0,13: cc dau khong-
0,08.
Khi p suat giam th kh d ho tan trong chat long lai thot ra v vi cung do cn manh
hon qu trnh ho tan. Hien tuong ny anh huong khong c loi den su lm viec cua cc he
thong thuy luc.
1.2 Thuy tinh hoc
1.2.1 p suat thuy tnh v tnh chat cua n.
Thuy tinh hoc l mot bo phan cua ngnh thuy luc hoc nghien cu cc qui luat can bang
chat long v ng dung thuc te. Nhu d ni o muc truc, chat long thuc te khong c kha nang
chiu ko, v o trang thi tinh khong c cc luc ng suat tiep tc dung. Do d, cc luc mat tc
dung len chat long tinh chi l cc luc p suat, tc l tren be mat ngoi cua khoi chat long dang
xt cc luc phan bo luon vuong gc vi be mat v hung vo trong khoi chat long, v di nhien,
cc luc ny l cc luc nn. Be mat ngoi cua khoi chat long c the l be mat phan chia chat long
vi moi trung kh, thnh cng hoac mot be mat mot khoi chat long tuong tuong duoc tch ra
khoi khoi chat long chung.
Nhu vay, trong chat long tinh chi c the c mot dang ng suat- ng suat nn hay cn goi l p
suat thuy tinh. Tnh chat co ban cua p suat thuy tinh l: o mot diem bat k trong chat long p
suat thuy tinh khong phu thuoc vo php tuyen cua be mat tren d n tc dung. e chng minh
dieu ny, trong chat long tinh ta tch ra mot t dien phan to chat long c cc canh song song
vi cc truc toa do di dx, dy v dz (hnh 1.3). Gia su trong lng khoi chat long tch ra ny cc
luc khoi tc dung c mat do (luc khoi don vi) l X, Y v Z. K hieu p suat thuy tinh tc dung
len be mat vuong gc vi truc Ox, Oy, Oz l p
x
, p
y
v p
z
. p suat thuy tinh tc dung len be mat
nghieng l p
n
, dien tch be mat ny l dS.
10
Ta di thnh lap cc phuong trnh can
bang cua khoi chat long phan to ny theo
cc phuong Ox, Oy, Oz, ch rang tat ca
cc luc mat deu c phuong vuong gc vi
cc be mat tuong ng v hung vo trong
khoi chat long. Phuong trnh can bang theo
phuong Ox c dang:
P
x
dydz/2-p
n
dScos(n,x)+dxdydzX/6=0.
Trong d dxdydz/6 bang the tch phan
to chat long, - khoi luong rieng hay mat do
chat long. Chia hai ve cho dydz, biet rang
dydz/2= dScos(n,x), thu duoc:
P
x
- P
n
+ dxX/3=0.
Khi cc kch thuc t dien tien ti khong, so hang cuoi cha dx tien ti khong, cn cc p
suat P
x
v P
n
gi cc gi tri hu han. Do d, tai gii han P
x
= P
n
. Tuong tu nhu vay, thnh lap
cc phuong trnh can bang doi vi cc truc Oy v Oz, tm duoc
P
y
= P
n
, P
z
= P
n
hay P
x
= P
y
= P
z
= P
n
(1.17)
V cc canh cua t dien lay bat k nen gc nghieng cua mat dS l bat k, do d o gii han
khi cc dinh tien ti diem dang xt p suat o diem d theo moi hung deu nhu nhau.
ieu ny cn c the chng minh dua vo cc cong thc tnh ng suat trong sc ben vat
lieu doi vi trung hop nn theo hai v ba phuong vuong gc nhau. oi vi trung hop nn theo
hai phuong cc cong thc ny c dang o + o = o
2
y
2
x n
sin cos , o o = t 2 sin ) (
2
1
y x
, khi cc
ng suat php tren cc mat phang chnh bang nhau th tren mat phang bat k khong ton tai ng
suat tiep v ng suat php tren moi mat phang bang nhau.
Tnh chat tren cua p suat tinh cng dng doi vi chat long khong nht chuyen dong. oi
vi chuyen dong cua chat long thuc, do c ng suat tiep nen tnh chat tren, neu xt mot cch
chnh xc, s khong c.
1.2.2 Phuong trinh vi phan can bng v tich phan cua chung trong cac trung hop don
gian.
a) Cac phuong trinh.
Trong trung hop chung, luc khoi tc dung len chat long khong chi c trong luong m cn
cc luc qun tnh khc, v du nhu cc luc qun tnh chuyen dong theo khi xt can bang tuong
doi. Lay diem M bat k trong khoi chat long tinh c toa do x, y v z v p suat p (h.1.4). He toa
do duoc coi l gan cng vi bnh cha. Tch mot khoi chat long phan to hnh hop c cc canh
song song vi cc truc toa do v c do ln tuong ng bang dx, dy v dz. Gia su mat do luc khoi
ben trong hnh hop c cc thnh phan bang X,Y v Z. Khi d cc luc khoi tc dung len phan to
chat long tch ra ny theo hung cc truc toa do s bang tch cua cc thnh phan ny vi khoi
luong cua phan to chat long.
p suat p l hm cua cc toa do x, y v z, do tnh chat cua p suat thuy tinh d duoc
chng minh o tren, o lan can diem M tren tat ca ba mat hnh hop n nhu nhau. Khi chuyen t
diem M den N chi theo phuong Ox mot doan vo cng b dx th hm p gia tang mot luong bang
vi phan rieng cua p theo x, cho nen tai N n bang:
dx ) x / p ( p c c + ,
trong d x / p c c - gradien p suat o lan can diem M theo phuong truc x.
Hnh1.3. So do de chung minh ban chat cua
ap suat thuy tinh.
11
Khi xt p suat o cc diem khc tren cc mat
vuong gc vi truc x, v du cc diem N` v M`, thay
chng khc nhau mot luong nhu nhau (vi do chnh xc
ti cap vo cng b bac cao hon):
, dx ) x / p ( p c c +
trong d x / p c c - gradien p suat o lan can M theo
hung truc x.
Xt p suat o cc diem tren cc mat vuong gc vi
truc x, v du o N` v M`, thay chng khc nhau mot
luong nhu nhau (vi do chnh xc den vo cng b bac
cao hon):
. dx
x
p
) dx
x
p
p ( p
c
c
=
c
c
+
o chenh cua luc p suat tc dung len phan to chat long theo hung truc x s bang tch
cua do chenh p suat vi dien tch mat vuong gc vi truc x: . dxdydz
x
p
c
c
Tuong tu nhu vay, nhung thong qua cc gradien p suat ,

y
p
c
c
v
z
p
c
c
ta thnh lap duoc bieu
thc chenh lech luc p suat tc dung len phan to chat long theo cc hung truc toa do khc
nhau.
Luc tc dung len phan to hnh hop chat long tch ra bao gom cc luc khoi v luc p suat,
do d phuong trnh can bang theo ba phuong truc toa do c the viet dui dang:
=
c
c

=
c
c

=
c
c

. 0 dxdydz
z
p
dxdydz Z
: 0 dxdydz
y
p
dxdydz Y
: 0 dxdydz
x
p
dxdydz X
Chia cc phuong trnh tren cho khoi luong phan to chat long dxdydz v chuyen ti gii
han khi dx, dy v dz tien ti khong, tc l thu hnh hop ve diem xuat pht M, khi d o gii han
thu duoc cc phuong trnh can bang chat long tai M:
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
. 0
z
p 1
Z
: 0
y
p 1
Y
: 0
x
p 1
X
(1.18)
He cc phuong trnh vi phan thuy tinh (1.18) duoc goi l phuong trnh Ole. Trong thuc te
thung duoc su dung dui dang khc, tien loi hon, trong d khong c cha cc dao hm rieng.
Neu nhan phuong trnh th nhat vi dx, th hai- dy v th ba- dz roi cong ba phuong trnh lai,
thu duoc:
. 0 ) dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
(
1
Zdz Ydy Xdx =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
Hnh1.4 So do de thnh lap
phuong trinh vi phan can bng.
12
Bieu thc trong ngoac chnh l vi phan ton phan cua hm p suat p(x,y,z), do d phuong
trnh ny c the viet o dang:
). Zdz Ydy Xdx ( dp + + = (1.19)
Phuong trnh thu duoc bieu dien quan he gia do gia tang p suat khi toa do thay doi mot
luong vo cng b dx, dy, dz. V ve tri cua (1.19) l vi phan ton phan cua hm p suat, do d
ve phai cng phai l vi phan ton phan cua mot hm no d. Ni mot cch khc, phuong trnh
(1.19) c nghiem duy nhat- nghia l chat long dat trang thi can bang, chi khi ton tai hm
F(x,y,z) sao cc dao hm rieng lien tuc v:
z / F Z : y / F Y : x / F X c c = c c = c c = . (1.20)
Hm so F=f(x,y,z) duoc goi l hm so the cua luc khoi, v neu dieu kien tren thoa mn th
luc khoi duoc goi l luc c the. Nhu vay, chat long chi dat duoc can bang khi luc khoi l luc c
the.
Trong ki thuat ngui ta nhieu khi quan tam den mat dang p l mat m tai moi diem tren
d p suat c gi tri khong doi, cc mat thong hay cc mat danh gii gia cc chat long c
khoi luong rieng khc nhau v khong ho tan vi nhau o trang thi can bang tinh cng l cc
mat dang p.
T dinh nghia mat dang p p(x,y,z)=const, nen dp=0, v t (1.19) suy ra tren mat dang p
. 0 ) Zdz Ydy Xdx ( = + + (1.21)
Phuong trnh (1.21) duoc goi l phuong trnh mat dang p. Neu ket hop vi cc dieu kien
(1.20) th c the viet phuong trnh ny dui dang
. 0 dF dz
z
F
dy
y
F
dx
x
F
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(1.21`)
Mat dang p c hai tnh chat sau:
- cc mat dang p khong giao nhau, v neu nhu vay th tai cc diem giao cng mot lc s
c hai gi tri p suat, dieu ny l phi thuc te:
- vec to luc khoi vuong gc vi mat dang p. Trong Ton giai tch d biet rang gradien tai
cc diem tren mat mc dong phuong vi vec to php cua mat mc (trong trung hop ny l mat
dang p):
T (1.18) v dieu kien (1.20) de thay gradP=gradF, do d:

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= k
z
F
j
y
F
i
x
F
n .
Trong d

n l vecto php cua mat dang p, cn ve phai chnh l vc to luc khoi tai diem
dang xt, tnh chat th hai d duoc chng minh.
Mat thong hay cc mat danh gii gia cc chat long trang thi can bang tinh l mat dang
p. Ta c the chng minh dieu ny nhu sau. Xt hai diem tren be mat danh gii hai loai chat
long c khoi luong rieng khc nhau, gia su l
1
v
2
. Ta c
d
F
d
p
p p
12 12
1 2
} }
c
c
=
c
c
= .
Trong d- l dung cong bat k tren mat phan cch v

l vec to chi phuong cua dung
. O lan can ve hai pha l cc chat long c mat do khc nhau
1
=
2
nen
d
F
d
F
12
2
12
1
} }
c
c
=
c
c
13
chi c the xay ra khi hai vc to gradF v

luon truc giao tai moi diem tren dung , c nghia
l vc to luc khoi phai vuong gc vi mat cha dung , hay thuoc mat dang p v p
2
-p
1
=0.
b) Cac tich phan don gian hay gp.
1) Xt trung hop chat long chi chiu tc dung cua luc trong trung, truc z qui dinh theo
hung thang dng v hung len tren. Khi d X=Y=0, Z=-g. Thay vo (1.19) ta thu duoc
phuong trnh can bang cho trung hop rieng ny:
. gdz dp =
Sau khi tch phan, thu duoc
C gz p + = .
Hang so tch phan xc dinh bang cch thay cc thong so be mat thong vo bieu thc tren,
v du: z=z
o
, p=p
o
, s tm duoc:
0 0
gz p C + = . Khi d s c g ) z z ( p p
0 0
+ = hay
const g / p z g / p z
0 0
= + = + . (1.22)
2) Trong trung hop tren chat long chi chiu tc dung cua mot loai luc khoi- trong luong,
xay ra khi chat long trong bnh cha khong chuyen dong hoac chuyen dong thang deu. Neu
bnh cha chuyen dong khong thang deu th chat long cn chiu tc dung cua cc luc qun tnh,
neu cc luc qun tnh khong thay doi theo thi gian th chat long trong bnh s dat trang thi
can bang goi l trang thi tinh tuong doi. e lm v du minh hoa, xt trung hop chat long
trong bnh, bnh ny quay quanh truc vi van toc gc e khong doi. Nhng trung hop ny hay
gap trong thuc te, v du nhu chat long trong trong thng cua my phan li li tam: trong bnh
cnh cua bom li tam khi van day chua mo m ta can phai xc dinh be mat phan lp cc chat
long hoac p suat o cua ra cua bom.
Luc khoi tc dung len chat long trong trung hop ny gom trong luong v luc li tam, neu
qui ve mot don vi khoi luong s lan luot bang g v
2
re , trong d r l khoang cch diem dang
xt ti truc quay (h.1.5). Do luc phan bo doi xng qua truc quay z nen ta chi can xt trong mat
phang qua truc z.
Dng phuong trnh (1.19), thay cc k hieu v
dai luong tuong ng, duoc phuong trnh dang:
) dr r gdz ( dp
2
e + = .
Gia su =const, tch phan hai ve thu duoc:
0
2 2
C ) r
2
1
gz ( p + e + =
, (1.23)
v phuong trnh mat dang p c dang:
1
2 2
C r
g 2
1
z + e
= . ung parabon ny quay quanh

truc z tao thnh mat dang p v cng chnh l mat
thong cua chat long. Trong trung hop trong
luong nho so vi luc li tam hoac chieu cao h cua
chat long khong dng ke, chat long dien day bnh
kn (nhu trong bnh cnh bom li tam) th chenh lech p suat o cc diem c bn knh r
1
v r
2
s
l:
2 2
1
2
2 1 2
) r r (
g 2
1
p p e
= . (1.24)
1.3 ong hoc v dong luc hoc chat long
1.3.1 Cc khi niem co ban.
Hnh 1.5. Be mt chat long trong
thng ho, quay quanh truc thng
dung
14
ong hoc chat long khc dong hoc vat ran ve co ban. Neu cc phan tu vat cng tuyet doi
lien ket cng vi nhau th trong chat long chuyen dong khong c nhng lien ket nhu the, moi
trung ny gom nhieu phan tu chuyen dong tuong doi vi nhau.
Toc do tai mot diem trong khong gian c chat long chuyen dong chiem cho l hm cua
toa do ny v, doi khi, cua ca thi gian. Nhu vay, nhiem vu cua dong hoc chat long l xc dinh
toc do diem bat k cua moi trung long, tc l xc dinh duoc trung toc do.
Chuyen dong chat long c the on dinh (chuyen dong dng) hoac khong on dinh. Chay
dng cua chat long l che do chay khong thay doi theo thi gian, trong d p suat v van toc l
hm cua cc toa do v khong phu thuoc vo thi gian. Nghia l, p suat v toc do c the thay
doi khi cc phan tu chat long xe dich t cho ny sang cho khc, nhung tai diem nhat dinh trong
dng chay th p suat v toc do khong thay doi theo thi gian, tc l:
) z , y , x ( f p
1
= : ) z , y , x ( f v
2
=
:
0 t / p = c c : 0 t / v
x
= c c : 0 t / v
y
= c c : 0 t / v
z
= c c ,
trong d cc chi so chi hnh chieu len cc truc tuong ng, gan cng vi kenh dan.
O che do chay khong dng tat ca cc thong so dac trung tren thay doi theo thi gian:
) t , z , y , x ( f p
1
= : ) t , z , y , x ( f v
2
=
.
V du ve dng chay khong on dinh l dng chay trong dung ong noi vi bom pitton,
pitton cua bom chuyen dong tinh tien v luon thay doi chieu. Dng c the coi l on dinh khi do
bom li tam c toc do quay khong doi tao ra, o nhng doan ong c dung knh khc nhau th toc
do khc nhau nhung chng khong doi theo thi gian.
Dung dng l dung cong m tiep tuyen tai moi diem cua n trng phuong vi vc to
van toc tai thi diem dang xt.
Neu trong chat long chuyen dong v mot dung khp kn vo cng b v qua cc diem tren
d v cc dung dng th s duoc mot be mat goi l ong dng. Mot phan cua dng ben trong
ong dng goi l dng nguyen to. Khi dien tch mat cat ngang dng tien ti khong th dng
nguyen to tien ti thnh dung dng o gii han.
Mt ct uot l be mat trong dng v vuong gc vi cc dung dng. Nhu vay, neu cc
dung dng song song nhau th mat cat ut l mat phang.
1.3.2 Luu luong. Phuong trnh luu luong.
Luu luong l luong chat long qua mat cat ut cua dng trong mot don vi thi gian. Luong
chat long c the tnh bang the tch, trong luong hoac khoi luong, do d phan ra thnh luu luong
the tch Q
v
, luu luong trong luong Q
G
v luu luong khoi luong Q
m
.
oi vi dng nguyen to c dien tch mat cat ut vo cng b th c the coi van toc v o moi
diem nhu nhau, nen doi vi dng nguyen to cc luu luong the tch (m
3
/s), trong luong (N/s) v
khoi luong (kg/s) bang:
vdS dQ = : gdQ dQ
G
= : vdS dQ dQ
m
= = , (1.25)
trong do dS- dien tich mt ct uot dng nguyen to.
oi vi dng c kch thuc hu han th toc do o cc diem khc nhau tren mat cat c gi tri
khc nhau, do d luu luong qua mat cat xc dinh bang tong luu luong nguyen to
}
=
S
vdS Q . (1.26)
Thung ngui ta su dung van toc trung bnh cua mat cat
v
tb
=Q/S, v t d Q=v
tb
S. (1.27)
15
Dua tren co so qui luat bao ton vat chat v gia thiet dng lien tuc, doi vi che do chay on
dinh c the khang dinh luu luong khoi luong o tat ca cc mat cat cua dng nguyen to khong
thay doi
dQ
m
=
1
v
1
dS
1
=
2
v
2
dS
2
=const. (1.28)
Tuong tu nhu vay, doi vi dng chat long khong nn duoc (=const) trong ong c the viet
Q=v
tb1
S
1
=v
tb2
S
2
=const. (1.28`)
1.3.3 Phuong trnh vi phan chuyen dong cua chat long l tuong v tch phan cua
chng.
Chat long duoc goi l l tuong neu do nht cua chng c the bo qua (=0). Trong trung
hop d p suat trong chat long chuyen dong cng c tnh chat tuong tu nhu p suat tinh, tc l
tren be mat ngoi n hung vo trong theo phuong vuong gc be mat v tai mot diem bat k
theo cc phuong nhu nhau. e thnh lap phuong trnh chuyen dong ta tch ra mot phan to nhu
o 1.2.2 (xem hnh 1.4). Goi hnh chieu vc to van toc theo cc phuong x, y, z tuong ng l v
x
, v
y
v v
z
, khi d hnh chieu cua gia toc tuong ng bang: dv
x
/dt, dv
y
/dt v dv
z
/dt. Theo nguyen l
Dalambe ta c:
=
c
c

=
c
c

=
c
c

.
dt
dv
dxdydz dxdydz
z
p
dxdydz Z
:
dt
dv
dxdydz dxdydz
y
p
dxdydz Y
:
dt
dv
dxdydz dxdydz
x
p
dxdydz X
z
y
x
Chia cc phuong trnh tren cho khoi luong phan to chat long dxdydz v chuyen ti gii
han khi dx, dy v dz tien ti khong, tc l thu hnh hop ve diem xuat pht M, khi d o gii han
thu duoc cc phuong trnh can bang chat long tai M:
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
.
dt
dv
z
p 1
Z
:
dt
dv
y
p 1
Y
:
dt
dv
x
p 1
X
z
y
x
(1.29)
Nhu vay, ta thay (1.29) chi khc (1.18) o ve phai- l cc dao hm ton phan cua cc thnh
phan van toc theo thi gian. He phuong trnh vi phan chuyen dong tren cua chat long l tuong
goi l phuong trnh Ole. Cc so hang cua chng tuong ng vi gia toc cua luc khoi v cua luc
p suat, gia toc ton phan cua phan tu chat long theo cc truc toa do. Phuong trnh Ole viet o
dang ny dng cho chat long khong nn duoc cng nhu cho chat long nn duoc, chuyen dong
khong xoy v c xoy, chuyen dong dng v khong dng. Muon giai he phuong trnh ny can
phai biet cc dieu kien bien v phuong trnh cc dung dng. Trong thuc tien thung su dung
he tren trong mot so trung hop rieng don gian, duoc viet dui dang tch phan cua n.
Ve phai cua cc phuong trnh tren c the viet o dang tong cc dao hm rieng. Gia su sau
thi gian dt, phan tu chat long chuyen dich theo cc phuong truc toa do l dx, dy v dz. Do d
c: v
x
=dx/dt=cx/ct, v
y
=dy/dt=cy/ct, v
z
=dz/dt=cz/ct (x, y, z l toa do hat chat long trong khong
16
gian nen l chi hm cua thi gian). Cc thnh phan van toc l cc hm cua toa do v thi gian:
v
x
=v
x
(x,y,z,t), v
y
=v
y
(x,y,z,t), v
z
=v
z
(x,y,z,t), nen ta c
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
t
v
t
z
z
v
t
y
y
v
t
x
x
v
t
v
dt
dv
x
z
x
y
x
x
x x x x x x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
= .
Tuong tu nhu vay, ta c
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
t
v
dt
dv
z
z
y
y
y
y
y y
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= v
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
t
v
dt
dv
z
z
z
y
z
z
z z
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= .
Thay ve phai cc phuong trnh (1.29) bang cc bieu thc tren roi lan luot nhan phuong
trnh th nhat vi dx, th hai- dy v th ba- dz, v du vi phuong trnh th nhat:
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
dz
z
) 2 / v (
dy
y
) 2 / v (
dx
x
) 2 / v (
dx
t
v
dx
t
z
z
v
dx
t
y
y
v
dx
x
v
v dx
t
v
dx
x
p 1
Xdx
2
x
2
x
2
x x x x x
x
x
Bieu thc trong ngoac l vi phan ton phan cua hm
2
v
2
x
theo cc toa do (o mot thi diem
t nhat dinh), nen phuong trnh ny c the chuyen thnh dang gon hon
).
2
v
( d dx
t
v
dx
x
p 1
Xdx
2
x x
+
c
c
=
c
c
Tuong tu nhu vay vi hai phuong trnh cn lai, cong ba phuong trnh lai v ch rang
2
z
2
y
2
x
2
v v v v + + = , thu duoc
)
2
v
( d dz
t
v
dy
t
v
dx
t
v
) dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
(
1
Zdz Ydy Xdx
2
z
y
x
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ + .
Xt trung hop luc khoi c the v qui uc: z / F Z : y / F Y : x / F X c c = c c = c c = , v trong
trung hop tong qut th mat do chat long l hm cua p suat, goi P(x,y,z) l hm sao tai thi
diem t nhat dinh th:
x
p 1
x
P
c
c
=
c
c
,
y
p 1
y
P
c
c
=
c
c
,
z
p 1
z
P
c
c
=
c
c
.
Khi d phuong trnh tren c the viet thnh
0 dz
t
v
dy
t
v
dx
t
v
)
2
v
P F ( d
z
y
x
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ + + . (1.30)
oi vi chuyen dong dng, ba so hang cuoi cua (1.30) bang khong, nen:
0 )
2
v
P F ( d
2
= + + , v const
2
v
P F
2
= + + . nghia vat l cua n l: doi vi chat long l tuong,
chuyen dong dng v luc khoi c the th tong cong cua luc khoi, luc p suat v dong nang luon
khong doi (- Zdz Ydy Xdx dF + + = - l cong cua luc khoi tren mot don vi khoi luong chat long
khi phan tu chat long dich chuyen mot doan ds=dx+dy+d:, cng tuong tu nhu vay doi vi dP).
Tong hai thnh phan dau duoc goi l the nang p suat rieng (tinh cho mot don vi khoi luong).
Tong ba so hang cuoi cua (1.30) l cong don vi cua cc luc qun tnh do chat long chuyen
dong khong on dinh (qun tnh cuc bo) tren qung dung ds. Nhu vay, phuong trnh (1.30) cho
thay tong cc thnh phan nang luong trong chat long chuyen dong khong thay doi. Neu chia
cc ve phuong trnh tren cho gia toc trong trung g, (m/s
2
), th duoc nang luong ton phan cua
mot don vi trong luong chat long (khong xt den noi nng chat long), chng deu c don vi cua
17
chieu di (m) v duoc goi l cot ap. Thnh phan (F+P)/g duoc goi l cot ap tinh, cn
g 2
v
2
duoc
goi l cot ap dong.
Xt chuyen dong khong xoy, cc thnh phan xoy deu bang khong:
. 0 )
y
v
x
v
(
2
1
)
x
v
z
v
(
2
1
)
z
v
y
v
(
2
1
x
y
z
z x
y
y
z
x
=
c
c
c
c
= e =
c
c
c
c
= e =
c
c
c
c
= e (1.31)
Khi d ton tai hm (x,y,z,t) c cc dao hm rieng theo cc toa do l cc thnh phan van
toc theo cc phuong truc toa do
x
v
x
c
c
= ,
y
v
y
c
c
= ,
z
v
z
c
c
= , (1.31`)
trong d hm (x,y,z,t) duoc goi l hm the van toc. Khi d c
)
t
(
x
)
x
(
t t
v
x
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
, )
t
(
y
)
y
(
t t
v
y
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
, v )
t
(
z
)
z
(
t t
v
z
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
.
Nghia l khi tong ba so hang cuoi cua phuong trnh (1.30) bang
)
t
( d dz )
t
(
z
dy )
t
(
y
dx )
t
(
x c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
, v (1.30) tro thnh:
0 )
t 2
v
P F ( d
2
=
c
c
+ + +
hay const
t 2
v
P F
2
=
c
c
+ + + . (1.32)
ang thc (1.32) duoc goi l tch phan Lagrang. Khi chat long chuyen dong on dinh
trong ong, 0
t
=
c
c
, th tai moi diem tren dung dng c dang thc
const
2
v
P F
2
= + + . (1.33)
Phuong trnh (1.33) goi l phuong trnh Becluni doi vi chat long l tuong, l trung hop
rieng cua phuong trnh (1.32). Khi luc khoi chi l luc trong trung, F=gz, th (1.33) c dang
const
g 2
v p
z
2
= +
+ , (1.33`)
trong d
+
p
z , nhu d biet, l cot p tinh, z(m)- chieu cao tnh so vi mat chuan bat k no d.
Xt mot trung hop tuong doi pho bien trong cc he thong, d l khi chat long qua bom
c luu luong thay doi, Q=f(t)- l hm cua thi gian. Gia su chuyen dong cua chat long lien tuc,
van toc phan bo deu tren mat cat ngang ong, khi d van toc chat long o mot thiet dien c dien
tch S c the viet bang: v=Q/S=a.f(t), trong d he so a=1/S thay doi doc theo dung ong. Hm
the cua van toc khi d c the viet bang
C dl ) t ( f ) l ( a ) t , l (
l
0
+ =
}
.
Gia su luc khoi chi l luc trong trung F=gz v mat do chat long khong doi
=
p
P , thay
vo phuong trnh (1.32) thu duoc
18
const dl
t
) t ( f
) l ( a
2
v p
gz
l
0
2
=
c
c
+ +
+
}
,
hay c the viet o dang
}
c
c
+ +
+ = +
+
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
dl
t
) t ( f
) l ( a
g
1
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z (1.34)
Khi t thiet dien I den thiet dien II c n doan ong c thiet dien khc nhau v khong doi,
chieu di moi doan l l
i
th (1.34) tro thnh
=
c
c
+ +
+ = +
+
n
1 i
i i
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
l
t
) t ( f
a
g
1
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z . (1.34)`
Tong so hang trong l cot p cua cc luc qun tnh cuc bo do chuyen dong khong on
dinh gay ra, n c tri so am hoac duong phu thuoc vo dau cua t / f c c . Neu ve phai l trang thi
chat long tren be mat be ht v gan nhu khong thay doi, o dau hnh trnh ht cua bom pitong
luu luong c gi tri ln dan, 0 t / f > c c nen p suat p
2
trong xi lanh bi giam xuong, sau d van
toc pitong giam dan th xay ra hien tuong nguoc lai. p suat chat long trong bom thay doi ln
anh huong xau den qu trnh lm viec v tuoi tho bom nen phai c bien php de khac phuc v
han che.
Neu chat long chuyen dong trong ong v ong chuyen dong c gia toc th trong cc
phuong trnh tren phai them vo cc luc qun tnh do chuyen dong tuong doi cua he thong. V
du chat long chuyen dong on dinh, song song trong ong, ong quay quanh truc thang dng vo
van toc gc e. Van toc chat long doc theo ong (tuong doi) l v, theo phuong vuong gc thnh
ong v
u
=0. Gia toc koriolis e =

v 2 K c hung vuong gc vi van toc v
nen khong sinh cong.

Cho nen de don gian ta chi xt den anh huong cua luc qun tnh li tam. Gia toc li tam r R
2
e = ,
the cua luc khoi s l ) r r ( 2 / 1 gz F
2
0
2 2
e + = . Thay vo (1.33), thu duoc
qt
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
H
g 2
v
p
) r r (
g 2
1
g 2
v
p
z
g 2
v
p
z + +
= e +
+ = +
+ (1.35)
Trong cong thc (1.35) ) r r (
g 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
e chnh l cong cua luc qun tnh li tam H
qt
truyen
cho mot don vi trong luong chat long. Cong thc ny chi dng khi xt tren cng mot dung
dng, do anh huong cua luc koriolis van toc tai cng bn knh r s khc nhau v p suat tren
thnh ong pha truc v sau khong bang nhau. Tuy vay, trong thuc te n van duoc su dung de
tnh p suat o cua ra cua bom li tam roi hieu chinh bang cch nhan vi he so anh huong.
1.3.4 Phuong trnh Becnuli cho dng chat long thuc (chat long nht)
Khi chuyen t dng phan to chat long l tuong sang xt dng hu han trong ong cua chat
long that (c do nht) th can ke den su phan bo khong dong deu cua van toc tren mat cat ngang
v ton that nang luong (cot p).
Trong chuyen dong cua chat long nht doc theo ong cng xay ra hien tuong hm dng do
anh huong cua do nht v luc lien ket phan tu gia chat long v thnh ong, do d van toc dat
gi tri ln nhat o phan gia dng, n giam dan gan nhu ti khong khi gan den thnh ong. Ket
qua l van toc phan bo c dang nhu o H.1.6. Su khong dong deu cua toc do lm cho gia cc
lp chat long c xe dich (truot) so vi nhau dan den xuat hien ng suat tiep (ng suat ma st).
Ngoi ra, trong chuyen dong cua chat long thuc cn km theo hien tuong quay cua cc phan tu,
19
chuyen dong xoy v xo tron. Tat ca deu km theo ton that nang luong, do d trong chat long
thuc nang luong khong gi nguyen, n dan mat di de khac phuc sc can nen giam dan theo
chieu dng chay.
Do c su khong dong deu cua van toc nen phai dua
dai luong van toc trung binh v
tb
v nng luong trung binh
tren thiet dien vo de xt. Truc khi xt phuong trnh
Becnuli cho chat long thuc, chng ta coi trong pham vi mat
cat ngang dng cc qui luat cua thuy tinh hoc cng dng, v
du, trong cong thc (1.33`) th cot p tinh o tat ca cc diem
tren mat cat d cho khong doi: const / p z = + , tc l trong
chat long chuyen dong cc dng truyen cho nhau theo
phuong ngang cng mot p suat nhu cc lp chat long o
trang thi tinh. ieu ny ph hop vi thuc te v c the
chng minh duoc bang l thuyet trong trung hop o thiet
dien dang xt cc dng song song nhau. Chng ta s chi xt cc mat cat ngang nhu the hoac
gan giong nhu the.
Ta dua vo khi niem cong suat dng chay. Cong suat cua dng o thiet dien dang xt l
nang luong ton bo m dng dua qua thiet dien ny trong mot don vi thi gian. V o cc diem
khc nhau tren mat cat ngang dng cc phan tu chat long c nang luong khc nhau, nen truc
tien ta xt cho mot dng nguyen to. Cong suat cua dng nguyen to tai mot diem c the viet:
vdS ) 2 / v / p gz ( gHdQ dN
2
m
+ + = = .
Cong suat cua ton bo dng qua dien tch S s l:
} } }

+ + = + + =
S S
3
S
2
dS v
2
vdS ) / p gz ( vdS ) 2 / v / p gz ( N .
Su dung cong thc (1.26) thu duoc gi tri trung bnh cua nang luong ton phan don vi tren
thiet dien (tren mot don vi khoi luong) s l:
}
+
+ =
=
S
3
tb
dS v
Q 2
1 p
gz
Q
N
gH .
Cot p ton phan trung bnh:
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v
S v
dS v
g
p
z H
2
tb
2
tb
3
tb
S
3
tb
o +
+ = +
+ =
}
, (1.36)
trong d o- he so khong th nguyen Koriolis, n ke den do khong dong deu cua van toc v
bang:
S v
dS v
3
tb
S
3
}
= o . ( 1.37)
Neu nhan ca tu v mau cua (1,37) vi /2 th de thay he so o l ti so gia dong nang thuc
cua dng o thiet dien dang xt v dong nang cng o thiet dien d nhung van toc phan bo deu.
Vi phan bo van toc thong thung th o bao gi cng ln hon mot, khi van toc phan bo deu th
n bang mot.
Lay hai thiet dien tren dng cua chat long thuc, I v II, goi cot p ton phan o d l H
tb1
v
H
tb2
. Khi d c H
tb1
=H
tb2
+h
p
. Su dung cong thc (1.36) s duoc
+ o +
+ = o +
+
p
2
2 tb
2
2
2
2
1 tb
1
1
1
h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z . (1.38)
Hnh 1.6. Bieu do phan bo
van toc.
20
ay l phuong trnh Becnuli cho dng chat long thuc trong ong dng yen (luc khoi l
trong luc). Neu doi vi chat long thuc phuong trnh Becnuli bieu hien qui luat bao ton co nang
th o chat long thuc n l phuong trnh can bang nang luong tnh den ton that. Di nhien, nang
luong ton that di tren doan ong I-II khong mat di m chi chuyen thnh nhiet. Do c nhiet dung
rieng tuong doi ln v nhiet luon toa ra moi trung xung quanh nen nhiet do chat long thung
tang khong dng ke.
Phuong trnh tren cng dng cho chat kh khi van toc nho so vi toc do am thanh.
Trong trung hop tong qut hon: chat long chuyen dong khong on dinh trong ong, ong lai
chuyen dong c gia toc th van c the su dung (1.38) ket hop vi (1.34), trong d van toc v gia
toc l van toc v gia toc tuong doi cua chat long trong ong. Ngoi luc trong trung ra cn ke
them cc luc qun tnh khc do chuyen dong cua he thong, v du nhu (1.35) cho trung hop ong
quay quanh truc.
1.3.5 Ton that thuy luc (khi qut)
Ton that nang luong don vi (cot p), hay thung goi l ton that thuy luc phu thuoc hnh
dang, kch thuc kenh dan, toc do v do nht chat long, doi khi cn phu thuoc p suat tuyet doi
cua chng. o nht cua chat long tuy l nguon goc cua tat ca cc ton that thuy luc nhung
khong phai lc no cng anh huong dng ke den do ln cua chng.
Cc th nghiem cho thay, trong nhieu trung hop, tuy khong phai tat ca, ton that thuy luc
gan ti le vi bnh phuong cua toc do, do d trong thuy luc chap nhan ton that cot p theo don vi
chieu di (m):
) g 2 /( v h
2
tb w
, = , (1.39)
hoac theo don vi p suat
2 / v gh p
2
tb w w
, = = .
Bieu thc tren tien loi o cho c cha he so ti le khong th nguyen , , goi l he so ton that
hay he so sc can, tri so cua n doi vi moi dung dan, gan dng, c the coi nhu khong doi. He
so , chnh l ti so cot p ton that tren cot p dong. Ngui ta thung phan thnh ton that cuc bo
v ton that ma st theo chieu di.
Ion that cuc bo l do sc can thuy luc cuc bo, tc l do su thay doi hnh dang, kch thuc
kenh dan lm bien dang dng chay. Khi chat long chay qua cho can cuc bo toc do cua n thay
doi v thung xuat hien cc vng xoy ln. Xoy hnh thnh sau cho dng bi dt do thnh ong
v l khu vuc cc hat chat long chuyen dong theo dung cong kn hoac qui dao gan nhu the.
Tren hnh 1.7 l v du ve can cuc bo .
Ton that cuc bo xc dinh theo (1.39) c dang:
) g 2 /( v h
2
cb wcb
, = . (1.40)
Cong thc (1.40) thung duoc goi l cong thc Veisbakh. Trong d v- van toc trung bnh
tai thiet dien c can cuc bo. Neu thiet dien ong thay doi ko theo toc do thay doi doc theo ong
th tien hon ca l lay toc do ln nhat lm toc do tnh ton, tc l o cho thiet dien hep nhat.
Moi cho can cuc bo dac trung bang tri so he so can cuc bo cua mnh, hau nhu c the coi
nhu khong doi doi vi moi dang hnh dng. Xc dinh he sc can cho tng trung hop cu the c
trong cc sch rieng ve sc can thuy luc.
Ion that ma sat theo chieu di, ni mot cch chnh xc l ton that nang luong xuat hien
trong cc ong thang c thiet dien khong doi, v n tang dan theo chieu di ong. Dang ton that
ny do ma st trong cua chat long quyet dinh m do d khong nhng chi xuat hien o cc ong
nhm. O ong nhan cng c ton that ma st.
21
Xt doan ong trn, di, dung knh khong doi. Ton that ma st duoc tnh theo cong thc:
g 2
v
d
l
h
2
ms
= , (1. 41)
hoac dng don vi p suat
=
2
v
d
l
p
2
ms
. (1.42)
Cong thc (1.41) thung duoc goi l cong thc Veisbakh-Darxi. He so goi l he so ton
that ma sat dung di hay he so Darxi. De thay nghia vat l cua neu xt dieu kien can bang
chuyen dong deu cua khoi chat long hnh tru di l, dung knh d: cc luc p suat v ma st can
bang nhau. Phuong trnh can bang c dang
0 dl 4 / p d
ms ms
2
= t t t ,
trong d t
ms
- ng suat ma st tren thnh ong.
Neu ke den (1.42) th thu duoc
2 / v
4
2
ms
t
= .
Nghia l l dai luong ti le vi ti so ng suat ma st tren thnh ong so vi p suat dong.
Do luu luong the tch cua chat long khong nn duoc khong doi, doc theo ong c thiet dien
khong doi van toc v dong nang cua chat long khong doi mac d c ton that thuy luc. Ton that
cot p s lm giam p suat trong ong.
1.3ng dung cua phuong trnh dong luong v momen dong luong.
Trong mot so trung hop su dung cc phuong trnh
dong luong v momen dong luong de tnh luc hoac
momen tuong tc gia chat long vi thnh ong hay bnh
cnh cua cc my bom, tua bin rat tien loi, khi d ta
khong can phai xt den cc qu trnh dien ra trong noi bo
dng chat long.
oi vi vat the khoi luong m, chuyen dong vi van
toc v, thay doi dong luong sau thi gian dt do tc dung
cua luc F duoc bieu dien bang phuong trnh o dang vc
to dt F v md

= , trong d v md
- thay doi dong luong do tc dung cua xung dt F
.
p dung dinh luat co hoc ny cho mot doan dng chay c luu luong Q gia thiet dien 1-1
v 2-2 trong dieu kien on dinh (H.1.8). Sau thi gian dt phan chat long ny dich chuyen sang vi
tr 1`-1` v 2`-2`. e tnh thay doi dong luong cua chat long, ta lay dong luong khoi chat long
gii han boi 1`-1` v 2`-2` tr di dong luong cua khoi 1-1 v 2-2. Khi tr, dong luong cua doan
chung t 1`-1` den 2-2 s bi triet tieu, chi cn lai chenh lech dong luong cua cc khoi 1-1` v
Hnh
1.7
So
do
suc
can
cuc
bo.
Hnh 1.8 ng dung phuong
trinh dong luong.
22
2-2`. The tch cc khoi ny oV, v di nhien, khoi luong cua chng om=Qdt l nhu nhau, do d
do gia tang cua dong luong s bang dt ) v v ( Q
1 2

.
Su thay doi dong luong ny l do xung luong cua cc ngoai luc tc dung len khoi chat
long gia cc mat cat 1-1 v 2-2, bao gom cc luc p suat len cc mat cat
1 1
S p
,
2 2
S p
: trong
luong khoi chat long G
v phan luc R
cua thnh ong: gom luc p suat v ma st phan bo tren

be mat ong. K hieu tong cua cc vec to ny l F
, ta c
dt F dt ) v v ( Q
1 2

= , hay F ) v v ( Q
1 2

= . (1.43)
Muon tnh phan luc R
len thnh ong chi can giai phuong trnh can bang (xem H.1.8)
R G S p S p ) v v ( Q
2 2 1 1 1 2

+ + + = . (1.44)
e tnh phan luc R ta chi can chieu cc vecto tren len cc truc toa do, giai he phuong trnh
l xc dinh duoc cc thnh phan cua R hoac c the v da gic khp kn nhu o hnh 1.8, trong d
chieu cua vecto p
2
nguoc vi chieu vecto v
2
.
Trong trung hop ong quay quanh mot truc x, chat long chay on dinh m ta can xc dinh
momen cua cc luc thuy dong doi vi truc quay, cng l luan tuong tu nhu tren, bien thien cua
momen dong luong doi vi truc x sau thi gian dt s bang chenh lech momen dong luong cua
cc khoi 1-1` v 2-2` doi truc x v bang om(v
2
coso
2
r
2
-v
1
coso
1
r
1
) = Q(v
2
coso
2
r
2
-v
1
coso
1
r
1
)dt.
Trong d, r
1
v r
2
- l cc khoang cch t diem 1 v 2 ti truc quay (coi mt ct uot b): v
1
v v
2
-
van toc tuyet doi cua chat long tai mat cat 1 v 2 (bang tong van toc tuong doi v van toc theo:
w u v

+ = ): o
1
v o
2
- gc tao boi vc to van toc v tia vuong gc vi bn knh r.
at vcoso=v
u
- l thnh phan tiep cua van toc tuyet doi (c phuong tiep tuyen vi vng
trn bn knh r), p dung dinh l ve momen dong luong ta c:
M=dL/dt=Q(v
u2
r
2
-v
u1
r
1
). (1.45)
Momen tren l do tat ca cc ngoai luc tc dung len chat long trong ong dan, bao gom phan
luc cua thnh ong len chat long, trong luong cua khoi chat long trong ong, cc luc p suat o cua
vo v ra. Dua vo phuong trnh (1.45) c the tnh duoc momen cua luc thnh ong tc dung len
chat long. Khi bo qua anh huong cua luc trong trung, cc luc p suat o cua vo v ra tc dung
len kho chat long theo phuong doc dung tam ong nen momen do chng sinh ra doi vi truc
bang khong v nam trong mat phang qua truc quay, do d momen theo cong thc (1.45) tren
chnh l momen chat long tc dung len truc quay. Cong thuc ny duoc dng de tinh momen tren
truc cac bom canh v tua bin. C the chng minh duoc momen tren do cc luc qun tnh
koriolis gay ra, nhung p dung dinh l ve momen dong luong c phan don gian hon.
1.4 ong dang thuy luc v cc che do chay cua chat long trong ong
1.4.1 Cc tieu chuan dng dang thuy luc
Viec nghien cu chuyen dong cua chat long thuc gap nhieu kh khan do c nhieu yeu to
anh huong den dac diem chuyen dong cng cc qu trnh dien ra khi chuyen dong. Giai doan
dau tien l phai lua chon cc yeu to anh huong quyet dinh den qu trnh dang nghien cu. Sau
d l thiet lap cc quan he gia cc dai luong m ta quan tam vi vi cc yeu to anh huong tren.
C the thuc hien viec ny bang hai cch: giai tch dua vo cc dinh luat co v vat l, hoac bang
th nghiem. Cch th nhat chi p dung duoc cho mot so trung hop v cho cc mo hnh hien
tuong duoc don gian ho.
Cch th hai, thuc nghiem, ve nguyen tac c the xt duoc nhieu yeu to anh huong nhung
n di hoi co so khoa hoc cua cc th nghiem, lap ke hoach tien hnh, han che toi thieu khoi
luong can thiet v he thong ho ket qua. Muon vay can dua tren co so mo hnh ho cc hien
23
tuong. L thuyet dong dang ve thuy luc cho php giai quyet cc van de tren, tc l l thuyet ve
su dong dang dng chay cua chat long thuc.
ong dang ve thuy luc bao gom ba thnh phan: dong dang ve hnh hoc, ve dong hoc v ve
dong luc hoc.
Nhu d biet trong hnh hoc, dong dang hnh hoc l su ti le cc kch thuc tuong tu v cc
gc tuong ng bang nhau. Trong thuy luc, dong dang hnh hoc duoc hieu l dong dang cua cc
be mat gii han dng chay, tc l kenh dan (hoac dung ong), trong d khong nen chi ch
den dong dang cua doan kenh dan dang xt m cn phai xt den dong dang cua phan ngay
truc v sau n, c anh huong den dac diem dng chay o doan dang xt.
Ty so cc kch thuc giong nhau cua cc kenh dan dong dang goi l ti le tuyen tnh v ta
k hieu l k
L
, n l dai luong khong doi doi vi hai kenh dong dang (tuong tu) I v II, nghia l
k
L
=L
I
/L
II
=idem.
ong dang ve dong hoc c nghia l su ti le cua toc do cuc bo o nhng diem giong nhau v
bang nhau cua cc gc dac trung cho hung cua cc van toc ny:
idem k
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
zII
zI
yII
yI
xII
xI
II
I
= = = = = ,
trong d k
v
- ti le toc do, nhu nhau neu dong dang dong hoc.
V v=L/T nen k
v
=k
L
/k
T
(trong d T- thi gian, k
T
- ti le ve thi gian).
Neu dong dang ve dong hoc th cc dung dng s dong dang hnh hoc. R rng, dieu
kien can cua dong dang dong hoc l phai c su dong dang hnh hoc cua kenh dan.
ong dang ve dong luc hoc- d l su ti le cua cc luc tc dung len cc khoi giong nhau
trong cc dng chay tuong tu ve dong hoc v bang nhau cua cc gc dac trung cho hung cua
cc luc ny.
Trong dng chay cua chat long thuc thung c cc luc khc nhau tc dung: luc p suat,
can nht (ma st), trong luong v.v. Bao dam su ti le cua tat ca cc luc ny c nghia l dong
dang hon ton ve thuy luc hoc. Thuc hien trong thuc tien dong dang thuy luc hon ton rat kh
khan, cho nen trong thuc te thung chi gap dong dang mot phan (khong hon ton), o d c su
ti le cua cc luc chu yeu.
oi vi dng chay dui p luc trong kenh dan kn, v du trong ong, trong cc my thuy
luc th cc luc d l cc luc p suat, can nht v cc luc qun tnh. Luc trong trung cng tc
dung len chat long nhung o cc dng dui p suat tc dung cua n the hien thong qua p suat,
tc l n lm cho p suat thay doi. Do d khi xt p suat qui doi p
qd
=p+zg l d xt den anh
huong cua trong luong.
Cc luc qun tnh c tri so bang tch cua khoi luong vi gia toc, F=ma, ti so cua chng
trong cc dng tuong tu bang ti xch cc luc:
2
L
2
v
2
T
L
3
L
II
I
II
I
F
k k k
k
k k k
) ma (
) ma (
F
F
k

= = = = ,
trong d k
- ti lemat do.
Nhu vay luc qun tnh ti le vi mat do, bac hai vi toc do v bac hai vi kch thuc L,
nghia l ti le vi dien tch S: F
qt
~Sv
2
.
Thay rang cc luc tc dung len thnh ong, bnh cnh cua my thuy luc, vat chay bao ti le
vi tch so Sv
2
. Lay luc qun tnh lm co so v so snh cc luc khc tc dung len chat long
vi luc qun tnh, nghia l so vi Sv
2
.
Nhu vay, doi vi hai dng tuong tu I v II, c
24
idem
Sv
F
Sv
F
II
2
I
2
=
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
. (1.46)
Ti so ny nhu nhau o hai dng dong dang v duoc goi l so Niuton, k hieu l Ne. O day F
l cc luc co ban: luc p suat, nht, trong trung hoac cc luc khc. Di nhien, tuong quan
(1.46) bieu thi qui luat chung cua dong dang thuy luc. Sau day s xt ba trung hop rieng tc
dung cua cc luc co ban len chat long chuyen dong v die kien dong dang cua cc dng.
1. Tc dung len chat long chi c luc p suat v qun tnh. Khi d luc F= ApS~ApL
2
v
dieu kien (1.46) tro thnh
idem Eu
v
p
v
p
II
2
I
2
= =
.
|
\
|
A
=
.
|
\
|
A
, (1.47)
trong d Ap- do chenh p no d hoac don gian l p suat: Eu- chuan khong th nguyen, goi l so Ole.
Di nhien, dieu kien dong dang thuy luc cua cc dng dong dang hnh hoc l so Ole bang
nhau. nghia vat l cua so Ole l cho biet tuong quan gia luc p suat v luc qun tnh.
2. Tc dung len chat long c luc nht, luc p suat v qun tnh. Khi d
S ) dy / dv ( F = ~v(v/L)L
2
~vvL
v sau khi chia cho v
2
L
2
thu duoc (1.46) c dang
II I
vL vL

.
|
\
| v
=
.
|
\
| v
hay idem Re
vL vL
II I
= =
.
|
\
|
v
=
.
|
\
|
v
, (1.48)
trong d Re- chuan khong th nguyen, goi l so Reynolds.
Do d dieu kien dong dang thuy luc cua cc dng dong dang hnh hoc l bang nhau cua so
Reynolds tnh o cc thiet dien tuong ng. ieu kien ny dac biet quan trong, n l chuan dong
dang co ban cua dng chay dui p luc. Kch thuc dac trung L de tnh Re phai l kch thuc
mat cat ngang dng, v du dung knh mat cat. nghia vat l cua Re l dai luong cho biet
tuong quan cua luc can nht so vi luc qun tnh.
3. Tc dung len chat long l luc trong trung, p suat v qun tnh. Khi d F~gL
3
v dieu
kien (1.46) c dang
II
2 2
3
I
2 2
3
L v
gL
L v
gL
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
hay idem Fr
gL
v
gL
v
II
2
I
2
= =
.
|
\
|
=
.
|
\
|
, (1.49)
trong d Fr- chuan khong th nguyen, goi l so Frud.
ieu kien dong dang trong trung hop ny l bang nhau cua so Fr, d l tuong quan gia
luc qun tnh v trong luong. Chuan Frud quan trong khi xt dng chay khong dui p luc
trong kenh dan ho, doi vi dng dui p luc c the bo qua chuan ny.
Sau day ta s xt v du hai dng chay dong dang I v II de thay lien he gia cc chuan
dong dang v phuong trnh co ban cua thuy luc- phuong trnh Becnuli. Tren hai dng lay cc
thiet dien tuong ng 1-1 v 2-2. Gia su chat long l tuong v tc dung len chat long chi c luc
p suat v luc qun tnh (ung voi trung hop dau tien), phuong trnh Becnuli doi vi hai mat cat
tren c dang
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
2
2 2
2
1 1
+
= +
,
trong d p
1
v p
2
- cc p suat qui doi.
Su dung phuong trnh luu luong v
1
S
1
=v
2
S
2
, loai v
1
ra ta duoc
2
1
2
2
2
2 2 1
S / S 1 ) v /( ) p p ( 2 = .
25
Ve phai bieu thc tren nhu nhau o hai dng dong
hnh hoc, cn ve tri bang hai lan so Ole 2Eu. Nhu vay,
doi vi chat long l tuong, dieu kien du de dam bao
dong dang thuy luc cua cc dng p luc l dong dang
hnh hoc.
Bay gi ta viet phuong trnh Becnuli doi vi thiet
dien 1-1 v 2-2 cho mot trong hai dng chay dui p luc
cua chat long nht. C
g 2
v
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
, + o +
= o +
,
trong d , - he so ton that cot p gia cc thiet dien dang xt.
Sau khi bien doi ve dang khong th nguyen s duoc:
, + o o = =
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
2 2 1
S / S Eu 2 ) v /( ) p p ( 2 .
Thay o day, muon hai phuong trnh cho hai dng nhu nhau th phai c: S
1
/S
2
, cc he so
koriolis o
1
v o
2
nhu nhau ( tc l dam bao dong dang hnh hoc v dong hoc) v he so sc can
, nhu nhau.
Nhu vay, trong cc dng p luc dong dang thuy luc c cc he so v cc so o, , , Eu, Re v
mot vi so na (s ni sau) bang nhau. Thay doi cua Re s lm thay doi tuong quan gia cc
luc chu yeu trong dng v lm cho cc he so neu tren thay doi t nhieu. Do d doi vi cc dng
dui p luc cua chat long nht tat ca cc he so tren duoc coi l hm cua chuan co ban v quyet
dinh- so Reynolds Re (tuy vay, trong pham vi no day cua Re cc he so tren khong thay doi).
Trong cc nghien cu thuc nghiem v mo hnh ho dng chay o phng th nghiem can
phai, th nhat, dam bao dong dang hnh hoc gia mo hnh I v dng thuc II, ke ca dieu kien
cua vo v ra: th hai, dam bao cho so Re bang nhau: Re
I
=Re
II
. T dieu kien th hai thay van
toc dng trong th nghiem bang: v
I
=v
II
L
II
v
I
/(L
I
v
II
).
Ngoi cc chuan dong dang co ban neu tren (Eu, Re, Fr), trong thuy luc cn dng cc
chuan khc trong cc trung hop rieng. Khi xt dng chiu nhieu anh huong cua sc cang be
mat (v du su phan d dng thnh cc hat khi phun nhien lieu vo dong co) ngui ta dua vo
chuan Vebe (We), n bang ti so luc cang be mat vi luc qun tnh. oi vi trung hop ny
(1.46) c dang
We=oL/(v
2
L
2
)=o/(v
2
L)=idem.
Khi xt dng khong on dinh tuan hoan vi chu k T (v du dng trong dung ong noi vi
bom pittong) ngui ta dua ra chuan Strukhal (Sh), n ke den cc luc qun tnh cuc bo do
chuyen dong khong on dinh. Luc ny ti le vi khoi luong (L
3
) v gia toc t / v c c , tc l ti le vi
v/T. Khi d (1.46) c dang
L
3
v/(v
2
L
2
T)=L/(vT)=idem hay Sh=vT/L=idem.
Khi ke den do nn duoc cua chat long ngui ta dua ra he so Mach (M), n ke den luc dn
hoi. Luc ny ti le vi dien tch (L
2
) v modun dn hoi the tch K=c
2
(c- van toc am thanh
trong moi trung dang xt), tc l ti le vi c
2
L
2
. ie kien (1.46) c dang
c
2
L
2
/(v
2
L
2
)=c
2
/v
2
=idem hay M=v/c=idem.
Chuan Mach c nghia quan trong khi xt chuyen dong cua kh. So Mach cng gan mot
th anh huong cua tnh nn duoc doi vi chuyen dong cng ln.
1.4.2 Che do chay cua chat long trong cc ong
Cc th nghiem cho thay c hai che do chay cua chat long v kh trong cc ong: chay tang
v chay roi.
Hnh1.9. Hai dng dong dang.
26
Chay tang l dng chay theo lp, khong c xo tron cua cc phan tu chat long, khong c
xung toc do v p suat. O che do ny cc dung dng hon ton duoc xc dinh boi hnh dang
cua dung ong, neu trong ong thang tiet dien khongdoi th cc dung dng c hung song song
dung tam ong v khong c chuyen dich ngang. Chay tang l che do chay c trat tu v khi cot
p khong doi th l che do dng hon ton (o che do khong on dinh van c kha nang chay
tang). Tuy vay khong duoc coi trong chay tang khong c xoy, mac d trong d khong c cc
xoy nhn thay, cng vi chuyen dong tinh tien van xay ra hien tuong quay c trat tu cua cc
phan tu long rieng r quanh tam tc thi vi van toc gc no d.
Chay roi l dng chay c su xo tron manh cua chat long km theo cc xung toc do v p
suat. Chuyen dong cua cc phan tu long rieng biet giong
chuyen dong hon loan cua phan tu kh. Trong dng chay roi
cc vec to toc dokhong nhng chi c thnh phan doc ong
m cn c thnh phan vuong gc dung tam ong (H.1.10)
tao ra chuyen dong ngang v quay cua cc khoi chat long.
ieu ny giai thch tai sao c cc xung toc do v p suat.
Che do chay cua chat long nhat dinh thay doi o mot
toc do trung bnh xc dinh duoc goi l van toc ti han v
th
.
Cc th nghiem cho thay ga tri van toc ny ti le vi do nht dong v ti le nghich vi dung knh
ong, tc l:
v
th
=kv/d,
hay k=v
th
d/v.
Tri so khong th nguyen thu duoc goi l so Reynolds ti han Re
th
. Thuc nghiem cho thay
rang trong ong trn Re
th
~2300.
Nhu vay, chuan dong dang Reynolds cho php dnh gi che do chay cua chat long trong
ong. Khi Re< Re
th
chat long chay tang, khi Re>Re
th
- chay roi. Ni chnh xc hon, chay roi
hon ton xay ra khi Re~4000, khi Re=23004000 che do chay o trong vng chuyen tiep.
Trong thuc te gap ca chay tang v chay roi, chay tang thung thay o cc chat long c do
nht rat ln nhu dau nhn cn chay roi thay o xang, dau hoa, ruou, axit v cc chat long khc
c do nht nho.
Thay doi che do chay khi dat Re
th
l do che do ny mat on dinh cn che do kia s on dinh.
V du, khi Re<Re
th
khi chay tang s on dinh: chay roi nhan tao (do rung ong chang han) s tat
dan, chay tang lai xc lap khi ngng tao roi. Khi Re>Re
th
xay ra hien tuong nguoc lai, chay roi
s on dinh. Tri so Re
th
khi chuyen t chay tang sang chay roi c the c tri so ln hon Re
th
doi
vi qu trnh chuyen tiep nguoc lai. Trong cc dieu kien th nghiem dac biet, hon ton khong
c cc yeu to gay roi, ngui ta c the tao ra duoc chay tang khi Re>Re
th
, nhung chuyen dong
ny het sc khong on dinh, chi can c nhieu nho l chuyen sang chay roi. Trong thuc hnh cc
dieu kien tao chay roi- rung dong ong, cho c can cuc bo, luu luong thay doi.
1.4.3. Hien tuong xam thuc
Trong mot so trung hop chuyen dong cua chat long trong ong kn xay ra cc hien tuong
lien quan den thay doi trang thi pha cua chat long nhu chuyen thnh hoi hoac phan tch cc
kh ho tan trong chat long. V du khi chat long chay qua cho c thiet dien thu hep, van toc
tang v p suat giam. Neu khi d p suat tuyet doi dat den gi tri bang p suat hoi bo ho cua
chat long ny o nhiet do d cho, hoac p suat o d kh ho tan bat dau tch ra khoi chat long,
th tai cho d bat dau dien ra qu trnh tao hoi hoac kh manh. en khu vuc dng chay rong ra,
Hnh 1.10. Xung toc do v dc
diem dung dng trong chay roi.
27
van toc cham lai v p suat tang: hoi d tao ra bat dau ngung tu v kh bat dau ho tan cho lai
vo chat long.
Hien tuong ph v su lien tuc cua dng, do tao cc bot hoi v kh v p suat cuc bo trong
dng giam, duoc goi l xam thuc.
Xam thuc km theo tieng dong dac trung v neu ko di s gay ph huy xam thuc (xi
mn) be mat thnh kim loai. ieu d duoc giai thch l do qu trnh ngung tu cc ti hoi (v
nn cc bot kh) dien ra vi toc do rat ln, chat long xung quanh bng hoi ap vo tam bng v
o thi diem ket thc (v bng hoi) gay ra va dap thuy luc cuc bo lm p suat tang dng ke o
nhng diem rieng r. Theo ket qua mot so nghien cu, p suat cuc bo khi xam thuc c the ln
den hng tram at [2]. Vat lieu khong bi ph huy o cho tao hoi m o cho hoi ngung tu. Khi xam
thuc xay ra cc hien tuong sau:
1. Sc can tang dng ke v lm giam kha nang luu thong cua dung ong do cc bot kh
lm giam mat cat ut cua dng, toc do o d tang manh. Neu o trong cc my bom th
s lm giam luu luong, cot p, hieu suat c ch v cong suat bom.
2. Va dap thuy luc gay trc ro cc be mat kim loai cc chi tiet trong cc my thuy luc,
chong chng, mat ngoi xi lanh dong co diesel (do rung dong lm cho nuc lm mt bi
nn v gin no) v.v. ay l tc hai ln nhat do xam thuc, cc vet ro c the rat sau.
3. Gay an mn ho hoc o khu vuc xam thuc do o xy tch ra. Hien tuong ny cng tang
cung do va dap thuy luc ph huy lp o xit bao ve be mat kim loai.
4. Tang nhiet do cuc bo be mat chi tiet do kh bi nn, do va dap v bien dang cuc bo cua
be mat chi tiet. Hien tuong ny cn gay nen an mn dien ho do tao ra cc cap ngau
nhiet gia cho nng v lanh.
5. Ngung tu hoi v va dap gay tieng on v rung dong cc my thuy luc [3].
Nhu vay, xam thuc l hien tuong khong mong muon. Trong cc he thong thuy luc, xam
thuc c the xuat hien o nhng cho p suat thap nhu khu vuc cua ht cua bom, sau nhng cho c
can cuc bo ln. Moi cho can cuc bo hay bom, ve mat xam thuc, duoc dac trung bang mot
chuan khong th nguyen goi l so xam thuc:
2 / v
p p
2
1
bh 1

= _ , (1.50)
trong d p
1
v v
1
- p suat tuyet doi v toc do dng o thiet dien truc cho can cuc bo hoac bom.
Thay rang, so xam thuc c nghia tuong tu nhu so Ole Eu, n duoc su dung nhu chuan
dong dang doi vi dng chay xam thuc. Tri so _ m tai d trong cho can cuc bo bat dau xam
thuc duoc goi l so xam thuc ti han _
th
.
1.5. Chay tang
1.5.1. L thuyet chay tang trong ong trn
Nhu d gii thieu o muc 1.4.2, chay tang l che do chay c trat tu, theo tng lp khong c
xo tron. L thuyet chay tang dua tren dinh luat ma st cua Niuton. Ma st ny gia cc lp chat
long chuyen dong l nguon goc ton that nang luong duy nhat trong trung hop ny.
Xt chay tang on dinh cua chat long trong ong trn, thang c dung trong bang 2r
0
. e bo
anh huong cua trong luc v don gian dua ra ket luan, gia thiet ong nam trong mat phang ngang.
O kh xa dau ong, khi dng hon ton on dinh ta tch ra mot doan di l gia thiet dien 1-1 v
2-2 (hnh 1.11).
Gia su p suat o thiet dien 1-1 bang p
1
, thiet dien 2-2 bang p
2
. Do dung knh ong khong
doi, toc do cua chat long khong thay doi, he so o s khong thay doi doc theo dng do tnh on
dinh cua n, do d phuong trnh Becnuli cho cc thiet dien d cho c dang
28
p
1
/(g)=p
2
/(g)+h
fr
,
trong d h
fr
- ton that cot p do ma st theo chieu di.
T d
h
fr
=(p
1
-p
2
)/(g)=p
fr
/(g),
v dieu ny c the thay t cc cot chat long dat o cc thiet
dien tren.
Trong dng chat long, tch ra mot khoi tru bn knh
r, dong truc vi ong v c hai mat dau o cc thiet d chon.
Viet phuong trnh chuyen dong deu cho khoi chat long
tch ra, tc l can bang gia cc luc p suat v luc can. K
hieu ng suat tiep tren be mat tru l t, c
(p
1
-p
2
)tr
2
-2trlt=0,
t d
t=p
fr
r/(2l).
T cong thc thay, ng suat tiep trong mat cat ngang ong thay doi theo qui luat tuyen
tnh theo r. Bieu do ng suat tiep o ben tri hnh 1.11 (bieu do ny khong phu thuoc che do
chay). Ta bieu dien ng tiep t theo qui luat ma st cua Niuton thong qua do nht dong luc v
gradien theo phuong ngang cua toc do: trong d thay bien y bang bn knh r:
t=dv/dy=-dv/dr.
Dau am chi rang chieu tnh r nguoc vi chieu cua y (tnh t thnh ong).
Thay tri so t vo bieu thc o tren, duoc
p
fr
/(2l)=-dv/dr.
Ta duoc gia so cua van toc
dv=-p
fr
rdr/(2l).
Nhu vay, neu dr>0 th dv<0. Thuc hien tch phan thu duoc
C
2
r
l 2
p
v
2
fr
+
= .
Hang so tch phan tm duoc theo dieu kien bien, khi r=r
0
th v=0:
l 4
r p
C
2
0 fr
= .
Toc do chat long tren be mat tru bn knh r
) l 4 /( ) r r ( p v
2 2
0 fr
= . (1.51)
Bieu thc ny l qui luat phan bo toc do tren mat cat ngang ong trn khi chay tang. ung
cong mo ta bieu do toc do l dung parabol.
Toc do ln nhat o tam ong (r=0)
) l 4 /( r p v
2
0 fr max
= . (1.52)
Ta su dung qui luat phan bo toc do ny de tnh luu luong. Biet luu luong phan to qua dien
tch phan to bang: dQ=vdS. Thay v bang bieu thc (1.51), dien tch phan to dS lay o dang vnh
trn bn knh r v rong dr, ta c
) l 4 /( rdr 2 ) r r ( p dQ
2 2
0 fr
t = .
Sau khi tch phan tren ton bo dien tch mat cat ngang, thu duoc
4
0
fr
r
0
2 2
0
fr
r
l 8
p
rdr ) r r (
l 2
p
Q
0
t
=
t
=
}
. (1.53)
Hnh 1.11. Co so l thuyet chay
tang trong ong trn.
29
Van toc trung bnh tm duoc bang cch chia luu luong cho dien tch:
) l 8 /( r p ) r /( Q v
2
0 fr
2
0 tb
= t = . (1.54)
Nhu vay, so vi (1.52) thay v
tb
=0,5v
max
.
e c qui luat sc can h
fr
theo luu luong v kch thuc ong, t (1.53) c
) r /( lQ 8 p
4
0 fr
t = .
Chia bieu thc ny cho g, thay =v v chuyen d=2r
0
, thu duoc
h
fr
=p
fr
/(g)=128vlQ/(tgd
4
). (1.55)
Cong thc tren dng de tnh sc can dung ong o che do chay tang do G. Poazeil thnh lap
nam 1840. Ta dua qui luat ny ve dang cong thc cua Veisbakh- Darci:
g 2
v
d
l
h
2
tb
fr
= .
Muon vay, thay luu luong trong (1.55) bang 4 / v d
tb
2
t , nhan v chia cho v
tb
v nhm cc
nhan tu, thu duoc
g 2
v
d
l
Re
64
g 2
v
d
l
d v
64
h
2
tb
2
tb
tb
fr
=
v
= ,
hay
g 2
v
d
l
h
2
tb
fr
= , (1.56)
trong d =64/Re. (1.57)
Ton that cot p do ma st o che do chay tang ti le vi bac nhat vi toc do trung bnh
(bnh phuong toc do trung bnh o cong thc cuoi l do ta bien doi nhan chia ca tu v mau vi
v
tb
), cn he so ton that dung di ti le nghich vi so Re cng tc l ti le nghich vi van toc trung
bnh.
Biet qui luat phan bo toc do tren mat cat ong, de dng tnh duoc he so Koriolis o o trong
cc phuong trnh Becnuli c ke den do khong deu cua toc do doi vi trung hop chay tang on
dinh trong ong trn. Trong bieu thc (1.37), ta thay van toc bang (1.51) v van toc trung bnh
bang (1.54), ke den
2
0
r S t = v dS=2trdr. Sau khi bien doi thu duoc
} }
= = o
0
r
0
2
0
3
2
0
2
S
3
3
tb
r
rdr
)
r
r
1 ( 16 dS v
S v
1
.
Thay bien
2
0
2
r / r 1 z = , duoc
}
= = o
0
1
3
2 dz z 8 .
Nhu vay, dong nang thuc te cua dng chay tang phan bo toc do dang paraboll ln hon so
vi cua cng dng ay nhung toc do phan bo deu 2 lan. Bang cch tren c the chng minh rang
dong luong cua dng chay tang phan bo toc do paraboll ln hon dong luong cua cng dng ay
nhung toc do phan bo deu l | lan, trong d he so | duoc goi l he so Buxxinhexk, trong trung
hop ny bang 4/3.
L thuyet chay tang trong ong trn d trnh by kh dng so vi thuc te v cc qui luat sc
can thung khong can hieu chinh g, tr cc ngoai le sau:
1) khi chay o doan dau ong, noi dien ra qu trnh hnh thnh dan profin toc do paraboll:
2) khi chay km theo trao doi nhiet:
3) khi chay o dang giot v c khe ho vi vat bao:
4) khi chay vi do sut p ln.
30
15.2. oan bat dau cua chay tang
Neu chat long chay t bnh cha no d vo ong thang dung knh khong doi v chuyen
dong trong d o che do chay tang th phan bo toc do tren thiet dien ngang gan cua vo trong
thuc te gan nhu dong deu, dac biet khi loi vo luon trong (hnh 1.12). Nhung sau d do tc
dung cua luc nht dien ra su phan bo lai toc do tren mat cat ngang: cc lp chat long ke vi
thnh bi hm lai, cn phan o tam, noi van cn gi duoc phan bo dong deu toc do, chuyen dong
nhanh dan v luu luong qua cc thiet dien bang nhau khong doi. Chieu dy lp chat long bi hm
tang dan cho ti khi bang bn knh ong, profin paraboll toc do dac trung cua chay tang duoc
thiet lap.
oan dau ong trong d hnh thnh profin paraboll toc do duoc goi l doan dau dng chay
(l
b
). Ngoi gii han doan ny l chay tang on dinh, profin paraboll toc do gi khong doi bat ke
chieu di ong vi dieu kien ong thang v thiet dien khong doi. L thuyet chay tang o phan truc
chi thch hop vi chay tang on dinh v khong p dung trong gii han doan bat dau.
e xc dinh chieu di doan bat dau c the
su dung cong thc gan dng cua Syler, lien he
chieu di ny vi dung knh ong v so Re:
l
b
/d=0,029Re. (1.58)
Sc can o doan dau ong ln hon o cc doan
sau. ieu ny duoc giai thch l do dao hm
dv/dy o thnh ong o doan dau ln hon so vi o
cc doan chay on dinh cho nen ng suat tiep ln
hon theo qui luat Niuton, trong d cng gan mp
ong gi tri ny cng ln, hay ni cch khc, n
giam theo toa do x.
Ton that cot p tren doan ong c chieu di l<l
b
duoc tnh theo cong thc (1.55) hoac
(1.56) v (1.57) nhung phai hieu chinh bang he so k ln hon mot. Tri so cua k c the xc dinh
theo do thi hnh 1.13, trong d n duoc xem l hm cua thong so khong th nguyen
x.10
3
/(dRe). Khi tang thong so ny gi tri k giam, v khi
x/(dRe)=l
b
/(dRe)=0,029,
tc l khi x=l
b
, th k=1,09. Nhu vay, sc can
ca doan dau ong ln hon 9% so vi sc can
cua cng doan d nhung lay o che do chay
tang on dinh.
oi vi cc ong ngan gi tri he so k
nhu thay tren do thi khc mot nhieu.
Khi chieu di l ong ln hon l
b
, ton that
cot p bao gom ton that tren doan dau v
ton that doan chay tang on dinh:
g 2
v
d
) l l (
d
l
09 , 1 h
2
b b
fr
1
]
1

+ = .
Khi tnh den (1.57) v (1.58) v thuc
hien php bien doi, thu duoc
g 2
v
)
d
l
64 165 , 0 (
Re
1
h
2
fr
+ = . (1.59)
Hnh 1.12. Hnh thnh profin paraboll toc
do o dau ong.
Hnh 1.13. Phu thuoc cua k vo vo
x.10
3
/(dRe).
31
Neu chieu di tuong doi cua ong l/d du ln, so hang bo sung trong ngoac, bang 0,165, c
the bo qua do nho. Tuy vay, trong tnh ton can chnh xc cc ong chieu di khong ln so vi l
b
th can ke den so hang ny.
oi vi doan bat dau ong c loi vo tron tru he so koriolis o tang t 1 cho ti 2 (xem do
thi).
1.5.3. Chay tang trong khe giua hai thnh v trong cc ong chu nhat
Ta xt trung hop chay tang trong khe do hai thnh phang song song tao thnh, khoang
cch gia chng l a (hnh 1.14). Goc toa do dat o gia khe ho, hung truc Ox doc theo dng,
cn Oy vuong gc vi thnh.
Lay hai thiet dien vuong gc dng chay cch nhau mot doan l v xt dng c chieu rong
bang mot don vi. Tch khoi hop chat long gia cc mat cat d chon, nam doi xng vi truc Ox
v c kch thuc cc canh l2y1. Khi d dieu kien can bang doc theo Ox s l
2yp
fr
=-(dv/dy)2l,
trong d p
fr
=p
2
-p
1
l chenh p gia cc thiet dien dang xt. Dau am trong bieu thc l do
dv/dy<0. T d
ydy
l
p
dv
fr
= .
Thuc hien tch phan, thu duoc
C y
l 2
p
v
2 fr
+
= .
V khi y=a/2 th v=0, tm duoc
4
a
l 2
p
C
2
fr
= . Thay vo duoc
) y
4
a
(
l 2
p
v
2
2
fr
= . (1.60)
Tiep theo ta tnh luu luong q cua dng c chieu rong don vi. Lay hai phan to dien tch doi
xng qua truc Oz c kch thuc 1dy v viet luu luong phan to bang:
dy 2 y
4
a
l 2
p
vdS dq
2
2
fr
.
|
\
|
= = ,
t d c
}

=
.
|
\
|
=
2 / a
0
3
fr 2
2
fr
l 12
a p
dy y
4
a
l
p
q . (1.61)
Ta bieu dien ton that p suat thong qua luu luong tong Q=qb trong khe c chieu rong b=1:
p
fr
=12lQ/(a
3
b). (1.62)
Khi mot trong cc thnh tao ra khe ho chuyen dong theo hung song song vi mat thnh
kia, p suat chat long doc theo chieu di khong doi, thnh chuyen dong ko chat long theo v
xuat hien ci goi l chuyen dong ma st khong p luc. Ta tch ra mot phan to trong dng nhu
Hnh 1.14. So do xt chay
tang trong khe.
32
hnh1.14, xt cc luc tc dung len n. V p suat p tc dung len mat phai v tri phan to nhu
nhau, cho nen de can luc th ng suat tiep o mat dui v tren phai cng nhu nhau, tc l
t=const.
p dung dinh luat Niuton cho trung hop ny thu duoc t=-dv/dy =C (dau am l do khi
dy>0 th dv<0) v sau khi tch phan
v=-(C/)y+C
1
. (1.*)
Cc hang so C v C
1
tm duoc khi ke den dieu kien bien: khi y=a/2 th v=0 v y=-a/2 th
v=u, trong d u- van toc thnh. T d c: C=u/a v C
1
=u/2.
Sau khi thay C v C
1
vo phuong trnh tren thu duoc
v=(1/2-y/a)u. (1.63)
Luu luong chat long q qua khe c chieu rong don vi duoc xc dinh theo van toc trung bnh
q=(u/2)a. (1.64)
Neu dich chuyen trnh by o tren cua thnh c km theo ca thay doi p suat trong chat
long trong khe, th qui luat phan bo toc do duoc tnh nhu tong cc cong thc (1.60) v (1.63):
u )
a
y
2
1
( ) y
4
a
(
l 2
p
v
2
2
fr

= . (1.**)
Phan bo toc do trong khe nhu o hnh (1.16) c hai kha nang: a) hung chuyen dong cua
thnh trng vi hung chuyen dong cua chat long dui tc dung cua do chenh p: b) hung
chuyen dong cua thnh nguoc vi hung chuyen dong cua chat long. Luu luong chat long qua
khe chieu rong don vi trong trung hop ny l tong luu luong the hien bang cc cong thc
(1.61) v (1.64), tc l
2
ua
l 12
a p
q
3
fr
= .
So hang dau goi l luu luong dng p luc, cn so hang th hai-
luu luong ma st.
Cong thc dua ra c the dung cho trung hop khe ho tao boi
hai mat tru, v du gia piston v xy lanh, vi dieu kien khe ho gia
chng nho so vi dung knh cc mat v cc mat tru nam dong tam.
Neu piston nam lech tam so vi xy lanh th khe ho a gia chung l dai luong thay doi:
a=R+ecos-r=a
0
(1+ccos),
trong d a
0
=R-r v c=e/a.
Xt khe ho c chieu rong phan to rd nhu khe phang, c bieu thc tnh luu luong phan to
sau:
Hnh 1.15. Profin toc trong
khe c thnh chuyen dong.
Hnh 1.16. Profin toc do trong khe c thnh chuyen
dong v c ging p.
33
c +
= rd ) cos 1 (
l 12
a p
rd
l 12
a p
dQ
3
3
0 fr
3
fr
.
Tch phan theo vng trn ta thu duoc
)
2
3
1 ( Q d ) cos 1 ( r
l 12
a p
Q
2
0
2
0
3
3
0 fr
c + = c +
=
}
t
,
trong d
3
0
fr
0
a
l 12
r 2 p
Q
t
= - luu luong trong trung hop dong tam.
T bieu thc tren c the thay luu luong ln nhat khi c=1, Q=2,5Q
0
.
Khi tnh ton cc dng chay trong ong khong trn ngui ta su dung ci goi l bn knh
thuy luc, bang ti so gia dien tch mat cat tren chu vi ut H: R
h
=S/H hoac dung knh thuy luc
D
h
=4R
h
(doi vi mat cat trn D
h
=d).
O che do chay tang trong trung hop ny duoc tnh ton bang cong thc Veisbakh- Darxi
(1.41) suy rong, trong d d duoc thay bang D
h
v bang `= k, tc l
g 2
v
Re
64
k
g 2
v
D
l
' h
2 2
h
fr
= = , (1.65)
trong d k- he so hieu chinh phu thuoc hnh dang mat cat.
oi vi thiet dien ch nhat (ab) th D
h
=2ab/(a+b) v k=f(b/a):
b/a... 1 1,5 2 3 4 5 10
k..0,89 0,92 0,97 1,07 1,14 1,19 1,32 1,50
Thiet dien dang da gic deu canh a c k=0,83.
*T cc phuong trnh phan bo toc do chat long trong khe tiet dien khong doi (1.60) v (1.63), c the
chuyen thnh dang vi phan d biet trong Boi tron thuy luc de tnh ton p suat do khe ho thay doi tao ra. O day,
khi xt can bang luc cho phan to chat long ngui ta chi tnh den cc luc p suat v ma st m bo qua cc luc khoi
khc: v du nhu trong luong, luc qun tnh v mot so yeu to khc nhu he so do nht th hai (the tch), n ke den
tieu tn nang luong do nn v gin cua chat long, v.v. Trong khe ho cua cc cap ma st, chat long chay tang (v
khe ho v do d so Re nho) v tuan theo qui luat ma st cua Niu ton. Nhu vay, cc cong thc(1.60) v (1.63)
thnh lap tren co so dinh luat ma st cua Niuton deu c the su dung duoc, ke ca cho truong hop tiet dien khe thay
doi. Muon vay ta chi can doi phuong trnh phan bo van toc viet cho chieu di hu han thnh doan phan to, cu the
l thay
x
p
l
p
fr
c
c
= . Trong trung hop tong qut nhat, phuong trnh (1.**) c the viet dui dang
2
U U
y
a
U U
)
4
a
y (
x 2
p
v
b a b a
2
2
x
+
+
c
c
= ,
trong d U
a
v U
b
l cc van toc cua cc mat theo truc x, c gi tri duong neu nguoc chieu vi truc x (qui dinh
chieu chuyen dong nhu vay chi nham muc dch dua ve dang giong cc cong thc d biet).
Cc so hang cuoi duoc thnh lap t (1.*) vo cc dieu kien bien: y=-a/2 v
x
=-U
a
, y=a/2 v
x
=-U
b
. Thay k hieu
chieu cao khe ho a bang h [h=f(x,z)] v doi bien y=y-h/2, t phuong trnh tren thu duoc phuong trnh
a
b a 2
x
U y
h
U U
) hy y (
x 2
p
v
+
c
c
= .
Tuong tu nhu vay, doi vi phuong z ta cng c
a
b a 2
z
U y
h
W W
) hy y (
z 2
p
v
+
c
c
= ,
trong d W
a
v W
b
l van toc cua hai mat theo phuong z, chieu duong nguoc truc z. Trong d phuong y trng vi
chieu cao h.
Thay cc phuong tnh tren vo phuong trnh lien tuc dnh cho trung hop tong qut nhat: chat long nn
duoc, chuyen dong khong on dinh v gia su hai mat tien lai nhau vi van to V
0
:
34
0
z
v
y
v
x
v
t
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
,
hay
0 dy
z
v
dy
y
v
dy
x
v
dy
t
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
.
Thuc hien tch phan bieu thc ny t 0 den h, coi p suat v mat do khong thay doi theo phuong vuong gc
dng chay (phuong y). C
0 dy
z
v
dy
y
v
dy
x
v
dy
t
h
0
z
h
0
y
h
0
x
h
0
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
} } } }
,
hay
0
z
) h (
2
W W
) h
z
p
12
(
z
V
x
) h (
2
U U
) h
x
p
12
(
x
h
t
b a 3
0
b a 3
=
c
c +
c
c
c
c

c
c +
c
c
c
c
c
c
.
Trong trung hop chuyen dong phang, tc l van toc theo phuong z bang khong v chat long khong nn
duoc, phuong trnh tren c dang don gian hon
, )
0 b a
3
V 12
x
h
U U 6 )
x
p h
(
x

c
c
+ =
c
c
c
c
.
Gia su tai x=x
0
l diem bat dau vng lm viec, tai d h=h
0
v gia thiet 0
x
p
0
x x
=
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
(gia thiet ny van
duoc dng trong Boi tron Thuy luc), ta lay tch phan xc dinh t x
0
den x, tai d khe ho bang h s thu duoc
, ) ) x x ( V 12 ) h h ( U U 6
x
p h
0 0 0 b a
3
+ =
c
c
,
hay
, )
3
0 0
3
0 b a
h
) x x ( V 12
h
) h h ( U U 6
x
p
+
=
c
c
.
Phuong trnh ny l phuong trnh co ban trong Boi tron thuy luc do Reynolds thnh lap. Neu thay do nht
bng hm phu thuoc p suat (1.16) s duoc
, )
3
0 0
) p p (
0
3
0 b a
) p p (
0
h
) x x ( V e 12
h
) h h ( U U e 6
x
p
0 0

+
=
c
c
o o
.
oi vi o d truot, ta s thiet lap duoc quan he phu thuoc cua h vo x (x l toa do di cua cung trn, tnh t
cho bat dau hnh thnh mng dau) neu biet do lech tam cua truc cng nhu kch thuc cua truc v o. Thay vo v
giai phuong trnh tren s duoc bieu do phan bo p suat trong vng lm viec v tnh duoc luc nang cua mng dau.
Tuy nhien, cho den nay viec giai bi ton ny bang giai tch van chua duoc giai quyet triet de v cn nhieu yeu to
anh huong lm cho bi ton tro thnh rat phc tap ve ton hoc. C the neu mot vi yeu to anh huong nhu: van de
truyen nhiet, bien dang cua o, hnh dang kch thuc chnh xc ban dau cua o v ngng truc, dao dong ngang v.v.
1.5.4. Cc trung hop chay tang dac biet
Km theo trao doi nhiet. Trong cc trung hop chay tang xt o tren khong ke den su thay doi nhiet do
v, do d, su thay doi do nht cua chat long trong pham vi thiet dien cng nhu doc theo dng chay, tc l gia
thiet nhiet do l hang so o tat ca cc diem trong dng chay. Dng chay nhu vay goi l dng dang nhiet.
Neu chat long chuyen dong trong dung ong c nhiet do ln hon nhiet do xung quanh dng ke th qu
trnh chay s km theo qu trnh trao nhiet cho moi trung qua thnh ong v, di nhien, qu trnh lm lanh chat
long. Khi nhiet do chat long nho hon moi trung nhieu s xay ra qua trnh ham nng chat long.
Trong ca hai trung hop ke tren, nhiet do v do nht chat long khong gi nguyen, dng chay khong phai l
dng dang nhiet. Do d cc cong thc (1.60) v (1.61), thu duoc vi gia thiet do nht khong doi tren thiet dien,
khi dng cho dng chay c trao doi nhiet dng ke can phai hieu chinh.
Khi chay km theo lm lanh, cc lp ke thnh ong c nhiet do thap hon, cn do nht ln hon so vi phan
co ban o ben trong dng. Do d xay ra su hm cc lp gan thnh manh hon v gradien toc do gan thnh giam.
35
Khi duoc ham nng, lp chat long gan thnh c nhiet do ln hon v do nht nho hon, do d gradien toc do ln
hon. Nhu vay, do trao doi nhiet qua thnh cua chat long vi moi trung xung quanh m qui luat phan bo toc do
paraboll xt o tren bi ph v.
Tren hnh 1.17 bieu dien cc do thi so snh phan bo toc do khi chay dang
nhiet (1), duoc lm lanh (2) v ham nng (4) vi dieu kien luu luong nhu nhau v
do nht o phan nhan gan nhu nhau. T do thi thay, lm lanh chat long ko theo su
tang do khong deu cua dng (o>2), cn ham nng- lm giam do khong deu cua
dng (o<2) so vi phan bo toc do paraboll thong thung (o=2).
Thay doi profin toc do o dng khong dang nhiet dan den thay doi qui luat
sc can. o che do chay tang cua chat long nht trong ong kem theo toa nhiet (lm
lanh) sc can ln hon, cn thu nhiet (ham nng)- nho hon so vi trung hop dang
nhiet.
V l do tren viec giai bi ton ve chay cua chat long c trao doi nhiet rat phc tap do phai tnh den thay
doi nhiet v do nht chat long tren thiet dien ngang v doc ong, cn phai xt cc dng nhiet o cc thiet dien khc
nhau. Trong trung hop ny, c the su dung cong thc gan dng de tnh he so do vien si M.A. Mikheev:
3
l
w
Re
64
v
v
= ,
trong d Re- so Reynolds tnh theo do nht trung bnh cua chat long: v
w
- do nht chat long ng vi nhiet do
trung bnh cua thnh: v
l
- do nht trung bnh cua chat long.
Chay khi c chenh p lon. Th nghiem cho thay o chay tang trong ong hoac khe hep do tc dung cua
chenh p ln (gan vi tram megapascal) th giam cot p doc theo dng (goi l do doc thuy luc) tro thnh khong
tuyen tnh mot cch dng ke, tc l dung p suat doc theo dng tiet dien khong doi bi cong r ret, cn qui luat
Poazel cho sai so ln. ieu ny duoc giai thch l o che do bat k, ton that nang luong cua don vi luu luong chat
long luon tang ti le vi do sut p, n lm nng chat long khi do sut p ln v giam do nht cua chng.
Mat khc, do nht cua chat long tang khi p suat tang, o dau dng do nht s ln, doc theo dng n s
giam do p suat giam. Nhu vay, do nht thay doi doc theo dng, ket qua tc dung dong thi cua nhiet do v p
suat, gradien p suat doc theo dng dp/dx, do ma st quyet dinh, o dau dng chay s ln hon cn o cuoi dng s
nho hon so vi qui luat Poazel.
Ve luu luong, tang nhiet do lm giam do nht nen c kha nang tang luu luong, cn tang p suat lm tang
do nht v giam luu luong so vi qui luat Poazel khi cng do sut p, tc l anh huong cua hai yeu to ny den luu
luong tri nguoc nhau.
Dang chay tang duoc mo ta ny thung dac biet hay gap trong cc my thuy luc p luc ln c chat long
nht chay qua cc khe ho nho dui tc dung cua chenh p suat ln.
Ta xt bi ton ve chay tang qua khe ho a, di l v chieu rong b c ke den anh huong cua p suat v nhiet
do den do nht. Trong d gia thiet mat do chat long khong phu thuoc p suat v nhiet do, tuong quan kch thuc
khe a/b0.
e ke dong thi anh huong cua p suat v nhiet do den do nht ta su dung cong thc tuong ng vi (1.15)
v (1.16)
| o
=
) T T ( ) p p (
1
1 1
e . (1.66)
O day chi so 1 chi cc dai luong o tiet dien dau dng. Cc gi tri v du ve o v | d neu o 1.1.3.
Su dung cong thc (1.62) thu duoc o 1.5.3, nhung khong phai cho chieu di hu han l m l phan to dl=dx.
T cong thc ny rt ra luu luong
=
12
b a
dx
dp
Q
3
(1.67)
(dau am dua them vo do khi x tang th p giam).
Cong thc ny khc (1.62) o cho dp/dx v o day l cc bien thay doi theo x. Trong d Q=const (chat long
tuyet doi khong nn duoc) nen bien no ti le vi bien kia.
Viet phuong trnh can bang nang luong, tc l bang nhau gia ton that nang luong do ma st, chuyen thnh
nhiet, v gia tang nhiet nang cua chat long trong mot don vi thi gian:
Qc(T-T
1
)=k(p
1
-p)Q, (1.68)
Hnh 1.17. Phan bo toc
do khi dang nhiet (1) v
khong dang nhiet.
36
trong d c- nhiet dung rieng cua chat long: k- he so ni len phan cong cua luc can nht c tc dung lm nng
chat long (phan cn lai truyen cho thnh): p- p suat o cuoi dng. * day chi xt trung hop nhiet do thay doi
do can nhot, tuc l o dau dng nhiet do chat long v moi trung xung quanh bng nhau.
Khi k=1 nghia l khong c su trao nhiet no cho thnh, tat ca ton that p suat do nht chuyen thnh nhiet
lm nng chat long. Khi k=0 nghia l qu trnh truyen nhiet cho thnh qu manh v nhiet do chat long khong
doi (dang nhiet).
T (1.68) c
T-T
1
=k(p
1
-p)/(c).
Thay vo (1.66) duoc
)
c
k
)( p p (
1
1
e

|
+ o
= .
Su dung quan he thu duoc gia v p de tch phan phuong trnh (1.67). Sau tch cc bien, t (1.67) c
=
dp
dx
b a
Q 12
3
hay
}

.
|
\
|
|
+ o
=
dp e x
b a
Q 12
c
k
) p p (
3
1
1
.
Tien hnh tch phan, thu duoc
C e
c
k
1
b a
x Q 12
c
k
) p p (
3
1
1
+
|
+ o
=

.
|
\
|
|
+ o
.
Hang so tch phan C tim duoc t dieu kien o tiet dien bat dau dng, khi x=0 p=p
1
. Do d
) c /( k
1
C
| + o
= .
Gia su o tiet dien cuoi dng khi x=l th p=p
du
=0. Ket qua thu duoc
.
|
\
|
| + o
=

.
|
\
|
|
+ o
1 e
) c /( k
1
l 12
b a
Q
c
k
p
1
3
1
. (1.69)
Trong cong thc (1.69)
1
l do nht o tiet dien dau dng chay, tc l khi p=p
1
v T=T
0
: n cng c the bieu
dien duoc theo
0
- do nht khi p=p
du
=0 theo (1.16), tc l
1
p
0 1
e
o
= .
oi vi chay dang nhiet trong cong thc (1.69) can thay k=0, khi d (1.69) tro thnh
, )
o
o
=
1
p
0
3
e 1
l 12
b a
Q . (1.70)
Ta tm duoc luu luong tuong doi Q bang ti so luu luong khi do nht thay doi v khi =
0
=const, tc l
chia (1.69) cho
) l 12 /( b a p Q
0
3
1 0
=
v thu duoc
.
|
\
|
| + o
= =

.
|
\
|
|
+ o
o
1 e
)] c /( k [ p
e
Q
Q
Q
c
k
p
1
p
0
1
1
. (1.71)
Tren hnh 1.18 gii thieu su phu thuoc Q vo p
1
theo cong thc (1.71) cho ba chat long: dau hoa (1), dau
my bien the (2) v dau thuy luc AMI-10 (3) trong hai trung hop k=1 (khong trao nhiet) v k=0 (chay dan
nhiet). Cc dung cong ng vi hai thi cuc lech nhau kh r ret. Cc qu trnh thuc te dien ra trong pham vi
gii han cua cc dung ny. Do vay, khi chenh p ln ti mc do lm cho toc do chat long qua khe rat ln v
thi gian cc phan tu long trong khe khong dng ke th lay k=1, tc l vai tr truyen nhiet khong dng ke. ieu
ny duoc khang dinh bang cc th nghiem cua IU. A. Xolinui ve dng chay khong dang nhiet. Tuy nhien cc
nghien cu ny cng cho thay, khi tang do di tuong doi cua khe v so Prantl, Pr=v/a=v/(/c
p
)=c
p
/ (- he so
37
dan nhiet, c
p
- nhietdung rieng, a- do dan nhiet do dac trung cho qun tnh nhiet do), v khi giam so Re th vai tr
cua trao doi nhiet tang, v qu trnh chay tien gan ti qu trnh dang nhiet.
L thuyet d trnh by cho php tnh duoc phu thuoc cua p/p
1
vo x/l v xay dung cc dung cong ny, tc
l bieu do p suat tuong doi doc theo dng chay (hnh 1.19). T do thi thay, p suat p
1
cng cao, cc dung p
suat khong th nguyen cng khc dung thang l dung ng vi qui luat Poazel.
1.6. Chay roi
1.6.1. Khi qut
Nhu d gii thieu o 1.4.2, dac diem cua chay roi l c xo tron chat long, xung toc do v
p suat. Phan bo toc do (trung bnh theo thi gian) tren mat cat ngang dng chay roi khc xa so
vi cc dac diem cua chay tang. Neu so snh cc dung cong phan bo toc do trong cc dng
chay roi v tang trong cung mot ong o cng luu luong (toc do trung bnh nhu nhau) th thay c
su khc biet r rng (hnh 1.20). Phan bo toc do khi chay tang deu hon, su tang toc do canh
thnh doc hon so vi o chay tang.
V l do tren m he so koriolis o- ke den do khong deu cua dng trong phuong trnh
Becnuli khi chay tang nho hon dng ke so vi khi chay roi. Khc vi chay tang, trong d o=2
khong phu thuoc Re, o day o l hm cua so Re v giam t 1,13 khi Re=Re
th
cho den 1,025 khi
Re=3.10
6
. T do thi c the thay khi tang Re th o tien gan den 1, do d trong phan ln cc
trung hop chay tang o duoc lay bang 1.
V trong chay roi khong c su phan lp cua dng chay nen qui luat ma st Niuton trong
trung hop ny chi the hien mot phan nho ng suat tiep ton phan. Do c xo tron v thay doi
dong luong theo phuong ngang ng suat tiep tren thnh ong t
0
ln hon dng ke so vi chay
tang khi cng tri so Re v p suat dong v
2
/2 tnh theo van toc trung bnh cua dng.
Hnh 1.18. Su phu thuoc luu
luong tuong doi vo p suat.
Hnh 1.19. Thay doi p suat doc theo
dng ke den thay doi do nht.
Hnh 1.20. Profin toc do khi chay tang
v roi.
Hnh 1.21. Su phu thuoc cua o vo lgRe.
38
Ton that nang luong o chay roi trong cng ong s khc chay tang. Trong dng chay roi khi
Re>Re
th
ton that nang luong dung di ln hon dng ke so vi chay tang o ong cng kch
thuc, luu luong v do nht, v di nhien cng Re (lc d chay tang khong on dinh).
Neu o chay tang, ton that cot p cho ma st tang ti le vi toc do (luu luong) theo bac nhat,
khi chuyen sang chay roi s c nhay bac v sau d tang theo toc do ln hon, gan ti le theo bac
hai (hnh 1.22).
Do tnh phc tap cua chay roi v kh nghien cu bang giai
tch cho den nay van chua c l thuyet du chat ch v chnh xc
cho chay roi. Hien ton tai cc l thuyet thuc nghiem gan dng, v
du cua Prantl v mot so khc khong xt o day.
Trong phan ln cc trung hop tnh ton thuc te su dung cc
so lieu thuc nghiem duoc he thong ho tren co so l thuyet dong
dang thuy luc.
Cong thc tnh ton co ban ton that cot p khi chay roi trong
ong trn d duoc neu (1.41):
g 2
v
d
l
h
2
t ms
= ,
trong d
t
-he so ton that ma st khi chay roi hay cn goi l he so Darxi.
Cong thc co ban ny su dung khi chay roi cng nhu khi chay tang, su khc nhau chi o
cho . V khi chay roi ton that cot p gan nhu ti le vi toc do (luu luong) theo bac hai nen trong
tnh ton gan dng doi vi ong d cho c the coi he so ton that l khong doi.
Tuy vay, theo qui luat dong dang thuy luc th he so
t
o chay roi, cng nhu
l
chay tang,
phai l hm cua chuan dong dang co ban cua dng p luc- so Re, n cng c the phu thuoc yeu
to hnh hoc khong th nguyen- do nhm tuong doi cua be mat trong ong, tc l
t
=f(Re,A/d),
trong d A l do cao nhap nho trung bnh, d- dung knh trong ong.
Khi do nhm khong anh huong ti sc can (den
t
), ong duoc goi l nhan thuy luc. oi
vi trung hop ny
t
chi l hm cua Re. Ton tai mot loat cc cong thc thuc nghiem v nua
thuc nhiem bieu dien hm ny cho chay roi trong ong nhan thuy luc: mot trong so cong thc
tien v hay su dung nhat l cong thc P. K. Konakov
t
=1/(1,8lgRe-1,5)
2
, (1.72)
su dung khi Re t Re
th
cho ti vi trieu.
Khi 2300<Re<10
5
cng c the su dung cong thc Blaziyx
4
t
Re / 316 , 0 = . (1.73)
T day c the thay khi Re tang he so
t
giam, tuy
vay mc do khong dng ke so vi khi chay tang (hnh
1.23). Su khc nhau ny trong qui luat thay doi cua l
do su anh huong cua do nht den sc can trong chay roi
nho hon so vi chay tang. Neu o chay tang ton that cot p
do ma st ti le thuan vi do nht, cn o chay roi, theo cc
cong thc tren chng ti le vi bac 1/4 cua do nht. Vai
tr chnh tao ra ton that nang luong khi chay roi l xo
tron v tieu tn dong nang cua cc phan tu chuyen dong
xoy.
C the liet cc ong kim loai ko lien (ke ca hop kim nhom), cc ong thp chat luong cao
khong moi hn vo nhm ong nhan thuy luc m khong gay sai so ln. Nhu vay, cc ong dng
Hnh 1.22. Su phu thuoc
cua h
fr
vo van toc v luu
luong.
Hnh 1.23. Phu thuoc cua
t
v
l
vo
Re.
39
dan nhien lieu v trong he thong thuy luc, trong cc dieu kien bnh thung, deu c the coi l ong
nhan thuy luc v c the dng cc cong thc (1.72) v (1.73).
Van de sc can trong cc ong nhm s xt o muc sau.
Cc th nghiem cua mot loat cc nh nghien cu (I. I. Nhikuradze, G. G. Gurgienko,
Reikhadt v.v.) cho thay rang, o chay roi thung c lp chay tang ngay st thnh ong. ay l lp
chat long rat mong, chuyen dong trong d khong c xo tron v theo lp. Trong pham vi ny,
toc do tang doc t khong o ten thnh ti gi tri v
l
tren danh gii cua lp. Chieu dy lp chay
tang o
l
cuc nho, trong d so Re tnh theo chieu dy o
l
, toc do v
l
v do nht dong l daI luong
khong doi, tc l
v
l
o
l
/v=const.
ai luong ny theo l thuyet dong dang thuy luc c gi tri khong doi bao qut cng nhu
Re
th
doi vi dng trong ong. Do d khi toc do cua dng tang, so Re tang v v
l
cng tang cn
chieu dy lp bien s giam.
1.6.2. Chay roi trong ong nhm v ong khong trn
Neu doi vi ong nhan thuy luc he so ton that ma st hon ton c the xc dinh theo so Re
th doi vi ong nhm
t
cn phu thuoc vo do nhm be mat ong. Trong d quan trong khong
phai l kch thuc tuyet doi A cua cc nhap nho m l ti le so vi bn knh (hoac dung knh)
ong, tc l do nhm tuong doi A/d. Cng mot do nhm tuyet doi m c the hon ton khong
anh den sc can trong cc ong dung knh ln nhung lai c kha nang tang dng ke sc can ong
dung knh nho. Ngoi ra dac diem cua nhap nho cng anh huong ti sc can.
Nhu vay, he so
t
phu thuoc vo Re cng nhu A/d (hoac A/r
0
):
t
=f(Re,A/d).
Tnh chat anh huong cua hai thong so ny den sc can ong the hien r tren do thi- ket qua
nghien cu th nghiem cua I. I. Nhikuradze.
I. I. Nhikuradze thu sc can mot loat ong c do nhm nhan tao tren be mat trong ong. o
nhm tao bang cch dnh ct c kch thuc xc dinh nh sng qua lui dac biet. Bang cch ny
thu duoc do nhm nho phan bo deu. Th nghiem tien hnh trong pham vi rong do nhm tuong
doi (A/r
0
=1/5001/15) v so Re=50010
6
. Cc ket qua duoc gii thieu o hnh 1.24, tren d l
cc dung phu thuoc cua lg(1000) vo lg(Re) cho mot loat gi tri A/r
0
.
Cc dung thang di xuong A v B tuong
ng vi qui luat sc can ong nhan, tc lag theo
cong thc (1.56) v (1.73). Cc dung nt dt l
cua cc ong c do nhm tuong doi A/r
0
khc
nhau. T do thi c the rt ra mot so ket luan
sau.
1. Khi chay tang do nhm khong anh
huong ti sc can: cc dung nt dt ng vi do
nhm khc nhau thuc te trng vi dung thang
A.
2. So Re
th
thuc te khong phu thuoc do
nhm. Cc dung nt dt tch khoi dung A
gan nhu tai cng mot gi tri Re
th
.
3. Trong vng chay roi nhung khi Re v
Hnh 1.24. Quan he cua lg(1000) vo
lgRe v do nhm nhan tao.
40
A/r
0
nho, do nhm khong anh huong ti sc can: cc dung nt dt tren mot doan no d trung
vi dung thang B. Nhung khi so Re tang th anh huong cua bat dau the hien, cc dung cong
cho cc ong nhm tch khoi dung B l dung ng vi qui luat sc can ong nhan.
4. Khi so Re ln v do nhm tuong doi ln he so
t
ngng phu thuoc vo Re v tro thnh
khong doi doi vi do nhm tuong doi d cho. N tuong ng vi cc doan cua cc dung nt dt
sau khi di len roi tro thnh gan song song vi truc honh.
Nhu vay, doi vi cc dung nt dt, ng vi cc ong nhm khi chay roi, c the nhan thay
ba vng gi tri cua Re v A/r
0
khc nhau ve dac diem thay doi he so
t
.
Vng th nhat- vng cc tri Re v A/r
0
nho, o d
t
khong phu thuoc do nhm m duoc
xc dinh chi bang Re: day l vng cua cc ong nhan thuy luc. Cc ong c gi tri do nhm ln
nhat trong th nghiem cua I. I. Nhikuradze nam trong vng ny.
Trong vng th hai he so
t
phu thuoc vo hai thong so- so Re v do nhm tuong doi.
Vng th ba- vng cc gi tri Re v A/r
0
, trong d
t
khong phu thuoc Re v duoc xc
dinh chi bang do nhm tuong doi. Vng ny duoc goi l vng tu dong dang hay l che do sc
can bac hai v he so
t
khong phu thuoc Re c nghia l ton that cot p ti le vi bnh phuong cua
toc do.
e lm r hon nhng dac diem ny cua sc can ong nhm can phai de tnh den su ton tai
cua lp bien.
Nhu d ni o tren, khi tang so Re chieu dy lp chay tang o
l
giam, cho nen doi vi dng
chay roi khi Re nho chieu dy lp chay tang ln hon do cao cc nhap nho, cc nhap nho nam
trong lp chay tang, dng chat long qua cc map mo deu dan (khong bi dt qung) nen chng
khong anh huong ti sc can. Chieu dy o
l
gian khi Re tang v cc map mo vuot ra danh gii
lp bien v gay anh huong ti sc can. Khi Re ln chieu dy lp chay tang het sc nho, dng
chay roi qua cc g map mo km theo tao xoy sau moi g: dieu ny giai thch qui luat sc can
bac hai dac trung cho vng ny.
o thi I. I. Nhikuradze cho php xc
dinh gan dng phu thuoc cua do nhm
cho php vo so Re, tc l gi tri Re ln
nhat m do nhm khong anh huong ti
sc can. e nhu vay phai lay cc diem
tren do thi, o d cc dung cho cc ong
nhm bat dau tch khoi dung B cua ong
nhan. R rng, khi tang so Re th do
nhm cho php giam.
Cc th nghiem cua I. I. Nhikuradze
tien hnh cho cc ong duoc lm nhm
nhan tao c do nhm nho deu v phan bo
deu. oi vi cc ong thuc te qui luat thay
doi cua
t
vo Re c khc t nhieu, trong
d khong c doan di len sau khi tch khoi
dung dnh cho ong nhan B.
Hnh 1.25 dua ra ket qua th nghiem
do G.A. Murinui thuc hien o vien ki thuat
nhiet ton lien bang (Lien xo c). l
cc do thi he so
t
cua cc ong nhm tu
nhien phu thuoc vo Re ng vi
Hnh 1.25. Su phu thuoc cua
t
vo Re doi vi cc ong nhm tu
nhien.
41
cc tri so khc nhau cua d/A
e
, trong d A
e
- do nhm tuyet doi tuong duong ve sc can so vi
ong nhm deu trong th nghiem cua Nhikuradze.
Khc nhau ve dac diem cc dung trong hnh 1.24 v 1.25 duoc giai thch l trong ong
nhm tu nhien cc map mo c do cao khc nhau, khi so Re tang th cc mo nho ra khoi lp
chay tang khong dong thi v o cc Re khc nhau. Do vay su chuyen tiep t dung ng vi sc
can ong nhan sang dung thang nam ngang ng vi qui luat bnh phuong toc do cua ong tu
nhien tron tru hon, khong c doan hm xuong dac trung cua do thi Nhikuradze.
oi vi tnh ton thuc te sc can cc ong nhm thuc c the su dung cong thc chung cua
A. D. Altshul:
t
=0,11(A
e
/d+68/Re)
1/4
, (1.74)
trong d A
e
- do nhm tuyet doi tuong duong: d- dung knh ong.
Tri so cua A
e
(mm) doi vi cc ong vat lieu khc nhau neu o dui day.
Thuy tinh........................0
Cc ong ko bang dong thau, dong thanh, ch........0- 0,002
ng thpkhong hn chat luong cao......... ... 0,06- 0,2
ng thp...................... 0,1- 0,5
Gang trng asphal...................0,1- 0,2
ng gang....................... 0,2-1,0
Khi Re<20d/A
e
cong thc (1.74) chuyen thnh cong thc (1.73) o tren cho ong nhan cua
Blaziux, cong khi Re>500d/A
e
thnh cong thc cho ong nhm hon ton, c nghia l che do
sc can bnh phuong (tu dong dang):
t
=0,11(A
e
/d)
1/4
. (1.75)
Nhu vay bang cch so snh gi tri ti so d/A
e
vi Re c the xc dinh duoc danh gii cc che
do dng chay roi trong cc ong nhm.
Trong thuc te tnh ton thung gap van de dng chay roi trong cc ong khong trn, v du
nhu trong cc thiet bi trao nhiet, dung nuc lm mt trong dong co diezel. Xt ton that ma st
khi chay roi trong ong c tiet dien ngang dang bat k. Luc ma st tong tc dung len be mat
ngoi cua dng di l bang
I=Hlt
0
,
trong d H- chu vi thiet dien: t
0
- ng suat tiep tren thnh phu thuoc chu yeu vo p suat dong luc, tc l
van toc trung bnh v mat do chat long.
Nhu vay, o dien tch thiet dien S v luu luong d cho th luc ma st o toc do trung bnh d
cho ti le vi chu vi mat cat. Cho nen de giam luc ma st v ton that nang luong do ma st can
phai giam chu vi mat cat. Hnh trn c chu vi nho nhat khi cng dien tch thiet dien, n c loi
nhat ve mat giam ton that nang luong do ma st.
e dnh gi dinh luong anh huong cua hnh dng thiet dien den ton that cot p trong dng
chay roi, cng nhu doi vi chay tang, ngui ta dua vo dai luong bn knh hay dung knh thuy
luc. C the dng cong thc suy rong Veisbakh- Darxi, trong d khc chay tang l he so hieu
chinh k lay bang mot don vi. Nhu vay, doi vi thiet dien bat k
g 2
v
D
l
g 2
v
R 4
l
h
2
h
t
2
h
t fr
= = , (1.76)
trong d
t
tnh bang cc cong thc t (1.72)- (1.75), nhung Re tnh theo D
h
: Re=D
h
v/v.
1.6.3. V du ve phuong php phan tch th nguyen
Cc cong thc Veisbakh- Darxi v Veisbakh v vi quan he thuy luc khc c the thu duoc bang phuong
php phan tch th nguyen. Co so cua phuong php ny xuat pht t dinh l Pi, hay cn goi l dinh l Beckinham,
42
noi dung chnh nhu sau: hm phu thuoc cua n dai luong vat l c th nguyen luon c the chuyen thnh phuong
trnh cua m dai luong khong th nguyen l phoi hop cua cc dai luong vat l ay (duoc goi l cc so t), trong d m
luon nho hon n. Chenh lech n-m=: l so cc don vi dau tien (co ban), v du trong co v co thuy luc- l cc don vi
chieu di, thi gian v khoi luong, tc l z=3, cn trong nhiet ki thuat c them don vi nhiet do v nhu vay z=4.
V du, trong cc muc truc thay phuong trnh Becnuli o dang th nguyen l quan he cua nam bien c don
vi: v
1
, p
1
, v
2
, p
2
v h
fr
. Cn sau khi chuyen ve dang khong th nguyen chi cn hai bien khong don vi: so Eu v he
so ,.
Xt cch thnh lap cong thc Veisbakh- Darxi.
Thay ton that p suat do ma st trong ong p
fr
=h
fr
g chiu anh huong cua cc yeu to: chieu di l v dung
knh ong d, toc do trung bnh v, cc tnh chat chat long v , v do nhm thnh ong A. Nhu vay hm cua dai
luong can quan tam c the viet o dang
p
fr
=f(l,d,v,,,A).
So cc bien o day n=7, theo dinh l Pi m=n-:=7-3=4, v thay vo hm tren c the viet
t=(t
1
,t
2
,t
3
),
trong d t, t
1
, t
2
, t
3
l cc bien khong don vi. Xc dinh chng nhu sau.
Trong so n bien ta chon ba bien c don vi doc lap cha ba don vi co ban (chieu di L, thi gian T v khoi
luong M), v du chon d, v v , don vi cua chng trong he LTM nhu sau:
[d]=L: [v]=LT
-1
: []=ML
-3
.
Bieu dien cc so t, t
1
, t
2
, t
3
bang cch chia bon bien cn lai cho ba bien d chon vi cc so m khc nhau
x, y, z (km theo cc chi so tuong ng), cu the l: p
fr
, l, v A, chng c cc th nguyen sau:
[p
fr
]=M/(LT
2
): [l]=L: []=M/(LT): [A]=L.
Nhu vay s c
z y x
fr
v d
p
= t :
1 1 1
z y x
1
v d
l
= t :
2 2 2
z y x
2
v d
= t v
3 3 3
z y x
3
v d
A
= t .
Ta s tnh duoc 12 so m tren t dieu kien dam bao cho cc so t khong c don vi, tc l bang so snh cc
th nguyen theo L, T v M trong tat ca cc bieu thc tren, cu the l:
cc so m cua L:
-1=x+y-3z: 1=x
1
+y
1
-3z
1
: -1=x
2
+y
2
-3z
2
: 1=x
3
+y
3
-3z
3
:
cc so m cua T:
-2=-y: 0=-y
1
: -1=-y
2
: 0=-y
3
:
cc so cua M:
1=z: 0=z
1
: 1=z
2
: 0=z
3
.
Giai 12 phuong trnh tren thu duoc:
x=0: y=2: z=1:
x
1
=1: y
1
=0: z
1
=0:
x
2
=1: y
2
=1: z
2
=1:
x
3
=1: y
3
=0: z
3
=0.
Nhu vay, thay cho phuong trnh c th nguyen ban dau, c the viet
)
d
,
dv
,
d
l
(
v
p
2
fr
A
,
hay, neu tnh den su ti le thuan gia ton that ma st vi l/d v ch den bieu thc tnh so Re, c the bien doi
thnh
)
d
(Re,
g 2
v
d
l
g
p
h
1
2
fr
fr
A
=
= .
K hieu hm
1
bang
t
ta thu duoc
g 2
v
d
l
h
2
t fr
= ,
trong d h
fr
=f(Re,A/d).
Nhu vay, chng ta thu duoc cong thc Veisbakh- Darxi v biet rang he so Darxi
t
phu thuoc vo nhng
yeu to no.
43
1.6.4. Tnh ton chuyen dong cua kh trong ong
Trong chuyen dong on dinh cua kh nht trong ong c thiet dien khong doi, do luu luong khoi khong doi
nen
Q
m
/S=v
1
1
=v
2
2
=v=const (doc theo ong). (1.77)
V chuyen dong luon km theo ma st, p suat kh s giam doc theo ong, kh gin no v mat do giam, toc
do kh theo phuong trnh (1.77) s tang.
Khi hon ton khong c trao doi nhiet vi moi trung ngoi, qu trnh gin no khi chuyen dong cua kh s
l doan nhiet, cn khi c su trao doi nhiet manh nhiet do kh gi khong thay doi (o day co nghia l qua trinh d
dat trang thai can bng), tc l dien ra qu trnh dang nhiet. ung ong cng ngan, thi gian di qua cua cc phan
tu kh cng giam, qu trnh cng gan doan nhiet. Nguoc lai, chieu di tuong doi cua dung ong cng ln, qu
trnh cng gan vi dang nhiet. O day ta s gia thiet dung ong nhu vay v xt trung hop ny.
Ta bieu dien so Reinolds cho dng kh thong qua luu luong khoi luong v do nht dong luc cua n:
Re=vd/v=4Q
m
/(td).
T day c the thay, so Re c the thay doi doc theo dng trong ong c dung knh khong doi chi do thay
doi do nht . Nhung do nht cua kh khong phu thuoc p suat m duoc xc dinh boi nhiet do, cho nen o qu
trnh chuyen dong dang nhiet cua kh trong ong so Re s khong thay doi doc theo dng. Do d he so ton that ma
st theo chieu di gi nguyen doc theo ong bat ke van toc dng kh tang.
Ta tch mot phan to ong bang hai tiet dien cch nhau mot qung vo
cung b dx (hnh 1.26). Bo qua su phan bo khong deu cua van toc tren thiet
dien, k hieu van toc o thiet dien tri l v, ben phai l v+dv, p suat tuong
ng l p v p+dp.
p dung dinh l co hoc ve thay doi dong luong doi vi the tch phan
to. Gia so cua dong luong trong mot don vi thi gian theo hung chuyen
dong cua dng
Q
m
dv=Svdv,
trong d S=td
2
/4.
Su gia tang ny l nh xung luong cc ngoai luc: p suat v ma st tren mot don vi thi. Xung luong giay
cua cc luc
dR=[p-(p+dp)]td
2
/4-t
0
td.dx=-td
2
dp/4-t
0
td.dx,
trong d t
0
- ng suat tiep tren thnh ong.
Can bang xung luong giay v gia so dong luong giay, thu duoc
vdv
4
d
dx dp
4
d
0
= t hay 0 dx .
d
4
)
2
v
( d dp
0
2
=
t
+ + .
Su dung cong thc
2 / v
4
2
0
t
= , bieu thc tren c the viet thnh
0
2
v
d
dx
)
2
v
( d
dp
2 2
= + +
.
Nhan phuong trnh ny vi
2
, s c
0
2
) v (
d
dx
)
2
v
( d dp
2 2
2
=
+ + . (1.78)
V theo cong thc (1.77) nen c (v)
2
=const, suy ra
2
d(v
2
)=-v
2
d(
2
),
v c the chuyen (1.78) thnh
2
) v (
d
dx ) ( d
2
) v (
dp
2
2
2 2

.
Su dung phuong trnh trang thi =p/(RT), t phuong trnh cuoi cng thu duoc
2
) v (
d
dx
p
) p ( d
2
) v (
RT
pdp
2
2
2 2
.
Hnh 1.26. So do tnh ong
dan kh.
44
V theo dieu kien T=const nen c the tch phan doc theo ong trong gii han t p
1
den p ng vi x=0 den
x=l. Thu duoc
2
) v (
d
l
p
p
ln
2
) v (
RT 2
p p
2 2
1
2 2 2
1

=
. (1.79)
T day ta xc dinh duoc luu luong khoi luong kh
RT )
p
p
ln 2
d
l
(
p p
4
d
v
4
d
Q
1
2 2
1
2 2
m
+
t
=
t
= . (1.80)
Trong cc dung ong di, khi chuyen dong kh nho hon van toc am thanh nhieu, l/d>>2ln(p
1
/p) th c the
bo qua 2ln(p
1
/p) trong cong thc (1.80) v thu duoc cong thc don gian hon
lRT
d ) p p (
4
d
Q
2 2
1
2
m
t
= . (1.81)
He so trong cc cong thc tren xc dinh, cng nhu doi vi chat long khong nn duoc, theo so Re v do
nhm tuong doi.
Sau day ni them mot so dieu ve chay dang nhiet cua kh trong ong.
Nh cc phuong trnh (1.77), phuong trnh trang thi v dIeu kien dang nhiet, loai p suat ra khoi (1.79) v
dua ve dang
1
2 2
1
v
v
ln 2 )
v
1
v
1
( RT
d
l
l = = . (1.82)
Viet lai phuong trnh thu duoc o dang khong th nguyen bang cch dua vo ti so van toc dng tren van toc
am thanh, tc l so Makho
kRT / v a / v M = = ,
trong d k- so m doan nhiet.
* Iheo (1.10) ta d biet van toc lan truyen song ap suat (van toc am thanh) c= d / dp , trong qua trinh
lan truyen ny toc do ap suat thay doi nhanh nen thung coi l qua trinh doan nhiet. \oi qua trinh doan nhiet
kRT d / dp = .
Khi d t (1.82) thu duoc
1
2 2
1
M
M
ln 2 )
M
1
M
1
(
k
1
l = . (1.83)
Vi phan phuong trnh (1.83) theo M, coi M
1
=const, thu duoc
) 1
kM
1
( 2
l Md
dM
2

= .
Phan tch phuong trnh tren dan den ket luan rang, khi M
2
<1/k van toc dng trong ong hnh tru s tang (khi
0 l d > th dM>0), cn khi M
2
>1/k van toc giam doc theo ong. Nhu vay tri so M=1/ k doi vi luu dong dan
nhiet s l gi tri ti han. Vuot qua gi tri ny cua M (doi vi khong kh v kh hai nguyen tu k=1,4 v
M
th
=0,845) khi van duy tr chuyen dong dang nhiet l khong the v chi can M lech khoi M
th
ve pha ln hon l
lm cho dM doi dau v van toc lai tro ve van toc ti han.
oi vi luu dong doan nhiet tri so ti han cua so Mach l M=1.
1.7. Va dap thuy luc
Hien tuong tang p suat dot ngot xuat hien trong dung ong p luc khi dot ngot hm dng
thung duoc goi l va dap thuy luc. Ni chnh xc hon th va dap thuy luc l qu trnh dao dong
xuat hien trong ong dn hoi cha chat long giot khi thay doi van toc cua n dot ngot. Qu trnh
ny dien ra nhanh v c dac diem tang giam luan phien p suat manh. Su thay doi p suat trong
qu trnh ny c lien quan chat ch vi bien dang dn hoi cua chat long v thnh ong.
45
Thung va dap thuy luc xuat hien khi dng mo nhanh cc van hoac thiet bi dieu khien
dng. Di nhien, n cn c the xuat pht t nhng nguyen nhan khc.
Cc nghien cu l thuyet v thuc nghiem dau tien ve va dap thuy luc do N. E. Giucopxki
thuc hien v cong bo trong cong trnh 'Va dap thuy luc nam 1898.
Gia su o cuoi ong chat long dang chuyen dong vi van toc v
0
, bat ng van dng (hnh
1.27,a). Khi d toc do cc phan tu long va dap vo van giam ve khong, dong nang chat long
chuyen thnh cong bien dang ong v chat long. Trong d, thnh ong bi gin ra v chat long
bi nn lai tuong ng vi gia tang p suat Ap
vd
. Cc phan tu long dang sau xo vo cc
phan tu d bi hm lai v cng bi mat toc
do, do d tiet dien n-n dich sang phai vi
van toc c, goi l van toc sng va dap, cn
chnh khu vuc chuyen tiep m p suat
thay doi mot luong Ap
vd
goi l sng va
dap.
Khi sng va dap ti bnh cha, van
toc chat long bang khong v ton bo
chat long bi nn trong ong, cn thnh ong
bi ko. Hnh 1.27,b bieu dien trang thi
sng va dap Ap
vd
d lan truyen het ton
bo ong.
Nhung trang ny khong can bang. Dui tc dung cua chenh lech p suat Ap
vd
chat long bi
nn ra khoi ong vo bnh cha, trong d chuyen dong bat dau t mat cat ngay canh bnh cha.
Bay gi mat cat n-n dich t phai theo hung nguoc lai- ti van- vi cng van toc c de lai pha
sau p suat can bang p
0
(hnh 1.27,c).
Chat long v thnh ong duoc gia thiet l dn hoi cho nen tro ve trang thi ban dau ng vi
p suat p
0
. Cong bien dang chuyen thnh dong nang, v chat long lay lai toc do ban dau v
0
nhung theo hung nguoc vi ban dau (nhu vay, o day bo qua tieu tan nng luong do bien dang
v cac ton that khac).
Vi van toc ny 'cot chat long c xu hung bt ra khoi van (hnh 1.27,d) v ket qua l
xuat hien sng va dap am vi p suat p
0
-Ap
vd
, n bat dau t van lan den bnh vi van toc c, de
lai pha sau thnh ong bi nn lai cn chat long gin ra do p suat giam (hnh 1.27,e). ong nang
lai chuyen thnh cong bien dang nhung c dau nguoc lai.
Trang thi ong o thi diem sng
va dap am ti thnh bnh duoc bieu
dien tren hnh 1.27,g. N khong phai l
trang thi can bang. Hnh 1.27,h the
hien qu trnh can bang p suat gia
bnh v ong km theo chuyen dong
chat long vi van toc v
0
. Khi sng va
dap ti van th chu trnh ket thc, lai
tro ve trang thi lc dng van. Ton bo
chu trnh va dap thuy luc tiep tuc lap
lai.
Trong cc th nghiem cua Giucopxki d ghi lai duoc ti 12 chu k day du vi Ap
vd
giam t
t do ma st, tieu tn nang luong do bien dang (ma st trong) v cc ton that khc.
Dien bien qu trnh va dap thuy luc theo thi gian duoc mo ta tren hnh 1.28,a v b.
Hnh 1.27. Cac giai doan thay doi ap suat.
Hnh 1.28. Thay doi p suat theo thi gian o tai van.
46
Bieu do bang nt dt trong 1.28,a dac trung cho thay doi p suat du l thuyet tai diem A
(hnh 1.27) o ngay tai van (dng van gia thiet dien ra tc thi). ung nt lien cho v du dang
thay doi p suat thuc te theo thi gian. Trong thuc te p suat tang (v giam) d doc nhung
cng khong phai l tc thi. Ngoi ra dao dong p suat tat dan.
Bc tranh mo ta thay doi p suat tren chi c the suat hien khi c du d tr p suat p
0
, tc l
khi p
0
>Ap
vd
v khi p suat giam di Ap
vd
p suat du van duong. Neu p suat p
0
khong ln (rat
thung gap), th lan tang p dau tien cng gn nhu trung hop dau. Nhung giam p di Ap
vd
l
khong the: p suat tuyet doi thuc o van chi c the giam xuong den khong (p
du
~-0,1 Mpa), 'cot
chat long bt ra khoi van, xuat hien xam thuc v tao ra ti hoi. Do vay tnh chu k cua qu trnh
bi ph v (hnh 1.28,b).
Tang p Ap
vd
c the lien he vi cc van toc v
0
v c neu xt chuyen dich phan to dx cua
sng va dap trong thi gian dt v p dung dinh l ve thay doi dong luong cho phan to ong dx.
Khi d c (hnh 1.29)
[(p
0
+Ap
vd
)-p
0
]Sdt=S(v
0
-0)dx.
T d suy ra toc do lan sng va dap
c=dx/dt=Ap
vd
/(v
0
),
hay
Ap
vd
=v
0
c. (1.84)
Bieu thc thu duoc duoc goi l cong thc Giucopxki.
Nhung hien tai chua biet van toc c, cho
nen ta tm p suat va dap theo cch khc, cu the
l t dieu kien bao ton nang luong, dong nang
chat long chuyen thnh cong bien dang: thnh
ong bi ko v chat long bi nn. ong nang chat
long trong ong bn knh r
. 2 / v l r 2 / mv
2
0
2 2
0
t =
Cong bien dang bang nang luong tch lu
cua vat the bi bien dang (the nang bien dang) v
bang 1/2 tch cua luc vi do gin (chuyen vi).
Bieu dien cong bien dang nhu cong cua luc p suat tren chuyen dich Ar, thu duoc cong
bang
Ap
vd
2trlAr/2.
Theo dinh luat Huc
E
r
r
E
r 2
] r ) r r [( 2 A
=
t
A + t
= o
u
, (1.85)
trong d o
u
- ng suat php (theo phuong tiep tuyen vng trn ) trong vat lieu thnh ong, n lien he vi p suat Ap
vd
v chieu
dy thnh ong o bang cong thc gan dng sau
o
u
=Ap
vd
r/o. (1.86)
*Trong Sc ben vat lieu ta d biet trong thnh ong hnh tru khi chiu p luc trong th ton tai cc ng suat chnh sau:
- ng suat php theo hung knh
p
r
r
1
r r
r
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
r

.
|
\
|
= o :
- ng suat php theo hung vng
p
r
r
1
r r
r
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
.
|
\
|
+
= o
u
.
Hnh 1.29. Mo hnh tnh p suat va dap.
47
De thay, o
u
theo cong thc (1.86) l gi tri ng suat trung bnh gan dng khi r
1
~r
2
.
Su dung Ar t cong thc (1.85) v o
u
t (1.86), thu duoc cong bien dang dn hoi thnh ong
) E /( l r p
3
vd
o t A .
Cong nn chat long c the tch V c the coi nhu cong cua luc p suat tren qung dung Al,
tc l
V p
2
1
l p S
2
1
vd vd
A A = A A .
Cng tuong tu nhu dinh luat Huc doi vi gin di, thay doi the tch tuong doi AV/V lien
quan vi p suat bang bieu thc
(AV/V)K=Ap
vd
,
trong d K- tri so modun dn hoi doan nhiet trung bnh doi vi Ap
vd
d cho.
Lay V l the tch chat long trong ong, thu duoc bieu thc tnh cong nn chat long
K
l r p
2
1
2 2
vd
t A
.
Nhu vay phuong trnh can bang nang luong c dang
K
l r p
2
1
E
p l r
v l r
2
1
2 2
vd
2
vd
3
2
0
2
t A
+
o
A t
= t .
Giai phuong trnh ny theo Ap
vd
, thu duoc cong thc Giucopxki
. c v
) E /( r 2 K /
1
v p
0 0 vd
=
o +
= A (1.87)
Nhu vay, toc do lan truyen sng va dap
) E /( r 2 K /
1
c
o +
= . (1.88)
Neu gia thiet ong c thnh cng tuyet doi, tc l E=, th cong thc cuoi chi cn / K ,
tc l bang toc do am thanh trong moi trung dong nhat dn hoi c modun the tch K v mat do
(cong thc 1.10). oi vi nuc toc do ny bang 1435 m/s, xang- 1116 m/s, dau nhn 1200-
1400 m/s. Nhu vay, toc do lan truyen sng p suat trong chat long dn hoi trong ong dn hoi
nho hon van toc am thanh mot cht.
Khi toc do trong ong giam khong ti khong m ti tri so v
1
, xuat hien va dap thuy luc
khong day du v cong thc Giucopxki c dang
Ap
vd
=(v
0
-v
1
)c.
Cong thc Giucopxki dng khi thi gian dng van rat nhanh, tc
l khi thi gian dng
t
dg
<t
0
=2l/c,
trong d t
0
- pha cua va dap thuy luc.
Khi d xuat hien va dap thuy luc truc dien.
Khi t
dg
>t
0
xuat hien va dap khong truc dien, sng p suat sau khi
phan hoi t bnh cha tro ve van truc khi van duoc dng hon ton.
R rng, khi d su tang p Ap`
vd
s nho hon Ap
vd
trong va dap truc
dien.
Neu gia thiet toc do chat long khi van dang dng giam v p suat tang tuyen tnh theo
thi gian, th c the viet (hnh 1.30)
Ap`
vd
/Ap
vd
=t
0
/t
dg
,
Hnh 1.30. Tang p
suat va dap khi
t
dg
>t
0
.
48
do d
Ap`
vd
=Ap
vd
t
0
/t
dg
=v
0
c2l/(ct
dg
)=v
0
2l/t
dg
. (1.89)
Trong dung ong cut p suat va dap c the tang gap hai (o day p suat va dap l tang p
suat dot ngot do tc thi mo thong vi nguon cao p). Ta s lm r dieu ny bang so do (1.31).
Gia su trong ong ban dau c p suat p
0
duoc ngan cch vi bnh c the tch ln (hoac bom) c
p suat cao p
1
bang van. Khi mo tc thi van, p suat o dau ong dot ngot tang len Ap
vd
=p
1
-p
0
.
Xuat hien sng p suat chuyen dich ve cuoi
ong vi van toc c, p suat pha sau sng ln hon pha truc Ap
vd
, cn toc do chat long o mat
sng tang t khong den v
0
v duoc xc dinh theo cong thc (1.84):
v
0
=Ap
vd
/(c). (1.90)
Vo thi diem mat sng tien den dau cut cua ong
p suat chat long trong ton bo ong tang len Ap
vd
v
chat long c van toc v
0
. V khong the chuyen dong tiep
theo, toc do cot chat long bi triet tieu v p suat chat
long lai duoc tang bo sung them Ap
vd
=v
0
c.
Nhu vay trong ong suat hien sng p suat mi
(phan hoi) hung den van, dang sau mat sng p suat
tang so vi ban dau l 2Ap
vd
, cn toc do bang khong.
Cong thc (1.84) v (1.88) thu duoc khi su dung mot loat gia thiet de don gian ho: dinh
luat Hc trong bien dang ong v chat long, khong c ma st trong chat long v cc dang tieu tn
nang luong khc trong qu trnh va dap v toc do phan bo deu tren tiet dien ong.
Cc cong trnh thuc nghiem ve va dap thuy luc cho thay, neu trong chat long khong c lan
kh v p suat ban dau khong ln lam, th d c cc bo qua nhieu yeu to nhu vay, cong thc
Giucopxki van kh ph hop vi th nghiem. Phan bo toc do khong deu v che do ma st trong
ong (chay tang hay roi) dung nhu phai anh huong den do ln Ap
vd
v dong nang cua dng phu
thuoc vo chng. Tuy vay trong thuc te anh huong ny lai khong c. ieu ny duoc gia thch l
khi dot ngot hm dng lai, xay ra xe dich mnh liet cc lp chat long v ton that nang luong ln
cho ma st trong, chng gan b lai nang luong tha cua dng do toc do khong deu.
Khi p suat ban dau p
0
v Ap
vd
ln th Ap
vd
thuc te ln hon so vi thu duoc theo cong thc
theo cong thc Giucopxki do tang mo dun dn hoi K, tc l ph v tnh tuyen tnh cua bien
dang theo p suat.
Cc bien php ngan nga v giam va dap thuy luc duoc lua chon tuy theo trung hop cu
the. Bien php hieu qua nhat giam Ap
vd
l trnh kha nang va dap truc dien, trong he thong d
cho dieu ny dan den tang thi gian thao tc van v cc thiet bi khc. Hieu qua tuong tu dat
duoc bang cch lap cc thiet bi b, bnh tch thuy luc hoac cc van an ton. Giam toc do chat
long trong ong (tang dung knh ong doi vi luu luong d cho) v giam chieu di ong (de c
duoc va dap khong truc dien). oi khi thay cho tat ca cc bien php tren ngui ta thch su dung
bien php don gian l gia co them o khau yeu nhat trong he thong.
Van de dng quan tam na l p suat qun tnh p
qt
=gh
qt
nhu the no so vi p suat va dap
(hnh 1.32).
Neu xt va dap khong truc dien v gia thiet toc do chat long v
0
giam khi dng van tuyen
tnh theo thi gian t, th trong cong thc (1.89) c the thay ti so v
0
/t
dg
bang gia toc a=dv/dt. Khi
d cong thc ny c dang Ap`
vd
=2al hay
Ah`
vd
=Ap`
vd
/(g)=2(a/g)l.
T cong thc (1.34`) p dung cho ong c tiet dien khong doi, c
Hnh 1.31. So do ong cut.
49
h
qt
=(a/g)l.
So snh hai cong thc, rt ra ket luan
Ah`
vd
=2h
qt
.
Nhu vay, cot p va dap trong va dap khong truc dien ln hon cot p qun tnh 2 lan. Do d,
neu can tnh do ben ong th phai tnh theo p suat va dap ch khong phai theo p suat qun tnh.
Tren hnh 1.32 cho do thi so snh Ap`
vd
(nt lien) v p
qt
(nt dt) tuy theo thi gian dng
van. ung th nhat xay dung tren cong thc (1.89) khi t
dg
>t
0
, cn khi t
dg
<t
0
th duoc coi nhu
khong doi ng vi cong thc (1.84): dung th hai theo cong
thc p`
qt
=gh
qt
=al, trong d a=v
0
/t
dg
.
T do thi xay dung vi v
0
=const thay, khi t
dg
=t
0
/2 th
Ap`
vd
=p
qt
. Tuy vay, khi t
dg
<t
0
th p suat qun tnh tnh theo
cong thc tren l khong thuc te: khi t
dg
>t
0
th p suat qun tnh
c the duoc coi nhu gi tri trung bnh theo thi gian cua p suat
khi c va dap thuy luc.
Hnh 1.32. So snh p suat
qun tnh v va dap.
50
CHUONG II. PHN LOAI VA NG DUNG CUA MY THUY LUC
2.1 Khi niem chung.
2.1.1 Khi niem chung v my thuy luc.
My thuy luc l cc my truyen co nang cho chat long chay qua chng (bom), hoac nhan
nang luong t chat long v truyen cho bo phan cong tc sinh cong c ch (dong co thuy luc).
My bom (goi tat l bom) l my thuy luc pho bien trong tat ca cc linh vuc. Tren tu,
bom duoc dng de bom chuyen chat long vi cc muc dch khc nhau trong hau het cc he
thong.
ong co thuy luc su dung nang luong thuy luc cua chat long, chuyen thnh co nang dan
dong my cong tc. To hop tua bin (kh, hoi, thuy luc)- my pht dien l v du ve su dung nang
luong chat long, chng c vai tr rat ln trong linh vuc nang luong. Tren tu cc mo to thuy luc
dng trong cc he thong li, cau, neo, dieu khien v.v.
Neu k hieu nang luong don vi cua chat long truc v sau my thuy luc l e
1
v e
2
, trong
d-
g 2
v
g
p
z e
2
+
+ = , th:
- khi chat long qua bom: e
2
>e
1
:
- khi qua dong co thuy luc: e
2
<e
1
.
* Dng nang luong don vi de so snh tien hon v khong can quan tam den luu luong mat do.
Nhu vay, bom v moto thuy luc lm viec tren nguyen tac nguoc chieu (chuyen hoa nng
luong) nhau. Khi chat long qua bom th nang luong cua n duoc gia tang dui dang p suat v
dong nang, nh vay m chat long duoc dua di xa hoac len cao. oi vi moto th nguoc lai, n
su dung nang luong cua chat long de tao cong co hoc dan dong cc thiet bi khc. Trong trung
hop dau, bom phai do my khc dan dong (nhu dong co dien, my hoi nuc hoac tua bin, dong
co dizel, sc ngui). Nang luong chat long nhan duoc s duoc chuyen thnh the nang p suat
(trong trung hop duoc dua len cao hoac nn dui p suat) v nhiet do ma st vi thnh ong v
cc ton that thuy luc cuc bo khc. Nhu vay, muon dua chat long di xa, cong do bom truyen cho
chat long phai khac phuc duoc cc ton that ny.
Nhu d ni, bom v dong co (moto) thuy luc lm viec tren nguyen tac nguoc chieu nhau,
do muc dch su dung khc nhau nen ve cau tao chng c nhng chi tiet khc nhau v cau tao
cua ban than cc bo phan lm viec c the khc nhau (v du cnh bom v cnh tua bin, cnh my
nn li tam v cnh tua bin hoi hoac kh). Tuy nhien chng thung tao thnh cc cap tuong ng
cng kieu loai, nhieu my thuy luc duoc thiet ke dng de dong thi lm bom hoac dong co.
Mot so bom, tuy khong duoc che tao de dng lm moto, nhung trong khai thc chng c the
lm viec o che do moto neu khong c bien php ngan nga thch hop. Viec nghien cu, tnh
ton thuy dong luc, ton that thuy luc cng nhu tnh ton sc ben doi vi cc chi tiet chiu tai chu
yeu cua cc my thuy luc cng cap tuong tu nhau. Ngoi ra, dac tnh lm viec cua cc my ny
c nhieu nt tuong tu nhau. Do vay, trong phan ny v, ni chung, trong khuon kho gio trnh
ny chu yeu chi xt k ve bom dng tren tu thuy v tnh pho thong cua chng. Cc dong co
thuy luc chi duoc xem xt xen vo hoac trong cc he thong cu the o trong gio trnh ny.
Bom v dong co thuy luc cn dng trong cc bo truyen dong thuy luc de truyen co nang
t cc dong co sang bo phan thuc hien, thay doi toc do v dang chuyen dong cua bo phan thuc
hien. Bom, nhan nang luong t dong co, truyen nang luong cho chat long. Chat long qua bom
51
vo dong co thuy luc truyen co nang cho thiet bi bi dan. Chc nang cua bo truyen dong thuy luc
cng tuong tu nhu truyen dong co (hop so, hop giam toc, khp noi) nhung so vi truyen dong
co th truyen dong thuy luc c cc uu diem sau.
1. Lm viec em. Cc khe ho khong the trnh duoc v sai so che tao trong cc bo truyen
dong co dan den rung dong. Bat, tat hoac thay doi ti so truyen bo truyen dong co km
theo va dap, giat.
2. C the thay doi duoc ti so truyen khong nhay bac. Cc bo truyen dong co cho php
thay doi ty so truyen vo cap (v du, dia ma st) khong du tin cay v chi c the su dung
khi cong suat nho.
3. C the lm momen tren truc dan t phu thuoc tai cua bo phan thuc hien. ieu ny lm
cho de bao quan my v de bao ve dong co hoac bo truyen dong qu tai. ong co c
the lm viec ton tai o khi bo phan thuc hien o che do nghi.
4. C the truyen cong suat ln. De dng tao ra, tch lu v su dung nang luong thuy luc
ln, truyen luc hoac momen ln.
5. Kch thuc v trong luong nho.
6. o tin cay cao, tuoi tho ln trong dieu kien do am cao, sng gi v dao dong cua tu
khi hnh hai.
7. C kha nang truyen nang luong thuy luc xa, de phan nhan nhnh hoac tong hop cc
dng nang luong. De thuc hien dieu khien t xa v tu dong ho.
Nh nhng uu diem tren m cc bo truyen dong thuy luc duoc su dung rong ri mac d
cng c mot so nhuoc diem diem co ban sau.
1. Cc thong so co ban (toc do, sc ko, hieu suat) phu thuoc vo dieu kien nhiet do ben
ngoi v trang thi nhiet cua chat long cong tc.
2. Hieu suat thap hon so vi truyen dong co, dien.
3. i hoi chat long thuy luc c do sach cao.
4. De r ri chat long cong tc qua nhng cho khong kn trong he thong.
5. Lap rp cc he thong ong di trong dieu kien dui tu kh khan, phc tap.
6. Gi thnh cc my thuy luc chu yeu cao.
2.1.2. Cc thong so co ban cua my thuy luc.
Che do lm viec cua cc my thuy luc, ni chung, dac trung boi cc thong so co ban sau:
san luong (hoac luu luong), cot p, cong suat, vng quay v hieu suat.
San luong cua bom l luu luong chat long qua cuu day cua bom. Cng nhu luu luong, san
luong c the tnh bang the tch (Q: m
3
/h, m
3
/s, l/ph) hoac khoi luong (Q
m
:T/h,kg/ph, v.v.). oi
vi dong co thuy luc th dng thuat ng luu luong thch hop hon v luong chat long luu chuyen
khong phai l muc dch su dung cua dong co.
Cot ap (H) l chenh lech nang luong don vi trong luong cua chat long o thiet dien truc v
sau my thuy luc, c don vi tnh bang mt (m).
Nhu d biet, doi vi chat long hat th thnh phan nang luong c nghia sinh cong co gom
p suat tinh g / p z + v dong nang v
2
/2g. oi vi cc chat kh, khoi luong rieng nho so vi
chat long nen c the bo qua anh huong cua trong luong v khi qua my nn hay tua bin, nhiet
do (dc trung cho noi nng) cua chng thay doi dng ke, nen de dnh gi trao doi v chuyen
ho nang luong th ngui ta dng do chenh entanpi- i=u+p/, v chenh ngoai dong nang- v
2
/2,
tc l tnh cho mot don vi khoi luong chat kh. oi vi bom, theo dinh nghia th cot p bang:
) g 2 /( ) v v ( ) g /( ) p p ( H
2
1
2
2 1 2
+ = , (2.1)
trong d cc chi so 1 v 2 chi cc thong so truc v sau bom. O day bo qua anh huong cua luc trong
trung.
52
Cong suat cua bom (cong suat tieu thu) l nang luong (cong) dong co truyen cho bom
trong mot don vi thi gian (W, KW). oi vi dong co th cong suat tnh cho dau ra, tc l cong
suat c ch. Cong suat c the duoc xc dinh t lap luan nhu sau. Moi don vi trong luong chat
long qua my nhan (hoac mat) mot luong nang luong H, trong mot don vi thi gian chat long
qua my vi trong luong bang gQ. Do d, doi vi bom th nang luong chat long nhan duoc
trong mot don vi thi gian chnh l cong suat c ch v bang
gHQ Ne = (W). (2.2)
trong d don vi cua l kg/m
3
: g=9.81 m/s
2
: H- m: Q- m
3
/s.
Cong suat cua bom N ln hon cong suat c ch mot luong bang cong suat cc ton that.
Nhng ton that ny duoc dnh gi bang hieu suat bom q, tri so cua n bang ti so gia cong suat
c ch v cong suat tieu thu:
N / Ne = q . (2.3)
T d cong suat bom tieu thu s bang:
N=QgH/q. (2.4)
ong co lai bom duoc chon dua vo cong suat tren. Cong suat trong cc phuong trnh
(2.2) v (2.4) c don vi l ot (W) trong he don vi SI, trong he don vi ki thuat cn dng KGm/s.
e de hnh dung su trao doi v chuyen ho nang
luong, ta xt can bang nang luong o bom lm v du (xem
H.2.1). Cong suat dua den my l N, mot phan cong suat
ny bi mat. Cc ton that trong my duoc chia thnh ton that
co gioi- h
m
: ton that luu luong- h
Q
: v thuy luc- h
h
.
Ion that co gioi l cc ton that ma st trong cc o d,
cc thiet bi lm kn tren truc, gia cc chi tiet c chuyen
dong tuong doi, ma st be mat ngoi bnh cnh vi chat
long. Phan cong suat cn lai duoc truyen cho chat long v
duoc goi l cong suat thuy luc - N
tl
. Nang luong bnh
cnh truyen cho mot don vi trong luong chat long qua bom goi l cot p l thuyet H
lt
, n ln
hon cot p H cua bom mot luong bang ton that thuy luc h
h
khi chat long chay qua bnh cnh
cua bom:
H
lt
=H+h
h
. (2.5)
The tch chat long qua bom trong mot don vi thi gian l Q` hoac trong luong bang
gQ`. Do d, cong suat thuy luc cua bom, tc l cong suat truyen cho ton bo luong chat long
qua bo phan cong tc cua bom s l:
N
tl
=Q`gH
lt
. ( 2.6)
Ton that co gii duoc dnh gi bang hieu suat co gii, n bang ti so gia cong suat co
gii, tc l phan cong suat cn lai sau mat mt do ma st co gii, vi cong suat bom tieu thu
q
m
=N
tl
/N. (2.7)
Ion that luu luong. Khong phai ton bo chat long qua cua vo cua bom deu di ra qua cua
day den noi tieu thu m mot phan d qua cc khe ho tro ve cua ht (do chenh p suat), ra ngoi
qua cc thiet bi lm kn tren truc v.v. Nang luong chat longnhan duoc khi qua bom roi lai
quay ve cua ht hay r ra ngoi bi mat di vo ch. Ton that luu luong duoc dnh gi bang hieu
suat the tich q
Q
, bang ti so gia cong suat cn lai sau khi tr di phan cong suat truyen cho chat
long bi r lot, tren cong suat thuy luc
q
Q
=N`/N
tl
=(N
tl
-N
Q
)/N
tl
, (2.8)
trong d N
Q
- cong suat mat cho luong chat long r lot.
Hnh 2.1. Can bng nng luong
trong bom.
53
Moi don vi khoi luong chat long r lot dem theo nang luong H
lt
, do d cong suat ton that
v r lot l
N
Q
=qgH
lt
.
V luong chat long qua bom Q`=Q+q, nen
N`=N
tl
-N
Q
=Q`gH
lt
- qgH
lt
=QgH
lt
. (2.9)
Thay phuong trnh ny v (2.6) vo (2.8) thu duoc
q
Q
=Q/Q`=Q/(Q+q). (2.10)
Ion that thuy luc. Dang ton that nang luong th ba l cc ton that de khac phuc sc can
thuy luc o loi vo, ra khoi bom, trong cc bnh cnh. Ton that thuy luc duoc dnh gi bang hieu
suat thuy luc q
h
, n bang ti so gia cong suat c ch chia cho cong suat N`. Dua vo cc phuong
trnh (2.2), (2.5) v (2.9)
q
h
=Ne/N`=H/H
lt
=H/(H+h
h
). (2.11)
Biet rang hieu suat bom N / Ne = q , nhan v chia ve phai vi N
tl
N`, duoc
m Q h
tl
tl
N
N
N
' N
' N
Ne
q q q = = q , (2.12)
tc l hieu suat bom (hay ni chung l cc my thuy luc) bang tch cc hieu suat thuy luc, luu
luong v co gii.
2.2 Phan loai v ng dung.
2.2.1. Phan loai.
My thuy luc tuy da dang ve kieu loai, ket cau v ca vat lieu che tao v chng duoc su
dung cho nhieu muc dch, yeu cau khc nhau, loai cong chat khc nhau. Nhung van c the phan
thnh nhng nhm co ban nhu sau.
Nhu vay, ve nguyen l hoat dong th c the phan cc my thuy luc thnh ba loai chnh:
may the tich (positive displacement)- c the l bom hoac mo to thuy luc: may canh- tua bin
hoac bom: v bom phut.
Trong cc bom the tch, chat long duoc ht v nn do the tch khoang cong tc thay doi,
theo chu k thong vi dung ong ht v day. O day nang luong chat long duoc gia tang dui
dang p suat tinh v ve co ban khong phu thuoc toc do bom hay cua chat long. oi vi cc
dong co, luc chat long truyen cho bo phan bi dan l cc luc p suat do chenh p gia cc
khoang cao p v thap p. Cc my the tch, theo tnh chat chuyen dong cua bo phan cong tc
My thuy luc
(dong co v bom)
My the tch My cnh
(may dong luc)
Bom phut
Kieu piston Kieu ro to My li tam
(hoc huong tam)
Hung truc Bom xoy loc
Bom hung cho
54
duoc chia ra hai loai: kieu piston hay kieu chuyen dong tinh tien (reciprocating): kieu ro to
(rotary).
Nhuoc diem co ban cua bom piston l luu luong khong deu, ket cau v truyen dong phc
tap, cong kenh hon so vi cc kieu khc, toc do cng bi han che do luc qun tnh ln v dieu
kien chong xam thuc. Tuy vay, linh vuc p dung cua bom piston rat phong ph trong cc he
thong dac biet, luu luong nho v p luc ln: bom cao p, bom cap dau nhn boi tron xi lanh,
cc bom tay v.v. Cn v du ve dong co thuy luc kieu tinh tien l: kch thuy luc, xi lanh thuy luc
tru- piston trong cc my li, nang ha can cau, trong cc he thong dieu khien.
en luot mnh, cc my ro to duoc phan thnh: may canh gat, bom truc vit, banh rng
(tuy cng c cc mo to truc vt v bnh rang nhung do hieu suat thap, mo men nho v di hoi
p luc cao nen khong pho bien tren tu), bom vnh nuoc canh gat, bom v mo to kieu ro to
piston v.v. Ve ket cau chng cng rat da dang v s duoc ni chi tiet hon o cc phan sau. Kieu
sau cng ve thuc chat cng l nhng bom (hay mo to) kieu piston. Ni chung ve mat dong luc
hoc th cc my kieu quay c uu diem hon so vi kieu chuyen dong tinh tien v cho luu luong
deu hon.
Cc my canh hay cn goi l may dong luc (dynamic machines) deu phai c bo phan
cong tc co ban l bnh cnh c cc cnh v quay. Nang luong bnh cnh truyen cho chat long
(doi vi bom) hoac nhan t chat long (dong co) tren co so tuong tc dong luc hoc gia cc cnh
vi chat long chay bao quanh. Khc biet co ban so vi cc my the tch l luc tuong tc o day
phu thuoc vo bien dang cua cc cnh, van toc v dac diem dng chay bao. Theo dac diem cua
dng chat long qua my c the phan thnh: cc my hung knh (gom bom li tam hoc tua bin
huong tam), hung truc, bom hung cho, bom xoy loc.
Loai bom th ba (xem so do phan loai) khong thuoc hai nhm tren l bom phut. Loai cng
duoc su dung o tren tu cng nhu trong cc ngnh cong nghiep, chng hoat dong tren nguyen
tac dng chat long c nang luong cao truyen cho chat long can duoc bom chuyen.
Theo cch hieu thong thung th bom l cc my dng de lm viec vi cc chat long (de
bom chuyen chat long), cn quat gi hay my nn dng de lm viec vi chat kh. Tuy nhien, su
khc biet gia "chat kh" v "chat long" c tnh tuong doi. Khi niem "chat long" bao gom tat
ca cc vat chat c tnh chat chay duoc, nghia l, c kha nang thay doi hnh dang dui tc dung
cua cc luc b tuy . Nhu vay, theo dinh nghia ny th "chat long" bao gom ca chat long, duoc
goi l chat long giot, v kh. Cc chat long giot khi o dang giot nho dui tc dung cua sc cang
be mat c dang hnh cau cn luong chat long ln thung tao be mat phan chia tu do vi kh.
ac diem quan trong cua chat long giot l t thay the tch khi p suat thay doi nen thung duoc
coi l khong nn duoc. Nguoc lai, cc kh c the giam the tch dng ke dui tc dung cua p
suat v gin no khong han che khi khong c p suat. The nhung neu khong xt den su khc biet
ny, cc qui luat chuyen dong cua chat long giot v cua kh o nhng dieu kien nhat dinh c the
coi l tuong tu nhau. Mot trong nhng dieu kien ny l toc do dng kh phai nho so vi toc do
truyen am trong n. Chnh v vay m trong thuc te ki thuat thong thung, nhieu qui luat, hien
tuong hoac phuong php nghien cu tnh ton c the ph hop cho ca bom v my nn kh hay
quat gi, he thong bom chuyen nuc v kh nn hay thong hoi. Tr mot so bom tuong doi dac
biet, kieu loai my nn kh hay quat gi cng gan tuong tu nhu bom: my the tch (piston, bnh
rang, truc vt, cnh gat) v my cnh (li tam, hung truc). Do d m trong gio trnh ny uu tien
cho viec nghien cu ki ve l thuyet cc bom hon, mot so qui luat hien tuong xay ra trong my
nn hay quat gi cng tuong tu nhu trong bom.
2.2.2 ng dung cc loai bom tren tau thuy.
55
Cc kieu loai bom c nguyen l lm viec khc nhau nen pham vi lm viec cua chng (pham
vi san luong, cot ap, cong suat) cng khc nhau v chi trong pham vi nhat dinh chng c hieu
suat ln nhat, kch thuc v vng quay hop l. Bieu do dui cho biet cc vng su dung cua ba
loai bom tieu bieu: vng I- vng su dung cua bom
kieu piston, vng II- bom li tam v vng III bom
hung truc [4]. Cc bom khc nam o khu vuc
chuyen tiep gia cc vng. T bieu do thay bom the
tch dng khi luu luong nho v cot p ln. Vi luu
luong ln, cot p nho hon th su dung bom cnh
chiem uu the, o vng luu luong rat ln v cot p
tuong doi nho ngui ta dng bom hung truc.
Ngoi ra, khi lua chon bom cn phai ch xem
tnh nang (dc tinh) cua n c ph hop hay khong.
l quan he gia cc thong so co ban cua bom
(cot ap, san luong, hieu suat). Trong khai thc, v
nhieu l do m mot thong so cua bom thay doi,
chang han cot p, ta phai biet khi d san luong cua
bom c du nhu cau khong hoac n thay doi the no.
ac diem lm viec cua bom cn can thiet cho viec
bo tr, lap dat cc trang thiet bi phu (van an ton,
thiet bi dieu chinh, moi v.v.) v qui trnh van hnh.
Ngoi cc van de neu tren, khi chon bom cng phai luu den tnh chat cua chat long. Cc
tnh chat can quan tam l:
1. Nhiet do- cao hay thap.
2. p suat- c do chan khong hay p suat ln.
3. Tnh ho hoi.
4. Tnh de chy no.
5. Tnh ho hoc.
6. Tnh doc hai.
7. Mc do lan tap chat.
8. o nht [5].
Bang 2.1. ng dung cua cc bom tau thuy
Bang 2.1
He thong Cong dung Pham vi cot
p (m H
2
O)
Yeu cau dac
biet
Loai bom
ong luc
hoi nuc
Bom cap nuc noi hoi
100400
Chiu nhiet do
p suat cao.
Li tam, piston,
xoy loc.
Cap nuc xoi tro xi ra
ngoi.
100180
Li tam, piston,
bom phut
Bom nuc lm mt bau
ngung
615
Chiu duoc noc
bien
Li tam, hung
truc
Bom nuc ngung
1015
Khong r kh
vo bom
Piston, li tam.
m
10000
1000
100
10
H
1 10 100 10
3
10
4
m
3
/h
Q
I
II
III
Hnh 2.2. Bieu do pham vi ung
dung cac loai bom.
56
ong luc
hoi nuc
Bom dau boi tron o, hop
giam toc.
5060
Cc bom ro to .
ong luc
Diezel
Bom chuyen nhien lieu den
kt lang
2040
Cc bom the
tch quay (ro
to)
T kt lang den kt truc nhat
2040
nt.
Chuyen dau nhn (t kt du
tr den cc te hoac kt lm
viec)
2550
nt.
Cung cap dau boi tron cc
chi tiet
2080
nt.
Cap dau lm mt pitton
1050
nt.
Bom nuc ngot lm mt Li tam, xoy
loc, ro to
Bom nuc bien lm mt
nuc ngot.
Phng ph sa,
muc gi
Li tam
Bom dau nhn truc khi
khoi dong
~20
Ro to, bom tay
He thong
sinh hoat
Nuc ngoi tau (cho ho x,
kt loc.)
1530
Li tam, pitton
Nuc sach (an, tam rua)
1530
nt.
He thong
an ton
Cu hoa, rua tui boong
50100
Phng muc,
gi, ket
nt.
Ht kho (chu yeu bom nuc
ban dy tau ra ngoi v c
the kiem cha chy).
1525
Phng rc
ban, kha nang
tu ht hoac
chieu cao ht
cho php ln
nt.
Dan (c the kiem ht kho
hoac cha chy).
1525
Li tam, hung
truc.
Thiet bi
lanh
Bom nuc lm mt bau
ngung
1020
Li tam
Bom nuc muoi
2540
Chiu nhiet do
thap, gi
nt.
He thong
bom dau
hng
Chuyen dau len b hoac tau
khc
20100
Phng gi,
chy no
Ro to, li tam
Chuyen dau gia cc
khoang
2030
nt. nt.
Tuan hon (khi can ham
nng)
1020
nt. nt.
Bang tren neu mot so ng dung cc loai bom cho cc he thong tren tau thuy (bang 2.1) de
tham khao [5].
57
CHUONG III. BOM CNH
3.1 Co so l thuyet bom cnh.
3.1.1. Khi qut.
Cc my thuy luc cnh l nhng my trong d nang luong
chat long thay doi nh tuong tc dong luc vi cc cnh cua bnh
cnh khi chay bao qua chng. Ta xt cu the hon co che trao doi
nang luong tren cc cnh cua my thuy luc (hnh 3.1). Khi c
dng chay qua profin cnh, o mat dui v tren cnh c do chenh
p lm xuat hien luc P , goi l luc nang. Tuong tu nhu vay, luc
nang xuat hien tren cc cnh cua bnh cnh cc my thuy luc
cnh khi chuyen dong trong chat long. O cc bom cnh, mo men
cua luc nang nguoc chieu vi chieu quay cua bnh cnh. Co
nang do dong co truyen cho bnh cnh khac phuc mo men ny
v sinh cong, cong ny, theo dinh luat bao ton nang luong truyen cho chat long lm cho cot p
chat long duoc gia tang. Nang luong chat long, mot phan chuyen thnh nhiet do ma st gia
cc phan tu chat long, phan cn lai o dang co nang v l phan cong c ch cua bom. Bom phai
c ket cau sao cho ton that nang luong l nho nhat.
Trong cc dong co thuy luc (tua bin), chieu momen cua luc nang trng chieu quay cua
bnh cnh. Tc dung len bnh cnh, chat long lm bnh cnh quay v truyen nang luong cho
n.
Cc my thuy luc c the c mot hoac nhieu tang. Trong cc my nhieu tang, c nhieu bnh
cnh duoc lap tren cng mot truc, chat long di lan luot qua cc tang.
3.1.2. Phuong trnh co ban cua cc bom cnh.
Phuong trnh co ban cua bom cnh duoc thnh lap dua tren phuong trnh momen dong
luong (1.45)
M=dL/dt=Q(v
u2
r
2
-v
u1
r
1
),
p dung doi vi chat long trong bnh cnh cua bom (trong cac khoang gia cac canh, tuong tu
nhu khi chay qua he thong nhieu kenh dan). Luong chat long trong bnh cnh c the duoc xem
nhu bi gii han boi cc mat cong do mp vo v ra cua cnh khi quay tao thnh (cac chi so
trong cong thuc tuong ung voi mp vo v ra). Cc luc p suat tc dung vuong gc cc be mat
ny nen deu thuoc mat phang qua dung tam truc, momen cua chng len chat long s bang
khong. Neu bo qua cc luc ma st tren cc mat ny th momen tren chnh l momen bnh cnh
tc dung len chat long. Nhan hai ve vi van toc gc bnh cnh e duoc cong suat thuy luc bnh
cnh truyen cho chat long
N
tl
=Me=Qe(v
u2
r
2
-v
u1
r
1
).
Theo cong thc (2.5): N
tl
=QgH
lt
, do d
H
lt
=H/q
h
=(e/g) (v
u2
r
2
-v
u1
r
1
). (3.1)
Phuong trnh co ban tren cua cc bom cnh lan dau tien duoc Ole dua ra. N cho biet quan
he gia cot p cua bom vi cc van toc chat long (tri so lan phuong chieu)- chng phu thuoc
vo san luong v toc do quay cua bnh cnh, vo hnh dang cua bnh cnh v cua cc loi dan
chat long. Dng chat long o cho vo bnh cnh do ket cau truc bnh cnh tao ra nen momen
dong luong tai cua vo v
u1
r
1
do ket cau loi vo quyet dinh v gan nhu khong phu thuoc ket cau
bnh cnh. Dng ra do ban than bnh cnh tao ra, momen dong luong cua ra v
u2
r
2
do ket cau
Hnh 3.1. Luc tac dung
len profin canh.
58
bnh cnh, dac biet cc yeu to hnh hoc mp ra (dung knh ngoi, chieu rong, gc nghieng
cnh), quyet dinh. Phuong trnh co ban tren cho php dua vo cot p, luu luong v toc do quay
cua bnh cnh de tnh ton cc yeu to cua ra cua bnh cnh.
Cc cnh dan hung o loi vo, neu c, khong cho chat long quay, trong trung hop ny
(hoac trong thuc te de don gian) th v
u1
r
1
=0. Khi d
H
lt
=H/q
h
=(e/g) v
u2
r
2
. (3.2)
*Cc cong thc (3.1), (3.2) chi l cong thc gan dng v van toc chat long o cc diem khc nhau
o cc mp vo, ra khoi cnh khong nhu nhau, ni cu the hon, cong thc chi dng khi xt cho mot dng
nguyen to. Tuy vay, trong thuc te van dng, cc ga tri van toc v bn knh l cc gi tri trung bnh. N
chi c nghia l thuyet, cho php ta dnh mot cch dinh tnh su phu thuoc lan nhau cua cc thong so
co ban cua bom (cot p, luu luong, hieu suat), dinh hung trong thiet ke.ac tnh chnh xc cua bom
chi xc dinh bang thuc nghiem v dng l thuyet dong dang de khi qut ho ket qua.
3.2. Bom li tam.
3.2.1. Nguyen l lm viec cua bom li tam.
Hnh 3.2 mo ta so do don gian cua bom li tam.
Bo phan dan dng gom ba phan co ban: loi dan chat
long vo 1, bnh cnh 2 v loi dan dng ra 3. Chat
long duoc dan den cua vo 1 t dung ong ht roi
vo bnh cnh 2, nhiem vu cua n l truyen nang
luong t dong co cho chat long. Trong hnh v tren,
bnh cnh gom c dia chu dong (dia sau) a v dia bi
dong b (dia truoc), gia chng c gan cc cnh c. Ve
nguyen tac, cc cnh ny cong ve pha nguoc chieu
quay cua bom. ia chu dong duoc gan chat vo truc.
Chat long chuyen dong qua bnh cnh t tam ra
ngoi. Ra khoi bnh cnh, chat long theo dung dan
chat long 3 ra dung ong day hoac, o bom nhieu
tang, den bnh cnh tiep sau.
* Cc tua bin pho bien nhat gom tua bin hung knh v hung truc. Tua bin hung knh, ve
nguyen tac, c ket cau khong khc bom li tam, hung chuyen dong cua chat long v chieu quay cua
bnh cnh nguoc vi bom li tam.
Hnh 3.2. So do bom li tam dang cong
xon: 1- loi vo: 2- bnh cnh: 3- loi ra:
4- lui: 5- ong loe.
Hnh 3.3. So
do xt
chuyen dong
chat long
trong bnh
cnh.
59
Trong bnh cnh, chuyen dong cua chat long tuong doi so vi bnh cnh v cng quay theo
bnh cnh- chuyen dong theo. Tong cua hai chuyen dong ny s l van toc tuyet doi cua chat
long, tc van toc tuong doi so vi vo bom:
U W C

+ = . (3.3)
e don gian, ta gia thiet dng chat long trong bnh cnh doi xng qua dung tam truc,
trong d qui dao cua tat ca cc hat chat long trong chuyen dong tuong doi nhu nhau v trng vi
dung cong AB cua cnh (H. 3.3). Khi d van toc tai cc diem tren mot vng trn s nhu
nhau v c hung tiep tuyen vi be mat cnh. Cc gia thiet tren thung duoc goi l so do so
cnh vo han. Trong thuc te dng chat long trong bnh cnh khong doi xng. p suat tren mat
truc cnh (theo chieu quay) ln hon p suat tren mat sau cnh. Theo phuong trnh Becnuli, p
suat cng ln th van toc cng nho, cho nen van toc tuong doi cua chat long o mat truc cnh
nho hon o mat sau. Qui dao chat long o gan cnh trng vi hnh dang cnh, cn o cho khc qui
dao cua chng khong nhu vay.
Tren hnh (3.3), cc vc to C, U v W tao thnh tam gic toc do o mot diem bat k trong
bnh cnh. Theo so do so cnh vo han, hung cua W tiep xc vi cnh. Van toc theo c
phuong tiep xc vi vng trn cng tam vi truc quay v qua diem dang xt, chieu cng chieu
quay cua bnh cnh. Phan van toc tuyet doi C thnh hai thnh phan vuong gc nhau: Cu- thnh
phan van toc vng cua van toc tuyet doi v Cr-van toc kinh tuyen- l hnh chieu cua van toc
tuyet doi len mat phang qua dung tam truc v diem dang xt. Mat phang ny goi l mat
phang kinh tuyen.
Qui dinh cc k hieu nhu sau:
o- gc gia van toc tuyet doi C v van toc theo:
|- gc gia van toc tuong doi W v chieu am cua van toc theo:
|
c
- gc gia tiep tuyen cua cnh vi chieu am cua van toc theo.
Ta cng qui dinh chi so 1 de chi cc van toc v gc o cho vo bnh cnh, chi so 2 chi cc
dai luong tuong ng o cua ra.
Ta s xay dung tam gic toc do cho diem G tren mp vo EF cua cnh. Van toc kinh tuyen
duoc xc dinh dua vo phuong trnh luu luong. Gia thiet van toc kinh tuyen phan bo deu tren
chieu rong bnh cnh b
1
, khi d
C
r1
=Q`/S
1
=Q/(q
Q
S
1
), (3.4)
trong d Q`- luu luong chat long qua bnh cnh, S
1
- dien tch mat vuong gc dng kinh tuyen.
Dng kinh tuyen l dng chay qua bnh cnh vi van toc bang van toc kinh tuyen, nghia l
dng khong c chuyen dong vng. Mat vuong gc vi dng kinh tuyen c dang mat cong c
dung tam doi xng. N do dung cong CD, vuong gc vi dng kinh tuyen v qua diem G,
tao ra khi quay quanh tam bnh cnh. Theo dinh l Gulden, dien tch be mat quay ny bang tch
cua chieu di b
1
dung CD vi chu vi vng trn do trong tam dung CD v len khi quay quanh
tam bom:
S
0
=2tR
1
b
1
, (3.5)
trong d R
1
- bn knh diem trong tam dung CD.
Mot phan dien tch mat ny do cc cnh chiem cho, do d dien tch mat vuong gc cua
dng kinh tuyen can tm s l S
1
=
1
S
0
, trong d
1
<1- he so co hep tren cua vo cua bnh cnh.
o ln
1
duoc xc dinh dua vo lap luan sau. Dien tch S
1
=2tR
1
b
1
-o
1
b
1
z,
trong d o
1
- chieu dy cua cnh o cua vo do tren vng trn (Hnh 3.4): z- so cnh. T tam gic ABC
tnh gan dng o
1
=s
1
/sin|
1c
,
trong d |
1c
- gc nghieng cua cnh: s
1
-chieu dy cua cnh o cua vo do theo chieu vuong gc be mat
cnh. T d
1
=S
1
/S
0
=(2tR
1
-o
1
z)/ (2tR
1
). (3.6)
60
O cc bom pho bien th
1
trong khoang 0.75 (cc bom nho) den 0.85 (cc bom ln). Nhu
vay
C
r1
=Q/(2tR
1
b
1
1
q
Q
), (3.7)
Nhu tren d ni, thnh phan van toc vng (tiep) cua
van toc tuyet doi C
u1
v di nhien, momen dong luong
C
u1
R
1
, o cua vo do ket cau dung dan chat long vo
quyet dinh. Nhieu bom chat long vo theo hung truc v
ngui ta coi C
u1
=0. O cc bom khoang dan chat long vo
hnh than oc (hnh 3.28, chat long vng qua truc) hoac
kenh dan chat long sang tang tiep theo cua bom nhieu
tang th van toc ny khc khong.
Van toc vng cua bnh cnh (tc l van toc theo) o
cua vo bnh cnh
U
1
=eR
1
, (3.8)
trong d e- van toc gc bnh cnh: R
1
-bn knh quay diem G tren mp vo bnh cnh (hnh 3.3).
Biet C
r1
, C
u1
v U
1
c the xay dung tam gic toc do o cho vo bnh cnh v xc dinh duoc
van toc tuong doi v cc gc o
1
v |
1
.
Hung cua cnh tai mp vo phai chon sao cho
gan trng hung cua van toc tuong doi W
1
(tc l
|
1c
~|
1
), neu khong s xay ra hien tuong gin doan
gia dng v cnh dan den tao xoy (xem hnh 3.9,
b), tang ton that thuy luc manh o cua vo bnh
cnh. Kinh nghiem cho thay, hieu suat thuy luc
cng nhu chieu cao bom c kha nang ht duoc chat
long (chieu cao hut) tang neu mp vo cnh
nghieng so vi vng trn khong phai gc |
1
thu
duoc tren tam gic toc do dung cho san luong tnh
ton, m l |
1c
- ln hon |
1
t 38
0
. Khi c do lech
gia gc nghieng cnh v hung cua van toc tuong doi khong ln nhu vay th khong xay ra
gin doan gia dng v cnh. Gc lech gia hung cua van toc tuong doi vi hung cnh o
mp vo duoc goi l goc tan.
Phan dau cnh duoc lm mong di khoang hai lan (xem hnh 3.4) tren chieu di khoang
1/31/4 chieu di cnh v mp cnh duoc ve trn. Nh the dng chay bao qua mp cnh tot
hon v giam duoc ton that thuy luc o cho vo bnh cnh. Ngoi ra cn tang duoc chieu cao ht.
Khi xay dung tam gic toc do o cua vo d ke den co hep cua dng do cc cnh. Cho nen
tam gic toc do tren l o nhng diem ngay sau mp vo cnh. oi vi mot so tnh ton can phai
biet toc do tuong doi v tuyet doi ngay truc mp vo cnh. Chi so 0 dng de chi cc toc do
ny. Dua vo phuong trnh (3.5), thu duoc toc do kinh tuyen
C
r1
=Q/(S
0
q
Q
)=Q/(2tR
1
b
1
q
Q
). (3.9)
Su co hep cua dng khong the anh huong den do ln thnh phan van toc vng cua toc do
tuyet doi. Do d: Cr
0
=Cr
1
. Tam gic toc do ngay truc cho vo bnh cnh mo ta tren hnh 3.5
bang dung nt dt.
Chat long ra khoi bnh cnh qua dien tch be mat hnh tru
S
2
=2tR
2
b
2
2
,
trong d R
2
- bn knh ngoi cua bnh cnh (hnh 3.3): b
2
- chieu rong loi ra khoi bnh cnh:
2
- he so
co hep o cua ra khoi bnh cnh.
Hnh 3.4. Phan cua vo bnh cnh.
W
1
C
1
C
r1
Cro |
1c
o
1
|
1
C
u1
U
1
Hnh 3.5 Tam gic toc do cua vo
(dung gach- cham chi gc cnh).
61
He so
2
duoc xc dinh theo phuong trnh
1
=(2tR
2
-o
2
z)/ (2tR
2
), (3.10)
trong d o
2
- chieu dy cnh o mp ra do tren hung vng trn:
o
2
=s
2
/sin|
2c
. (3.11)
O cc bom pho bien nhat
2
dao dong trong khoang t 0.9 (doi vi bom nho) den 0.95 (doi
vi cc bom ln).
Van toc kinh tuyen cua ra
C
r2
=Q/(2tR
2
b
2
2
q
Q
), (3.12)
Van toc theo o cua ra
U
2
=eR
2.
(3.13)
Thnh phan van toc vng cua chat long o cua ra khoi bnh cnh Cu
2
duoc xc dinh t
phuong trnh Ole (3.1) neu biet cot p cua bom
H
lt
=H/q
h
=(e/g)(Cu
2
R
2
-Cu
1
R
1
)= (Cu
2
U
2
-Cu
1
U
1
)/g.
Khi biet Cu
2
, Cr
2
v U
2
c the xay dung duoc tam
gic toc do cua ra khoi bnh cnh (hnh 3.6, tam gic
ADC) v xc dinh duoc do ln cng hung cua van
toc tuong doi W
2
. Kinh nghiem cho thay rang, phuong
cua van toc tuong doi W
2
khong trng vi phuong
dung tiep tuyen vi cnh o cua ra nhu o mo hnh so
cnh vo han. Nguyen nhan c su lech hung ny l do
qun tnh cua chat long. Bnh cnh quay chat long,
lm tang momen dong luong cua van toc tuyet doi
CuR, cn qun tnh c xu hung can tro lai thay doi
momen dong luong.
Dng xoy tuong doi trong rnh cnh kn (ung voi
trung hop van xa cua bom dong), do qun tnh, o
pha bn knh ln c chieu nguoc chieu quay bnh
cnh (hnh 3.7. a). Bieu do phan bo toc do Ae cua
dng xoy tuong doi duoc bieu dien o rnh ben canh.
Khi so cnh c han, phan bo toc do trong rnh (rnh
phai hnh 3.7.b) duoc xem nhu tong hai dng: dng
trong bnh c vo so cnh v dng xoy kn. Nhu vay,
trong rnh cnh ln th qui dao cua hat chat long s
khc bien dang cnh. Tai cua ra, vc to tong cua dng
xoy tuong doi Ae v van toc tuong doi l tuong W
2
s nga ve pha nguoc chieu quay bnh cnh.
Ngoi ra, do anh huong cua luc qun tnh koriolis nen c chenh lech p suat tren cc mat
cnh, lm tang do khong dong deu toc do trong cc rnh cnh, van toc giam o mat lm viec
(mt truoc) v tang o mat sau cnh.
Tren tam gic toc do hnh 3.6, de thay khi cng luu luong (Cr
2
=idem) th Cu
2
<Cu
2
. Cng
xt tuong tu nhu vay doi vi cua vo v de den chieu cua dng tuan hon tai d th thay
Cu
1
>Cu
1
. Tm lai, trong bom that th momen dong luong cua chat long qua bom thay doi t
hon so vi l thuyet- so canh vo han, do d cot p v cong suat cua bom cng nho hon. e d
nham lan, ta viet phuong trnh l thuyet tnh cot p cua bom nhu sau:
H
lt
=H/q
h
=(e/g)(Cu
2
R
2
-Cu
1
R
1
), hay
D B
C
2
C
2
W
2
W
2
Cr
2
A o
2
o
2
|
2
|
2
Cu
2
U
2
C
Cu
2
Hnh 3.6. Tam gic toc do cua ra.
Hnh 3.7. Phan bo toc do trong rnh cnh: a-
dng quan trong rnh kn: b- bieu do phan bo
toc do khi so cnh vo han v hu han
62
H
lt
=(Cu
2
U
2
-Cu
1
U
1
)/g. (3.14)
De thay (3.14) cho cot p ln hon so vi trung hop khi ke den so cnh c han. Anh huong
cua dng quan do so cnh c han, tc l lm thay doi thnh phan tiep cua toc do tuyet doi, phu
thuoc vo so cnh, hnh dang cua chng, gc |
1c
v |
2c
, bn knh cua vo v ra cua bnh cnh.
Dng quan cng manh khi rnh cnh cng rong, nghia l so cnh cng t, v gc cnh |
c
cng
ln. Thuc nghiem cho thay, lech hung ln nhat cua dng ra o cc bom cnh (o|
2
=3.10
0
).
Trong cc tua bin hung tam o|
2
=1.7
0
, cn trong cc bom li tam o|
2
=1.2,5
0
[6].
C nhieu cong thc de tnh den anh huong cua so cnh han che. e hieu chinh ngui ta
dng he so anh huong do so cnh c han
k
u2
=Cu
2
/Cu
2
, (3.15)
trong d Cu
2
v Cu
2
l cc thnh phan van toc vng cua ra ng vi so cnh c han v vo han.
oi vi bom li tam c the su dung cong thc cua Pfleiderer
k
u2
=1/(1+p), (3.16)
trong d
z
R
s
p
2
2
= : (3.17)
-he so thuc nghiem: =(0.550.65)+0.6sin|
2c
: (3.18)
s- momen qun tnh tinh cua dung dng:
}
=
2
1
rdl s , (3.19)
l- chieu di dung dng trong mat phang kinh tuyen.
Trong trung hop dung dng vuong gc vi truc quay (trong thuc te coi gan nhu vay) th
de thay s= ) R R ( 2 / 1
2
1
2
2
. Ket hop ba cong thc tren duoc cong thc tnh he so anh huong cua
dng quan thung dng:
2
2
2
1
2 u
R
R
1
1
z
2
1
1
k
+
= . (3.20)
Trong tnh ton bom li tam, thung coi Cu
1
=0, do d ngui ta dng cong thc (3.14) de
tnh cot p l thuyet roi nhan vi he so k
u2
v hieu suat thuy luc. Thuc nghiem cho thay cong
thc tren thch hop vi cc bom li tam cnh cong ve sau. So hang dng truc dau cong trong
(3.18) phu thuoc do nhm be mat cnh, be mat nhan c the lay gii han dui.
Phuong trnh co ban cua bom cnh (3.14) c the duoc chuyen thnh dang quan he gia cot
p l thuyet vi cc thnh phan toc do. Xt cc tam gic toc do o cua vo v ra cua bnh cnh
(vi gia thiet so cnh vo han) (hnh 3.6, tam gic ABC). C
1 u 1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
C U 2 U C cos C U 2 U C W + = o + = ,
ng vi cua vo, tuong tu doi vi cua ra
2 u 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
C U 2 U C cos C U 2 U C W + = o + = .
Do d c:
2
W U C
C U
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 u 1
+
= , v
2
W U C
C U
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 u 2
+
= .
Thay vo (3.15), thu duoc
g 2
W W
g 2
U U
g 2
C C
H
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
lt
= . (3.21)
63
Ch , o day de cong thc khoi di nen bo k hieu - chi trung hop so cnh vo han. oi
vi trung hop so cnh c han, ta cng c bieu thc tren de tnh cot p l thuyet (vi o day van
chua ke den ton that thuy luc) vi dieu kien d biet van toc tuyet doi C v tuong doi W o cua
vo v ra (khi co ke den anh huong do so canh han che). So snh vi bieu thc tnh cot p
(nang luong don vi) cua chat long truc v sau bom (H
lt
=e
2
-e
1
), de thay khi qua bom cot p
dong duoc gia tang mot luong bang
g 2
C C
H
2
1
2
2
ltd
= . (3.22)
Hien nhien, phan cn lai s l gia so cua cot p tinh
g 2
W W
g 2
U U
H
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
ltt
= . (3.23)
oi vi bom li tam, de thay cot p tinh chnh l do cong cua luc li tam tao ra v do thay
doi toc do tuong doi (phu thuoc vo thiet dien rnh cnh). That vay, t phuong trnh Becnuli
cho chat long qua ong quay (1.35), thay k hieu van toc tuong doi v bang W v bo qua anh
huong cua do cao (luc trong trung), thu duoc
ltt
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1 2
H
g 2
U
g 2
U
g 2
W
g 2
W
) R R (
g 2
1
g 2
W
g 2
W p p
= + = e + =
.
Thung trong cc bom li tam W
1
=(0,9.1,15)W
2
, cn C
2
ln cng l dieu khong mong
muon v van toc ln lm ton that thuy luc tang v chuyen t cot p dong thnh cot p tinh luon
km theo ton that. Nhu vay, cong truyen cho chat long trong bom li tam chu yeu l luc li tam.
Ti so gia cot p tinh tren cot p l thuyet goi l he so phan kch
lt
ltt
H
H
= , (3.24)
trong cc bom li tam =(0,75.0,82).
ong thi, de tang cot p cho bom, ngui ta co gang bo tr loi dan chat long vo bnh cnh
sao cho Cu
1
=0, nghia l chat long ngay truc khi vo bnh cnh khong quay theo bnh cnh,
v dng chat long deu, doi xng qua truc.
* Khi luu luong bom bang khong (van dng hoac khong ht chat long vo duoc) th W
1
=W
2
=0,
khi d chenh lech p suat gia cua ht v day s cn
= e = = A
g 2
U U
) R R (
g 2
1
p p p
2
1
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
1 2
<H
lt(Q=0)
.
Neu trong bom l khong kh, trong luong rieng nho hon nuc gan 1000 lan th Ap rat nho so vi trung
hop nuc day trong bnh cnh. Cho nen, ngay ca doi vi cc bom cnh c cot p rat ln (1000m) th do
chan khong cng rat nho, va lai khong kh c kha nang r lot nhieu hon. Nhu vay bom li tam khong c
kha nang tu ht. Muon ht duoc chat long len cao th trong bom v dung ong ht phai day nuc (phai
moi).
3.2.2. ac tnh bom li tam
Bnh cnh cua bom duoc tnh ton chi thch hop doi vi pham vi phoi hop nhat dinh cua
san luong, cot p v vng quay, trong d cc kch thuc hnh dang cua cc bo phan dan dng
duoc lua chon sao ton that thuy luc khi lm viec o che do ny l nho nhat. Ket hop cc thong so
cot p, luu luong v vng quay nhu the duoc goi l che do tinh toan. Trong khai thc, bom c
the lm viec o cc che do khc vi che do tnh ton. V du, khi dng bt van tren dung ong
day, luu luong s giam v cot p bom tao ra cng thay doi. e khai thc bom dng can phai
biet cc thong so nhu cot p, hieu suat v cong suat bom tieu thu thay doi nhu the no khi thay
64
doi san luong cua n, tc l biet dc tinh bom. ac tnh bom duoc hieu l su phu thuoc cua cot
p, cong suat, hieu suat vo luu luong bom o vng quay khong doi.
Gii han o trung hop chat long vo bnh cnh khong c momen dong luong vi truc quay
(Cu
1
=0). Khi d cot p l thuyet doi vi vo han theo (3.14)
H
=Cu
2
U
2
/g. (3. 25)
T tam gic toc do cua ra (hnh 3.6) v phuong trnh luu luong (3.13) c
) b R 2 /( Q ctg U ctg Cr U H
2 2 2 c 2 2 c 2 2 2
t | = | =
. (3.26)
Thay (3.26) vo (3.25) thu duoc
) b R 2 g /( Q ctg U g / U H
2 2 2 c 2 2
2
2
t | =
. (3.27)
T phuong trnh thay su phu thuoc tuyen tnh cua cot p l thuyet vo luu luong (hnh 3.8).
Khi luong bom bang khong (van day dng hon ton) th cot p l thuyet (ton phan),
g / U H
2
2
=
.
Khi chuyen qua so cnh gii han su phu thuoc
cot p vo luu luong cng coi nhu tuyen tnh v he so
anh huong cua n duoc xem nhu khong phu thuoc
che do lm viec cua bom. Khi cng luu luong th cot
p l thuyet vi so cnh c han nho hon, dung cot p
nam dui (vng I l ton that cot p do dng quan).
Cot p do bom tao ra nho hon cot p l thuyet
mot luong bang ton that thuy luc. Cc ton that ny
bao gom cc ton that o cua vo v ra khoi bnh cnh,
trong bnh cnh v trong dung dan chat long ra.
Ton that trong cc kenh dan chat long trong bom gan nhu ti le vi bac hai van toc chat
long v do d vi bac hai cua luu luong:
h
k
=kQ
2
,
trong d k- he so sc can cc kenh dan.
Tren hnh 3.8, o phan dui truc honh mo ta
dung cong h
k
=f(Q)- l dung parabol c dinh o
goc toa do.
Xt ton that o cua vo bnh cnh. Tren hnh
3.9, a mo ta tam gic toc do ABC o cua vo o che
do tnh ton. V ta dang xt trung hop dng vo
khong quay (Cu
1
=0), tam gic tren l tam gic
vuong. Hung cua cnh o cua vo o che do tnh
ton duoc chon gan vi hung cua toc do tuong
doi W
1t
. Do o che do tnh ton |
1
~|
1c
v ton that
cua vo gan nhu khong c. Hung cua toc do tuyet doi do ket cau dung dan chat long vo
quyet dinh v khong phu thuoc luu luong cho nen o trung hop dang ni dng chat long khong
quay bat ke su thay doi cua luu luong (Cu
1
=0). Nhu vay, khi giam luu luong c tam gic toc do
ADC. T hnh 3.9 thay, o che do khong tnh ton hung cua van toc tuong doi W
1
khong trng
vi hung cnh o mp vo (|
1
=|
1c
) Khi d dng bi 'dt ra khoi cnh v tao ra khu vuc xoy
(h. 3.9,b), n dan den cc ton that nang luong bo sung.
Nguyen nhan dan den ton that o cho vo dung dan chat long ra (vo than oc) nhu sau.
Thiet dien dung dan chat long ra d duoc tnh ton sao cho o che do thiet ke (tinh toan)
momen dong luong chat long trong dung dan bang momen dong luong chat long khi ra khoi
bnh cnh. Khi d khong c su thay doi toc do no cua chat long khi vo dung dan, ton that
Hnh 3.8. ac tnh bom li tam.
Hnh 3.9. Tam gic toc do cua vo bnh
cnh o cc che do khc nhau.
65
bang khong. Khi luu luong bom giam, luong chat long di qua cng mot thiet dien cua dung
dan giam. Do d, toc do trong dung dan v mo men cua chng s giam ti le vi luu luong.
Nhung khi d mo men dong luong chat long khi ra khoi bnh cnh lai tang. oi vi mo hnh so
cnh vo han c the thay r dieu ny t hnh3.10. Cng xay tuong tu nhu vay khi so cnh c
han. Nhu vay, khi luu luong nho hon tnh ton, momen dong luong chat long khi ra khoi bnh
cnh ln hon o trong dung dan. Tuong tu nhu vay, khi luu luong ln hon che do tnh ton,
momen dong luong trong dung dan chat long ra ln hon o cua ra khoi bnh cnh.
Nhu vay, khi o cc che do khc vi tnh ton, cc
dng chat long ra khoi bnh cnh v o trong dung dan
chat long ra, c momen dong luong khc nhau. Khi
ho nhap cc dng ny trong dung dan chat long thay
c tao xoy v cc ton that bo sung.
Tren hnh 3.8, pha dui truc honh mo ta dung
cong h
vd
=f(Q). O che do luu luong thiet ke th ton that
o cua vo bnh cnh v dung dan chat long ra toi
thieu. Khi san luong khc vi che do tnh ton cc ton
that ny tang nhanh. Tr tung do cua dung H
lt
cho
tung do cua cc dung ton that do ma st nht h
ms
trong cc kenh dan v h
vd
thu duoc dung
quan he gia cot p thuc te cua bom vi luu luong H=f(Q`).
San luong cua bom khc luu luong qua bnh cnh mot luong bang r lot q:
Q=Q`- q.
Su r lot lm cho dung dac tnh cot p dich sang tri mot luong bang r lot q.
T phuong trnh (3.14) thay cot p l thuyet khong phu thuoc vo loai chat long (trong cong
thc khong c dai luong dac trung cho tnh chat vat l cua chat long). Cc ton that thuy luc
(nm trong q
h
) l hm cua so Re v, di nhien, phu thuoc vo do nht cua chat long. Tuy vay,
neu Re ln v o che do chay roi th ton that thuy luc v cot p bom khong phu thuoc vo loai
chat long.
Ta di xay dung dung cong suat. T phuong trnh (2.5), biet cong suat thuy luc
N
tl
=Q`gH
lt
.
Quan he cua cot p l thuyet H
lt
vi luu luong l tuyen tnh (hnh 3.8) v c the bieu dien
bang phuong trnh
H
lt
=A-BQ`.
T d cong suat thuy luc
N
tl
= g(AQ`-BQ`
2
).
Phuong trnh ny l phuong trnh dung parabol, cat truc honh o cc diem Q`=0 v
Q`=A/B [hnh 3.11, dung cong N
tl
=f(Q`)].
Hnh 3.10. Tam gic toc do cua
ra o cc che do khc nhau.
Hnh 3.11. ac tnh l
thuyet cua bom li tam.
66
Ton that co gii N
m
t phu thuoc vo luu luong, t dung cong suat l thuyet N
lt
=f(Q`) cong
them vo tung do mot luong bang cong suat ton hao co gii thu duoc dung cong suat tren truc
bom theo luu luong qua bnh cnh N=f(Q`). Dich dung ny sang tri mot luong bang ton that
luu luong q duoc dung cong suat theo luu luong N=f(Q).
Khi d c cc dung N=f(Q) v H=f(Q) s dung duoc dung hieu suat q=f(Q) (dung hs)
theo cong thc: q=QgH/N.
Khi Q=0 hoac H=0 th q=0, do d dung q cat truc honh o goc toa do (Q=0) v o diem
dung cot p H giao truc honh.
Nhng phan tch o tren chi gan dng v khong the tnh chnh xc duoc anh huong cua hng
loat yeu to ti cot p v cong suat, v du nhu cc dng phu suat hien khi luu luong b, chuyen
dong khong on dinh trong cc rnh cnh o cc che do khc vi tnh ton v.v. Cho nen dac tnh
xay dung bang l thuyet dua tren cc phan tch tren khong dng vi cc so lieu thuc nghiem.
ac tnh bom chi c the thu duoc bang thuc nghiem.
Tren hnh 3.12 l v du cho dung dac tnh that cua bom li tam thu duoc bang th nghiem.
Tren d c cc dung cong cot p H, cong suat N, hieu suat hs v du tr cho php chong xam
thuc Ah phu thuoc vo san luong.
3.2.3. Lua chon gc cnh o cua ra
Tai cua ra khoi bnh cnh, cnh c the cong ve pha sau theo chieu quay (|
2c
<90
0
) hoac
ve pha truc (|
2c
>90
0
) hoac c the theo hung knh (|
2c
=90
0
) (H. 3.13,a)
Hnh 3.13. Cc dang cnh cua bom li tam v tam gic toc do cua ra.
Hnh 3.12. ac
tnh thuc nghiem
bom li tam.
67
Tren hnh 3.13, b mo ta cc tam gic toc do cua ra khoi bnh cnh vi so cnh vo han ng
vi cc dang cnh tren. T tam gic toc do c the thay khi tang |
2c
th thnh phan tiep tuyen
cua van toc tuyet doi tang. Nhu vay, theo phuong trnh (3.14), cot p bom s tang khi gc |
2c
tang. ieu d lm, thoat dau, cho rang cnh cong ve pha truc c loi hon. Trong khi d cnh
cc bom li tam, ve nguyen tac, duoc lm cong ve pha sau. Nguyen nhan nhu sau.
1. T hnh 3.13, a thay rang, o cc bnh cnh c cnh hung knh hoac cong ve pha truc
c kenh dan chat long gia chng ngan v gc mo rong ra ln dan den ton that thuy luc tang
dng ke so vi trung hop cnh cong ve sau.
2. He so phan kch theo (3.24)
lt
ltd
lt
ltd lt
lt
ltt
H
H
1
H
H H
H
H
=
= =
, (3.28)
trong d
g 2
Cr Cr
g 2
Cu Cu
g 2
C C
H
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
ltd
= .
Trong cc bom li tam, toc do kinh tuyen Cr
1
v Cr
2
thung kh nho v hieu bnh phuong
cua chng nho so vi Cu
2
bnh phuong nen c the bo qua. Cng vi l do ny c the bo qua
thnh phan van toc vng cua van toc tuyet doi o cua vo. Khi d
g 2
Cu
H
2
2
ltd
~ .
Thay bieu thc ny v (3.25) vo (3.28) duoc
2
2
U 2
Cu
1 = .
Khi so cnh vo han, gc |
2
=|
2c
, thay (3.27) vo ta c he so phan kch
c 2
2
2
2
2
ctg
U 2
Cr
2
1
U 2
Cu
1 | + = =

. (3.29)
T bieu thc ny thay, gc |
2c
cng ln th he so phan kch cng nho. Nhu vay, khi tang
gc |
2c
o cua ra, thnh phan cot p dong tang, n phai duoc chuyen thnh cot p tinh trong ong
khuyech tn (loe), dieu ny km theo ton that thuy luc ln.
2. Tren hnh 3.14 mo ta dac tnh l thuyet
bom c so cnh vo han khi cc gc cnh cua ra
khc nhau. T phuong trnh (3.27) thay, khi
|
2c
v ctg|
2c
<0 th cot p tang khi luu luong
tang: |
2c
=90
0
v ctg|
2c
=0 th luu luong khong
phu thuoc cot p: |
2c
<90
0
v ctg|
2c
>0 th luu
luong giam khi cot p giam. Nhng nhan xt
ny rt ra t phuong trnh dac tnh l thuyet m
chua ke den cc ton that thuy luc. Nhu d ni o
tren, cc ton that nho nhat khi bom lm viec o
che do thiet ke, ngoi che do d ra hieu suat
thuy luc cua bom giam manh, cho nen vi |
2c
>90
0
s lm cho dung dac tnh cot p c
diem cuc dai o Q=0 v loi len nhieu (hnh 3.43), dieu d c the l nguyen nhan lm viec khong
on dinh cua bom (xem 3.6.2). Cc bom c |
2c
l c dac tnh doc xuong (c the c phan loi len
nhung t v ve pha Q nho) nen on dinh hon, thch hop cho cc he thong c cot p thay doi.
Hnh 3.14. ac tnh l thuyet bom li
tam vi cc dang cnh khc nhau.
68
4. T hnh 3.13 thay cong suat thuy luc N
tl
=gH
lt
Q`, v di nhien cong suat tieu thu cua
bnh cnh c cnh cong ve sau thay doi tuong doi t khi luu luong thay doi. ieu ny thuan
tien cho dong co dan dong, n lm viec gan nhu o che do khong doi khi luu luong thay doi
trong pham vi tuong doi ln. Vi dung cong suat doc len manh can thiet phai chon dong co c
du tr ve cong suat ln.
Irong cac bom hien dai, goc canh cua ra chon trong khoang |
2c
=1640
0
. Ihung chi co
cac quat gio, may nn li tam, bom chan khong duoc che tao canh cong ve phia truoc hoc theo
huong kinh nhm tng cong suat v giam kich thuoc cua thiet bi.
3.3 Bom hung truc
Bom hung truc l loai bom cnh c san luong ln, c the dat ti 10000m
3
/h, cot p
thung dui 20m v hieu suat c the ti 80%. Bom c kch thuc nho, khong c kha nang tu
ht. Bom hung truc hoat dong theo nguyen l cua cc loai bom cnh, su dung luc nang
Giucopxki de truyen nang luong cho chat long. Tren tu bom duoc su dung o cc he thong thap
p nhu tuan hon lm mt bau ngung (he dong luc hoi nuc), dan tu hoac chong chm.
Bnh cnh bom hung truc giong chong chng (hnh 3. 15), bao gom o boc 1 tren c gan
mot so cnh 2 (hnh 3. 17), thung t 37 cnh, c the quay hoac co dinh. Co che truyen nang
luong t bnh cnh cho chat long cng tuong tu nhu o bom li tam. Cc cnh nan dng 3 c tc
dung nan thang dng quay cua chat long, chuyen dong nang thnh nang luong p suat. Bom
hung truc su dung khi luu luong ln, cot p nho.
Trong bom hung truc, ve l thuyet, o che do tnh ton chat long chuyen dong tren cc be
mat tru cng dung tam vi truc bom, theo qui dao xoan vt. Cc bn knh, o d chat long vo
v ra khoi bnh cnh nhu nhau, do d van toc theo o mp vo v ra khoi cnh nhu nhau
U
1
=U
2
=U. Theo phuong trnh co ban cua cc bom cnh (3.14), nang luong don vi trong luong
chat long, khi chuyen dong t mp truc ra mp sau cnh tren bn knh r khong doi, nhan duoc
bang
H
lt
=(Cu
2
U
2
-Cu
1
U
1
)/g=U(Cu
2
-Cu
1
)/g. (3.30)
Hnh 3.16 Tam gic toc do v so do chuyen dong
cua chat long trong bom hung truc.
Hnh 3.15 Bnh cnh bom hung
truc.
69
e don gian, gia thiet dien tch luu thong qua mat phang vuong gc truc bom khong doi
trong khoang t mp vo den mp ra khoi bnh cnh (bo qua thay doi cua ban kinh moay o),
theo qui luat cua dng lien tuc, c Ca
2
~Ca
1
~Ca~const. T tam gic toc do cua vo v ra, c:
Cu
2
=U-Ca.ctg|
2
:
Cu
1
=U-Ca.ctg|
1
.
Thay vo (3.30) ta duoc
H
lt
=UCa(ctg|
1
-ctg|
2
)/g=reCa(ctg|
1
-ctg|
2
)/g. (3.31)
Hnh 3.17 So do ket cau bom hung truc.
Cong thc tnh cot p l thuyet ny dua vo gia thiet chat long chuyen dong theo be mat tru
o bn knh r no day (hat chat long di theo qui dao xon vit). Nhan thay rang, de nang luong
chat long tang sau khi qua cnh, H
lt
>0, th cc gc cnh phai thoa mn |
1
<|
2
, nghia l prophin
cnh phai cong gap ve pha truc theo chieu quay bnh cnh. Mat khc, muon cho cc phan tu
chat long, o cc bn knh r khc nhau t chan cnh den dinh cnh, nhan duoc nang luong nhu
nhau sau khi chuyen dong t mp truc (mp vo) den mp sau cnh (tren ban kinh khong doi)
th phai dam bao H
lt
=const vi cc r khc nhau. Cc phan tu chat long c nang luong nhu nhau
ho nhap vi nhau s va dap nho v tao xoy t nhat. Muon vay, khi r thay doi, hieu (ctg|
1
-
ctg|
2
) phai thay doi, nghia l cc gc cnh o cc bn knh khc nhau phai khc nhau. Do vay
m cc cnh bom c bien dang duoc thiet ke cong theo hai chieu trong khong gian nham tang
hieu suat bom. Khi d, neu gia thiet dng vo bom thang theo hung truc, Cu
1
=0, phuong
trnh co ban cua bom hung truc (3.30) tro thnh
H
lt
= UCu
2
/g =reCu
2
/g = const.
70
Do d : rCu
2
=const, (3.32)
tc l mo men toc do chat long khong phu thuoc r.
Phuong trnh (3.32) neu thoa mn c nghia l luu so toc do qua cc vng trn bn knh r
khc nhau khong doi. Ngui ta d chng minh rang, khi d khong c thnh phan huong kinh
trong chuyen dong cua chat long, tc l chat long s chuyen dong tren be mat tru theo qui dao
xoan vt v gom hai thnh phan: doc truc Ca v vng Cu. That vay, theo dinh luat bao ton
nang luong c phuong trnh can bang
2 / Cu p p 2 / ) C C ( p p Cu r
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2 2
+ = + = e .
Lay dao hm hai ve theo r v gia thiet 0
dr
dp
1
= thu duoc
dr
dCu
Cu
dr
dp
)
dr
dCu
r Cu (
2
2
2 2
2
+ = + e . (3.33)
Mat khc, khi chat long o trang thi can bang
theo hung knh, cc luc li tam can bang vi cc luc
p suat, nen
2
2
2
dldp rd
r
Cu
dl rdrd = , hay
r
Cu
dr
dp
2
2 2
= .
Thay vo (3.33) v bien doi, thu duoc
0 )
dr
dCu
r
Cu
)( U Cu (
2 2
2
= + .
Nhu vay, dieu kien de c can bang theo hung knh l:
Cu
2
-U=0:
hoac 0
dr
dCu
r
Cu
2 2
= + .
ieu kien dau chi o cc vat ran, khong xay ra trong cc dng kh hoac chat long. T dieu
kien th hai de dng tch bien, tch phan hai ve duoc ln(rCu)=const, hay rCu=const.
Phuong trnh (3.32) l khi niem quan trong trong l thuyet dng xoy o cc chong chng
cua Giucopxki. ieu ny, khi duoc thuc hien, s dam bao c duoc hieu suat cao cua cc my
hung truc. Cc cnh thu duoc bi van (kieu xoan vt), c gc |
1c
v |
2c
thay doi theo chieu di
duoc su dung rat rong ri, dac biet doi vi cc my c ti so moay o nho (ti so gia dung kinh
Hnh 3.18 ieu kien can bang hung
knh.
71
moay o tren dung kinh ngoi banh canh). Trong cc my c ti so moay o ln, cc cnh khong
duoc lm van, nhung c day cung cnh giam t trong ra ngoi.
Sau khi ra khoi bnh cnh, dng chat long quay (Cu=0) di qua cc cnh nan dng tinh, ra
khoi cc cnh ny, chat long di theo hung truc. V mat di cc thnh phan van toc vng, nen
van toc chat long giam v p suat tang (C
2
=Ca
2
+Cu
2
: Ca=const).
Tren hnh 3.19 mo tadac tnh bom
hung truc. Cot p ln nhat cua bom o
luu luong Q=0. Khi luu luong b dung
cot p H=f(Q) c do doc xuong ln, c
diem uon dac trung o A. Khc vi bom li
tam, cong suat bon hung truc giam khi
luu luong tang v c gi tri ln nhat khi
luu luong bang khong.
Su tang manh cot p v cong suat cua bom
hung truc o luu luong nho l do o ngoi
luu luong tnh ton, nang luong cnh truyen
cho chat long o cc bn knh khc nhau s khc nhau. Do d o luu luong nho xuat hien cc dng nguoc tro lai
bnh cnh. Qua lai bnh cnh cua chat long nhieu lan lm cho chat long nhan them nang luong bo sung t bnh
cnh. Mat khc qu trnh tren cng km theo tang ton that thuy luc.
C the su dung cong thc cong thc thuc nghiem cua G. F. Proxkur tnh cot p
u
2
tb
gK 2
u
H = , (3.34)
trong d u
tb
- van toc theo trung bnh: K
u
=0,0244n
s
2/3
- he so cot p, n
s
- vng quay so snh (xem phan sau).
Trong cc bom hung truc c the mo rong pham vi luu luong v cot p, o d bom lm
viec kinh te bang cch su dung cc cnh quay duoc. Khi thay doi gc cnh dac tnh bom thay
doi manh nhung hieu suat toi da giam khong dng ke.
3.4. p dung l thuyet dng dang trong tnh ton bom cnh.
3.4.1 Phuong php l thuyet dong dang trong bom cnh
L thuyet dong dang c nghia quan trong trong thiet ke v nghien cu thuc nghiem cc
bom cnh. L thuyet dong dang cho php dua vo dac tnh d biet cua mot bom c duoc dac
tnh cua bom khc neu cc kenh dan cua hai bom ny dong dang hnh hoc, dong thi c the
tnh lai dac tnh cua bom khi doi t vng quay ny sang vng quay khc. ieu ny lm giam
bt khoi luong th nghiem, cho php thu duoc dac tnh cua bom that cong suat ln bang cch
th nghiem doi vi mo hnh hoac cng c the thu nghiem bom that o vng quay khc vng quay
bom duoc khai thc.
Hnh 3.19 ac tnh bom hung truc.
72
Su dung phuong php dong dang c the lua chon bom mau c cc khoang dan chat long
dong dang hnh hoc vi cua bom duoc thiet ke (bom that), tnh ton tuong quan cc kch thuc
cua bom ny v nhu vay s c duoc kch thuc cc bo phan cong tc cua bom thiet ke. Tnh
ton lai dac tnh cua bom mau c the duoc dac tnh cua bom thiet ke.
Cc cong thc tnh ton dui day chi dng khi cc dieu kien sau thoa mn.
1. ong dang hnh hoc cua cc khoang dan chat long, ke ca do nhm cua thnh cc rnh
ben trong bom, cc khe ho lm kn v chieu dy cc cnh.
2. ong dang dong hoc trong gii han cc dng chay. Gii han cc dng l, v du, cc thiet
dien cua vo bom v cc rnh trong bnh cnh. e c duoc su dong dang ny th toc do trung
bnh o cua vo v
tb
phai ti le vi van toc vng cua bnh cnh U:
v
tb
~U=tDn/60~nL,
trong d n- van toc quay cua bnh cnh: L- kch thuc dac trung cua bom, v du dung knh bnh cnh.
San luong cua bom bang tch cua toc do v
tb
vi dien tch thiet dien ngang cua dng, n ti le
bac hai vi kch thuc thang L. Do d
Q~v
tb
L
2
~nL
3
,
hay
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
L
L
n
n
Q
Q
.
|
\
|
= , (3.35)
trong d chi so 1 chi cc dai luong o bom th nhat, chi so 2- cua bom th hai dong dang hnh hoc vi
bom 1.
3. ong dang dong luc. ong dang dong luc cua cc dng on dinh yeu cau c so Re bang
nhau, doi vi cc bom cnh thung tnh bang u
2
D
2
/v.
Khi dam bao duoc cc dieu kien tren th s c:
1) dong dang dong hoc o tat ca cc diem trong cc dng: trong d van toc bat k cua chat
long
v~v
tb
~nL: (3.36)
2) bang nhau cua so Ole Eu, doi vi dng dui p luc bang gAH
T
/v
2
, tc l su ti le gia
chenh lech cot p tinh AH
T
vi bac hai toc do chat long v 1/g.
Cc che do lm viec cua cc bom trong d thoa mn cc dieu kien tren duoc goi l dong
dang.
L thuyet dong dang cho php thiet lap cc cong thc tnh chuyen doi san luong, cot p, mo
men v cong suat cua cc bom dong dang hnh hoc, lm viec o cc che dong dang theo kch
thuc v vng quay cua chng.
San luong cua bom duoc tnh theo cong thc (3.35).
Cot p cua bom theo phuong trnh (2.1) c the viet
H=AH
T
+Av
2
/(2g).
Nhng chenh lech cot p ny deu ti le vi bnh phuong toc do v 1/g:
AH
T
~v
2
/g: Av
2
~v
2
/g,
cho nen
H~v
2
/g.
Coi g
1
=g
2
, theo (3.36) c
2
2 2
1 1
2
1
L n
L n
H
H
.
|
\
|
= . (3.37)
73
Mo men tuong tc gia chat long v cc thnh kenh dan theo phuong trnh mo men dong
luong (1.45) M~v
2
L
3
. Do d cong thc tnh chuyen mo men s l
) L n /( L n M / M
5
2
2
2 2
5
1
2
1 1 2 1
= . (3.38)
Cong suat truyen cho bnh cnh
M N
bc
e = ~n
3
L
5
. (3.39)
Cong suat bom ln hon cong suat tnh theo (3.39) mot luong bang ton that ma st trong cc
o v cc bo phan lm kn. Cc cong suat ton hao ny khong the tnh theo (3.39). Tuy vay, neu
bom khong qu nho th cng c the dng cong thc tren de tnh chuyen cong suat ton that co
gii. Do d
5
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
L
L
n
n
N
N
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
~ . (3.40)
Khi thoa mn tat ca cc dieu kien dong dang r lot qua khe ho ti le vi luu luong, cc ton
that thuy luc o cc che do dong dng ti le bac hai vi toc do hay ti le vi cot p bom, cc ton
that do ma st bnh cnh vi chat long o xung quanh (ton that dia) ti le vi cong suat N
bc
. T
d, dua vo cc cong thc (2.10), (2.11) v (2.7) c:
q
Q1
=q
Q2
: q
h1
=q
h2
: q
m1
~q
m2
: q
1
~q
2
. (3.41)
Cc cong thc tnh chuyen dua ra o tren khong dua st vo qu trnh lm viec cua cc bom
cnh, do d khong chi ph hop vi cc bom cnh m cn dng doi vi cc my thuy luc khc
(trong d c dong co) kieu ro to hoac lm viec c chu k.
ong dang hnh hoc cua cc khe ho, do nhm cua thnh rnh v chieu dy cnh khong phai
luon duoc dam bao. Thung o cc bom ln hon th cc khe ho, do nhm v chieu dy cnh, mot
cach tuong doi, nho hon so vi cc bom nho. Khong phai lc no cng thuc hien duoc so Re
bang nhau. Tuy vay, neu sai khc dong dang khong ln thi cc cong thc (3.35), (3.37), (3.38),
(3.40) v (3.41) cho ket qua du chnh xc.
Cong thc tnh chuyen cho cng mot bom, lm viec o cc vng quay khc nhau (L
1
=L
2
) c
dang:
Q
1
/Q
2
=n
1
/n
2
: (3.42)
H
1
/H
2
=(n
1
/n
2
)
2
: (3.43)
N
1
/N
2
=(
1
/
2
)(n
1
/n
2
)
3
. (3.44)
V thung khong gi duoc Re khong doi khi thay doi vng quay nen cong thc (3.43) l gan
dng. Cng v l do tren v v cong suat ton hao co gii tnh chuyen mot cch gan dng nen
cong thc (3.44) cng gan dng. Cc th nghiem cho thay cong thc (3.43) chnh xc hon
(3.44): o cc gi tri Re du ln (Re=
6 2
2
10 / R > u e ) van c the dng khi vng quay khc nhau xa.
3.4.2. Tnh chuyen dac tnh bom cnh sang vng quay khc
Gia su c dac tnh cua bom o vng quay n
1
, cn dong co lai bom lai c vng quay l n
2
khc n
1
. e dnh gi tnh chat lm viec cua bom can phai biet dac tnh cua n o vng quay n
2
m n s lm viec trong thuc te. C the thu duoc dac tnh ny bang cch tnh chuyen dac tnh
c san theo cc cong thc (3.42)- (3.44) v (3.41). Chi can cho mot loat gi tri Q
1
, dua vo dac
tnh d c xc dinh cc H
1
, N
1
v q
1
tuong ng (hnh 3.21). Thay cc gi tri Q
1
, H
1
, N
1
v q
1
o
vng quay n
1
vo cc phuong trnh (3.42)- (3.44) v (3.41) s tnh duoc Q
2
, H
2
, N
2
v q
2
- toa do
cc diem dung dac tnh cua n
2
. Noi cc diem tnh duoc bang dung cong tron.
74
Ta cng xc dinh duoc trong he toa do Q-H cc diem cua cc che do dong dang vi diem 1
(hnh 3. 21). e duoc the chi can thay gi tri Q
1
v H
1
vo cc cong thc (3.42) v (3.43) l xc
dinh duoc cc san luong v cot p ng vi cc vng quay khc nhau. Ket qua l xc dinh duoc
mot loat diem : 2, 3, 4., noi cc diem tren vi nhau s duoc dung cong cua cc che do dong
dang. De thay cc dung ny l cc dung parabol. That vay, thay n
1
/n
2
=Q
1
/Q
2
vo 3.43 duoc
H
1
/H
2
=(Q
1
/Q
2
)
2
,
hay H
1
/Q
1
2
=H
2
/Q
2
2
=.=H/Q
2
=const=s.
Nhu vay, phuong trnh dung cong cc che do dong dang c dang
H=sQ
2
. (3.45)
oi vi cc che do dong dang hieu suat thuy luc v the tch o mc do tuong doi chnh xc c the coi nhu
nhau. Do d cc dung cong che do dong dang cng l cc dung hieu suat thuy luc v the tch khong doi. Hieu
suat co gii o cc che do dong dang khong cn nhu nhau. Cc ton hao co gii bao gom ton that ma st dia v ma
st trong cc o d v cc bo phan lm kn. Khi tang vng quay cong suat ton hao ma st dia tang ti le vi cong
suat thuy luc (hay vi bac ba cua vng quay), ton that do ma st trong cc lm kn v o tang cham hon nhieu so
vi cong suat thuy luc. Do d khi tang vng quay vai tr ton hao trong lm kn v cc o giam, dan den tang hieu
suat co gii v hieu suat ni chung.
Bay gi gia su yeu cau bom phai c san luong Q
2
o cot p H
2
v diem 2 khong nam tren
dung dac tnh bom o vng quay n
1
. Can phai xc dinh vng quay m bom c the bao dam
duoc che do tren, ni cch khc l, xc dinh vng quay n
2
c dung dac tnh cot p di qua diem
2 c toa do H
2
v Q
2
.
Vng quay phai tm c the xc dinh dua vo (3.42) v (3.43). V cc cong thc ny chi dng
cho cc che do dong dang, do d de su dung chng can tm duoc diem 1(H
1
,Q
1
)- thuoc dung
dac tnh cua n
1
v dong dang vi che do 2(H
2
,Q
2
) cho truc. Nhu tren d biet, cc che do dong
dang nam tren dung cong H=sQ
2
. T toa do diem 2 cho truc, xc dinh duoc s, tc l dung
cong duoc xc dinh. iem 1 can tm chnh l giao cua dung ny v dung dac tnh n
1
. V 1 v
2 tren cng dung cong dong dang nen cc che do ny dong dang nhau v c the su dung cc
cong thc
Q
1
/Q
2
=n
1
/n
2
v H
1
/H
2
=(n
1
/n
2
)
2
.
Trong cc cong thc ny chi cn n
2
chua biet cho nen chi can su dung mot cong thc bat k.
3.4.3. Mo rong pham vi su dung bom li tam bang cch tien bot bnh cnh
Hnh 3.20. Tnh chuyen dac
tnh bom sang vng quay khc.
Hnh 3.21. Cc dung cong cua cc che do dong dang v xc
dinh vng quay c dac tnh qua diem cho truc.
75
Gia su yeu cau bom phai c san luong Q` v cot p H` ng vi diem lm viec A nam o
dui dung dac tnh bom (hnh 3.22). Gia su dong co cua bom khong dieu chinh duoc vng
quay. e cho diem lm viec cua bom tai A can phai thay doi dac tnh bom sao cho n di qua
diem ny. Neu khong the thay doi vng quay bom th ngui ta su dung cch tien bt chu vi
ngoi bnh cnh. Khi giam dung knh D
2
, van toc vng U
2
giam dan den giam cot p. Do vay,
khi tien bt bnh cnh th dac tnh nam dui v o gi tri D
2
no d s di qua diem lm viec cho
truc.
Kinh nghiem cho thay, de tnh chuyen dac tnh bom sau khi tien bnh cnh, c the gan
dng cho ti le luu luong vi bac nhat, cot cot p vi bac hai dung knh ngoi bnh cnh:
Q/Q`=D
2
/D`
2
: (3.46)
H/H`=(D
2
/D`
2
)
2
. (3.47)
Cc cong thc tren l nhng cong thc thuc nghiem. Cc th nghiem cng cho thay o cc
che do thoa mn phuong trnh (3.46) v (3.47) hieu suat bom gan nhu nhau neu bnh cnh tien
bt di khong qu nhieu.
T (3.46) v (3.47) suy ra
H/H`=(Q/Q`)
2
hay H/Q
2
=H`/Q`
2
=const=c,
hay H=cQ
2
. (3.48)
Nhu vay, cc che do thoa mn phuong trnh(3.46) v (3.47)trong he toa do Q-H l dung
parabol, dinh o goc toa do. Tam goi dung cong ny l dung parabol tien. Khi tien bnh cnh
theo dung knh ngoi, dong dang hnh hoc bi mat, do vay m dung parabol tien khong c g
chung vi cc dung parabol cua che do dong dang.
Chng ta s xc dinh phai tien dung knh bnh cnh den bn knh no de dac tnh bom di
qua diem A(Q`,H`). Qua diem ny ta dung duoc mot dung parabol tien (hnh 3.22.a). Giao
diem cua dung ny vi dac tnh bom l diem B(Q,H). oi vi hai dIem A v B th cc phuong
trnh (3.45) v (3.46) deu thoa mn, dng mot trong hai cong thc ny s xc dinh duoc dung
knh D`
2
.
Khi tien di nhieu hieu suat cua bom s giam, do d viec tien cng c gii han. Gi tri gii
han c the tien phu thuoc vo vng quay so snh.
n
s
.. 60 120 200 300 350 >350
(D
2
-D`
2
)/D
2
. . . 0,2 0,15 0,11 0.09 0,07 0,00
Chi c loi khi khai thc bom o vng c hieu suat cao v chieu cao ht cho php ln. Do d
khong phai ton bo dac tnh bom duoc su dung m chi mot phan cua n. Luu luong nho nhat
cua doan dac tnh lm viec cua bom duoc xc dinh bang diem c hieu suat giam den mc do
cho php: luu luong ln nhat- mc do giam hieu suat cho php hoac thung l do du tr chong
xam thuc. Gia su dac tnh I l cua bnh cnh khi chua tien. oan AB l doan lm viec. Ta dung
dung dac tnh sau khi d tien toi da bnh cnh ny (dung II), xc dinh tren d cc gii han C
Hnh 3.22. a)
ung parabol
tien: b) Vng lm
viec cua bom.
76
v D cua doan lm viec. Phan gii han boi t gic ABCD l vng lm viec c the cua bnh
cnh.
Tren hnh 3.23 l do thi tong ket cc
vng lm viec cua cc bom cong xon duoc
dung trong he toa do logarit. Nhng do thi nhu
vay thung cho km theo cc catalog do nh
che tao cung cap nham tao dieu kien cho viec
lua chon bom.
3.4.4. Vng quay so snh
Nhu d trnh by o tren, ngy nay trong thiet ke bom mi thung su dung rong ri phuong
php dong dang. e dng phuong php ny, can lua chon trong so cc bom c san, c cc chi
tieu kinh te- ki thuat cao, c che do lm viec tuong tu nhu bom du dinh thiet ke. Muon vay,
phai tm duoc thong so lm tieu chuan dong dang, chng nhu nhau o cc bom dong dang. Dua
vo H, Q v n cua bom dinh thiet ke xc dinh duoc cc chuan dong dang, so snh vi chuan
dong dang cua cc ket cau c san s cho php lua chon duoc bom can thiet.
Nhu d biet o tren, neu hai bom dong dang hnh hoc, c che do lm viec dong dang th
Q
1
/Q
2
=(n
1
/n
2
)(L
1
/L
2
)
3
v H
1
/H
2
=[n
1
L
1
/(n
2
L
2
)]
2
.
C the viet cc phuong trnh tren o dang
Q
1
/(n
1
L
1
3
)= Q
2
/(n
2
L
2
3
)= Q/(nL
3
)=q:
H
1
/(n
1
L
1
)
2
= H
2
/(n
2
L
2
)
2
= H/(nL)
2
=h.
Cc dai luong q v h nhu nhau o cc bom dong dang lm viec o che do dong dang nen l
cc chuan dong dang. Nhung doi vi bom chua c th khong the xc dinh duoc chng v chua
biet L- yeu to kch thuc.
e khu L khoi hai cong thc tren, ta lan luot bnh phuong v lu tha ba hai ve cua hai
phuong trnh roi chia cc ve tuong ng cho nhau:
Q
2
n
6
L
6
/(H
3
n
2
L
6
)=n
4
Q
2
/H
3
=q
2
/h
3
,
hay
y
4 / 3 4 / 3
n h / q H / Q n = = .
Cng tuong tu nhu q v h, n
y
l chuan dong dang can phai tm v duoc goi l van toc rieng.
Trong ngnh che tao bom thung dng thong so n
s
, goi l he so toc do, hay vng quay so sanh,
c gi tri bang 3.65 lan van toc rieng:
4 / 3
s
H / Q n 65 . 3 n = . (3.49)
Irong do don vi cua Q l (m
3
/s); H- m v n-v/ph.
He so 3.65 khong lm thay doi nghia vat l cua n
s
, cng nhu n
y
, n l chuan (dau hieu)
dong dang cua cc bom. Xuat x he so tren mang tnh lich su. Vng quay so snh cua bom c
Hnh 3.23. o thi tong hop cc
vng su dung cc bom cong xon.
77
cc thong so: Q=0.075m
3
/s, H=1m bang chnh vng quay cua n. Thuc vay
n
1
075 . 0 n 65 . 3
n
4 / 3
s
= = .
Do d c dinh nghia vng quay so snh nhu sau:
\ng quay so sanh n
s
cua mot bom l vng quay (v/ph) cua bom dong dang hinh hoc voi no,
bom ny cho san luong bng 0.075 m
3
/s o cot ap bng 1m.
3.5. Phan loai, ket cau bom li tam
3.5.1. Phan loai bom v ket cau cc bo phan co ban.
Bom li tam l mot trong cc loai bom duoc su dung rong ri nhat o dui tau trong pham vi
cot p va v thap, luu luong trung bnh v ln (tham khao bang 2.1). Theo cc thong so co
ban, bom li tam duoc phan loai nhu sau.
Phan loai theo luu luong:
- luu luong thap: Q< 20 m
3
/h:
- luu luong trung bnh: Q = 20 60 m
3
/h:
- luu luong cao: Q >60 m
3
/h.
Dua vo cot ap:
- cot p thap: H < 25 m:
- cot p trung bnh: H= 25 50 m:
- cot p cao: H > 50 m.
Iheo vng quay so sanh:
- thap toc: n
s
s (5090) v/ph:
- trung toc: n
s
= ( 80 150) v/ph:
- cao toc: n
s
= ( 150 300) v/ph.
Bang (2.2) dui day cho thay su lien quan cc thong so tren den ket cau v dac tnh cc
bom.
Nhu vay, cc bom li tam bao gom loai thap toc v trung bnh so vi bom hung cho v
hung truc. Loai thap toc c vng quay so snh nho (50.90). T phuong trnh (3.49) neu cng
vng quay v luu luong (tuong ng vi dung knh co ht bnh cnh D
0
nhu nhau), vng quay
so snh cng nho th cot p cng ln. e c duoc cot p ln can phai c dung knh bnh cnh
D
2
ln, do d cc bom c vng quay so snh nho c ti so D
2
/D
0
ln, c khi dat ti 3. Cc cnh
cua bom thung c dang tru don gian, truc song song vi truc bom.
78
Bang 2.2. Cc dang bom cnh khc nhau
Bang 2.2
Cc thong
so dac
trung
Bom li tam Bom nua hung truc
(hung cho)
Bom hung truc
Thap toc Trung toc
Vng quay so
snh n
s
(v/ph)
50.90 80.300 250.500 500.1000
He so toc do
n
y
13.25 20.80 70.140 140.300
Mat cat
bnh cnh
D
2
/D
0
Dang
cnh
ac
tnh
3,0.2,5
Hnh tru
2,5.1,4
Cong theo hai chieu o
cua vo, cua ra hnh
tru
1,4.0.9
*
Cong theo hai
chieu
0,8
*
Cong theo hai
chieu
Cc bom c toc do trung bnh c n
s
=80300. Vng quay so snh tang ng vi cot p
giam v giam dung knh cua ra (D
2
/D
0
=2,51,4). e giam cc ton that thuy luc o cua vo
bnh cnh, phan mp vo cua cnh duoc lm cong theo hai chieu. Phan mp ra c dang hnh
tru.
Cc bom nua hung truc (n
s
=250500:D
2
/D
0
=1,40,9) c ti so dung knh D
2
/D
0
gan
hoac nho hon mot trong trung hop mp ra cua cnh nghieng so vi truc quay. Ngoi ra, do
nghieng cua ra dam bao cho cnh c hnh dang tron tru, deu dan hon. e c cot p tren cc
dung dng o cc bn knh khc nhau nhu nhau, cc cnh lm cong theo hai chieu o ca mp
vo v ra (xem phan bom hung truc). Khi vng quay so snh tiep tuc tang, gc nghieng cua ra
tang v tro nen gan nhu vuong gc vi truc quay. Khi d cc phan tu chat long chuyen dong o
khoang cch vi tam truc gan nhu khong doi. Khc vi bom li tam, bom hung truc khong c
dung dan chat long vng quanh bnh cnh.
2 / ) D D ( D
tr 2 n 2 2
+ =
79
Hnh 3.24. Bom mot tang hai loi vo.
80
Bang 2.2 cn dua ra cc dac tnh cc bom cnh. Khi vng quay so snh tang, dung cong
cot p H=f(Q) cng doc xuong. Cong suat o luu luong bang khong Q=0 tang cng vi vng
quay so snh. Neu o cc bom li tam cong suat tang khi san luong tang, o bom hung cho cong
suat hau nhu khong doi, cn o bom hung truc th cong suat giam khi luu luong tang. Vng
quay so snh cng ln th dung hieu suat cng doc o hai pha cua diem toi uu cho nen pham vi
luu luong bom lm viec kinh te cng nho. Tuy vay, do do doc dac tnh cot p ln (o bom c n
s
ln) lm cho pham vi cot p toi uu tang.
V cot p cua bom khong phu thuoc loai chat long nen vng quay so snh v he so toc do
cng khong phu thuoc vo loai chat long.
Theo ket cau loi vo bnh cnh cua chat long:
a) b)
Hnh 3.25. Hnh dang bnh cnh v vo bom li tam hai loi vo.
Bom li tam c the c ket cau hai loi vo hoac mot loi vo bnh cnh. Hnh 3.24 mo ta ket
cau bom mot tang hai loi vo, loi vo c dang hnh xoan oc tch doi, chat long vo bnh cnh
t hai pha. Trong bnh cnh hai dng ny nhap vo mot v ra theo dung dan chung. Hnh
3.25 bieu dien ket cau bnh cnh v vo bom hai loi vo. Vo bom gom hai nua c mat bch de
ghp vi nhau, loi dan chat long vo chia lm hai nhnh dua chat long di vng qua truc vo
bnh cnh. Nhu vay, bom hai loi duoc xem nhu vi hai bom lm viec song song, de tnh vng
quay so snh theo cong thc (3.49) phai lay luu luong bang Q/2, trong d Q- luu luong bom.
O bom mot loi vo, loi dan chat long vo bnh cnh c the theo huong truc- doi vi bom
c truc dang cong xon, hoac theo huong kinh- chat long di vng qua truc theo loi dan vo tren
vo bom tuong tu nhu o bom hai loi vo (hnh 3.25, b). Hnh 3.26 mo ta ket cau bom mot loi
vo kieu cong xon- bnh cnh lap o cuoi truc v truc khong di qua cho dua chat long vo.
Loi dan chat long vo bom phai dam bao toi da dng chat long doi xng o cho vo bnh
cnh. Neu dng chat long truc cua vo bnh cnh khong doi xng, tam gic toc do v, di
nhien, gc cua toc do tuong doi |
1
o cc diem khc nhau tren cng bn knh khong giong nhau.
Nhu the vi moi gc dat cnh |
1c
gc tan (gc khc nhau gia |
1
v |
1c
) o mot so diem s rat
ln nen dan den gin doan gia dng v cnh. ieu d lm tang ton that thuy luc v giam p
suat cuc bo nen lm giam chieu cao ht cho php cua bom.
81
Hnh 3.26. Bom li tam mot loi vo dang cong xon.
82
Loi dan chat long vo bom (tren vo) theo hung truc dp ng duoc tat ca cc yeu cau tren.
thung c dang con, hoi thu nho c tc dung lm deu trung toc do. Ton that thuy luc cua doan
thu hep rat nho.
Loi dan chat long vo theo hung knh, ve nguyen tac, thung o cc bom mot loi vo c
bnh cnh tuong doi ln- bnh cnh gan tren truc v c hai o d, bom nhieu tang hoac bom c
hai loi vo. Hnh dang dung dan c hai loai: vnh trn v xoay oc.
Loi vo c hnh vnh trn(hnh 3.27), thiet dien khong doi duoc bo tr quanh cua vo bnh
cnh. Vnh ny noi vi ong ht nam canh bom v vuong gc vi truc bom. N khong dam bao
duoc su doi xng cua dng o cua vo bnh cnh. Chat long vng qua truc, thnh phan van toc
vng cua dng chat long sang ben phai c chieu kim dong ho, dng sang tri- nguoc chieu kim
dong ho. Ngoi ra, khi chay vng qua truc s xuat hien khu vuc xoy o pha sau. Su khong doi
xng cua dng o cua vo giam phan no khi tang thiet dien vnh dan chat long vo, tc l giam
toc do chat long o d.
Loi dan chat long vo hnh vo oc khc vnh trn o cho c thiet dien luu thong thay doi, t
t mo rong t mi A (hnh 3.28). Chat long chay trong dung dan c thnh phan van toc vng
khc khong (Cu=0) do d giam tao xoy sau truc v mat doi xng cua dng vo bnh cnh.
Ngoi ra, thnh phan van toc vng lm giam toc do tuong doi W
1
, v do d giam ton that thuy
luc o cua vo bnh cnh, tang chieu cao ht cho php. ung dn chat long vo hnh xoy oc
duoc su dung rong ri.
ung dan chat long ra c cc chc nang:
1) gom chat long di ra t xung quanh bnh cnh v dan den dung ong day hoac bnh cnh
tang tiep theo:
2) giam toc do chat long t bnh cnh ra, chuyen dong nang cua chat long thnh the nang
p suat sao cho ton that thuy luc l toi thieu:
3) nan thang dng chat long do bi bnh cnh quay (doi vi cc bom hung truc).
V hnh dang, dung dan chat long ra khoi bnh cnh tren mat cat ngang truc c nhng
dang sau.
Dung dan hinh than oc (xem hnh 3.2) nam xung quanh bnh cnh, dua chat long t d ra
dung ong day 5 theo hung trong mat phang vuong gc truc bom. Thiet dien mat cat qua tam
truc cua kenh dan tang dan, bat dau t lui 4, tuong ng vi luu luong chat long qua thiet dien
d. O cuoi, kenh dan hnh than oc chuyen sang doan ong loe thang. Giam toc do chu yeu o
phan ong loe ny m khong phai o phan than oc.
Thiet dien ngang than oc o cc bom li tam thung c cc dang nhu hnh 3.29.
Hnh 3.27. Loi dan chat long vo hnh vnh
trn.
Hnh 3.28. Loi dan chat long vo hnh xoan oc.
83
Tnh ton hnh dang cua than oc dua tren co so sau. Gia su o cua ra cua bnh cnh khong
c kenh dan chat long. Khi d khong c luc no tc dung len chat long v mo men dong luong
cua chat long khong thay doi.
const mrCu cos mrC L
2
= = o = .
Do d mo men toc do
2 2 2
M Cu R const rCu = = = .
Ta phai xay dung than oc sao cho chuyen dong
cua chat long c mo men dong luong khong thay doi,
tc l chuyen dong tua nhu khong c vo oc (bo qua ma
sat voi thnh than oc), khi d, ho nhap cua cc dng
ra khoi bnh cnh vi cc dng dang chuyen dong
trong than oc dien ra vi cc mo men toc do nhu nhau,
ton that o cua vo than oc s nho nhat. T d thiet
lap duoc quan he luu luong chat long qua thiet dien I-I
tao mot gc vi lui v cc kch thuc cua thiet dien
(hnh 3.30) theo phuong trnh
} }
= =
R
R
2
R
R
2 2
dr
r
b
M bCudr Q
360
Q . (3.50)
Tch phan tren duoc xc dinh bang phuong php do thi hoac dng dan. au tien cho cc
kch thuc cua thiet dien, kiem tra bang (3.50) v hieu chinh lai. Dien tch thiet dien lay ti le
vi gc tnh t lui.
* Trong cc my nn li tam (hnh 3.31), khong kh
nn di qua khe 1 gia bnh cnh v cc cnh dan
hung vo cc rnh gia cc cnh dan hung 2 c chieu
rong b khong doi truc khi vo than oc 3. Neu coi mat do
kh nn khong doi ~const, de thay trong khe 1 gc gia
tiep tuyen vi qui dao phan tu kh vi van toc vng
khong thay doi. That vay:
const bCr R 2 RbCr 2 G
2 2 kh
= t = t = , hay
const Cr R RCr
2 2
= = .
Mat khc, ta biet
2 2 2
M const Cu R RCu = = = .
Nen
. const tg Cu / Cr Cu / Cr tg
2 2 2
= o = = = o
Hnh 3.30. Chuyen dong cua chat
long trong than oc.
Hnh 3.31. So do cau tao nguyen li may nn
li tam.
Hnh 3.29 Thiet dien ngang cua than oc.
84
Nhu vay, dng cua chat kh l tuong khong nn duoc trong khe c chieu rong b khong doi (khong co canh
huong dng) c qui dao l dung xoan oc logarit (o=const), toc do giam ti le ngich vi bn knh R. Cc th
nghiem cho thay tnh chat d cng dng doi vi kh thuc o phan gia dng. Khi d, neu muon giam dng ke van
toc kh can phai c bn knh vo my rat ln, qui dao chuyen dong di (neu theo dung logarit voi goc o nho)
nen ton that ma st vi thnh ong tang. Do d viec dat cc cnh dan hung chi c loi khi gc o
2
- gc gia van
toc tuyet doi vi van toc vng o cua ra khoi bnh cnh nho (o
2
<20
0
)- thung o cc my nn li tam: van toc quay
v gc cnh |
2c
ln. Cc cnh dan hung cong theo dung logarit vi gc o>o
2
s c tc dung tang nhanh do mo
rong cua rnh, toc do kh giam nhanh hon, bn knh vo giam v qui dao chuyen dong trong rnh ngan lai [6].
Dung dan chat long ra hinh vnh trn (hnh 3.32) l kenh dan c thiet dien khong doi,
nam xung quanh bnh cnh noi vi dung ong day cua bom. ung dan hnh vnh trn dng
de bom chuyen chat long ban, o d khong the su dung duoc dang vo oc v phan dau cua vo oc
c thiet dien b nen cc vat cng kch thuc ln khong qua duoc. Vi thiet dien khong thay doi
nhu vay th van toc chat long o cc thiet dien khc nhau cng khc nhau v c luu luong khc
nhau (tng dan t lui). Do d o day khong the trnh khoi ton that bo sung o cho vo kenh dan
v xay ra ho tron cc dng chat long dang chay trong kenh dan v t bnh cnh ra c toc do
khc nhau.
Bo phan dan huong bao gom nhieu kenh dan
xoan oc bo tr xung quanh bnh cnh de dua chat
long ti bnh cnh tang sau hoac xa ra theo hung
truc bom. Hnh 3.33 mo ta bo phan dan dng
khong gian vnh trn khong c cnh. Chat long,
khi ra khoi bnh cnh, vo phan xoan oc FG cua
bo phan dan hung c thiet dien ngang tang dan.
oan xoan oc chuyen sang phan loe GN. O day,
dong nang chat long chuyen thnh the nang p
suat. Tiep theo, chat long di vo khong gian
khong cnh BCD, o d doi hung chuyen dong t t tam ra ngoi sang t ngoi vo tam v sau
d di vo cc rnh dan nguoc DE. Cc rnh ny dan chat long vo tang tiep theo. Trong cc
rnh nguoc dong nang tiep tuc duoc chuyen thnh the nang p suat. Phan cuoi cua rnh nguoc
c hung gan vi hung knh nen chat long ra khoi rnh nguoc c thnh phan van toc vng nho.
Cc bo phan dan hung khong cnh khong gian vnh trn duoc su dung o cc bom nhieu
tang. Trong cc bom ny cn su dung ca cc rnh dan lien tuc (hnh 3.34). Chat long ra khoi
bnh cnh, di qua phan xoan BC v doan khuyech tn DC. oan loe ny thung thang. Phan
cuoi doan ny quay tro ve tam. Bat dau t mat cat G-G, rnh di lec khoi mat phang vuong gc
Hnh 3. 32. Bom chat long ban.
Hnh 3.33. Bo phan dan dng khong cnh khong
gian vnh trn.
Hnh 3.34. Bo phan dan dng co cc rnh lien
tuc.
85
vi truc bom, chuyen sang hung truc v noi doan khuyech tn vi cc rnh nguoc. Theo cc
rnh ny, vi thnh phan toc do vng nho chat long duoc dan den bnh cnh tang sau. Kieu dan
dng c cc rnh lien tuc c ton that thuy luc nho hon so vi kieu tren nen dan chiem uu the.
Trong cc bom nua hung truc v hung truc, cc cnh dan hung c cau tao cong theo hai
chieu (xem phan bom hung truc).
Theo ket cau bnh cnh c the phan thnh hai dang co ban: kieu ho v kieu kn nhu hnh
3.35. Kieu ho khong c dia bi dong (phia bung canh) v c cc dac diem:
- cau tao don gian, de gia cong be mat rnh cnh- c nghia dac biet doi vi cc bnh
cnh nho, nhung kha nang bi r lot ln, hieu suat luu luong q
Q
thap:
- vo bom phai op st cnh nen di hoi gia cong che tao chnh xc cao v lap rp khi sua
cha kh khan. Khi mp cnh bi mn hieu suat giam.
V nhng l do tren nen bnh cnh kieu ho t duoc su
dung hon.
Ngoi cc dac diem chnh ve cc thong so co
ban, dac tnh cc loai bom v ket cau cua cc bo phan
co ban (vo bom, bnh cnh, loi dua chat long vo v
ra, so tang), ngui ta cn phan biet cc bom theo
cch bo tr truc: bom dt dung v bom nm ngang.
Ni chung, bom dat ngang pho bien hon, cn cc
bom dng chi thung dng de ht nuc t cc gieng.
Tuy vay o dui tu pho bien dng cc bom dng v
c uu diem l de bo tr, chiem t dien tch.
Cc bom cn c the phan loai theo chuc nng cua chng, v du:
- bom nuc (man: ngot):
- bom nuc thai, ve sinh:
- cong dung dac biet: bom chuyen dau mo, a xt, nuc nng, bn ct...
Tuy theo cong dung m cc bom c nhng dac diem ket cau, vat lieu che tao khc nhau.
3.5.2. Bo phan lm kn bnh cnh v truc
Nhu d biet, chat long c the r lot t cua ra
khoi bnh cnh tro ve cua vo bnh cnh theo khe
ho gia vo bom v bnh cnh (hnh 3.36) lm giam
hieu suat bom. e giam r lot can phai c khe ho 1
gia bnh cnh vi vo bom nho. Thnh khe ho
thung bi mn kh nhanh do toc do chat long trong
d ln, c kha nang tang cung an mn ho hoc v
mi mn. Chng dac biet chng mn khi chat long
c lan cc hat cng. e khi khe ho bi mn khoi
phai thay bnh cnh hoac vo, o d thung duoc lap
cc vng lm kn c the thay the, chng tao thnh khe ho hep lm kn (vng 3 v 6 trong hnh
3.24).
Lm kn gia cc tang de giam r lot qua khe ho gia truc v cc vch ngan cng thung
c do cc vng c the thay tao thnh.
Hnh 3.35. Bnh cnh bom li tam: a)-
kieu kn: b)- kieu ho.
Hnh 3.36. R lot chat long.
86
O cc cho truc xuyen qua vo bom ra thung dat cc tet lm kn (hnh 3.37). Lm kn duoc
bao dam nh cc tet 1, chng duoc p bang nap 2 nh xiet cc ecu tren cc gu giong 3. Thung
cc tet lm bang soi bong- giay dac biet hoac bang day amiang c thiet dien vuong khi bom
chat long c nhiet do cao, truc khi lap duoc tam m gom graphit v dau ki thuat. Cc day
duoc quan thnh tng vng rieng, khong duoc quan ca mot b tren truc v nhu vay kh bao
dam do p deu nhau tren vng trn. Nhiet toa ra do ma st gia truc v tet chu yeu duoc nuc
qua tet mang di do d can thiet phai cho nuc r ri ra qua tet. Khi lm viec, vat lieu tet bi mn
v khong om st truc na v r ri tang. Do vay m can dinh k xiet ecu p tet. Tet c the lm
viec khoang 200- 4000 gi tuy theo mc do ban cua chat long v vat lieu tet.
Hnh 3.37. Tet lm kn. Hnh 3.38. Lm kn dau mat bang gioang cao su.
Tet lm kn o pha cua ht cua bom khong duoc cho php kh bi ht vo bom. Tham ch
chi rat t kh r lot vo bom cng lm cot p, san luong v hieu suat bom giam manh. Ngoi ra,
khong kh qua tet khong lm mt duoc tet. Tet bi nng v c the chy, cho ne o pha cua ht
ngui ta lm kho thuy luc, bao gom vnh 4 c thiet dien ch H, dat o gia cc vng tet. Nuc
duoc dua den vnh t noi c p suat cao theo ong 5. Khong kh khong the lot vo bom qua
vng nuc cua kho thuy luc. Chat long t vng 4 chay ra pha ngoi v pha vo trong bom,
dem theo nhiet t cc tet. e bao ve truc khoi bi mi mn trong tet v gi, tren truc c o truc
bao ve 6.
Ngoi kieu bang tet cn thung dng thiet bi lm kn dau mat nhu hnh 3.38. Vng lm
kn co dinh 1 cua cap ma st duoc p vo nap cua bo phan lm kn, n duoc l so 3 v p luc
chat long p vo vng quay 2. Vng cao su lm kn 4 khong cho chat long chay qua khe gia
gia truc v vng 2. Lua chon cap ma st (cc vng 1 v 2) phu thuoc vo hoat tnh cua chat
long duoc bom chuyen. oi vi cc chat long c hoat tnh yeu (nuc, cc dung dich cua nuc
c nong do thap v cc san pham dau mo c do nht thap), vng 1 duoc che tao t graphit, tam
nhua phenol phoocmandehit, ch hoac cc chat don khc, cn vng 2- thp crom 9X18. Bo lm
kn kieu dau mat c tuoi tho hon tet lm kn nhieu, khong can bao dung (xiet ecu), lm viec
hau nhu khong r ri. Tuy vay, chng phc tap v dat tien hon cc tet.
3.5.3. Cc ket cau khac phuc luc doc truc
Cc luc tc dung len bnh xe cong tc s lm tang tai trong tren cc goi d, tang nhanh
toc do mi mn do ma st, dan den giam hieu suat co gii, thay doi cc khe ho v giam luu
luong Q, cot p H, q v tuoi tho cua bom. e c bien php thch hop khac phuc ta xt cc
nguyen nhan xuat hien cc luc ni tren.
87
Bnh cnh cua cc my li tam chiu tc dung cua cc luc ngang v doc truc. Cc luc ngang
l do dng vo v ra khoi bnh cnh khong doi xng, hoac bnh cnh khong can bang tinh v
dong. Neu loi vo v loi ra (than oc) thiet ke hon chinh th cc luc ngang do dng khong doi
xng tuong doi nho. Mat can bang tinh v dong l do cc loi che tao nhu khong dong tam cua
truc bnh cnh, truc bom v lo dat bnh cnh cng nhu su phan bo khoi luong khong doi xng
tren bnh cnh. e trnh luc ngang do mat can bang cc bnh cnh bom li tam (ni chung l
tat ca cc my ro to) phai duoc can bang tinh v dong. C nhu vay tc dung cua cc luc ngang
mi khong gay hau qua v cc o d c the chiu dung duoc.
Cc luc doc truc tc dung len bnh cnh hung ve pha cua ht bom. Luc ny xuat hien
chu yeu do cc luc p suat tc dung len pha ben phai v ben tri bnh cnh khong nhu nhau
(hnh 3.39).
p suat cua ra P
2
ln hon p suat cua vo
bnh cnh P
1
. Chat long trong khong gian gia
bnh cnh v vo bi cuon theo bnh cnh v quay
vi van toc gc bang 1/2 van toc gc bnh cnh
(gia tri trung binh mot cach gan dung). Do chat
long quay theo cng bnh cnh nen p suat tren
be mat ngoi bnh cnh thay doi doc theo bn
knh theo qui luat dung parabol.
* Neu thay van toc gc cua chat long e=1/2e
bc
vo cong thc (1.24) thu duoc
2
bc
2
0
2
) R r (
g 8
1
p e
= .
Trong vng t R
2
den R
0
p suat pha phai v tri bnh cnh bang nhau v can bang.
Trong vng t R
t
den R
0
, p suat pha tri bang p suat o cua ht bom v nho hon dng ke so
vi p suat ben phai. ieu ny lm xuat hien luc doc truc A bang the tch bieu do chenh lech
p suat pha ben phai v ben tri bnh cnh (phan gach ngang).
Can luu rang, khi r lot tang do tang khe ho s dan den thay doi phan bo p suat t R
0
den R
2
o ben tri bnh cnh. N c the lm cho luc doc truc tang len t 1,5-2 lan. Luc doc truc
cn do thay doi dong luong cua chat long truc v ra khoi bnh cnh, khi vo chat long theo
hung doc truc, khi ra th theo hung knh. Theo cong thc (1.45), luc do thay doi dong luong
chat long, c tc dung day bnh cnh sang phai, bang
0
QC R = ,
trong d C
0
- van toc chat long vo bom.
Hnh 3.39. So do luc p suat tc dung len
bnh cnh.
88
Tuy vay, luc thu duoc theo cong thc ny chi dng ke doi vi cc bom c vng quay so
snh ln. oi vi cc bom kieu cong xon, luc doc truc cn do chenh lech gia p suat kh
quyen v p suat cua ht tc dung len cc dau mat cua truc bom. Tong hop tat ca cc yeu to
tren, luc doc truc duoc tnh gan dng bang cong thc sau
g H ) R R ( A
2
t
2
0
t = , (3.51)
trong d H- cot p bom.
e giai toa luc doc truc len bnh cnh bom li tam ngui ta dng cc bien php sau.
1). Su dung bnh cnh hai loi vo, do tnh doi xng nen khong c luc doc truc, hoac bo tr
cc bnh cnh doi xng doi vi bom nhieu tang. Tuy vay, bien php bo tr doi xng tren thuc te
khong hon ton loai bo duoc luc doc truc do cc bnh khong giong nhau hon ton hoac do
mn cc khe ho lm kn khc nhau v cn c r lot trong cc lm kn gia cc tang nen tnh
doi xng bi mat. e gi truc co dinh theo hung truc v nhan luc doc truc khong can bang
ngui ta dng cc o d chan.
2). Su dung vnh ln kn th hai 5 tren dia
chu dong v cc l thong 3 o moay o (hnh 3.26),
nh d c the hon ton can bang p suat tc
dung len bnh cnh t hai pha trong khong gian
gia vnh lm kn v truc. Vnh lm kn 5 dat o
cng bn knh vi vnh lm kn o dia truc. Cc
luc cn lai do o d chan hoac (doi vi cc bom
nho) do o bi cau chiu. Nhuoc diem cua bien php
ny l giam hieu suat bom do tang mc do r lot.
3). at de can bang thuy luc. Bien php ny su dung o cc bom nhieu tang (hnh 3.40).
ia 1 cua de thuy luc duoc gan chat tren truc bom o pha cua day sau bnh cnh cuoi cng 3.
Chat long t bnh cnh 3 qua khe ho vng 2 vo buong trung gian7. Sau d n qua khe ho mat
6 vo buong giai toa 5, buong ny noi vi loi dan chat long vo o tang th nhat bang dung
ong 4. V p suat trong buong trung gian ln hon trong buong giai toa rat nhieu, luc tc dung
len dia 1 cua de thuy luc triet tieu luc doc truc tc dung len bnh cnh.
e thuy luc l thiet bi tu chinh: khe ho 6 do xe dich doc truc cua truc tu dat den gi tri sao
cho luc chenh lech p suat tc dung len hai pha cua dia bang vi luc tc dung len ro to cua
bom. Thuc vay, gia su luc doc truc A len ro to tang. Khi d ro to bom chuyen dich sang tri,
khe ho 6 giam, r lot chat long qua d t hon, sut p trong khe ho 2- ti le bac hai vi mc do r
lot, giam, dan den tang p suat trong buong trung gian 7 v do d tang luc can bang. Khi d luc
can bang tro nen bang luc doc truc A. Khi su dung dia can bang th khong can dng o chan.
Hnh 3.40. e thuy luc can bang.
89
Nhuoc diem cua bien php ny l c r lot bo sung v ma st cua dia vi chat long nen giam
hieu suat bom.
3.6 Bo tr. Xc dinh che do lm viec cua he thong bom.
3.6.1. Lap dat he thong bom v dac tnh
Tren hnh 3.41 mo ta so do he thong bom. Chat
long duoc dan ti bom 7 dan dong bang dong co dien 6
t be ht 1 theo dung ong ht 12. Bom day chat long
qua dung ong ong day 3 vo bnh p luc 2. Tren
dung ong day c van ngan ko 8 de dieu chinh luu
luong. oi khi tren dung ong day dat van mot chieu
10 tu dong dng dung ong day khi bom ngng hoat
dong v ngan dng nguoc t bnh p luc. Neu p suat
trong be ht khc vi p suat kh quyen hoac bom nam
dui muc nuc be ht th tren dung ong ht lap van
ngan ko 11 dng de dng lai khi can dng bom hoac
sua cha. au ong ht c lui chan rc13 de ngan
khong cho cc vat the cng lot vo bom, van 14 de tao
dieu kien cho viec moi bom v dung ong dan chat
long vo truc khi khoi dong bom. Che do lm viec
cua bom duoc theo di bang luu luong ke 4, manomt
5 v dong ho do chan khong hoac manomet 9 dng de
xc dinh cot p bom.
Goi muc mat thong be ht v bnh p luc l muc ht v muc day: do chenh gia muc ht
v day l cot p hnh hoc cua he thong Hh.
e dua duoc chat long t be ht den be p luc can thiet phai ton cong nang chat long len
do cao Hh, khac phuc chenh lech p suat p-p` v tong cc ton that thuy luc trong he thong
h
h
. Nhu vay, cong can thiet de dua mot don vi trong luong chat long t be ht len be cha hay
cn goi l cot p yeu cau cua he thong s l:
H
o
=Hh+(p-p`)/(g)+h
h
=H
T
+h
h
, (3.52)
trong d H
T
- duoc goi l cot p tinh cua he thong.
Su phu thuoc cua cot p yeu cau vo luu luong goi l dc tinh cua he thong bom hay don
gian l dc tinh ong. Cot p hnh hoc, cc p suat p v p`, do d ca cot p tinh H
T
, thung
khong phu thuoc luu luong. Khi chay roi, cc ton that thuy luc ti le vi bac hai cua luu luong:
h
h
=kQ
2
,
trong d k- sc can cua he thong.
Tren hnh 3.42 pha phai bieu dien dac tnh he thong bom, ben tri l so do he thong. Cc
mc cua he thong trong so do duoc v cung ti xch vi cot p. Muc chat long trong be ht nam
ngang vi truc honh. V cot p tinh khong phu thuoc luu luong, do d dac tnh cua he thong s
truot doc truc tung mot luong bang H
T
.
Bom cua he thong tren s lm viec o che do m cot p cua bom bang cot p yeu cau cua he
thong, tc l nang luong can thiet cho chat long chuyen dong dng bang nang luong do bom
truyen cho chat long. e xc dinh diem lm viec cua bom can v tren cng do thi vi cng ti
xch cc dung dac tnh bom v he thong. Tren hnh 3.42 diem lm viec cua bom l A- giao cua
Hnh 3.41. So do he thong bom.
90
hai dung dac tnh. Ta s thay, bom khong the
lm viec khc diem A. Gia su bom lm viec o
diem B, trong trung hop ny cot p bom
truyen cho chat long H
b
ln hon cot p tieu ton
khi chat long chuyen dong trong he thong,
H
yc
<H
b
. Nang luong tha trong chat long s
chuyen thnh dong nang. Di nhien, toc do chat
long tang dan den tang luu luong cho ti khi
dat ti Q
A
. Neu luu luong ln hon Q
A
(diem
C), cot p truyen cho chat long nho hon yeu
cau. Thieu nang luong duoc b lai boi dong
nang c san cua chat long. ieu ny lm van
toc chat long v luu luong giam ve Q
A
.
3.6.2 Su lm viec khong on dinh cua he thong bom.
Trong mot so trung hop, su lm viec cua bom mat on dinh: luu luong cua bom thay doi
manh t gi tri ln nhat den khong, tham ch am, xuat hien va dap thuy luc, c tieng dong v
he thong bi rung dong. Hien tuong ny xay ra o cc bom c dac tnh loi, diem cuc dai o Q>0.
ung dac tnh nhu vay thung o cc bom c vng quay so snh nho (xem bang 2.2). Ta s xt
trung hop lm viec mat on dinh cua bom trong so do he thong nhu hnh 3.43. Bom dua chat
long len bnh cha, t d chat long duoc dua den noi tieu thu.
Tren hnh bieu dien dang dung dac tnh cot p that H=f(Q). Khi luu luong nuc tieu thu
thay doi th muc nuc trong bnh thay doi. Trong so do ny, tuy theo muc chat long trong bnh
cha (Az=z
2
-z
1
) cc dung dc tinh ong H
o
=f(Q)- sc can dung ong phu thuoc vo luu luong,
truot doc theo truc tung do:
H
o
=e
2
-e
1
= Az +kQ
2
,
Gia su ban dau chenh lech mc chat long l
Hh, khi d bom lm viec o diem A(Q
A
, H
A
).
Neu luu luong chat long dua den noi su
dung nho hon san luong bom Q
A
, mc chat
long trong bnh dang cao, dung dac tnh ong
s dich len v san luongbom van ln hon tieu
thu th mc chat long trong bnh tiep tuc tang,
dac tnh ong nam tren dac tnh bom. Khi d cot
p yeu cau ln hon cot p bom tao ra, ket qua
san luong bom cung cap bi gin doan. Bom s
lm viec o Q=0 v H=Ho neu o cua day cua
bom c van mot chieu, van ny dui tc dung
cua dng nguoc dng lai, hoac luu luong am-
nghia l chat long chay nguoc qua bom t cua day ra cua ht (diem lm viec l giao cua cac
dung nt dut, bom lm viec o che do tua bin quay nguoc). Do khong c chat long dua vo bnh,
muc chat long trong d giam. Khi muc chat long thap hon mc ng vi dung dac tnh ong qua
Ho, bom lai tiep tuc cap chat long vi luu luong tang vot ti Q
B
hoac hon. Luong chat long
trong bnh lai tang v qu trnh nhu tren tiep tuc lap lai.
Gin doan luu luong v hien tuong dng nguoc c the xay ra o he thong c dac tnh ong
khong doi (muc chat long trong bnh khong thay doi) neu dac tnh nam gan dung qua diem M-
Hnh 3.43. So do xc dinh vng khong on dinh
cua bom.
Hnh 4.2. So do xc dinh che do lm viec
cua bom.
91
dung H
o
cao nhat tren hnh v, v du dung qua diem C v D. Vng quay cua bom c the giam
(v du, do dien p tut), khi d dac tnh bom dich xuong v hien tuong gin doan luu luong xay
ra. Khi vng quay phuc hoi, bom van chua cap duoc chat long v o Q=0, cot p bom tao ra nho
hon cot p tinh cua he thong. Hien tuong tren cng c the xay ra khi cc bom lm viec song
song neu cot p cua mot bom o Q=0 nho hon cot p cua bom kia tao ra khi lm viec mot mnh
(v du hnh 3.48, b, neu H
oI
<H
D
). Khi d giam vng quay tam thi cc bom s dan den gin
doan luu luong cua bom th nhat.
Ta s thay, bom chi c the lm viec on dinh o nhnh ben phai diem M- diem tiep xc gia
dung dac tnh ong H
o
=f(Q) vi dung dac tnh bom. That vay, gia su v l do no day, diem
lm viec cua bom dich khoi diem D ve pha luu luong tang (diem E). Khi d cot p yeu cau
nho hon cot p bom truyen cho chat long (H
o
<H). Nang luong tha trong chat long chuyen
thnh dong nang chat long. Van toc chat long trong ong v bom s tang cho ti khi luu luong
dat Q
C
, diem C dac trung cho che do lm viec mi. Nguoc lai, neu diem lm viec cua bom lech
sang tri D, nang luong bom truyen cho chat long nho hon so vi tieu thu. Khong du nang
luong lm cho van toc chat long v luu luong giam cho den khong hoac am. Nhu vay, chi can
dao dong nho cua p suat hay luu luong cng dan den thay doi cot p v luu luong ln trong he
thong, diem lm viec khong tro ve trang thi can bang ban dau (diem D), bom lm viec khong
on dinh o nhnh ben tri M. Tuong tu nhu vay, c the thay o nhnh phai bom s lm viec on
dinh, sau khi xuat hien nhieu hay xung p suat hay luu luong, che do lm viec cua bom lai tro
ve vi tr c, hoac diem lm viec cua bom chi xe dich xung quanh che do ban dau khi trong he
thong c p suat hay luu luong thay doi nho. Cc diem nam o gia M v B, tuy on dinh nhung
nguy hiem v do du tr nho, cho nen danh gii on dinh tnh t diem B m khong phai M.
ac tnh cc bom khong c vng khong on dinh duoc goi l on dinh. Cc bom dng cap
chat long o cc che do thay doi can c dac tnh on dinh.
3.6.3. ieu chnh che do lm viec bom
Cc dung dac tnh bom v he thong bom cho san s chi tuong ng vi mot dIem lm
viec. Trong khi d san luong yeu cau c the thay doi. e thay doi che do lm viec cua bom can
phai thay doi dac tnh bom hoc dac tnh he thong bom. Su thay doi cc dac tnh de bao dam
thu duoc san luong yeu cau goi l dIeu chinh. ieu chinh cc bom li tam v hung truc nho c
the thuc hien hoac nh van ngan ko (tiet luu) lm thay doi dac tnh ong (cn goi l phuong
php dinh luong) hoac thay doi dac tnh bom bang thay doi vng quay (dinh tinh). oi khi, doi
vi cc bom hung truc c nho ngui ta dieu chinh bang cch cho hoi mot phan chat long t
Hnh 3.44. ieu
chinh bang cc bien
php khc nhau.
92
dung ong day ve dung ong ht. O cc he thong bom hung truc c trung v ln c cc cnh
c the quay, dieu chinh c the thuc hien bang cch thay doi gc cnh, khi d dac tnh cua bom
thay doi.
Diu chnh bang van tiet luu. Gia su can c luu luong khong phai l Q
A
, ng vi diem
lm viec A l giao cua cc dung dac tnh bom H
1
vi dac tnh ong, m can Q
B
(hnh 3.44). San
luong ny tuong ng vi diem B
tl
tren dung dac tnh bom. e cho dung dac tnh he thong cat
dac tnh bom H
1
tai B
tl
can phai tang ton that cot p trong he thong. ieu ny duoc thuc hien
bang cch dng bt van dieu chinh lap o dung ong day cua he thong. Do tang sc can nen dac
tnh he thong ong s doc len hon v cat dac tnh bom o diem B
tl
. Khi d, cot p yeu cau cua he
thong- ng vi luu luong Q
B
, s l H
yc
v cot p ton that do tiet luu ng vi doan H
tl
. Nhu vay
dieu chinh bom bang phuong php tiet luu s gay ra ton that phu, giam hieu suat cua he thong
nen khong kinh te. Nhung do dac biet don gian nen cch ny duoc dng pho bien nhat.
Nen ch rang doi vi cc bom ngui ta khong lap van tiet luu tren dung ong ht v c the gay
xam thuc, doi vi cc my nn kh hoac quat gi th tiet luu tren dung ong ht c phan lm giam cong
suat tieu thu cua my nen kinh te hon (N=gHQ, tiet luu truc cua ht lm giam ).
Diu chnh bang cch xa tro lai dung ong ht. Thuc hien bang cch dua mot phan chat
long t dung ong day ve ong ht theo dung vng qua bom (dung ben) nh dieu chinh van
tiet luu dat tren dung ny (van 1 o hnh tren). Khi thay doi do mo cua van dung ben m luong
chat long tro lai, v do d luong chat long den noi tieu thu, thay doi. Nang luong cua chat long
quay lai theo dung ben bi mat, do d phuong php ny khong kinh te.
Diu chnh bang thay doi vng quay cua bom. Thay doi vng quay bom dan den thay
doi dac tnh cua n v diem lm viec (dung H
2
v diem B
vq
tren hnh 3.44). e thuc hien duoc
phuong php ny can c dong co c vng quay thay doi (dong co dien mot chieu, tua bin hoi v
kh, dong co dot trong). Cc dong co dien pho bien nhat l loai khong dong bo c ro to doan
mach, trong thuc te, khong cho php thay doi vng quay.
Ngui ta cng cn thay doi vng quay cua dong co dien khong dong bo ba pha bang cch
dau dien tro vo mach ro to, dng bo truyen dong thuy luc.
ieu chinh bang cch thay doi vng quay bom kinh te hon so vi cch tiet luu ke ca trong
trung hop su dung khp noi thuy luc hay dien tro trong mach ro to cua dong co khong dong
bo v c km theo cc ton that bo sung.
Diu chnh bang cch xoay cnh. Phuong php ny su dung o cc bom hung truc trung
bnh hoac ln. Khi xoay cc cnh dac tnh bom s thay doi v do d che do lm viec cua bom
thay doi. Hieu suat bom thay doi khong nhieu khi xoay cnh cho nen bien php ny kinh te hon
so vi dieu chinh bang tiet luu.
e so snh tnh kinh te cua cc phuong php dieu chinh, tien loi hon ca l so snh cong
suat tieu thu (hnh 3.44). Gia su dung cong OA l dac tnh he thong khi van dieu chinh 2 mo
hon ton. Cc dung cong H
1
v N
1
- dung cot p v cong suat ng vi vng quay n
1
. Che do
lm viec cua bom duoc xc dinh bang diem A, vi san luong Q
A
. Khi can luu luong Q
B
<Q
A
c
the dng cc bien php nhu d ni o tren.
Khi dng dan van dieu chinh, diem lm viec cua bom dich theo dung dac tnh bom H
1
ti B
tl
. Cong suat tieu thu cua bom khi d duoc xc dinh tren dung N
1
v bang N
tl
. Neu bang
cch thay doi vng quay, khi giam vng quay, dac tnh bom tut xuong dui, diem lm viec dich
theo dac tnh ong (OA khong thay doi, van 2 mo hon ton). Khi dat ti Q
B
can thiet, th diem
lm viec s l B
vq
tren dung cot p H
2
ng vi n
2
v cong suat tieu thu N
vq
tren dung N
2
.
Khi su dung phuong php dung ben, dung dac tnh ong van khong doi (OA) v van 2
van mo hon ton, cot p yeu cau cua he thong ng vo Q
B
bang dng doan H
yc
- tung do cua
dung cong OA tai Q
B
. Tai cot p ny bom s lm viec o diem B
h
, mot phan chat long duoc dua
93
ti noi tieu thu- Q
B
v phan cn lai tro ve dung ong ht- q
h
. Cong suat tieu thu cua bom khi d
l N
h
.
T d c the ket luan rang, cong suat tieu thu nho nhat khi dieu chinh bang vng quay
(hay dac tnh bom), v ln nhat- km kinh te nhat l phuong php dung ben: N
vq
<N
tl
<N
h
. Tuy
nhien, nhan xt ny chi dng vi cc bom c cong suat tang khi luu luong tang (cc bom li tam
thap toc v trung toc). oi vi cc bom hung truc- cong suat giam khi luu luong tang th dieu
chinh bang phuong php dung ben c loi hon l tiet luu.
3.6.4. Chieu cao ht cho php
Nhu d biet, xam thuc l hien tuong mat lien tuc cua dng chat long do xuat hien cc
bng hoi hoac kh. Trong cc bom cnh xam thuc hoi thung xuat hien tren cc mp vo cua
cc cnh. p suat o d thap hon p suat o nhnh ong vo bom kh nhieu do tang toc do cuc bo
khi chay qua cnh v cc ton that thuy luc o cua vo.
Viet phuong trnh Becnuli doi vo mat thong tu do cua be ht v cua vo bom (hnh
3.41).
wh
2
v v
h
g 2
v
g
p
Hhut
g
' p
+ +
+ =
,
trong d Hhut-khoang cch t muc be ht den dung tam bom goi l chieu cao ht: v
v
v p
v
- toc do v
p suat o cua vo bom: h
wh
- ton that thuy luc tren dung ong ht.
Khi d
wh
2
v v
h
g 2
v
Hhut
g
' p
g
p

. (3.53)
Nhu vay, p suat o cua vo bom v do d p suat trong bnh cnh s cng nho khi chieu
cao ht v ton that thuy luc tren dung ong ht cng ln hoac p suat mat thong be ht cng
thap. Khi chieu cao ht v sc can dung ong ht du ln hoac p suat mat thong be ht qu
nho th p suat o cho vo bnh cnh bom tro nen nho den noi xuat hien xam thuc. Nhu vay,
hien tuong xam thuc han che chieu cao ht.
Hnh 3.45.
a)- ac
tnh xam
thuc cua
bom:
b)- Hoc
hoi trong
bnh cnh.
94
Goi du tr xam thuc l do chenh gia cot p ton phan cua chat long o cua vo so vi p
suat bo ho cua hoi chat long. Theo dinh nghia ny ta c do du tr xam thuc:
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
h
bh
2
v v
= A , (3.54)
trong d p
bh
- p suat hoi bo ho cua chat long.
Neu ton bo du tr xam thuc o khu vuc p suat thap nhat chuyen thnh dong nang v
khac phuc sc can thuy luc o loi vo, p suat s giam xuong ti p suat bo ho v xuat hien
xam thuc. Du tr xam thuc tai d xay ra xam thuc duoc goi l du tr toi han.
e xc dinh du tr xam thuc ti han ngui ta tien hnh thu bom ve mat xam thuc, ket qua
l o moi che do lm viec cua bom thu duoc mot dac tnh xam thuc (hnh 3.45). N l su phu
thuoc cot p vo du tr xam thuc o vng quay v luu luong khong doi. Khi Ah ln khong c
hien tuong xam thuc, cot p khong phu thuoc du tr xam thuc. Xuat hien xam thuc dan den
hnh thnh tren mp vo bnh cnh o mat sau cnh cc khoang- hoc cha day hoi, t d cc bot
hoi bi dng cuon di hoac ban than hoc hoi theo chu k bi dt ra khoi cnh v di theo dng. Khi
giam du tr xam thuc chieu di v rong cua hoc hoi tang. Ti khi do di cua n du ln, dng
chat long ra khoi bnh cnh bi thay doi dan den giam cot p bom.
Che do m o d cot p bat du giam goi l che do ti han dau tien. N ng vi du tr xam
thuc ti han dau tien Ah
I
. Neu tiep tucgiam du tr xam thuc, hoc hoi di ra v tien ti cuoi
cnh. ieu d lm dng ra khoi bnh cnh thay doi nhieu hon v cot p giam manh hon. Tai du
tr xam thuc ti han th hai (Ah
II
) hoc hoi mat on dinh v chieu di cua n tang nhanh. ieu
ny lm cho cot p giam dot ngot.
O nhieu bom thap toc khong c che do ti han dau tien tren dac tnh xam thuc.
Lm viec lau di o che do xam thuc hon ton c the dan den an mn xam thuc nang, cho
nen khai thc bom o vng gia che do ti han th nhat v th hai chi c the khi khong c yeu
cau g dac biet chong xi mn bom (v du, bom chi thinh thoang dong ngan) v neu o che do
ny khong c hien tuong xi mn (tam dng thuat ng ny chi hien tuong mn do thuy luc)
hoac chi lm viec o che do ny trong thi gian ngan.
Cc th nghiem cua Tiruvengadam cho thay, an mn xam thuc xuat hien neu toc do chay ti cua chat long
ln hon gi tri gii han. Gi tri ny phu thuoc vo tnh chat chat long, co tnh vat lieu bnh cnh v so xam thuc
(xem muc sau) m tai d xuat hien xam thuc. Cho nen khi toc do chay ti bnh cnh e
0
nho hon ti han, lm
viec o vng Ah
I
>Ah>Ah
II
khong dan den an mn xam thuc.
Du tr xam thuc ti han dau tien, hoac trong trung hop cho php lm viec trong vng
Ah
I
>Ah>Ah
II
l gi tri ti han th hai, duoc coi l do du tr xam thuc toi thieu bom c the lm
95
viec. e bom khoi lm viec o che do xam thuc manh qu mc cho php do khong tnh het cc
yeu to, qui dinh du tr xam thuc ln hon gi tri ti han mot cht. Thung lay vuot (0,1-
0,3)Ah
th
. Chon gi tri nho hon neu tnh ton theo du tr xam thuc ti han dau tien v gi tri du
tr xam thuc ti han ln. Do d, du tr xam thuc cho php
[Ah]=(1,11,3)Ah
th
. (3.55)
Sau khi chon duoc du tr xam thuc cho php c the xc dinh duoc chieu cao ht toi da
cho php doi vi he thong bom d cho. T cc phuong trnh (3.53) v (3.54) chieu cao ht cho
php
wh
bh
h
g
p
] h [
g
' p
Hhut
s . (3.56)
Trong khai thc can kiem tra bom c lm viec o che do xam thuc manh qu cho php
khong. Kiem tra viec ny c the bang chan khong ke dat o nhnh ong vo bom. o chan khong
cho php o cua ht cua bom , t phuong trnh (3.54), duoc xc dinh
H
vac
=(p`-p
v
)/(g)=(p`-p
bh
)/(g)+v
v
2
/(2g)-[Ah], (3.57)
trong d p` v p
v
- p suat tuyet doi mat thong be ht v o cua vo bom, v
v
- van toc chat long vo bom.
Ket qua thu bom doi vi tnh xam thuc duoc dua vo dac tnh bom thung o dang dung
cong du tr xam thuc cho php phu thuoc luu luong (xem hnh 3.12).
3.6.5. Xc dinh du tru xam thuc toi han
Cc th nghiem cho thay vng p suat nho nhat nam o pha lung cnh gan mp vo. Chng
ta s xc dinh p suat ny. e lm vay, ta viet phuong trnh Becnuli cho mat cat ngang dng o
cua vo loi dan chat long vo bom v o ngay truc cua vo bnh cnh. Trong d, gia su ton that
o loi dan chat long vo nho v c the bo qua. Khi d
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
2
0 0
2
v v
+
= +
, (3.58)
trong d p
0
v v
0
- p suat tuyet doi v van toc dng truc cua vo bnh cnh.
Lai viet phuong trnh Becnuli cho chuyen dong tuong doi doi vi thiet dien truc cua vo
bnh cnh v thiet dien K m o d p suat nho nhat. V cc thiet dien ny gan nhau nen coi
z
0
=z
K
v u
0
=u
K
. Bo qua ton that thuy luc, khi d
g 2
w
g
p
g 2
w
g
p
2
K min
2
0 0
+
= +
,
do d
1
1
]
1
.
|
\
|
= +
1
w
w
g 2
w
g
p
g 2
w
g 2
w
g
p
g
p
2
0
K
2
0 0
2
0
2
K 0 min
. (3.59)
Xam thuc bat dau khi p suat thap nhat bang p suat hoi bo ho cua chat long duoc bom,
tc l p
min
=p
bh
. Trong d
96
th
2
0
bh th 0
2
0
K
2 / w
p p
1
w
w
=
.
|
\
|
l so xam thuc ti han, o muc 1.4.3 duoc k hieu bang _. oi vi cc dng dong dang dong hoc
ti so van toc w
K
/w
0
v do d so xam thuc ti han
th
c gi tri nhu nhau. So xam thuc ti han t
phu thuoc vo chat long v nhiet do cua n neu so Re khong khc nhau qu nhieu hoac cc
dng c tnh tu dong dang (automodel- chi cc dng c so Re ln, khi d mot so tnh chat cua dng
nhu sc can khong phu thuoc so Re). Trong cc trung hop nguoc lai so xam thuc ti han s khc
nhau do phan bo toc do khc nhau o cua vo bnh cnh. V cc toc do w
K
v w
0
l nhng toc do
o mi cnh, cho nen de c su bang nhau
th
, chu yeu can phai dam bao dong dang hnh hoc cc
yeu to cua vo cua cnh v dng. Tham ch, su khong dong dang dng ke cua cc yeu to ra
khoi bnh cnh anh huong rat t den tri so
th
. Nhu vay, so xam thuc ti han
th
phu thuoc hnh
dang phan dan chat long cua vo bnh cnh v hung dng v bnh cnh (tc l che do lm
viec bom).
T cc phuong trnh (3.58) v (3.59) duoc
g 2
w
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
2
0
th
2
0 min
2
v v
+ =
. (3.60)
oi vi cc che do xam thuc p
min
=p
bh
v
g 2
w
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
2
0
th
2
0 bh
2
v v
+ =
hay theo (3.54)

g 2
w
g 2
v
h
2
0
th
2
0
th
+ = A . (3.61)
Phuong trnh thu duoc l phuong trnh co ban tnh ton xam thuc. T phuong trnh (3.60)
thay rang p suat p
min
cng nho th cc van toc v
0
v w
0
cng ln. Toc do w
0
ln nhat o cc
dung dng doc theo dia truc (dia bi dong- xem phan ket cau), o d dung knh v toc do theo
u
1
ln hon ca. Toc do v
0
o day cng thung ln nhat. Do vay, diem nguy hiem nhat ve mat xam
thuc l diem ngoi bien cua mp vo. Xuat hien xam thuc cuc bo o mot so dng phan to rieng
le khong dan den thay doi cot p bom. N chi xay ra khi xam thuc chon ca vng du ln trong
bnh cnh, do d s khong dng neu su dung (3.61) cho dng pha ngoi. Ngui ta dng
phuong trnh tren cho dng o gia, v
0
v w
0
duoc hieu l van toc tuyet doi v tuong doi ngay
truc cua vo bnh cnh o gia dng chay.
Phuong trnh (3.61) c the p dung cho che do xam thuc ti han th nhat v th hai. So
xam thuc ti han
II
doi vi che do ti han th hai nho hon
I
doi vi che do th nhat.
T phuong trnh (3.61) thay, du tr xam thuc ti han chi phu thuoc toc do chuyen dong cua
chat long do ket cau bom v che do lm viec quyet dinh. N khong phu thuoc p suat tuyet doi
v t phu thuoc loai v nhiet do chat long neu so Re cc dng trong bnh cnh khc nhau khong
qu nhieu hoac cc dng tu dong dang v neu chat long c mot thnh phan v nhiet do cua n
thap hon nhiet do ti han dng ke. ieu d cho kha nang su dung ket qua thu du tr xam thuc
bom doi vi mot loai chat long cho chat long khc.
Neu nhiet do chat long gan vi nhiet do ti han, do cc hieu ng nhiet dong hoc khi xam thuc (chat long
lanh di khi bay hoi), du tr xam thuc ti han giam khi nhiet do tang. O chat long nhieu thnh phan (hon hop) p
suat hoi bo ho phu thuoc tuong quan gia cc pha hoi v long. Do cc dieu kien tao thnh hoc xam thuc bi
thay doi nen cc tnh chat ve xam thuc cua bom khc so vi khi lm viec vi chat long mot thnh phan [6].
97
e p dung phuong trnh (3.61) can biet so xam thuc ti han
th
. N duoc xc dinh dua vo
cc cong thc thuc nghiem v cc bang d lieu trong cc ti lieu chuyen dung. Dui day s dua
ra cong thc tnh chuyen doi du tr xam thuc ti han. Gia su c hai bom dong dang hnh hoc
lm viec o cc che do dong dang. Theo dinh nghia c du tr xam thuc ti han
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
h
bh
2
v vth
th
= A .
Khi xam thuc p
vth
/(g)-p
bh
/(g)=Ap
th
/(g) l chenh lech cot p p suat o thiet dien vo cua
kenh dan chat long vo bom v o thiet dien c p suat nho nhat. Neu bo qua khc nhau ve do
cao cua cc thiet dien tren th chenh lech tren bang chenh cot p tinh, n ti le vi bac hai cua
toc do:
Ap
th
/(g)~AH
T
~v
2
. Neu ke den (3.35) c
Ah
th
~v
2
~(nL)
2
hay
2
2 2
1 1
2 th
1 th
L n
L n
h
h
.
|
\
|
=
A
A
. (3.62)
Phuong trnh (3.62) cho php xc dinh du tr xam thuc cua bom dong dang hnh hoc vi
mot bom c dac tnh xam thuc d biet truc, hoac tnh chuyen du tr xam thuc cua mot bom t
mot vng quay sang vng quay khc.
Cc cong thc dua ra khong lien he rieng vi qu trnh lm viec cua bom cnh cu the no
nen ph hop vi tat ca cc dang bom cnh c bnh cnh quay hoac qu trnh lm viec c chu
k.
Bang th nghiem xc dinh duoc rang, tnh chat xam thuc cua cc bom cnh, tr cac bom co
cac canh ngn, chi phu thuoc vo dieu kien cua vo bnh cnh m khong phu thuoc dieu kien
ra khoi n (vo hnh dang cnh v bnh cnh o cua ra v ket cau dung dan chat long ra). Do
d, de cong thc (3.62) dng, chi can dam bao dong dang hnh hoc dung dan chat long vo v
cc yeu to cua vo bnh cnh m khong bat buoc dong dang cua cua ra v cua loi dan chat long
ra.
Loai kch thuc tuyen tnh L ra khoi cc cong thc (3.35) v (3.62). Muon vay, chi can lay
lu tha bac 2/4 hai ve phuong trnh (3.34), bac 3/4 phuong trnh (3.61) roi chia cc ve tuong
ng cho nhau. Ngoi ra, cn nhan ca hai ve phuong trnh thu duoc vi 10
3/4
:
4 / 3
2 th
2 2
4 / 3
1 th
1 1
) 10 / h (
Q n
) 10 / h (
Q n
A
=
A
.
Nhu vay, dai luong
4 / 3
th
) 10 / h (
Q n
C
A
= (3.63)
nhu nhau o tat ca cc bom dong dang hnh hoc khi lm viec o cc che do dong dang. Cng
tuong tu nhu he so toc do (hay vng quay so sanh), n duoc goi l he so toc do xam thuc.
Phuong trnh ny do X.X. Rutnhev thnh lap. T d thay tnh chat chong xam thuc cua bom
cng tot neu C cng ln. O che do toi uu, cc bom km ve mat xam thuc (v du, cc bom dng
cho chat long ban), he so toc do xam thuc doi vi che do ti han th nhat C
I
=600.700 v nho
hon, doi vi cc bom bnh thung C
I
=800.1000, cn cc bom c tnh chong xam thuc tot
C
I
=1300 v hon. Trong cong thc tnh he so tren, don vi cua luu luong Q(m
3
/s), vng quay
n(v/ph), Ah
th
(m).
98
Phuong trnh (3.63) cho php xc dinh du tr xam thuc ti han hoac, khi d biet du tr xam
thuc ti han, xc dinh vng quay toi da neu biet he so C.
Bom hai loi vo c dng vo chia doi, tri so luu luong trong (3.63) lay bang Q/2, trong d
Q l luu luong bom. Nhu vay, vi cng do du tr xam thuc v luu luong c the chon vng quay
cua bom hai loi vo bang 2 lan vng quay bom mot loi vo. l mot trong cc uu diem co
ban cua bom hai loi vo.
Theo l thuyet trnh by o phan ny, c the xc dinh du tr xam thuc ti han bang cc cch
sau.
1. Theo ket qua thu xam thuc bom. Ket qua thu duoc bang th nghiem duoc tnh doi sang
chat long, vng quay v cc kch thuc khc bang cc cong thc tnh chuyen.
2. Theo phuong trnh (3.61).
3. Theo phuong trnh (3.63).
Phan tch (3.61) thay, de giam du tr xam thuc can tang dung knh loi D
0
vo bnh cnh
v chieu rong b
1
cua vo, giam chieu dy cnh o cua vo. Khi tang qu mc dung knh D
0
hieu
suat bom giam. ieu d han che kha nang cai thien tnh chong xam thuc bom bang cch tang
dung knh loi vo. Tang chieu rong bnh cnh cua vo tang manh tnh chong xam thuc bom,
giam hieu suat tuong doi nho. Tren hnh 3.46 mo ta bnh cnh bom li tam c tnh xam thuc
nang cao. Bom ny, o che do ti han th hai he so C dat ti 2300.
Bien php khc nang cao pham chat chong xam thuc cua bom l dat them bnh cnh tang
th nhat kieu doc truc (hnh 3.47), n tang p suat cua vo bnh cnh li tam nen bao dam bom
lm viec khong bi xam thuc. e tang cung kha nang chong xam thuc cua ban than bnh cnh
doc truc ngui ta tang dung knh ngoi v giam chieu dy cnh. Pho bien l dng ket cau bnh
cnh c cc cnh theo dang mat vt, o cc bom nhu vay he so C o che do ti han th hai dat den
5000.
3.6.6. Lm viec noi tiep v song song cua cc bom
Noi tiep cc bom thung dng de tang cot p trong cc trung hop, khi mot bom khong
the tao ra cot p yeu cau (v du nhu trong he thong m cot p di hoi thay doi trong pham vi
rong, luu luong t thay doi). Khi lm viec noi tiep luu luong cua cc bom nhu nhau, cot p
chung bang tong cot p cc bom o cng luu luong. Nhu vay, dac tnh tong cua cc bom I+II thu
duoc bang cch cong tung do cc dung cot p I v II cua hai bom. Giao cua dac tnh tong cua
cc bom vi dac tnh he thong bom cho diem lm viec A vi san luong Q v cot p tong H
I
+H
II
Hnh 3.46. Bnh cnh bom c tnh
chong xam thuc cao.
Hnh 3.47. at cnh hung truc truc bnh
cnh.
99
cua hai bom. Qua diem A v dung thang dng cat cc dung cong cot p I v II s xc dinh
duoc cot p tng bom rieng H
I
v H
II
.
Khi noi tiep cc bom, chat long den bom th hai c p suat dng ke. Do d, khi noi tiep
p suat o bom II c the vuot p suat cho php theo dieu kien ben. Trong trung hop nhu vay
phai dat bom II cch xa bom I, o cho m p suat chat long vo bom II trong mc do cho php.
iem ny c the xc dinh bang cch xay dung dung cong p suat cua dung ong.
Gia su lap them bom na vo he thong tren, t do thi c the thay n s anh huong den
ton bo he thong. ung dac tnh tong khi d duoc nang len, diem l viec A s dich sang phai,
luu luong qua bom tang. l do khi lap them bom, nang luong chat long nhan duoc tang,
neu cot p tinh cua he thong ong khong doi th nang luong bo sung chuyen thnh dong nang
lm tang van toc chat long. Cot p v cong suat cc bom di nhien s thay doi. Aeu bom co
dung dc tinh cong suat di len thi khi lp them bom, cong suat cac bom se tng len so voi
truoc khi lp. Khi ghp noi tiep cc bom c dac tnh doc, dac tnh tong s doc hon. Khi d he
thong c the thay doi cot p trong pham vi rong m luu luong t bien doi.
Cc bom lm viec song song su dung de tang san luong, thung l trong cc he thong yeu
cau c san luong thay doi trong pham vi ln. Khi d neu dng mot bom c san luong ln de
thoa mn yeu cau toi da, khi can luu luong nho th hieu suat khong cao v cong suat cua my
moc khong duoc khai thc het. Dui tau, de han che so luong cc bom v su dung chng mot
cch c hieu qua nhat thung dng cc bom c nhieu cong dung khc nhau, chng c the lm
viec doc lap trong he thong ny hay ket hop vi nhau phuc vu cho cc he thong khc khi can
luu luong ln (v du trong cc he thong ht kho, dan, cu hoa). Mat khc, bo tr theo kieu ny
nang cao tnh du phng cc he thong. Cc bom khi lm viec song song tren mot dung ong di
thung duoc dat gan nhau trong pham vi mot phng my. Hnh 3.48, b cho so do he thong hai
bom. V cc bom I v II nam gan nhau, dung ong di nen c the bo qua sc can tren cc
Hnh 3.48 Xc dinh che do lm viec cc bom ghp: a)- noi tiep: b)- song
song.
100
nhnh rieng (ti diem O). Gia su muc be ht ngang nhau. Khi d cot p cc bom nhu nhau v
p suat o diem O nhu nhau. Thay hai bom bang mot c san luong bang tong san luong cc
bom lay o cng cot p. Khi thay the nhu vay, san luong cua he thong khong thay doi. e c
dac tnh tong cua hai bom can phai cong honh do cc diem tren cc dung cot p cua hai
bom, lay o cng tung do, tc l cong cc dung cot p bom I v II theo chieu ngang. Giao cua
dac tnh tong ny vi dac tnh he thong cho diem lm viec A. Honh do diem A bang tong luu
luong hai bom Q
I
+Q
II
, tung do l cot p H
I
=H
II
. Qua diem A v dung thang song song truc
honh, giao cua dung ny vi cc dung cot p I v II l cc diem lm viec C v D cua cc
bom I v II.
Sau day s xc dinh che do lm viec trong trung hop hai bom lm viec song song dat xa
nhau dng ke (Hnh 3.49). Khi d khong the bo qua sc can cua cc nhnh ong ht v day
truc diem B, diem noi cc ong nhnh. Gia su be ht cua cc bom c muc chat long chenh
nhau. Lay mat chuan so snh l muc chat long be ht bom I, cot p ton bo cua chat long tai B,
neu bo qua thnh phan cot p dong, s l:
) g /( p z y
B B
+ = . (3.64)
e giai bi ton dat ra, ta phai thiet lap duoc quan he cua cot p y o thiet dien B vi luu
luong chat long trong cc nhnh ong cua he thong. Viet phuong trnh Becnuli cho cc nhnh
AB, CB v BD.
Doan AB. Cot p cua bom I tieu ton de nang chat long len do cao z
B
, tao ra cot p p suat
p
B
/(g) v ton that thuy luc h
AB
tren doan AB (bo qua cot p dong tai thiet dien B):
AB B B I
h ) g /( p z H + + = ,
hay theo (3.64)
y=H
I
-h
AB
. (3.65)
e xay dung quan he cua y vi luu luong trong ong AB, theo phuong trnh (3.65), t
dung dac tnh cot p I cua bom I phai tr di ton that thuy luc h
AB
tren doan AB, ton that ny ti
le vi bac hai luu luong. Bang cch ny thu duoc dung IB goi l dac tnh cua bom I qui ve
diem B.
Doan CB. Tuong tu nhu tren, cot p bom II tao ra bang:
Hnh 3.49. Xc
dinh che do lm
viec cua cc bom
noi song song.
101
CB B C B II
h ) g /( p ) z z ( H + + = , hay
y=H
II
+z
C
-h
CB
. (3.66)
Muon xay dung dung quan he gia y v luu luong bom II chi can dich dac tnh II cua
bom II len mot doan bang z
C
v tr tung do di mot doan bang h
CB
. ung IIB l dac tnh bom II
qui ve diem B.
Doan BD. Phuong trnh Becnuli cho thiet dien B v D c dang (bo qua cot p dong o thiet
dien B):
:
B
+p
B
/(g)=:
D
+h
BD
.
Do d
y=:
D
+h
BD
. (3.67)
e xay dung dung cong BD quan he gia y v luu luong tren doan BD can phai cong
them vo z
D
mot luong bang ton that tren doan BD- ti le vi bac hai cua luu luong.
Luu luong trong ong BD bang tong luu luong cc ong nhnh AB v CB:
Q
BD
=Q
I
+Q
II
. (3. 68)
Ta xay dung dung quan he cua y vi luu luong tong trong cc ong AB v CB, IB+IIB.
Muon vay, cong honh do cc dung dac tnh qui doi IB v IIB ng vi tng gi tri y (cong cc
dung cong IB v IIB theo phuong ngang). He thong khi d s lm viec o gi tri y m luu luong
trong ong BD bang tong luu luong cc ong AB v CB, tc l tai diem m honh do cua dac
tnh tong IB+IIB bang vi honh do cua dung BD. Giao diem M cua cc dung cong thoa mn
dieu kien ny. Honh do cua M c gi tri bang luu luong trong ong BD, tung do c tri so bang
y. Biet gi tri y c the tm tren cc dung dac tnh qui doi cua cc bom luu luong Q
I
v Q
II
trong cc ong AB v CB, sau d t Q
I
v Q
II
d biet s xc dinh duoc cot p H
I
v H
II
cua cc
bom.
T do thi c the rt ra mot so nhan xt sau khi cc bom lm viec song song.
1. Luu luong tong nho hon tong luu luong cua cc bom khi lm viec rieng r trong cng he
thong ay. Luu luong tong chi bang tong luu luong cc bom khi hoat dong rieng cong lai khi
sc can he thong bang khong (dieu ny khong the co). Khi cc bom dong thi lm viec, luu
luong tong trong dung ong chung tang, ton that thuy luc tang. Khi d cot p yeu cau tang, do
d luu luong cc bom giam so vi khi lm viec mot mnh. oi vi bom li tam, cong suat cc
bom s giam khi lm viec song song. Mat khc, hieu qua cua viec ghp cng cao, tc l luu
luong tang duoc nhieu khi ghp them bom, khi sc can dung ong cng nho, hay ni cch khc
l dac tnh ong thoai.
2. Khi luu luong mot bom giam v mot l do no d (vng quay giam, tiet luu mot nhnh
ong day v.v.) s dan den tang luu luong v cong suat bom kia. Hoac nguoc lai, vng quay cua
mot bom tang s dan den giam luu luong o ong nhnh kia. ieu ny can luu den khi, v du,
bo tr he thong lm mt chung cho hai dong co diezel, cc bom do cc dong co lai.
102
3. So luong cc bom c the ghp song song cng c gii han do dac tnh chung cua cc
bom v dac tnh he thong quyet dinh. Ghp song song cc bom c dac tnh thoai vi nhau, dac
tnh chung s tien den dung nam ngang nhanh, he thong c the thay doi luu luong rong trong
khi cot p t thay doi.
3.6.7. Su lm viec cua bom trong dung ong re nhnh
Tren hnh 3.50 mo ta so do he thong c cc nhnh. Bom cap chat long cho hai be cha C
v D nam o cc do cao khc nhau. Yeu cau dat ra l phai xc dinh duoc che do lm viec cua
bom v luu luong qua cc nhnh.
C hai kha nang c the xay ra.
1. Cot p p suat tai B ln hon muc chat long trong bnh D (y>z
D
). Trong trung hop ny,
chat long t B s duoc dua ti bnh C cng nhu D.
2. Cot p p suat tai B thap hon muc chat long o bnh D (y<z
D
). Khi d chat long trong
dung ong BD chay theo hung t D ve B.
Truc tien chng ta xt trung hop th nhat. Viet phuong trnh chuyen dong cua chat long
theo cc dung ong AB, BC v BD.
Dung ong AB. Cot p bom chuyen thnh cong nang chat long len do cao z
B
, tao ra cot p
p suat p
B
/(g) o diem B v khac phuc sc can dung ong h
AB
(bo qua cot p dong o B):
H=:
B
+ p
B
/(g)+h
AB
, (3.69)
t d
:
B
+p
B
/(g)=y=H-h
AB
. (3.70)
Dua vo (3.70) dung duoc do thi cot p y phu thuoc luu luong trong dung ong AB bang
cch tr tung do dac tnh bom H=f(Q) di mot luong bang h
AB
. Ket qua thu duoc dac tnh bom B
qui ve diem B, dung nt dt trong hnh v.
Doan BC. T phuong trnh Becnuli doi vi hai thiet dien B v C, bo qua cc thnh phan cot
p dong, thu duoc
:
B
+p
B
/(g)=:
C
+h
BC
hay y=:
C
+h
BC
(3.71)
Sau khi them vo cot p hnh hoc khong doi :
C
mot luong bang ton that thuy luc h
BC
trong
ong BC, ti le vi bac hai luu luong, thu duoc do thi BC bieu dien quan he gia y vi luu luong
trong ong BC.
Doan BD. Tuong tu nhu tren, doi vi doan BD ta cng c:
Hnh 3.50. Xc dinh che do lm viec bom trong he
thong ong nhnh (trung hop th nhat).
103
y=:
D
+h
BD
, (3.72)
v dung duoc do thi BD- phu thuoc cua y vo luu luong trong ong BD.
V luu luong qua ong AB bang tong luu luong cc ong nhnh
Q
AB
=Q
BC
+Q
BD
,
nen ta dung dung BC+BD- quan he gia y v luu luong qua AB, bang cch cong honh do cc
dung BC v BD. He thong bom lm viec vi gi tri cot p y, trong d luu luong qua ong AB
bang tong luu luong trong cc ong BC v BD, tc l giao cua hai dung BC+BD v dac tnh
bom qui doi B (diem M tren do thi). Honh do diem M bang luu luong ong AB, bang san luong
bom v tung do bang y, cot p tai B. Biet san luong bom, c the xc dinh duoc cot p bom H
tren dung dac tnh bom H=f(Q). Khi biet gi tri cot p tai B cng c the xc dinh luu luong
cc ong nhnh BC v BD (honh do diem E v F). iem G l diem lm viec cua he thong khi
cot chieu cao cot chat long trong BD bang cot p p suat diem B, luu luong qua ong BD bang
khong, honh do diem G l luu luong qua AB v BC.
Chuyen sang trung hop thu hai (hnh 3.51), cot p p suat tai B thap hon muc chat long
trong bnh D.
Phuong php giai bi ton cng tuong tu nhu tren. Cc phuong trnh chuyen dong cua chat long
trong cc ong AB v BC van gi nguyen. Do d, cch xay dung cc dung B v BC- dung
cong y phu thuoc vo luu luong trong cc ong AB v BC, cng nhu o trung hop dau.
Xt chuyen dong chat long trong ong BD. Phuong trnh Becnuli cho hai thiet dien D v B
c dang:
:
D
=:
B
+p
B
/(g)+h
BD
hay y=:
D
-h
BD
. (3.73)
Do d, de dung dung BD, dung y phu thuoc v luu luong trong ong BD, can phai tr
hang so :
D
di mot luong h
BD
bang ton that tren doan BD.
Luu luong trong ong BC bang tong luu luong trong cc ong AB v BD: Q
BC
=Q
AB
+Q
BD
, do
d bang cch cong honh do cc dung B v BD s c duoc dung B+BD- bieu dien quan he
gia y v luu luong tong trong ong BC. iem lm viec M cua he thong l giao cua cc dung
B+BD v BC, tai d cot p p suat tai B bang y, luu luong trong ong BC bang tong luu luong
trong cc ong AB v BD. Biet luu luong bom, xc dinh duoc cot p bom H tren dung dac tnh
H=f(Q). iem G xc dinh do cao muc chat long trong bnh D, tai d chat long khong chay
trong ong BD.
Hnh 3.51.
Xc dinh che
do lm viec
he thong
trong he
thong ong
nhnh
(trung hop
th hai).
104
3.7 Bom xoy loc
3.7.1. Gioi thieu chung
Bom xoy loc l mot dang dac biet cua bom li tam, tren vo xung quanh bnh cnh pha
dau mat c rnh vng. Trong bom chat long chuyen dong theo qui dao xoy oc, t rnh vng
quay lai bnh cnh nhieu lan nen nhan duoc them nang luong bo sung, bnh cnh truyen cho
chat long cot p ln. Bom xoy loc c cc uu nhuoc diem sau.
1. So vi bom li tam cng kch thuc v toc do quay n c the tao ra cot p ln hon 39
lan.
2. Nhieu bom xoy loc c kha nang tu ht, tc l kha nang ht chat long khi khoi dong
khong can moi, khoi dong nhanh chng. Ngoi ra, nhieu bom c kha nang lm viec
vi cc chat long de bay hoi (xang, ruou), hon hop chat long v kh hoac chat long o
trang thi bo ho.
3. Nhuoc diem cua bom xoy loc l hieu suat thap, thung khong qu 45%. Cc ket cau
pho bien nhat c hieu suat 35- 38%. Hieu suat thap l l do can tro su dung bom xoy
loc o cong suat ln. Cc bom duoc che tao c san luong chi ti 12 lit/s, cot p dat
250m, cong suat t 25 KW tro xuong.
4. Bom xoy loc thch hop trong trong pham vi n
s
=440 (trong pham vi ny bom xoy
loc c hieu suat ln hon bom li tam, nhung van nho hon bom pitton). Vng quay cua
bom xoy loc, cng nhu doi vi cc bom cnh, chi han che boi hien tuong xam thuc.
Dng bom xoy loc doi vi cc chat long c do nht ln khong c loi do tang sc can
nht v hieu suat giam manh. Tri so Re thch hop Re=uR/v>20000, trong d R- bn
knh trong tam thiet dien rnh: u- van toc vng.
5. Dui tu bom duoc su dung trong cc he thong:
- cap nuc noi hoi phu, ht chan khong bau ngung:
- lm mt dong co diezel cong suat nho, dac biet thch hop o cc he thong c nhiet do
gan nhiet do soi:
- bom chuyen nhien lieu nhe:
- trong cc he thong cap nuc ve sinh, ht kho, noi tiep vi cc bom li tam.
3.7.2. Ket cau bom xoy loc
Bo phan lm viec cua bom l bnh cnh 1 c cnh hung knh hoac nghieng ve pha truc
(hnh 3.52) nam trong vo hnh tru vi khe ho dau mat (doc truc) nho (khe ho hung truc
o=0,07-0,2 mm: hung knh o=0,15-0,3 mm). O cc mat ben v chu vi ngoi cua vo c rnh
dong tam 2, rnh bat dau t cua ht v ket thc o cua day. Gia cua day v ht l khu vuc lm
Hnh 3.52. So do cau tao bom xoy
loc kn.
Hnh 3.53. So do cau tao bom xoy loc ho.
105
kn 4, chi c cc khe ho hung knh v hung truc nho. Chat long theo dung ong ht 5 vo
rnh, chuyen dong trong d do tc dung cua bnh cnh den cua day.
Bom xoy loc c hai loai: kin v ho. Hnh 3.52 mo ta bom xoy loc kieu kn, trong d
chat long t dung ong dan vo thang rnh 2. Trong cc bom xoy loc ho (hnh 3.53), chat
long t ong dan 1 vo khoang 2, t d qua cua so 3 vo bnh cnh 4 v chi qua bnh cnh mi
vo duoc rnh 5 (cho nen goi chnh xc hon l banh canh ho). Tiep theo, chat long chuyen
dong trong rnh do tc dung cua bnh cnh, qua cua 8 (thang ra theo hung mi ten) vo
khoang day 6 roi ra qua dung ong day 7. Cc bom trong hnh (3.52) v (3.53) deu c cc rnh
ho, cuoi rnh c cua thong vi ong day hoac khoang day nam tren cng bn knh vi rnh.
Loai ny khong c kha nang tu ht neu khong c them bo phan dac biet khc. Cc loai bom
xoy loc c kha nang tu ht c rnh cut- rnh nm o ban kinh lon hon cua hut v day, bt dau
t cua hut, ket thuc o cua day, bnh cnh kieu ho v cua ht day nam o cng bn knh (hnh
3.59).
Bnh cnh kieu ho c t 1224 cnh theo phuong hung knh (hnh 3.54).
Bnh cnh kieu kn c so cnh nhieu hon (2436 cnh), cnh c chieu di ngan hon (hnh
3.55). Cc bnh cnh kieu c, d, g, h thch hop vi n
s
nho (cot p ln): a, b v e thch hop vi n
s
ln hon.
3.7.3. Qu trnh lm viec trong bom xoy loc
Bnh cnh bom xoy loc lm viec tuong tu nhu bom li tam, ht chat long t khu vuc pha
trong (bn knh nho) v day ra phan ben ngoi rnh (bn knh ln). Nh vay xuat hien xoy
(hnh 3.56). Khi qua bnh cnh, chat long thu duoc van toc vng thnh phan (doc theo rnh)
ln hon cua chat long trong rnh. Khi ho tron chat long dang chay trong rnh v t bnh cnh
ra, chat long trong rnh nhan xung luc theo hung chuyen dong cua bnh cnh lm p suat doc
Hnh 3.54. Hnh dang mat cat bnh cnh ho.
Hnh 3.55. Mot so hnh dang bnh cnh kieu kn v rnh tren than
bom.
106
theo rnh tang dan. Qui dao chuyen dong cua chat long l dung xoan vt tien so vi vo, v li
so vi bnh cnh. Boi vay, chat long lien tuc vo v ra khoi bnh cnh, nhan nang luong nhieu
lan.
e hieu r co che trao doi nang luong trong bom xoy loc, ta xt mo hnh chuyen dong
don gian ho cua chat long qua bom. Gia su, chuyen dong cua chat long trong rnh c thnh
phan van toc doc theo dung tam rnh khong doi Co, chat long vo bnh cnh c thnh phan
doc theo rnh Cu
1
=Co v ra khoi rnh vi van toc doc theo rnh Cu
2
=u, u- van toc vng cua
bnh cnh o trong tam thiet dien rnh. Van toc xoy o trong rnh v trong bnh cnh coi nhu
bang nhau. Neu k hieu q, m
3
/(s.m), l luong chat long di ra t bnh cnh vo rnh tren mot don
vi chieu di trong thi gian mot giay, dong luong doc theo rnh cua chat long ra khoi bnh
cnh l:
dM=qCu
2
dldt=qudldt.
Khi vo rnh, tc dung vi chat long trong rnh, dong luong cua chng cn
dM
o
=qCodldt.
Phuong trnh can bang xung luc c dang
F(p+dp)-Fp=qdl(u-Co),
hay
Fdp=qdl(u-Co),
trong d F- dien tch thiet dien ngang cua rnh.
Tch phan phuong trnh tren vi gia thiet q=const, duoc gia so cua p suat doc theo rnh:
p=ql(u-Co)/F.
T d c cot p l thuyet
H
lt
=p/(g)=ql(u-Co)/(gF). (3.74)
Thay san luong cua bom Q=FCo vo (3.74) duoc hm cot p l thuyet phu thuoc vo luu
luong
)
F
Q
u (
gF
ql
H
lt
= . (3.75)
Hnh 3.56. So do nguyen l lm viec bom xoy loc.
107
V q v l khong doi, dung dac cot p tnh l thuyet cua bom l dung thang di xuong. T
cong thc tnh cong suat c ch (2.2), ke den (3.75), ta thu duoc cong thc tnh cong suat co ich
li thuyet (v d bo qua r lot, cot ap dong v cac ton that khac) cua bom xoy loc
Ne=gH
tl
Q=ql(u-Q/F)Q/F. (3.76)
Phuong trnh (3.76) l dung parabol. Hm dat gi tri cuc dai tai Q sao
0 )
F
Q
2 u (
F
ql
dQ
dN
=
= ,
hay Q=Fu/2. Vi gi tri ny cua Q, cong suat thuy luc ln nhat s bang:
4
qlu
N
2
max tl
= .
Cong suat theo (3.76) mi chi ke den gia tang cua p suat chat long qua bom, do d khc
xa so vi cong suat tieu thu cua bnh cnh. That vay, c the coi cong suat tieu thu cho bnh
cnh bang chenh lech dong nang cua chat long vo v ra khoi bnh cnh tren mot don vi thi
gian (neu bo qua cac ton that thuy luc). Dua vo cc gia thiet o tren, thnh phan xoy nhu
nhau, ta c cong suat tieu thu l thuyet cua bnh cnh, hay cong suat thuy luc:
)
F
Q
u (
2
ql
) Co u (
2
ql
) Cu Cu (
2
ql
) C C (
2
ql
N
2
2
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2

= (3.77)
T (3.76) v (3.77) suy ra hieu suat qu trnh lm viec cua bom, hay cn goi l hieu suat
trong (chua ke den cc ton that khc):
Q / Fu 1
2
Q Fu
Q 2
N
Ne
i
+
=
+
= = q . (3.78)
Nhu vay, c the thay hieu qua cua qu trnh phu thuoc vo ti so Q/(Fu). Hieu suat q
i
=1 khi
Q=Fu. O dui s chng minh, khi san luong gan bang Fu, cot p bom v, do d, cong suat c
ch s bang khong, cong suat tieu thu khc khong. Khi d hieu suat c ch cua bom bang
khong. Ho tron cc phan tu chat long c van toc khc nhau tao ra xoy loc manh dan den ton
that nang luong dng ke. Mot phan cot p chat long nhan duoc
t bnh cnh bi tieu hao de khac phuc sc can thuy luc trong
bnh cnh v luc ma st thnh phan kinh tuyen trong rnh.
Ngoi ra cn cc ton that luu luong do r lot qua cc khe ho. Tat
ca cc ton that ny lm cho hieu suat ln nhat cua bom q
max
<q
i
.
Thung che do toi uu cua cc bom xoy loc o luu luong
Q~0,5Fu. Khi d q
i
~0,5 v hieu suat c ch toi da cua bom
q
max
s0,5.
Nhu vay, qu trnh lm viec cua bom xoy loc luon km
theo cc ton that nang luong ln khong trnh duoc, lm hieu suat
bom xoy loc thap. Thuc te cho thay, hieu suat bom xoy loc
khong qu 50%.
Gia su luu luong chat long trong rnh Q=Fu. Khi d van toc
vng bnh cnh bang van toc vng cua chat long trong rnh. Chat
long trong bnh cnh v trong rnh cng quay nhu mot vat the
thong nhat. Cc luc tao ra xoy doc khong cn, q=0. Do d s
khong dien ra su trao doi nang luong no. Do c ton that thuy luc
nen cot p bom s c gi tri am, n bang khong o luu luong
Q
max
=o
max
Fu.
Kinh nghiem cho thay o
max
=0,71. Luu luong cng b,
chenh lech van toc vng cua chat long trong bnh cnh v rnh
Hnh 3.57. ac tnh l
thuyet bom xoy loc.
108
cng ln, cc luc tao xoy doc cng ln- q tang, v cot p cng
ln. Do d, khi luu luong giam, cot p bom xoy loc tang manh
hon so vi l thuyet (hnh 3.58)
T nhng phan tch tren thay qu trnh lm viec cua bom
xoy loc khc vi cc bom cnh, tuy vay, chng c nhieu dac
diem giong nhau (don gian v giong nhau cua ket cau, vng quay
cao, dac tnh giong nhau v.v.). ac tnh cua bom
xoy loc c the tnh chuyen sang vng quay hoac kch thuc khc
nhu o 3.4. ieu d cho php su dung cc bom c san de thiet ke
bom mi.
O che do dinh mc, cc thong so cua bom xoy loc c
the tnh bang cc cong thc thuc nghiem sau.
1. Cot p dinh mc:
g 2
u
k H
2
dm
= , (3.79)
trong d: k- he so cot p, phu thuoc n
s
v kieu bnh cnh. Tri so k cho o bang dui.
n
s
6 10 20 30 40 50 60
k Kieu ho - - 4,3 3,6 3,0 2,3 -
Kieu kn 9,0 7,0 5,0 4,0 3,2 2,5 2,0
2. San luong: Q=(0,5- 0,6)Fu. (3.80)
3.7.4. Xam thuc o bom xoy loc
Cc dieu kien vo cua chat long trong bom xoy loc kieu ho v cc bom cnh khc khong
khc nhau nhieu, do d l thuyet xam thuc cua bom cnh cng p dung duoc cho bom xoy loc.
Cu the l doi vi bom xoy loc cc phuong trnh (3.60) v (3.61) cng thch hop.
Tri so xam thuc ti han cua cc bom xoy loc
th
=0,4.0,75 tuy theo hnh dang cnh. oi
vi cc bom li tam
th
=0,15.0,4. Nhu vay, ve mat xam thuc chat luong bom xoy loc km hon
bom li tam. l chu yeu do o cc bom xoy loc gc tan o cua vo bnh cnh ln v mp cnh
bom c tnh thuy dong km.
Trong cc bom xoy loc kn, chat long duoc dan thang vo rnh tren vo roi n vo bnh
cnh o bn knh ln, c van toc vng v van toc tuong doi ln, cho nen tnh xam thuc cua bom
rat thap. Chuyen dong cua chat long o doan vo rnh phc tap v cng vi chuyen dong t
nhnh ong ht vo rnh cn c xoy doc, den nay van chua c phuong php giai tch de tnh du
tr xam thuc ti han cua bom. e tang cung tnh chong xam thuc ngui ta cn lap them tang
cnh li tam truc bom xoy loc. Bom nhu vay goi l bom xoy loc li tam.
3.7.5. Lm viec cua bom xoy loc o che do tu ht
Phan ln bom xoy loc c kha nang tu ht. Nhung de c the tu ht duoc, truc khi khoi
dong trong bom phai c san mot luong nuc nho cn lai t cc lan lm viec truc.
Tren hnh 3.59 mo ta so do bom xoy loc kieu ho v c rnh cut. Cua day b nam o bn
knh nho hon so vi rnh. Rnh khong thong truc tiep vi cua day, chat long di t rnh ra cua
day qua cc ngn gia cc cnh trong bnh cnh. Khi bat dau lm viec, chat long trong bom
dui tc dung cua luc li tam t cc ngan trong
bnh cnh di vo trong rnh tren vo. Khong kh trong ong ht di vo cc ngan cnh va duoc
giai phng (o khu vuc chan cnh xuat hien do chan khong) qua cua a. Khi quay cng bnh cnh
den khu vuc cua day b, do the tch giam, chat long di t rnh vo bnh cnh nn kh ra cua day.
Hnh 3.58. ac tnh that
cua bom xoy loc.
109
Qu trnh ht kh ra khoi ong ht lm xuat hien trong d do chan khong, chat long t be ht
dang len v vo bom.
Bom xoy loc kieu ho c rnh cut cng c the lm viec duoc vi hon hop chat long- kh.
Khi d, do tc dung cua luc li tam, chat kh tch ra v tap trung o phan tam ngan trong bnh
cnh. Kh duoc bnh cnh dua den cua day v bi chat long t rnh ln ra.
Nhuoc diem cua bom xoy ho rnh cut l
hieu suat thap (20- 28%). Dng vo v ra thay doi
hung ln nen ton that thuy luc tang. e thay doi
hung dng ra t t, ngui ta lm rnh tren vo
cong dan ve pha cu day o phan cuoi rnh. Cc
bom xoy kieu ho v rnh tren vo ho c hieu suat
cao hon (30- 40%), kha nang tu ht cua cc bom
ny c duoc thung nh lap them tang bnh cnh
nho tu ht c rnh cut. Tang ny ht kh (hoac chat
long) t khu vuc tam cc ngan trong bnh cnh
tang chnh v dua chng vo cng mot khoang day
vi tang chnh. Bom nhu vay cng c the lm viec
duoc vi hon hop chat long v kh.
Trong bom xoy loc kn, kha nang tu ht nh dat o cua ra khoi rnh nap chup (hnh 3.60)
1c ong dan kh ra 2. Trong rnh cua bom, nh c xoy loc manh nen tao ra hon hop nh
tuong kh- long. Khi qua ong dan kh, nh tuong chuyen dong vng, kh duoc tch ra khoi chat
long do tc dung cua luc li tam , tap trung o tam ong dan v di ra theo hai ong ben di vo
dung ong day.
Chat long qua cc cua o gia ong dan kh v cua so day tro ve rnh, lai ho tron vi kh.
Qu trnh tiep tuc lap lai cho den khi chat long t be ht vo bom. Bom xoy loc kieu kn
khong the lm viec vi hon hop chat long v kh, chat de bay hoi ngay ca khi c thiet bi tren
(xem 3.7.4).
Hnh 3.60. Chup phan tch kh cua bom xoy loc kieu kn.
110
3.7.6. Luc tc dung len bnh cnh
Truc cua bom xoy loc chiu cc luc doc truc v luc ngang do bnh cnh truyen den. Luc
doc truc pht sinh do chenh lech p suat tren cc mat dau mat cua bnh cnh trong cc khe ho
doc truc m v n (hnh 3.56). Luc doc truc o bom xoy loc khong ln, o bi d chan c the chiu
duoc, hoac c the triet tieu bang cch dng bnh cnh doi xng.
Luc ngang o bom xoy loc l do phan bo p suat khong
deu, theo (3.73), p suat tang ti le vi gc , tnh t cua vo.
Neu cot p cua bom l H, th phan bo p suat theo gc s l
2
gH
.
Luc phan to tren cung trn Rd len bnh cnh

t
= = d
2
gH
bR pbRd dP ,
trong d: R- bn knh bn knh bnh cnh: b- chieu rong bnh cnh
(xt mot cch gan dng de don gian).
Chieu luc tren len hai phuong vuong gc, c

t
= d cos
2
gH
bR dP
x
v
t
= d sin
2
gH
bR dP
y
.
Tch phan hai ve cc phuong trnh tren duoc luc tc dung len bnh cnh theo hai phuong:
0 d cos
2
gH
bR P
2
0
x
=
t
=
}
t
v gH bR d sin
2
gH
bR P
2
0
y
=
t
=
}
t
. (3.81)
Nhu vay c the thay luc ngang cua bom xoy loc kh ln. V du, bom c: H=100 m:
b=40mm: D=150mm: =1000kg/m
3
. Thay vo (3.81) duoc luc ngang P~3 kN. Trong bom xoy
loc kieu kn, ngui ta lm cc rnh cnh phay tren cc mat dau mat de can bang luc ngang
(nguyen l xem o phan bom roto pitton hung knh).
3.8. Bom phut.
3.8.1. Nguyen l lm viec v ng dung
Bom phut l loai bom dua vo nang luong cao cua chat long cong tc de bom chuyen
chat long. Can c vo loai chat long cong tc v chat duoc bom, c the chia bom phut thnh
bon loai:
- dng chat long bom chat long:
- dng chat kh bom chat long:
- dng chat long bom chat kh:
- dng chat kh bom chat kh:
Chat cong tc thung dng l: nuc, hoi nuc, khong kh. Chat duoc bom thung l nuc,
hoi nuc, khong kh, hon hop kh- hoi nuc, hon hop xi l- nuc v.v. Dui day xt trung hop
chat long bom chat long lm v du. Trung hop mot trong hai chat long l kh hoac hoi s duoc
xt sau, trong d phai ket hop xt ca qu trnh luu dong v nhiet dong.
Cau tao cua bom phut bao gom vi phun 3 cng dung dan chat cong tc 2, buong ho
tron 5, ong loe 6 v dung dan chat long duoc bom 1 c mieng vo buong ho tron hnh vnh
khan 4 (hnh 3.62). Qu trnh lm viec dien ra nhu sau. Chat long cong tc c p suat cao, sau
khi qua mieng phun 3 van toc tang v p suat giam, ht chat long duoc bom vo. Tai buong ho
Hnh 3.61. Bieu do p
suat.
111
tron 5 dien ra qu trnh ho tron v trao doi nang luong. Khi ra khoi buong 5, hon hop chat long
c dong nang ln di vo ong khuyech tn 6, o day van toc cua chng giam dan v p suat tang.
Qu trnh thay doi cc thong so trang thi cua cc chat long duoc minh hoa o hnh 3.62.
San luong cua chat long duoc bom goi l san luong c ch Q
0
duoc ho tron v nhan nang
luong t chat long cong tc c nang luong cao hon Q
1
. Luu luong tong o cua ra cua bom
Q
2
=Q
0
+Q
1
. (3.82)
Nang luong cua dng ny ln hon nang luong cua dng san luong c ch Q
0
nhung nho hon
nang luong cua dng chat long cong tc Q
1
o truc cua vo bom.
Che do lm viec cua bom duoc dac trung bang bon thong so dui day (hnh 3.63 minh hoa
cho trung hop don gian v pho bien nhat, khi khoi luong rieng cua hai chat long bang nhau
1
=
0
):
1) cot ap lm viec, Hw: l cot p m chat long cong tc tieu ton trong bom, bang hieu cot
p cua chat long cong tc truc (tai thiet dien b-b) v sau bom (tai c-c),
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
Hw
2
c c
2
b b
+
= : (3.83)
2) cot ap co ich, Hu: cot p m chat long duoc bom nhan duoc, bang hieu cot p chat long
sau bom (o thiet dien c-c) v truc bom cua chat long duoc bom (o thiet dien a-a),
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
Hu
2
a a
2
c c
+
= : (3.84)
3) luu luong chat long cong tac
4 / d v S v Q
2
1 1 1 1 1
t = = : (3.85)
4) san luong co ich
4 / ) d d ( v S v Q
2
1
2
0 1 0 0 0
t = = . (3.86)
Hieu suat cua bom phut duoc dnh gi bang ti so gia cong suat c ch tren cong suat tieu
ton:
) Q H /( Q H
1 w 0 u
= q . (3.87)
Hieu suat ln nhat cua bom phut khong cao v trong khoang q
max
=0,20,35. Mac d vay
van duoc su dung rong ri nh ket cau don gian, kch thuc nho, khong c cc chi tiet chuyen
dong nen do tin cay cao, c the bo tr o nhng cho ngc ngch kh ti, c kha nang bom duoc
cc chat long ban v dng vai tr ho tron tot. Tren tu, cc bom phut thung dng de:
- ht chan khong bau ngung, thiet bi chung cat nuc:
- ht nuc dy tu:
- trong he thong cu hoa (bng bot) v trong mot so he thong khc nhu: cap nuc noi
hoi, dieu ho khong kh v.v.
Thung cc bom phut dng khi can ht chat long o cc noi kh ht, c the lan kh hoac
chat ban hay khi can ho tron manh cc chat (v du de tao bot trong he thong ca hoa). Cc so
do bo tr pho bien cua bom phut duoc the hien o cc hnh 3.64. Hnh 3.64, a l he thong ho
tron hoac bom chat long t cho kh ht. Hnh 3.64, b mo ta he thong dem bang bom phut, tc
l he thong c bom chnh l bom cnh hoac bom the tch, truc cua vo dat bom phut tao ra cot
p H
f
bao dam cho bom chnh lm viec khong bi xam thuc. Trong he thong ny, san luong Q
1
cua bom chnh duoc dua den vi phun cua bom phut.
112
Hnh 3.62. Bom phut. So do phan bo cot p v qu trnh ho
tron.
113
Hieu suat khong cao cua bom phut chu yeu l do cc ton that nang luong km theo qu
trnh lm viec. C the chia chng thnh hai dang.
1. Cc ton that trong buong ho tron, bao gom, th nhat, l cc ton that do tao xoy trong
qu trnh trao doi nang luong gia chat cong tc v chat duoc bom, v th hai, do ma st cua
chat long vi thnh buong ho tron.
2. Cc ton that trong cc bo phan cua bom, trong cc ong dan chat long vo v ra. Chng
bao gom (hnh 3.62):
a) ton that h
d
trong ong khuyech tn, bao dam tang p suat t p
2
den p
c
bang cch chuyen
cot p dong ln ) g 2 /( v
2
2
o cua ra khoi buong ho tron ti tri so ) g 2 /( v
2
c
c the chap nhan duoc
doi vi dung ong day sau bom:
b) cc ton that o vi phun
) g 2 /( v h
2
1 ej ej
, = , (3.88)
trong d ,
ej
- he so sc can trong vi phun 3:
c) ton that o cua vo buong ho tron cua chat long duoc bom
) g 2 /( v h
2
0 en en
, = , (3.89)
trong d ,
en
- he so sc can vnh dan chat long vo 4.
Trong nhm ny, tri so ln nhat thung l ton that h
d
o ong loe 6.
Hnh 3.64. So do he thong bom.
Hnh 3.63. Thay doi p suat v van toc cua cc chat long.
114
3.8.2. ac tnh v tnh ton thiet ke bom phut
Gia su cho bom c san (biet cc kch thuc hnh hoc) v biet cc p suat cua chat long
cong tc p
b
, cua chat long duoc bom p
a
, p suat tai cua ra cua bom p
c
(doi vi mot he thong d
cho, cc thong so tren c the xc dinh duoc khong phu thuoc vo bom). Ta phai xc dinh cc
thong so khc cua bom l: san luong c ch Q
0
, luong tieu thu chat long cong tc Q
1
v hieu
suat bom q. Gia su xc dinh duoc cc he so sc can cuc bo cua bom: ,
ej
- vi phun, ,
en
- cua vo
buong ho tron cua chat long duoc bom v ,
d
- he so sc can trong ong khuyech tn.
Nhu vay, o day cn 4 an so chua biet: Q
0
, Q
1
, p
1
- p suat o thiet dien 1-1 sau vi phun, v
p
2
- p suat o thiet dien 2-2 ket thc buong ho tron (hnh 3.62). Ta c the xc dinh 4 thong so
chua biet tren bang cch giai he 4 phuong trnh sau:
1) phuong trnh Becnuli cho dng chat long cong tc truc v sau vi phun
2
1
2
1
ej
2
1
2
1
1 , 1
1
2
b
2
1
b
b
) S ( g 2
Q
) S ( g 2
Q p
gS 2
Q p
o +
= o +
,
trong d o- l cc he so koriolis, - he so co hep dng (tnh den dien tch ut thuc te cua dng sau vi
phun), S
1
v S
b
l dien tch lo phun v cua thiet dien b-b. O day cc gi tri van toc trung bnh d duc
thay bang ti so luu luong tren dien tch luu thong:
* Phuong trnh tren c the gap o dang khc
g 2
v
g 2
v p
H
2
1
ej
2
1
1
1
0
+ o +
= ,
t d
gH 2 )] g /( p H [ g 2
1
v
1 0
ej 1
1
=
+ o
= ,
he so duoc goi l he so toc do.
Luu luong s bang
gH 2 S gH 2 S S v Q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= = = ,
vi =- he so luu luong lo phun.
2) phuong trnh Becnuli cho dng chat long duoc bom
2
0
2
0
en
2
0
2
0
0 , 1
1
2
a
2
0
a
a
gS 2
Q
gS 2
Q p
gS 2
Q p
+ o +
= o +
,
o day cc k hieu tuong tu nhu tren, coi p suat tren thiet dien 1-1 o vng chat long cong tc v duoc
ht l nhu nhau:
3) phuong trnh can bang dong luong (viet doi vi thiet dien 1-1 v 2-2 trong buong ho
tron)
(Q
1
+Q
0
)v
2
-Q
0
v
0
-Q
1
v
1
=S
2
(p
1
-p
2
),
hay ) p p (
S
S
Q
S
Q
S
) Q Q (
2 1
2
1
2
1
0
2
0
2
2
0 1

+
,
trong d v
0
, v
1
v v
2
l cc gi tri van toc trung bnh tai cc thiet dien tuong ng:
4) phuong trnh Becnuli cho dng chat long truc v sau ong khuyech tn
2
c
2
0 1
d
2
c
2
0 1
c
c
2
2
2
0 1
2
2
) S ( g 2
) Q Q (
) S ( g 2
) Q Q ( p
gS 2
) Q Q ( p +
+
+
o +
=
+
o +
.
Cho p
c
thay doi, giai he phuong trnh tren xc dinh duoc Q
0
, Q
1
v q bang cc cong thc
(3.83)(3.87), tc l dung duoc dung dac tnh cua bom.
115
oi vi bom phut, thung cc dung dac tnh xay dung vi dieu kien Hw+Hu=const, tc
l o gan dieu kien khai thc pho bien cua cc bom khi cot p tinh cua chat long cong tc v cua
chat long duoc bom gan nhu khong doi (hnh 3.64). ac tnh bao gom cc dung cua cot p c
ch Hu=f(Q
2
), d l dung cong di xuong: dung hieu suat q=f(Q
2
) c diem cuc dai bieu hien
r rng o vng m ton that ho tron cng vi ton that trong ong khuyech tn cc tieu: dung
tieu hao chat cong tc Q
1
=f(Q
2
), l dung cong tang cham.
Nhu vay, o dieu kien Hu+Hw=const moi bom c tap hop dung dac tnh (ng vi moi gi
tri Hu+Hw, hnh 3.65, a).
Trong tnh ton thiet ke dua vo cc dung dac tnh o dang tuong doi khong th nguyen
tien loi hon, bao gom tong hop cc quan he h=f(q), q=f(q) v
ej
=f(q) (hnh 3.65, b):
cot ap tuong doi
h=Hu/(Hw+Hu): (3.90)
luu luong tuong doi [he so dan (hut) theo]
q=Q
0
/Q
1
: (3.91)
he so luu luong vi phun (viet theo Hu+Hw)
) ) Hw Hu ( g 2 S /( Q
1 1 ej
+ = . (3.92)
Bieu thc tnh q thu duoc sau khi bien doi cong thc (3.87) ke den cc cong thc (3.90)
v (3.91), c dang
q=qh/(1-h). ( 3.93)
Cc kch thuc phan dng chay o dang tuong doi dac trung boi dien tich tuong doi
K=S
0
/S
1
=
2
1
2
1
2
0
d / ) d d ( , (3.94)
n l ti so gia dien tch loi vo buong ho tron cua chat long duoc bom v dien tch mieng vi
phun. Nhu vay, dai luong K dac trung cho ti le dung knh buong ho tron v dung knh vi
phun.
Ton bo tap hop cc dac tnh tuyet doi (co thu nguyen) vi cc gi tri khc nhau
Hu+Hw=const cua tat ca cc bom phut c ti so dien tch K=const c the thu ve mot dung dac
tnh khong th nguyen. e duoc nhu vay, phai dam bao cc dieu kien dong dang sau:
1) ngoi dieu kien tri so K bang nhau cn phai dam bao dong dang hnh hoc cua tat ca cc
bo phan dan dng:
Hnh 3.65. ac tnh bom phut: a- o cc che do thay doi v
Hw+Hu=const: b- o dang tuong doi khong th nguyen.
116
2) tri so do nhm tuong doi thnh cc chi tiet dan dng phai gan bang nhau:
3) o cc che do dong dang dong hoc dac trung bang dieu kien q~ const, dam bao so
Reynolds bang nhau.
Khi thuc hien duoc cc dieu kien dong dang ny, cc gi tri luu luong tuong doi khong
doi q=const s ng vi cc gi tri cot p tuong doi khong doi h=const v dac tnh khong th
nguyen cua cc bom dong dang vi K=const s nhu nhau.
Dang thuan tien cong thc tnh tri so Reynolds doi vi cc bom phut l
v + = / ) Hw Hu ( g 2 d Re
1
. (3.95)
ong dang cua so Re can dam bao khi Re<10
6
. O vng tu dong dang Re>10
6
anh huong
cua Re den dang cua dac tnh khong cn v dac tnh chi cn phu thuoc vo cc kch thuc
tuong doi cua dng the hien bang tri so K.
V du, dac tnh khong th nguyen tren hnh 3.65, b the hien tnh chat cua cc bom c K=2
o vng tu dong dang v bao gom ca hai dac tnh o hnh 3.65, a.
Khi K thay doi, dac tnh khong th nguyen cua bom phai thay doi. C the thay dieu ny t
viec xt qu trnh lm viec trong buong ho tron (hnh 3.62, b). Khi chat cong tc ra khoi vi
phun vi van toc v
1
, ngay sau mieng vi phun tren be mat dng Q
1
xuat hien vng xo tron.
Cc phan tu chuyen dong nhanh t dng ny lot vo dng chay cham o xung quanh cua chat
long duoc ht vo buong ho tron qua loi hnh vnh khan vi van toc v
0
, truyen nang luong cho
chng. Nang luong cua cc phan tu xam nhap ny bi giam dan. Qu trnh ny, tren co so tao
xoy manh, dien ra trong lp danh gii chay roi, lp ny dy len lien tuc theo chieu di buong
ho tron goi l lop dng bien. Luu luong chat long cua lp ny tang len lien tuc khi xa lo phun
do loi cuon them chat long xung quanh vo, cn trung toc do tren mat cat ngang dng tien ti
dong deu hon.
Phan ben trong cua dng cong tc khong tham gia vo vng ho tron, phan li, v vng
ben ngoi cua chat long duoc ht vo chua bi xo tron mong di dan. Ti khoang cch L (thiet
dien 1`-1`), trong ton bo dng cong tc khong cn phan tu no cn du tr nang luong ban dau,
cn lp bien den ti thnh buong. Tai day ket thc qu trnh loi ko them cc phan tu mi t
dng chua bi xo tron xung quanh. oan 1-1` duoc goi l doan loi ko. Tiep theo, tren doan on
dinh 1`-2, dien ra qu trnh dong deu phan bo toc do v nang luong do ho tron cua cc phan tu
t ben trong dng, noi c nang luong ln hon, vi cc phan tu ngoi chu vi. Khi d cc van toc
trong dng tien dan den tri so trung bnh v
2
=Q
2
/S
2
.
Dang buong ho tron hnh con thu hep chi thch hop doi vi trung hop he so dan theo q
kh ln, su dung thung xuyen hon ca trong cc bom phut l dang hnh tru (d
0
=d
2
). Chng don
gian ve gia cong che tao v c hieu suat cao hon. Trong cc buong nhu vay, nhu tren hnh 3.62,
nang luong cua chat long duoc bom tang dan theo chieu di buong do gia tang ca dong nang v
p suat. Tuy vay, thnh phan cot p dong o cua ra khoi buong ho tron van ln qu mc cho
php v qu trnh chuyen thnh p suat tiep theo dien ra trong ong khuyech tn.
e c hieu suat toi da, quan trong l chon chieu di Lc cua buong ho tron hop l. Vi
buong ho tron di, trung toc do trong dng truc khi vo ong loe duoc san deu tot v chuyen
doi dong nang trong ong loe dien ra vi ton that nho. Nhung khi d ton that o buong ho tron
lai ln. Buong ho tron ngan, qu trnh ho tron trong d chua ket thc v toc do dng khong
dong deu s lm tang ton that trong ong khuyech tn, d ton that trong ban than buong ho
tron giam.
Chieu di Lc toi uu cua buong ho tron duoc xc dinh bang thuc nghiem. o ln cua n
cng nhu dang cua dac tnh bom phu thuoc vo K. Cc bom c K nho, tc l theo (3.94) c
dung knh lo phun d
1
tien gan den dung knh buong ho tron, duoc goi l bom c cot p cao.
117
Trong d, S
0
l dien tch luu thong cua dng chat long duoc ht vo tuong doi nho, he so ht
theo q cng s nho. Nhung khi d, moi don vi khoi luong chat duoc bom s nhan nang luong
ln hon v cot p tuong doi h cng s ln. Trong cc bom nhu vay, doan loi ko v on dinh
phai ngan, ng vi do di Lc buong nho. ac tnh cot p cua bom c dang doc dng.
Bom thap p, trong d d
0
>>d
1
v tri so K ln, c the c san luong ln nhung cot p c ch
Hu nho. Chng c pham vi thay doi q ln nhung h nho, dac tnh c dang thoai. Buong ho tron
cua cc bom ny c chieu di ln do ko di doan loi ko v on dinh.
Neu dat cc dac tnh khong th nguyen cc bom vi cc tri so K khc nhau len cng mot
he toa do, th dua vo d c the dung duoc dung bao tiep xc vi tng dung dac tnh c the
cua K=const o mot diem (hnh 3.66, xay dung v su dung dung bao de tnh ton bom phut do
L.G. Potvitz de xuat). Vi moi gi tri q bat k, dung bao cho biet gi tri toi da cua h. Tc l,
theo (3.93), dung bao l tong hop cc che do c kha nang kinh te nhat doi vi cc bom phut.
V tai moi diem, dung bao tiep xc vi dung K=const tai mot diem, nen bom c tri so K ny
s c ket hop cc thong so q v h toi uu tai diem tiep xc ny. Phan ben tri cua do thi, pha
dui dung bao l cc dung dac tnh doc cua cc bom cao p (v du K=0,5). Phan ben phai l
cc dung dac tnh thoai cot p thap (K=10). Cc dai luong lien quan lan nhau q v h o cc
diem tren dung bao xc dinh tri hieu suat toi da c the cua cc bom.
Tong hop cc dac tnh tren mot he toa do v dung bao tuong ng duoc xay dung cho mot
pham vi cua so Re. V du dac tnh o hnh 3.66 ng vi trung hop Re>=10
6
.
Tren hnh 3.66, cng vi dung cong bao h=f(q) cua cc dung dac tnh cot p cn cho
cc quan he phu thuoc khc can thiet de xc dinh tuong quan kch thuc cc bo phan dan dng
toi uu. ung cong K=f(q) lien he cc diem tren dung bao vi cc tri so K=const cua cc dac
tnh tiep xc vi dung bao tai cc diem ny. ung cong Lc/d
2
=f(K) cho php xc dinh chieu
di toi uu cua buong ho tron ng vi moi tri so K. Dua vo cc dung h
0
=f(K) v q
0
=f(K) c
the tm duoc diem bat dau v ket thc cua dac tnh K=const bat k v xay dung gan dng dac
tnh K=const theo ba diem- cc tri so h
0
, q
0
v cc toa do h v q cua diem tiep xc vi dung
bao (v du, xem dac tnh K=5 tren hnh 3.66).
Khi giam Re cc ton that trong bom tang. Khi d cot p c ch Hu v cot p tuong doi h
theo cong thc (3.90) giam so vi cc gi tri gii han o vng Re>10
6
. Cc th nghiem cho thay,
khi Re giam th cot p tuong doi h giam khong phu thuoc q v de c duoc cot p h mong muon
trong cc trung hop nhu vay phai su dung cc bom c dung knh lo phun ln, tc l giam K.
Hnh 3.66.
ung dac
tnh bao
khong th
nguyen cua
cc bom
phut buong
ho tron
hnh tru.
118
e xc dinh cc tri so cot p v dien tch tuong doi h* v K* ng vi q d cho khi
Re<10
6
, tren hnh 3.67 gii thieu cc hm quan he thuc nghiem Ah/h=(h-h*)/h=f(Re) v
K*/K=f(Re),
trong d h v K l cc gi tri ng vi q d cho theo dung bao o hnh 3.66 khi Re>10
6
.
Theo cc dung dac tnh cho tren hnh 3.66 v 3.67 c the de dng xc dinh cc kch
thuc co ban cua bo phan dan dng cho bom phut yeu cau theo cc gi tri cua bon thong so co
ban neu o phan dau. Neu cho khong qu ba thong so, thong so th tu tuy chon th c nghia l
cho h hoac q. Trong trung hop ny, dai luong tuong doi chua biet c the chon theo dung cong
bao v nh n c the xc dinh chnh xc gi tri can thiet cua thong so th tu. Tiep theo, ng vi
q d biet, theo do thi K=f(q) xc dinh duoc gi tri dien tch tuong doi v Lc/d
2
xc dinh chieu
di toi uu cua buong ho tron.
ung knh d
1
cua lo phun c the xc dinh theo (3.85) neu biet toc do v
1
cua chat cong
tc ngay sau lo phun. Toc do ny phu thuoc vo chenh lech cot p cua chat long cong tc truc
v sau mieng phun, tc l phu thuoc vo do ln Hu+Hw. That vay, theo hnh 3.62, a v cc cong
thc (3.83), (3.84), (3.88) v (3.89) c
) 1 (
g 2
v
) 1 (
g 2
v
g 2
v
g 2
v
g
p
g
p
Hu Hw
en
2
0
ej
2
1
2
a
2
b a b
+ + = +
= + . (3.96)
Giai ket hop vi cc phuong trnh (3.85), (3.86), (3.91) v (3.94) thu duoc
v
0
/v
1
=q/K. (3.97)
Ket hop cc phuong trnh (3.96) v (3.97) thu duoc:
) Hw Hu ( g 2 ) Hw Hu ( g 2 . ) 1 ( ) K / q ( ) 1 ( / 1 v
ej en
2
ej 1
+ = + + + = . (3.98)
Trong cong thc (3.98) dai luong ) 1 ( ) K / q ( ) 1 ( / 1
en
2
ej ej
+ + = l he so luu luong vi
phun. Nhu the hien tren hnh 3.65, khi tang san luong c ch Q
0
tuong ng q, luu luong chat
long cong tc Q
1
v he so luu luong
ej
tang cham. l do giam p suat p
1
o cua vo buong
ho tron cng vi viec tang van toc vo v
0
cua chat long duoc bom.
Sau khi xc dinh duoc dung knh lo phun d
1
theo (3.85) v (3.98), theo (3.94) xc dinh
duoc dung knh d
2
=d
0
cua buong ho tron v t kch thuc tuong doi tm duoc Lc/d
2
xc dinh
duoc chieu di Lc. Gc loe cua ong khuyech tn chon trong khoang 6- 8
0
. Vi phun v vnh
trn vo buong ho tron duoc lm theo dang con tron chu. Mp vi phun duoc lm het sc
mong, khoang cch t mp vi phun den buong ho tron khoang L
vf
=(0,51)d
1
. Neu dam bao
cc dieu kien ny, cc he so ton that c the lay ,
ej
=0,040,06 v ,
en
=0,070,1.
Hnh 3.67.
Su phu thuoc
cua cc
thong so
tuong doi
cua cc bom
phut vo so
Re.
119
Cho bat buoc bon thong so co ban, t (3.84)- (3.87), c nghia l cho ca h v q. Chng xc
dinh mot diem tren mat phang toa do. Neu diem ny nam tren dung bao, c nghia l khong the
tao ra mot bom nhu vay v phai hieu chinh lai nhiem vu de ra. Neu diem d cho nam dui
dung bao, th dang cua bom can thiet dac trung bang K duoc xc dinh bang cch lua dan. Chon
cc tri so lien quan lan nhau h
0
v q
0
theo cc dung cong h
0
=f(K) v q
0
=f(K). Dung dac tnh
gan dng di qua diem d cho v tiep xc vi dung bao. Su dung gi tri q o diem tiep xc xc
dinh K can thiet cua bom theo dung K=f(q). Tiep theo, su dung K de xc dinh cc kch thuc
cc bo phan dan dng cua bom nhu neu o tren.
Cc dac tnh v tnh ton c lien quan d neu ph hop neu dam bao bom l viec lhong
xam thuc. Khi p suat p
1
qu b, o cho tiep xc hai dng, xam thuc xuat hien trong lp dng
bien, o d do tao xoy manh hnh thnh khu vuc c p suat nho nhat p
min
=p
b.h
(p
b.h
- p suat hoi
chat long). Qu trnh ho tron bi ph hoai do tao ra cc bng hoi manh v cot p c ch Hu giam
manh so vi bnh thung.
Tut p o lp bien so vi dng xung quanh chua bi xo tron ti le vi toc do cua dng ny:
) g 2 /( v g / ) p p (
2
0 min 1
o = .
Su dung phuong trnh ny doi vi dieu kien xuat hien xam thuc (p
min
=p
b.h
) v giai n cng
vi phuong trnh Becnuli doi vi thiet dien a-a v 1-1 cua chat long duoc bom, thu duoc cot p
ti han tai cua vo bom:
g 2
v
g 2
v
g 2
v
g
p
g 2
v
g
p
Hth
2
0
2
0
en
2
0 h . b
2
a a
o + + +
= +
= .
T phuong trnh ny c the tch do chenh p suat ti han so vi p suat hoi bo ho, tc l
ng vi lc bat dau c hien tuong xam thuc. Cot p ng vi du tr p suat ny bang
g 2
v
C ) 1 (
g 2
v
g
p
Hth Hth
2
0
en
2
0 h . b
= o + + =
= A .
Du tr cot p ti han c the viet o dang tuong doi. Su dung (3.97) v (3.98) c
_ = =
.
|
\
|
+
A
2
ej
2
C
q
K
Hw Hu
Hth
. (3.99)
Thuc nghiem cho biet, do ln cua _ cua cc bom
phut lm viec o che do toi uu ng vi dung cong bao
tren hnh 3.66, thay doi t:
1,23<_<1,43.
l v doi vi cng kieu loi vo buong ho tron,
duoc lm c dang con thu hep tron chu, C~const. o ln
cua
ej
cng t thay doi o che do toi uu. Theo phuong
trnh (3.99) c the xc dinh AH
th
de dng. e bom lm
viec khong bi xam thuc th
AH=H
a
-p
b.h
/(g)>AH
th
.
Sau se gii thieu co so tnh ton thiet ke bom
phut trong d c chat long l kh.
Hnh 3.68 l do thi i-S mo ta qu trnh lm viec cua
my nn kh. Trang thi kh cong tc o cua vo my nn
duoc xc dinh boi diem A. Sau khi qua lo phun nang
luong cua n H
m
+H
k
duoc chuyen thnh dong nang v toc
do tang t c
m
den c
B
. Qu trnh ny dien ra theo dung da bien AB.
Hnh 3.68. o thi cong
tc tren toa do i-S.
120
Nang luong chuyen thnh dong nang trong qua trnh ny bang (H
m
+H
k
)
2
1
, trong d
1
l
he so toc do lo phun.Trang thi cua kh cong tc sau lo phun duoc xc dinh boi diem B.
Trang thi cua kh (hoi) duoc ht vo buong ho tron duoc xc dinh bang diem C. Khi
qua cua vo buong ho tron, trang thi cua n thay doi theo dung CD, dong nang tang H
k
2
4
,
trong d
4
- he so toc do cua vo buong ho tron.
Trong buong ho tron, trang thi chat long cong tc thay doi theo dung BE, chat long
duoc ht- DE. Trong ong loe p suat hon hop tang den p
mix
theo dung EF.
Viet phuong trnh can bang dong luong cho cc chat long trong buong ho tron, gia su
2
l he so toc do trong d
m
m
c
B
2
+m
s
c
D
2
-(m
m
+m
s
)c
E
=f
3
(p
3
-p
k
),
trong d f
3
- dien tch tiet dien ngang buong ho tron.
Chia ca hai ve phuong trnh ny cho m
m
, thu duoc
m
k 3 3
E D B 2
m
) p p ( f
c ) u 1 ( ) u c c (

= + + , (3.100)
trong d u=m
s
/m
m
- he so ht theo.
Biet phuong trnh luu luong o cua ra buong ho tron
m
m
+m
k
=c
E
f
3
3
,
t d c
3 E
m
3
c
) u 1 ( m
f
+
= . (3.101)
T phuong trnh (3.100) v (3.101) rt ra bieu thc cua ti so ht theo
D 2 E
E B 2
D 2
3
2
E
k 3
E
3
2
E
k 3
E B 2
c K c
K c c
c ]
c
p p
1 [ c
]
c
p p
1 [ c c
u

=

+
= , (3.102)
trong d K=
+
2
E
k 3
c
p p
1 - he so khong th nguyen, bang ti so cua dong luong vo v dong luong
ra khoi buong ho tron, n ni len mc do chuyen t cot p dong thnh p suat trong buong
ho tron (K>=1).
Gia su he so toc do trong ong loe l
3
, nhan ca tu lan mau cua (3.102) vi
3
v dat
H 2
K c
K
3 E
3
= ,
trong d H chenh entanpi gia F v F`, n bang cong nn l thuyet truyen chat long duoc ht (xem
hnh v).
Khi d c the viet (3.102) o dang
D 3 2 3
3 B 3 2
c H 2 K
H 2 K c
u

= ,
trong d so K
3
ke den anh huong phan bo cong nn trong buong ho tron v ong khuyech tn.
Nhu d biet trong Nhiet dong hoc, toc do cua kh (hoac hoi) c the xc dinh bang toc do
ti han, ti so p suat cuoi v dau v he so toc do. Do d cc van toc c
B
, c
E
, c
D
v H c the viet
theo cc thong so ni tren v ti so ht theo c dang
121
=
.
|
\
|

.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|

.
|
\
|

=

k
1 k
s
k
cr . s 4 3 2
k
1 k
mix
k
cr . mix 3
k
1 k
mix
k
cr . mix 3
k
1 k
m
k
cr . m 1 3 2
p
p
1 a
p
p
1 a K
p
p
1 a K
p
p
1 a
u
(3.103)
trong d K
1
=
1
3
- goi l he so toc do cua dng chat cong tc: K
2
=
2
4
- he so toc do cua dng chat
duoc ht theo: a
m.cr
, a
mix.cr
v a
s.cr
l cc van toc ti han ng vi cc trang thi A, F v C cua chat cong
tc, hon hop v cua chat duoc ht (
i i i cr . i
/ kp kRT a = = ).
T phuong trnh (1.103) thay, neu biet cc thong so vo cua chat cong tc v chat duoc
ht v p suat xa o cua ra my nn, he so ht theo duoc xc dinh theo ti so gin no cua dng
duoc ht p
k
/p
s
v he so K
3
.
My phai duoc thiet ke sao ng vi luu luong chat cong tc d cho c he so ht theo cng
ln cng tot. Cc cong trnh nghien cu nham dat u toi da d cho thay rang c quan he toi uu
p
3
/p
k
=f(p
mix
/p
k
), n phu thuoc vo chi so doan nhiet v he so toc do trong ong loe. Cc quan he
ny duoc bieu dien trong hnh 3.69 cho vi gi tri k v
3
. Thay r tren do thi, cc gi tri xc
dinh cua k v
3
ng vi cc ti so nn nhat dinh trong ton bo my v buong ho tron. Vi k v
3
bat k ti so nn toi uu trong buong ho tron tang theo ti so nn tong. He so
3
c anh huong
ln den dac tnh my nn:
3
cng nho, ti so nn nn tong ng vi ti so nn nhat dinh cua buong
ho tron s cng nho. Do d, doi vi ong khuyech tn hieu suat thap (
3
nho) th ti so nn chu
yeu xay ra trong buong ho tron s c loi hon.
Neu cc ti so c lien quan vi nhau p
3
/p
k
v p
mix
/p
k
duoc chon theo do thi o 3.69, gi tri K
3
toi uu tuong ng c the xc dinh theo do thi K
3
=f(p
mix
/p
k
) trong hnh 3.70. Su dung ccdo thi ta
c the tnh duoc u
max
theo cong thc (3.103).
Hnh 3.69. Ti so nn toi uu trong
buong ho tron.
Hnh 3.70. He so k
3
toi uu phu thuoc ti so nn.
,
p
p
1 a K
p
p
1 a K
p
p
1 a K
p
p
1 a K
k
1 k
s
k
cr . s 2
k
1 k
mix
k
cr . mix 3
k
1 k
mix
k
cr . mix 3
k
1 k
m
k
cr . m 1

.
|
\
|

.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|

.
|
\
|
=
122
Ti so ht theo u phu thuoc vo ti so p suat ban dau gia chat cong tc v chat duoc ht, ti
so nn tong v chi so doan nhiet cua cc chat. Hnh 3.71 mo ta quan he trong cc my nn hoi
cot p cao vi k=1,3 doi vi vi gi tri p
m
/p
s
.
oi vi moi gi tri nhat dinh cua p
m
/p
s
he so ht theo tang khi giam ti so nn p
mix
/p
s
.
Cc kch thuc cua my nn phut vi buong ho tron tru duoc tnh bang cc cong thc l
thuyet v thuc nghiem sau.
T phuong trnh luu dong doan nhiet, c (*):
, ] )
p
p
( )
p
p
[(
1 k
k 2
p f
] )
p
p
( 1 [
p
1 k
k 2
)
p
p
( f ] )
p
p
( 1 [
p
1 k
k 2
f v f M
k
1 k
1
2 k / 2
1
2
1 1
k
1 k
1
2
1
1 k / 1
1
2
1
k
1 k
1
2
1
1
2 2 2
+

=
=

=

= =
trong d cc chi so 1v 2 chi cc thong so trang thi 1 v 2.
oi vi trung hop luu dong tren toc do ti han, p
2
/p
1
s|
k
=
1 k
k
)
1 k
2
(

+
, thay tri so |
k
vo
phuong trnh tren, duoc tiet dien nho nhat (hong) lo phun:
m m
1 k
1 k
cr . m
cr . m cr
cr . m
h
p
1 k
2
k
M
a
M
f

.
|
\
|
+
=
+
, (3.104)
trong d M
m
- luu luong khoi luong chat long cong tc: p
m
v
m
l p v mat do ban dau cua
chat cong tc:
cr
v a
m.cr
l mat do v toc do ti han.
Tiet dien ra cua lo phun
s s
cr . m
2
v
M
f
= ,
trong d M
m.cr
l luu luong khoi luong ti han cua chat cong tc:
s
v v
s
l mat do v toc do ra
khoi mieng phun v v
s
.
Su dung cong thc (*), trong d M thay bang M
m.cr
trong cong thc (3.104), v thay cc
thong so tuong ng (coi chat cong tc gin no ti p suat p
s
cua chat long duoc ht, thu duoc
Hnh 3.71. Ti so nn my nn hoi nuc (k=1,3) cot
p cao phu thuoc vo he so ht theo:
1- p
m
/p
s
=3,2: 2- p
m
/p
s
=6: 3- p
m
/p
s
=20: 4- p
m
/p
s
=50.
123
k
1 k
m
s k / 1
m
s
1 k
1 k
h
k
1 k
m
s k / 1
m
s
m m
m m
1 k
1 k
h
2
)
p
p
( 1 )
p
p
(
1 k
2
2
1 k
f
)
p
p
( 1 )
p
p
(
1 k
k 2
p
p
1 k
2
k f
f
.
|
\
|
+

.
|
\
|
+
= . (3.105)
Thiet dien buong ho tron duoc tnh theo cong thc (3.101), trong d m
m
=M
m.cr
o cong
thc (3.104) v van toc c
E
duoc tnh theo ti so p suat p
3
/p
mix
. Neu bo qua dong nang hon hop
chat long ra khoi my th ta c the viet
. ] )
p
p
( 1 [
1 k
2
a
kp
)
p
p
(
] )
p
p
( 1 [
1 k
2
a )
p
p
( ] )
p
p
( 1 [
1 k
2
a c
k
1 k
mix
3
cr . mix
mix k / 1
mix
3
k
1 k
mix
3
cr . mix mix
k / 1
mix
3
k
1 k
mix
3
cr . mix 3 E 3
=
Thay vo (3.101) bieu thc ny v (3.104), doi
cr . m
m
m
m
m
m m
a
p k
p
k
p k
p =
= , s duoc
h
cr . m
cr . mix
mix
m
k
1 k
mix
3
k
1
mix
3
1 k
1 k
3
f ) u 1 (
a
a
p
p
)
p
p
( 1 )
p
p
(
1 k
2
2
1 k
f +
.
|
\
|
+
+
. (3.106)
Chieu di buong ho tron
l
mix
=6d
3
khi us0,5:
l
mix
=10d
3
khi u>2.
Gc con ong khuyech tn u=8
0
- 10
0
. Chieu di ong khuech tn l
dif
=(68)(d
ra
-d
3
).
Lo phun, buong ho tron v ong khuyech tn yeu cau c do dong tam cao, hieu suat my
s thap neu dieu ny khong thoa mn.
Mot yeu to quan trong na l khoang cch l t mieng ra lo phun den buong ho tron.
Khoang cch ny chon theo cong thc kinh nghiem
a 4 , 4
u 37 , 0
l
j
+
= khi u>0,5:
a 2
d
29 , 0 u 76 , 0 083 , 0 l
2
j
+ = khi u<0,5,
trong d d
2
- dung knh mieng ra lo phun, a=0,07 den 0,09 ti le theo u.
124
CHUONG IV. BO TRUYN ONG THUY ONG LUC
4.1 Gii thieu chung
Bo truyen dong thuy dong luc (goi tat l bo truyen thuy luc) c bo phan cong tc l bom
cnh, tua bin thuy luc lap dong truc v gan nhau trong vo chung. Chng c nhiem vu truyen
cong suat t dong co ti cc thiet bi duoc dan dong bang dng chat long. Trong bo truyen dong
khong c lien he cng gia truc dan v bi dan.
Bo truyen thuy luc duoc phan thnh cc bo truyen momen thuy luc, chng truyen cong
suat m khong thay doi mo men, v bo bien doi toc do (hay bien doi momen) thuy luc c kha
nang thay doi momen truyen. Dui day, de trnh di dng chng duoc goi chung l bo truyen,
chi khi de nham lan hoac de nhan manh th goi bo truyen momen l bo truyen khong lm thay
doi momen v bo bien doi momen de chi bo truyen trong d momen truc ra khc truc vo.
Bo truyen (hnh 4.1) v bien toc thuy luc (hnh 4.2) c trong vo chung1 bnh cnh bom 2-
lien ket vi truc 5 cua dong co, bnh cnh tua bin 3 lien ket vi truc ra 11.
Trong cc bien toc thuy luc, gia bnh cnh cua bom v tua bin c dat bnh cnh phan
kch 12, lien ket vi vo co dinh 13. Cc cnh 6 v 9 cua cc bnh cnh lien ket vi cc be mat
mt dan hung (v du, cc mat 7 v 8). Cc be mat tao thnh cc khoang trong d chat long
(thung l dau khong do nht thap) chay bao qua cc cnh cua bnh cnh. Hnh dang ben
ngoi cua cc bo phan cong tc duoc mo ta tren hnh 4.3.
Cc bo truyen thuy luc (hnh 4.1 v 4.2) c mot hoac vi o d trong 4 de dinh tam cc
bnh cnh, bo lm kn 10 lm kn vo. Bnh cnh bom nhan nang luong t dong co v nh cc
cnh truyen n cho dng chat long. Dng chat long chay bao qua cc cnh cua tua bin lm tua
bin quay v truyen nang luong tieu thu tren truc bi dan de khac phuc sc can cua my cong tc
(my tieu thu). Bo truyen thuy luc c kha nang gii han momen (can) tren truc dong co v lm
yeu cc xung cua momen ny khi sc can o my tieu thu thay doi theo dang xung. Nh vay
m n bao ve dong co v cc bo
Hnh 4.1. So do bo truyen momen thuy luc v dng trong he thong cnh cua n.
125
Hnh 4.2. So do bo bien toc thuy luc v dng chay trong he thong cnh.
Hnh 4.3. Cc bo
phan cong tc
cua khp noi
thuy luc:
1- bnh cnh bom:
2- bnh cnh tua
bin: 3- vo quay.
126
phan co cua bo truyen dong khoi qu tai v cc tai va dap, tang do tin cay cua he thong. Bo
truyen thuy luc cn bao ve qu tai cho dong co trong thi gian khoi dong, khi tang toc doi
tuong duoc dan dong c qun tnh ln, do d khong can thiet tang cong suat dinh mc
cuadong co m van bao dam qu trnh tang toc.
Ngoi ra, cc bo bien toc thuy luc cn dam bao thay doi khong bac nhay momen theo
thay doi vng quay cua truc ra. Khi sc can my tieu thu tang v, do d, vng quay truc ra giam
th momen truyen tang. Nh dieu d m viec su dung cong suat dong co duoc tot hon, tang hieu
suat cua he thong v khong can thiet dng cc bnh rang de thay doi ti so truyen. Tat ca cc
chc nang tren duoc thuc hien tu dong khong c su can thiep cua ngui van hnh hoac thiet bi
dieu khien no. O che do toi uu hieu suat bo truyen thuy luc dat ti 85-98%, tc l thap hon so
vi cc bo truyen co khong dng ke. D c nhuoc diem ny v ket cau c phan phc tap hon,
nhung do cc uu diem tren nen chng van duoc dng rong ri trong cc my xay dung, my
nang, giao thong van tai dat tien, lm viec o dieu kien nang ne.
4.2 Qu trnh lm viec v dac tnh bo truyn momen thuy luc
O che do on dinh tong tat ca cc momen cua ngoai luc len khp noi bang khong (hnh
4.1). Cc momen ngoai luc gom c momen M
1
t pha dong co tren truc 5: momen can M
2
cua
my tieu thu dat len truc ra 11: momen ma st M
r
cua vo quay 1 vi moi trung xung quanh.
Do d,
M
1
-M
2
-M
r
=0. (4.1)
Momen M
r
thung nho, nen c the mot cch gan dng coi momen M
1
truyen cho my
tieu thu khong thay doi, tc l
M
1
~M
2
=M. (4.2)
Phan chu yeu cua M, k hieu l M
tr
duoc truyen cho bnh cnh tua bin nh dng chat long
chuyen dong qua he thong cnh. Mo men M
tr
c gi tri dng bang thay doi momen dong luong
cua dng do tc dung cua cc cnh. Trong bo truyen momen thuy luc, ngui ta dng cc cnh
hung knh phang. Theo so do dong hoc cua dng tren cc danh gii cua he thong cnh (hnh
4.1), momen can thiet de thay doi thay doi momen dong luong dng qua bnh cnh bom,
M
tr
=Q(v
u2B
R
2
-v
u2T
R
1
). (4.3)
Phuong trnh (4.3) cho thay momen M
tr
ti le vi Q v gia so momen toc do cua dng (tang
van toc quay) v
u
R. O cc cho chuyen tiep 2H-1T v 2T-1H gia cc he thong cnh momen
dong luong cua dng khong thay doi, do d luong momen dong luong giam trong bnh cnh
tua bin bang luong tang trong bnh cnh bom. ie ny duoc khang dinh bang (4.2). Mot phan
khong ln momen duoc truyen nh ma st M
f
. Chat long trong khe gia vo 1 v be mat 7 cua
bnh cnh tua bin bi ko vo chuyen dong quay do ma st vi vo 1 v bi hm lai do ma st vi
be mat 7 nen truyen mot momen no d cho truc ra. Ngoi ra momen cn duoc truyen do ma
st trong cc o 4 v thiet bi lm kn 10. Nhu vay,
M=M
tr
+M
f
.
Momen t dong co duoc truyen qua khp chi khi c chenh lech toc do cc bnh cnh, tc
l n
1
>n
2
. Ti so vng quay cc bnh cnh i=n
2
/n
1
duoc goi l ti so truyen. Sai lech vng quay
tuong doi s=(n
1
-n
2
)/n
1
=1-i duoc goi l do truot. Khong c su truot th luu luong Q v do d,
theo cong thc (4.3), momen M
tr
bang khong. Momen truyen do ma st cng bang khong
(khong ke truyen do ma st cua o v lm kn). Khi vng quay n
2
thap v do d trung luc li tam
trong cc rnh cnh bnh cnh tua bin yeu, bnh cnh tua bin tao ra sc can doi vi dng chat
long nho. Khi d QQ
max
v momen truyen M
tr
cng dat gi tri toi da.
Dc tinh bo truyen momen thuy luc (hnh 4.4) l dung M phu thuoc vo toc do truc ra n
2
khi n
1
=const, tc l phu thuoc vo ti so truyen i. Vng ben phai OK l dac tnh ng vi cc che
127
do m i duong v cc bnh cnh quay cng chieu. ay l vng truyen cong suat cua bnh cnh
bom cho tua bin, trong d phu thuoc M=f(n
2
) l dung cong di xuong. ac tnh cn bao gom
phu thuoc cua hieu suat q vo n
2
hoac i. Theo cong thc (4.2) th momen duoc truyen thuc te
khong thay doi v hieu suat s bang ti so truyen:
q=N
2
/N
1
=M
2
n
2
/M
1
n
1
=n
2
/n
1
=i. (4.4)
Trong vng lm viec chu yeu (0<i<i
tr
) su phu thuoc q=f(i) l tuyen tnh. Khi i1 su tuyen
tnh bi mat di. Momen M, duoc truyen boi bo truyen, giam nhanh o vng ny. Gi tri cua n tro
thnh cng mc do so vi ma st cua vo vi moi trung xung quanh. Khi d, theo cong thc
(4.1), momen truyen cho truc ra giam khi tang i nhanh hon so vi M
1
, v hm phu thuoc, theo
cong thc
q=(M
2
/M
1
)i=[(M
1
-M
r
)/M
1
]i,
s giam v lech khoi dung q=i. Vng ben tri OL cua dac tnh l tong hop cc che do bnh
cnh quay nguoc. Trong d i<0, v bo truyen thuc hien vai tr cua phanh. O day q=0. Cc che
do quay nguoc thung su dung trong cc my nang khi ha tai trong. Theo cong thc (4.4) th
phan nang luong ton that trong bo truyen thuy luc bang do truot s=1-q. Nang luong bi mat cho
khac phuc ma st cua dng vi cc cnh v thnh cc rnh, do tao xoy khi chay bao qua cc
cnh. Cc ton that ny, v du o cua vo bnh cnh tua bin, phu thuoc vo, nhu thay o mat cat b-
b hnh 4.1, thay doi toc do v
2B
o cua ra cua bnh cnh bom cho den v
1T
o ngay sau cua vo bnh
cnh tua bin v ti le vi vec to v
y
, dac trung cho su thay doi cung bc cua dng, n tang khi
giam i.
Ton that tuong tu cng xuat hien o cua vo bnh
cnh bom. Cc ton that xoy chiem phan ln khi i nho,
tc l khi luu luong ln. Khi i ln ton that chu yeu do
ma st quyet dinh. Trong vng ny cua dac tnh, neu
ma st cng nho th bo truyen c the truyen momen
cng ln o cng i hoac kch thuc d cho v cong suat
tren don vi the tch cua n cng ln. Nhu vay, chat
luong bo truyen ve tch nang duoc the hien bang do
doc cua dac tnh o vng i ln.
Nang luong ton that chuyen thnh nhiet phai
duoc dua di de trnh lm nng chat long v cc lien
ket khong co dinh. Trong cc bo truyen thuy luc lm
viec lau di vi do truot s ln v dac biet o vng quay
nguoc phai su dung cc phuong tien lm mt dac biet. Neu lm viec lau di o s nho, th r lot
chat long qua cc khe cng nhu lm mt vo tu nhien l du.
4.3 Qu trnh lm viec v dac tnh cua bo bien toc thuy luc
Bo bien toc thuy luc (hnh 4.2), c tat ca cc tnh chat cua bo truyen thuy luc, ngoi ra c
kha nang bien doi momen M
1
cua dong co dat tren truc vo 5 tuy thuoc vo ti so truyen i. Neu
momen can M
2
tren truc ra 11 ln hon momen dong co, th n
2
tu dong giam: neu M
2
giam th n
2
tang. ieu ny cho php tu dong, khong can thay doi ti so truyen (chuyen so), su dung day du
hon kha nang cua dong co, lm cho n thch ng vi cc dieu kien thay doi tai.
Cc cnh cua bien toc c profin cong tuong ng vi dong hoc mong muon cua dng. ieu
ny can thiet de c duoc cc tnh chat bien doi can thiet cng nhu hieu suat du cao trong vng
thay doi i rong. Thung khi lm quen vi tuong tc cua cc he thong bnh cnh trong bo bien
toc thuy luc ngui ta chi xt so do dng chay duoc don gian ho nhung gan vi thuc te. So do
ho dua vo cc gia thiet sau:
Hnh 4.4. ac tnh bo truyen momen.
128
1) hung toc do tuong doi w sau moi he thong cnh coi nhu trng vi gc ra cc cnh:
2) luu luong Q qua tat ca cc he thong cnh tai thi diem nhat dinh duoc coi l nhu nhau
do r lot nho (q tren hnh 4.2):
3) o cho danh gii gia cc he thong cnh momen dong luong cua dng duoc xem nhu
khong thay doi (v du, v
u2B
R
2B
=v
u1T
R
1T
: v
u2R
R
2R
=v
u1B
R
1B
).
oi vi bien toc thuy luc che do lm viec tieu bieu nhat l khi momen dong co M
1
dat
tren truc vo duoc tang ti M
2
tren truc ra. Bnh cnh bom, su dung momen M
1
, lm tang
momen dong luong dng. O cua vo bnh cnh bom momen toc do dng (thnh phan quay)
bang v
u2R
R
2R
, duoc tang ti v
u2B
R
2B
o cua ra. Do d
M
1
=Q(v
u2B
R
2B
- v
u2R
R
2R
). (4.5)
Neu cc cnh phan kch cng tang dng quay, tc l v
u2R
R
2R
>v
u2T
R
2T
, th gia so tong cua
momen dong luong
M
1
+M
3
=Q(v
u2B
R
2B
- v
u2T
R
2T
),
trong d M
3
-momen len bnh cnh phan kch co dinh, do vo 13 chiu.
Trong bnh cnh tua bin thnh phan quay giam t v
u2B
R
2B
den v
u2T
R
2T
de khac phuc
momen can
-M
2
=Q(v
u2T
R
2T
-v
u2B
R
2B
), (4.6)
bang tong momen bnh cnh bom v bnh cnh phan kch, tc l M
1
+M
3
-M
2
=0. Nhu vay, bien
toc thuy luc pht huy tren truc ra momen M
2
ln hon momen ban than dong co chiu M
1
v thuc
hien chc nang giam toc. Trong d buoc n
2
<n
1
, hay i=n
2
/n
1
<1. Mot phan khong ln momen
duoc truyen nh ma st dia v ma st trong cc o v lm kn, do d bo bien toc c vo quay
(hnh 4.2) c hieu suat ln hon so vi kieu vo khong quay.
Dc tinh bo bien toc thuy luc (hnh 4.5) l tong hop cc quan he phu thuoc M
1
=f(i):
M
2
=f(i): q=M
2
n
2
/(M
1
n
1
)=f(i) khi n
1
=const.
e tien so snh tnh chat bien doi cua cc
bien toc thuy luc khc nhau, thung tren cc dac
tnh thay quan he M
2
=f(i) bang quan he c dang
gan giong vi n cua he so bien doi momen
K=M
2
/M
1
=f(i), (4.7)
n cng cho php tnh hieu suat tien hon
q=Ki. (4.8)
Su di xuong cua M
2
=f(i) c the giai thch
bang cch xt tam gic toc do khi n
1
khong doi
v n
2
thay dng ke (hnh 4.2). Che do lm viec
cua bom khi d thay doi t. Hung v do ln toc
do v
2R
o cua vo bnh cnh bom do he thong
cnh co dinh cua bnh phan kch v luu luong Q
(thay doi it) quyet dinh. Do d toc do v
2B
v
thnh phan v
u2B
cua n o cua ra khoi bnh cnh
bom, tc l truc cua vo bnh tua bin, thay doi t. Sau bnh cnh tua bin dng thay doi manh
tuy theo n
2
. Khi momen can M
2
ln, vng quay n
2
v do d u
2T
giam. Thay tren tam gic toc
do, dieu ny dan den giam thnh phan van toc vng v
u2T
, nhu thay o tren hnh 4.2, n c the c
gi tri am, tc l c chieu nguoc chieu quay bnh cnh (gia su Q it thay doi nen van toc tuong
doi w
2I
it thay doi, v v
u2I
giam do n
2
giam). Trong cc dieu kien ny, t cc phuong trnh (4.5)
v (4.6) thay momen M
2
vuot M
1
dng ke. Cc che do ny ng vi vng A tren do thi dac tnh
(xem hnh 4.5), trong d |M
2
|>|M
1
| v K>1, cn momen M
3
duong. Khi giam momen can
Hnh 4.5. ac tnh bo bien toc thuy luc.
129
M
2
th vng quay n
2
tang, thnh phan v
u2T
tang, v theo (4.6) momen truyen cho bnh cnh tua
bin M
2
giam. Tc dung cua bnh phan kch, tc l momen M
3
giam.
Danh gii cua vng A l che do m v
u2T
c gi tri m tai d bnh phan kch khong tc
dung len dng (v
u2T
R
2T
=v
u2R
R
2R
). Ta goi n l che do cua bo truyen momen v k hieu bang
diem H. Tai day M
3
=0, K=1 v q=i. Khi momen can tiep tuc giam km theo n
2
v v
u2T
tang
(vng B), momen M
2
do tua bin tao ra tro nen nho hon M
1
(K<1). Trong vng ny, tc dung
cua momen M
3
cua bnh phan kch doi sang chieu nguoc lai (so vi vng A, bnh phan kch c
tc dung xoay dng ve pha thuan chieu quay cua bom hon, tc l neu qui dinh van toc duong
khi cng chieu quay th -v
u2R
R
2R
<-v
u2T
R
2T
). ac tnh c the bao gom ca vng C, trong d M
2
rat
nho v bo bien toc thuc hien chc nang cua bo tang toc (i>1), v vng D o cc che do quay
nguoc m n dng vai tr cua thiet bi hm thuy luc. Thay o vng D hieu suat q=0.
Trong vng A, o d K>1, hieu suat bien toc thuy luc theo cong thc (4.8) luon ln hon
cua bo truyen momen thuy luc (q=i), cn o cc vng B v C- nho hon.
Bang cch thay doi vi tr v profin cnh bnh phan kch v tua bin c the tao cho tua bin
quay nguoc, tuy nhien cc bo bien toc thuy luc dao chieu v tang toc, duoc thiet ke rieng cho
cc che do ny, c hieu suat khong cao v t duoc su dung.
4.3 Tao mau bo truyn thuy luc v tnh chuyen dac tnh cua chng
Cc nguyen tac tao mau cc he thong cnh bo truyen thuy luc dua tren co so cc qui luat
dong dang cc my thuy luc cnh. chng cho php xc dinh kch thuc v dac tnh cc he
thong cnh mi thoa mn cc gi tri d cho M
1
, M
2
, n
1
, n
2
, neu biet kch thuc v dac tnh thuc
nghiem cua he thong cnh duoc lay lm mau c cc gi tri cc thong so cong tc tuong doi K,
i, v q thch hop.
Nguyen tac tao mau cng cho php tnh chuyen doi cc dac tnh thuc nghiem cua bo
truyen thuy luc thu duoc o vng quay n
1
nhat dinh sang dac tnh vi gi tri khc cua n
1
v bang
tnh ton xc dinh duoc che do lm viec cua he thong dong co- bo truyen- my tieu thu c vng
quay thay doi. Su dung phuong php dong dang lm giam khoi luong thu nghiem trong che tao
cc he thong cnh mi v thu dac tnh tren be thu.
Co so nguyen tac tao mau cc my thuy luc cnh duoc trnh by o muc 3.4 Chuong III.
ieu kien dong dang cua cc che do lm viec cc bo truyen thuy luc c cc he thong cnh dong
dang hnh hoc l su dong dang dong hoc cua trung toc do tren danh gii he thong cnh. Khi su
dung cho so do tnh ton cc dng dieu kien ny the hien o su dong dang cua cc tam gic toc
do tren cc danh gii he thong cnh (hnh 4.1 v 4.2). Do d bieu hien ben ngoi cua su dong
dang cc che do l ti so truyen khong doi i=const. Theo cong thc (3.38), momen tuong tc cua
dng vi cc bnh cnh ti le vi mat do chat long , van toc gc e
2
v kch thuc bnh cnh
D
5
:
M~e
2
D
5
. (4.9)
oi vi cc bo truyen thuy luc ngui ta lay vng quay truc vo n
1
lm vng quay dac
trung. ieu ny tien loi o cho khi thu nghiem de c dac tnh thung gi n
1
=const.
Yeu to kch thuc dac trung lay dung knh ln nhat D cua bnh cnh. Khi ti so truyen i
nhu nhau, doi vi cc bo truyen dong dang theo phuong trnh (4.9) s c cc quan he
1
5 2
1 1
k ) D /( M = e v
2
5 2
1 2
k ) D /( M = e (4.10)
phai nhu nhau. Theo cc bieu thc (4.7) v (4.8) o cc che do nhu vay s c cc gi tri
K=M
2
/M
1
=k
2
/k
1
v q=Ki nhu nhau.
Neu ket qua thu cho mot bo truyen o vi gi tri n
1
=const duoc dua len he toa do M v n
2
chung, th cc momen ng vi cc i=const s phai nam tren dung paraboll bac hai:
130
5 2
1
D k M e = , (4.11)
cn hieu suat o cc che do ny phai khong doi. V du tren hnh 4.6, a bieu dien cc dac tnh bo
truyen thuy luc thu duoc o ba ga tri n
1
. Cc che do dong dang, dac trung boi cc dai luong i=i`:
k=k`: K=K`: q=q` ng vi cc dung paraboll momen I v II, cn cc che do c momen bang
nhau (che do cua bo truyen momen thuy luc i=i
h
: k=k
h
: K
h
=1: q
h
=i)- paraboll III. Tren hnh 4.7,
a bieu dien cc dac tnh cua bo truyen momen thuy luc o ba gi tri n
1
=const. Cc momen ng
vi k=k` khi i=i`=0,5 v k=k khi i=i=0,95 nam tren dung paraboll I v II minh hoa cho su
khong doi cua cc quan he (4.10). Do d de su l ket qua thu cc bo truyen thuy luc thung
khong xay dung do thi momen m dai luong ti le vi chng k
1
=f(i) v k
2
=f(i) hoac thung
xuyen nhat l k=k
1
=f(i) v K=k
2
/k
1
=f(i) cng nhu q=f(i) (hnh 4.7, b). Cc dac tnh nhu vay
duoc goi l dac tnh tong qut. Chng thch hop cho bo truyen thuy luc bat k c bo phan dan
dng vi cc kch thuc dong dang. Tren thuc te nguyen tac ny duoc thuc hien mot cch gan
dng.
Su gan dng cua cc dieu
kien ti le cua cc dac tnh l do sai
lech cc dieu kien dong dang
khong trnh duoc trong che tao v
khi tien hnh thu. Dui day l cc
nguyen nhan chu yeu gay ra cc
sai so.
1. Khc nhau cua so
Re= v e / D
2
1
cua cc dng trong
cc bo truyen dong dem so snh.
Dung nhu tien loi nhat l tien
hnh thu o n
1
=const. Do d, tham
ch thu cng mot bo truyen o cc
n
1
=const khc nhau cng tien
hnh vi Re khc nhau. Cc he so
sc can thuy luc, dac biet ma st,
giam v tien den gii han no d
khi so Re tang, cho nen trong cc
bo truyen n
1
hoac D nho hoac do
nht ln, dong dang dong hoc cua
cc dng bi ph v v cc he so
momen k o i=const giam so vi
cc k gii han ng vi Re ln. oi
vi bo truyen momen dieu ny
duoc bieu hien bang sai lech cua dung M=f(n
2
) o i=const so vi dung paraboll (xem cong
thc 4.11). oi vi bo bien toc thuy luc n dan den giam momen truyen, tc l giam K v q.
2. Anh huong cua cc yeu to ti le, v du khong dam bao dong dang hnh hoc do khong
dam bao ti le do nhm cua thnh cc rnh dan v kch thuc cc khe ho lm kn so vi dung
knh dac trung D khi thay doi n. Khi giam D, do nhm tuong doi tang v ton that do ma st
cng tang. Ngoi ra, khi tang kch thuc tuong doi cua cc khe lm kn, phan r lot q (hnh 4.2)
tang. Anh huong cc yeu to ti le cng dan den ph v su dong dang dong hoc cua cc dng khi
i=const v gay cc tc hai bo sung cho cc bo truyen kch nho so vi cc bo truyen ln hon.
Hnh 4.6. ac tnh bo bien toc thuy luc:
a- o cc vng quay n
1
khc nhau: b- tong qut khong th
nguyen.
131
3. Khong c dieu kien ti le (4.11) doi vi cc momen duoc truyen v tieu hao boi ma st
cua o v thiet bi lm kn trong cc bo truyen thuy luc. Khi giam n
1
v D cng nhu tang do nht
v, phan momen ma st so vi momen truyen boi dng chat long M
tr
tang v dan den giam do
chnh xc cua tnh ton chuyen doi.
4.4 Su lm viec cua bo truyn momen vi dong co v my su dung nang luong. Cc
kieu bo truyn co ban
Ta s xt dac diem lm viec chu yeu cua he thong gom dong co 1, my duoc dan dong
(my su dung nang luong) 2 v bo truyen momen 3.
Nguyen tac chon bo truyen cho su lm viec phoi hop cua dong co vi my tieu thu l phai
dam bao hai dieu kien. Th nhat, o che do khai thc lau di bo truyen momen phai lm viec o
gan che do toi uu (diem P hnh 4.4), o d q
P
~q
max
. Bnh thung i
P
=q
P
=0,940,98. Th hai, bo
truyen momen phai bao ve tin cay dong co v my tieu thu khoi bi qu tai. Momen tnh ton o
che do khai thc lau di M
P
nho hon vi lan so vi momen chuyen dich M
0
- momen dong co
chiu khi truc ra bi hm, tc l i=0. Momen M
0
thung xap xi momen duoc truyen ln nhat:
M
0
~M
max
. Tuy vay, doi khi cng c trung hop momen truyen dat M
max
o i>0 (hnh 4.8). ai
luong o=M
max
/M
P
=
max
/
P
, duoc goi l he so qu tai, do tnh chat thuy luc cua bo phan dan
dng bo truyen quyet dinh. Khi so snh o doi vi cc bo truyen momen khc nhau thung lay
P
o i
P
=0,95. Nh c gii han cua o m bo truyen c kha nang bao ve dong co v my duoc dan
dong khoi bi qu tai. e nhu dong co lm viec o che do M
max
an ton v khong dan den hu
hong truc thi han. Di nhien, do ln o phai tuong ng vi kha nang v dieu kien khai thc cua
dong co. Ngoi ra, tri so cua M
max
cng phai dam bao do ben cua tat ca cc chi tiet cua he
thong.
Nhu vay c the khi qut hai yeu cau co ban doi vi dac tnh bo truyen:
1) trong vng i n phai doc xuong de truyen nang luong vi hieu suat ln, v de bo
truyen khi d s c kch thuc nho:
2) o vng i0 n phai c tri so o cho php doi vi dong co duoc su dung.
Thung cc bo truyen momen duoc su dung cng vi dong co dien khong dong bo hoac
dong co dot trong m theo tnh chat dac tnh cua chng can duoc bao ve qu tai. Tuy theo loai
dong co v vai tr bo truyen dam nhiem m thay doi yeu cau doi vi dac tnh cua n v dac biet
l doi vi doan dau cua dac tnh quyet
max
, tc l M
max
. Cc dong co dien khong dong bo cho
php he so qu tai o=
max
/
P
=24, cn dong co dot trong - o=46.
Hnh 4.7. ac
tnh bo truyen
momen:
a)- o cc vng
quay truc vo n
1
khc nhau: b)-
dac tnh tong
qut khong th
nguyen.
132
Trnh tu xc dinh kch thuoc bo truyen momen cho he thong dong co dien khong
dong bo.
Gia su biet dac tnh cua dong co M
dc
=f(n
1
) (hnh 4.8, a): ho cc dung dac tnh tieu thu
M
tr
=f(n
2
), trong so d dung I (co ban) ng vi dieu kien lm viec lau di, cn dung II v III-
cc dieu kien tai bo phan v toi da cho php: dac tnh tong qut cua kieu bo truyen d chon
k=f(i) (hnh 4.8, b). Neu khong c bo truyen cc che do lm viec phoi hop cua dong co v my
tieu thu s duoc xc dinh bang giao cc dung M
dc
=f(n
1
) v M
tr
=f(n
2
) khi chong chng len
nhau. Tren hnh 4.8, a l cc diem C, B v E. Khi chon dong co dng, diem che do tai ln nhat
E nam o gan diem A, tc diem bat dau nhnh di xuong ben phai cua dac tnh cong tc dong co.
Neu (luon c the xay ra o cc my nang, xay dung v van tai) momen M
tr
vuot qu momen gii
han M
dcA
th dong co bi dng lai do tai trong v c the bi hong. e trnh dieu ny xay ra phai
lap dong co c cong suat cao hon de tang M
dcA
. Nhung khi su dung bo truyen thuy luc c the
khong can nang cong suat my.
e chon kch thuc bo truyen ngui ta dua vo dac tnh cua n de xc dinh tri so do truot
tnh ton (thung s
P
=0,060,02: tc l i
P
=q
P
=0,940,98) v dung lai nhnh lm viec cua dac
tnh dong co, dich cc diem tren n theo truc vng quay di mot khoang An
p
=s
P
n
1
. iem giao
cua dung cong thu duoc M
dc
=f(i
P
n
1
) vidung M
tr
=f(n
2
) (diem G tren hnh 4.8, a) cho tri so
momen tnh ton M
P
v vng quay n
2P
=i
P
n
1P
. Khi tm duoc tren dac tnh k=f(i) gi tri k
P
ng vi
i
P
ta s xc dinh duoc dung knh D cua bo truyen t cong thc
5 2
P 1
2
P P
D n ) 30 / ( k M t = .
oi vi kieu bo truyen d chon, ngoi dac tnh khi qut cn phai biet hnh dang bo phan
dan dng cua moden ban dau c dac tnh tren. Khi d cc kch thuc di cc khoang cong tc
duoc xc dinh theo ti le D/D
M
(trong d D
M
- kch thuc mau). Cc kch thuc gc gi nguyen.
Sau khi c kch thuc bo truyen D xay dung dac tnh ra M
2
=f(n
2
). e nhu vay, chon tren
dac tnh k=f(i) (hnh 4.8, c) mot so gi tri lien quan nhau k v i, ke ca che do i=0. oi vi moi
che do, tren mien xc dinh dac tnh dong co, dua vo (4.11) xay dung cc dung paraboll
M=f(n
1
) bang cch cho mot loat gi tri n
1
(cc dung k=const tren hnh 4.8, a). Giao diem cc
dung ny vi dung dac tnh dong co s cho cc gi tri n
1
v M
dc
tuong ng vi moi che do d
Hnh 4.8. ac tnh lm viec phoi hop cua dong co
dien khong dong bo vi bo truyen momen:
a- dac tnh dong co: b- dac tnh bo truyen: c- dac tnh
tren truc ra.
133
chon (v du, che do k` ng vi che do B` cua dong co). Tiep theo, doi vi moi che do xc dinh
duoc n
2
=in
1
, M
2
=M
dc
v q=i v dung duoc dac tnh ra M
2
=f(n
2
) cng nhu q=f(n
2
).
Xt ket hop dac tnh M
2
vi dac tnh tieu thu M
tr
=f(n
2
). iem nhat dinh tren dac tnh
dong co s ng vi mot diem cua M
2
(v du, B` ng vi B). Neu ton bo dac tnh M
2
=f(n
2
),
trong d c ca che do M
max
tuong ng vi chi nhng diem tren nhnh di xuong cua dong co,
dong co s hon ton duoc bao ve khoi bi qu tai. Quan he q=f(n
2
) cho php dnh gi pham vi
thay doi hieu suat trong vng cc che do khai thc thung xuyen cua my tieu thu. V du, neu
vng ny ng vi doan C- B tren hnh 4.8, c th hieu suat cua bo truyen thay doi trong khoang
t q
P
=0,96 den q`=0,90 (hnh 4.8, b) v luon du ln doi vi cc che do lm viec thung xuyen.
Lua chon bo truyen cho dong co dot trong. Ve co ban n khong khc vi trnh tu d
trnh by o tren cho dong co dien khong dong bo. Vng che do lm viec khong on dinh cua
dong co dot trong the hien bang vng gach cho o tren hnh 4.9, a. e bao ve cho he thong
khong bi qu tai v dong co khong bi tat my th dung paraboll k
max
phai loai bo vng ny ra
khoi vng OP cua cc che do khai thc. Vng khai thc OP tren 4.9, a cng c cc chi so k
hieu tuong ng vi vng lm viec tren dac tnh cua bo truyen (hnh 4.9, b) v dac tnh ra (H.
4.9, c). Xt dac tnh ra cho thay bo truyen hon ton c the bao ve he thong khoi qu tai v
dong co khong bi dng.
Cc kieu bo truyen co ban. Kieu v dac tnh bo chuyen can duoc xt theo quan diem
dam bao hai nguyen tac co ban neu tren. o doc ln cua dac tnh c the thu duoc neu cc ton
that ma st trong khoang cong tc khi i1 nho. e nhu vay khoang cong tc thung duoc lm
khong c be mat dau mt dan hung ben trong (mat 13 hnh 4.1). So do he thong nhu vay duoc
gii thieu o hnh 4.10, a.
Hnh 4.9. Cc dac tnh lm viec
phoi hop cua dong co dot trong v
bo truyen momen thuy luc.
134
Hnh 4.10. So do cc dang bo truyen momen co ban.
135
Ha thap nhnh bat dau cua dac tnh, tc l giam momen duoc truyen khi i nho c the thuc
hien bang cch, nhu thay o cong thc (4.3), giam luu luong Q o vng ny cua dac tnh.
e lm dieu ny ngui ta su dung nhng bien php sau:
1) su dung cc khoang cong tc c hnh dang dac biet cho php su dung tnh chat tu thay
doi cua dng:
2) su dung cc he thong cnh dang dac biet:
3) thay doi mc do dien day cua chat long trong bo truyen:
4) su dung he thong cnh xoay (thung dng trong bnh cnh tua bin).
Hai bien php dau khong can su dung bo phan dieu khien ben ngoi v duoc dng trong
cc bo truyen de bao ve dong co khoi cc xung cua momen can v qu tai khi khoi dong hay
tang toc my duoc dan dong.
Hai bien php sau duoc thuc hien nh co cau dieu khien ben ngoi. Nhng bo truyen duoc
dieu khien nhu vay c cc tnh chat bao ve o mc do cao v, ngoi ra, cn cho php dieu chinh
vng quay cua my duoc dan dong.
Co so cua bien php th nhat l, o trang thi khong dien day chat long trong cc khoang
cong tc c the ton tai hai dang dng chay on dinh thay doi lan nhau khi i xc dinh. Khi i nho,
luu luong Q ln (hnh 4.10, a), dng chuyen dong bi p vo thnh ngoi cua khoang cong tc
cn khong kh tao thnh khoang B o gia khoang. Khi i tang th dng thay doi lai sao cho trao
doi chat long gia cc bnh cnh xay ra o phan chu vi cua khoang cong tc, khoang khong kh
B dich chuyen ve pha tam cua bo truyen. Khong c be mat dan hung dau mat ben trong c tc
dung ho tro cho viec chuyen doi ny.
Bo truyen thuy luc c do dien day khong doi c g (hnh 4.10, c) cho php giam tri so o
nh su dung tnh chat chuyen doi ta tren. Trong bo truyen, g hnh vnh trn N duoc dat o cua
ra khoi bnh cnh tua bin. Khi i nho th g N c sc can ln doi vi dng. N lm giam luu
luong Q v, theo (4.3), giam do ln M
tr
o vng ny cua dac tnh. Khi i ln, sau khi chuyen doi
lai dng tap trung o pha chu vi (hnh 4.10, b), g N khong c tc dung, v dang doc cua dac
tnh duoc gi nguyen.
Tren hnh 4.11 (b) cho dac tnh cua bo truyen c g (hnh 4.10, c) so vi dac tnh a cng
cua bo truyen nhu vay nhung khong c g.
Khi d
N
~0,5D tri so cua o giam xuong ti 5,5, chng d l du doi
vi cc dong co dot trong. Trong khi d do doc cua dac tnh o vng i
P
thay doi khong dng ke. Viec su dung g cng c gii han. Tang
dung knh d
N
manh dan den giam do doc cua dac tnh o khu vuc i
P
dng ke, tc l giam hieu suat o che do khai thc chu yeu.
Bo truyen do dien day khong doi tu chinh (hnh 4.10, d) cho
php c dac tnh c tnh chat bao ve cao (o=1,52,5) bang cch tang
cung su dung tnh chat chuyen doi cua dng. Nhng bo truyen nhu
vay can cho cc dong co dien khong dong bo lm viec trong nhng
dieu kien nang ne nhat. Tc dung cua g 1 duoc tang cung bang
khoang 3 o sau bnh cnh bom. Mot phan chat long chay vo khoang
qua khe 4 bi gi lai o d khi i nho. ieu d lm giam dng ke luu
luong Q v momen. Khi giam tai v tang i chat long qua cc lo 2 tro
ve khoang cong tc v tuan hon o phan ngoai vi khoang. ac tnh
cua bo truyen ny gii thieu tren hnh 4.11 (d).
Cc bo truyen bao ve vi do dien day khong doi cnh phang nghieng c o=23. Trong bo
truyen (hnh 4.10, e) su dung bien php th hai de sua doi dac tnh, d l dng cc cnh bom
Hnh 4.11. ac tnh
cc bo truyen do dien
day khong doi.
136
phang nghieng ve pha nguoc chieu quay, cn cnh tua bin nghieng ve pha troc. Khi cc cnh
nghieng ve pha sau, cot p bnh cnh bom tao ra giam , cn sc can cua ton bo he thong cnh
tang. ieu d lm cho luu luong Q v momen giam khi i nho. Khi i ln, luu luong trong bo
truyen nho v dang cnh khong anh huong r ret den cc dac tnh thuy luc cua cc bnh cnh
v do d khong anh huong nhieu den nhnh di xuong cua dac tnh. ac tnh bo truyen cnh
nghieng gii thieu tren hnh 4.10 (c).
Nhng bo truyen bao ve c mc dien day khong doi phai lm viec qu tai lau, d l cc
che do q nho v cho nen can phai duoc lm mt manh. e lm mt, ngui ta lap cc cnh quat
(CQ tren hnh 4.10, d v e) de tang cung thoi vo ngoi bnh cnh. Tuy nhien, chng lm tang
momen ma st M
r
v giam hieu suat bo truyen. e bao ve su co do qu nng, doi khi tren vo
cn duoc lap cc nt bang hop kim de chay de xa chat long qu nhiet ra khoi khoang cong tc.
Cc bo truyen dieu chinh duoc c do dien day thay doi (hnh 4.10, g) c ong mc truot
duoc su dung cho nhng dieu kien lm viec nang ne nhat nhu qu tai thung xuyen, dieu kien
khoi dong nang ne hoac de dieu chinh nho vng quay cua my duoc dan dong khi n
1
=const.
Bn knh R
k
cua vi tr mieng 9 cuoi ong mc 10 c the thay doi. ng mc chat long o vnh
ngoi khoang 1 cua vo quay 2 cua bo truyen khi chat long ap ti mieng ong. Nhu vay, do ln
R
k
quyet dinh mc chat long trong vnh 1. Tang R
k
lm giam luong chat long trong vnh, v
vnh duoc thong bang cc lo 3 vi khoang lm viec 4 cua vo 5 nen giam luong chat long trong
d v giam luu luong Q chay trong he thong cnh cua cc bnh cnh.
ng mc dong thi cho php lm mt chat long cong tc. Luong chat long mc ra q duoc
dua ve bnh cha 8 c thiet bi trao doi nhiet 6 roi duoc bom phu 7 dua tro ve khoang cong tc.
ac tnh cua bo truyen dieu chinh duoc duoc bieu dien tren hnh 4.12. N gom cc dac
tnh bo phan ng vi cc mc do day W khc nhau (W
0
- day toi da). Kha nang ve nang luong
cua bo truyen dieu chinh duoc tuong duong vi su dung mot loat vi bo truyen. Tnh chat thay
doi dac tnh khi thay doi do day thung duoc p dung ca cho nhng bo truyen khong dieu
chinh duoc nham lm thch ng cng mot loai bo truyen cho cc dong co cong suat khc nhau.
Khi d can luu rang, giam nhieu do day (v du, W<0,75W
0
nhu tren 4.12) s dan den xuat
hien diem uon cua dac tnh do chuyen doi dang dng chay nhu d mo ta o tren. Khi su dung
cc dac tnh nhu vay, su lm viec cua he thong c bo truyen ny phuc vu c the tro nen khong
on dinh. N bieu hien bang cc xung vng quay tuong doi nhanh theo chu k cua my duoc dan
dong, dieu ny ph hoai su hoat dong bnh thung.
Chng ta xt qua trinh dieu chinh vng quay truc ra nh bo truyen do day thay doi trong
he thong duoc dan dong bang dong co khong dong bo c dac tnh nhu o hnh 4.13, a. ac tnh
bo truyen (hnh 4.13, b) nh dieu chinh do day thay doi t k
I
den k
II
v tuong ng vi thay doi
tnh ra t M
2I
den M
2II
(hnh 4.13, c). Cc diem giao cua cc dac tnh ny vi dac tnh tai cua
my su dung M
tr
=f(n
2
) cho thay, khi thay doi do day vng quay n
2
s thay doi trong pham vi
An
2
. Phuong php dieu chinh nhu vay chi cho php giam vng quay n
2
so vi n
2PI
. Khi d bo
truyen duoc su dung o cc che do i nho hon, nghia l hieu suat thap hon. Nhu thay o tren hnh,
khi dieu chinh vng quay trong pham vi An
2
hieu suat thay doi trong pham vi Aq. Do vay dieu
chinh vng quay trong pham vi ln khong c loi. Khi An
2
nho bien php ny nh tnh don gian
nen duoc dng rong ri trong dan dong cc my cnh (bom hay my nn li tam, chong chng).
Trong cc dieu kien dac biet nang ne cc bo truyen dieu chinh duoc duoc su dung de bao
ve qu tai v tang toc khi khoi dong. e nhu vay he thong dieu chinh do day duoc trang bi thiet
bi tu dong, khi khoi dong v qu tai n rt chat long trong bo truyen, ha dac tnh xuong gii
han.
137
ieu chinh su lm viec cua bo truyen bang he thong cnh xoay (thung cc cnh tua bin)
cho php thay doi dac tnh bo truyen trong pham vi rong. Tuy nhien, khi d bo truyen lm viec
khong on dinh.
Cc bo truyen c cc cnh xoay phc tap v nang hon cc bo truyen bnh thung rat
nhieu nen khong duoc su dung rong ri.
Khoi dong v tng toc nh bo truyen lm cho dieu kien khoi dong cua dong co tro thnh
nhe nhng mot cch dng ke. Khi momen qun tnh cua my duoc dan dong ln, nh bo truyen
m khong can thiet tang cong suat lap dat dong co theo dieu kien khoi dong. Khi khoi dong c
bo truyen, momen dong co vuot qua momen khoi dong M
0
tang toc chi cho bnh cnh bom v
chat long trong khoang cong tc c momen qun tnh nho. Su tang toc cua bnh tua bin v may
duoc dan dong c the bi tre ve thi gian so vi su tang toc cua khau vo, the nhung n khong
lm mn bo truyen giong nhu qu trnh tang toc qua khp ma st v khong dan den qu tai
dong co.
Ta xt qu trnh tang toc cua he thong gom dong, bo truyen v my tieu thu. Cc dac tnh
cua dong co M
dc
=f(n
1
), cua my tieu thu M
tt
=f(n
2
) v cua bo truyen duoc bieu dien tren cc
hnh 4.14, a, b v c. Chng thu duoc o cc che do lm viec on dinh, tc l cc dung dac tnh
tinh. Do qun tnh cua chat long trong cc khoang cong tc cua bo truyen nho nen c the su
dung dac tnh tinh cua bo truyen de xt cc qu trnh dong.
Khi khoi dong dong co (che do O hnh 4.14, a) khau vo bat dau quay, n gom ro to cua
dong co v bnh cnh bom vi momen qun tnh qui doi l J
1
. Khi d bnh cnh tua bin chua
quay (n
2
=0) v do d momen tren truc ra tang theo n
1
5 2
1
2
0 0
D n ) 30 / ( k M t = . Momen tha
tren truc vo
AM
dc
=M
dc
-M
0
=J
1
de
1
/dt, (4.12)
quyet dinh gia toc khau vo cua he thong de
1
/dt. Khi o che do A momen duoc truyen dat gi
tri M
trA
du dich chuyen my tieu thu (hnh 4.14, b), truc ra bat dau quay. Tiep theo qu trnh
dien ra vi su tang toc dong thi cua n
1
v n
2
, tc l vi i thay doi. Chang han, o che do B l i
B
Hnh 4.12. Trung dac tnh
bo truyen c do day thay
doi.
Hnh 4.13. Cc dac tnh cua qu trnh dieu chinh vng quay
truc ra nh bo truyen dieu chinh duoc do day.
138
khi n
1
=n
1B
cn n
2
=n
2B
, momen tua bin tao ra duoc xc dinh tren paraboll
5 2
1
2
B B
D n ) 30 / ( k M t = . o ln M
B
o n
1
=n
1B
ln hon momen can tinh cua my tieu thu M
ttB
, gia
toc gc cua truc ra duoc xc dinh theo phuong trnh
AM
tr
=M
B
-M
ttB
=J
2
de
2
/dt, (4.13)
trong d J
2
- momen qun tnh truc ra.
Qu trnh tang toc truc vo van dong thi dien ra do tc dung cua momen
AM
dcB
=M
dcB
-M
B
=J
1
de
1B
/dt, (4.14)
V thung J
1
<<J
2
nen n
1
tang nhanh hon n
2
rat nhieu. Ti che do C m t d AM
dc
giam
manh, su tang toc cua truc vo tren thuc te gan nhu ket thc, nhung qu trnh tang toc truc ra
van tiep tuc vi AM
tr
dng ke. Ti che do P, khi ca hai qu trnh tang toc hon thnh v n
1
=n
1P
,
cn n
2
=n
2P
, he thong chuyen sang che do lm viec on dinh thiet ke o i
P
v An
P
=n
1P
-n
2P
=s
P
n
1P
.
Hnh 4.14, d bieu dien qu trnh tang toc theo thi gian. Tren d chia ra thnh cc giai
doan OA, khi chi c vng quay truc vo tang: AC l giai doan tang toc dong thi ca hai phan
cua he thong, trong d vng quay n
1
tang nhanh cn n
2
tang cham: CP- vng quay dong co tien
dan den vng quay on dinh cn vng quay truc ra tang nhanh. Khi khoi dong, thi gian dong co
lm viec trong doan dac tnh OD rat ngan, day l doan m dong co c kha nang bi qu nhiet
nhanh nhat. e so snh, tren hnh 4.14, d bieu dien do thi qu trnh tang toc cng cua he thong
ay khi khong c bo truyen (cc dung nt dt): su tang toc cua dong co bi ko di v dong co
bi nng, dieu d dan den giam tuoi tho khi thung xuyen khoi dong.
e tnh ton che do tang toc phai giai cc phuong trnh vi phan (4.11), (4.13) v (4.14)
bang cc phuong php so. Chia qu trnh thnh cc khoang thi gian At, doi vi doan OA gia so
van toc gc truc vo sau thi gian At xc dinh duoc t phuong trnh A e
1
/At=AM
dc
/J
1
. oi vi
AP ta c AM
tr
/AM
dc
=J
2
/J
1
.Ae
2
/Ae
1
. C the xc dinh cc Ae
1
ng vi Ae
2
bang phuong php
dng dan (chon thu Ae
2
). Thi gian dat che do P bang tong cc At.
Hnh 4.14. Cc dac
tnh qu trnh tang toc
cua co cau duoc dan
dong qua bo truyen.
139
4.5 Su lm viec cua bo bien doi momen thuy luc vi dong co v my su dung nang
luong. Cc kieu bo bien doi momen co ban
Bo bien doi momen thuy luc c thoa mn cc yeu cau lm viec phoi hop cua dong co vi
my tieu thu hay khong l do cc tnh chat dac tnh cua n quyet dinh. N phai dam bao su
dung my tieu thu cng nhu kha nang cua dong co mot cch tot nhat. Khi d, hieu suat o cc
che do c the lm viec lau cua he thong phai du cao. Bi ton lua chon bo truyen duoc giai
quyet theo hai buc: th nhat, theo cc chi so cua che do lm viec tnh ton cua he thong (cua
dong co, cua my tieu thu v kieu bo truyen vi dac tnh d biet) xc dinh kch thuc D cua bo
truyen yeu cau: th hai, su dung dac tnh cc bo phan cua he thong xay dung dac tnh ra
M
2
=f(n
2
) v dnh gi loi ch cua n de dan dong my tieu thu trong ton bo vng cc che do
khai thc.
Trong lua chon bo truyen, de cho n thch hop vi dac tnh cua dong co c the c hai
trung hop:
1) bo truyen kieu d cho d duoc san xuat v cc kch thuc cng nhu dac tnh d c san:
2) doi vi kieu d chon cua bo truyen chi biet cc kch thuc tuong doi cua bo phan dan
dng v dac tnh tong qut, cn ban than bo truyen phai che tao mi.
itong trung hop thu nhat c the lm bo truyen thch hop vi dong co nh bo truyen bnh rang
trung gian, trung hop th hai- xc dinh kch thuc D cua bo truyen can thiet v thiet ke cc bo
phan lm viec t bo truyen mau bang phuong php dong dang.
Thung xuyen hon ca l cc bo bien doi momen duoc dng cng dong co dot trong.
Chon bo bien doi momen thuy luc cho dong co diezel.
Lua chon phai lm sao cho cc my cng lm viec o che do tnh ton. ac tnh cua dong
co dua ra tren hnh 4.15, a, cn cua bo truyen o tren hnh 4.15, b. Che do tnh ton cua dong co
Hnh 4.15. ac tnh
lm viec phoi hop cua
dong co (diezel) vi
bo bien doi momen
thuy luc:
a- dac tnh dong co: b-
dac tnh bo bien doi
momen thuy luc: c- dac
tnh tren truc ra.
140
(gan che do cong suat toi da) duoc xc dinh bang cc thong so M
dP
v n
1P
, cn cua bo truyen
(gan che do q
max
) bang K
P
, k
P
v i
P
.
Trung hop th nhat, khi kch thuc bo truyen d biet, phai xc dinh i
br
- ti so truyen cua
bo truyen bnh rang nham lm tuong thch cc thiet bi. Vng quay n`
1
v momen M`
d
tren truc
vo bo truyen s lan luot bang:
n`
1
=n
1
i
br
v M`
d
=M
d
/i
br
. (4.15)
Gi tri i
br
theo cc cong thc (4.11) v (4.15) duoc xc dinh t quan he
M`
d
=M
d
/i
br
=k
P
(t/30)
2
D
5
(n
1P
i
br
)
2
.
Sau khi chon i
br
ta tnh chuyen dac tnh dong co nh (4.15) thnh M`
d
=f(n`
1
) v su dung
n de tnh ton tiep theo thay cho do thi ban dau M
d
=f(n
1
).
Trong trung hop th hai ta phai xc dinh kch thuc D cua bo truyen yeu cau, c the
chon truc i
br
neu can (thung de giam D su dung bo truyen tang toc) hoac trong trung hop
dong co cao toc c the noi truc tiep dong co vi bo truyen thuy luc (i
br
=1). Khi d theo cong
thc (4.11), c
5
2
P 1
2
P
d
n ) 30 / ( k
M
D
t
= .
Tren hnh 4.15, dai luong k thuc te khong doi. C nghia l o che do lm viec bat k, vi bo
truyen ny momen dong co khong thay doi v duoc xc dinh bang giao cua paraboll
2
1
5 2
P 1
n D ) 30 / ( k M t = vi dac tnh dong co (xem hnh 4.15, a). Nhng bo truyen c dac tnh
nhu vay (goi l dang dac tnh khong r rng) thung duoc su dung cho cc dong co c momen
t phu thuoc vng quay.
ac tnh truc ra M
2
=f(n
2
) duoc xay dung sau khi hon thnh buc tren, tc l trng khp
che do tnh ton cua bo truyen vi che do cong tc cua dong co. Chon tren dac tnh cua bo
truyen mot loat che do lm viec, chng duoc xc dinh bang cc tri so lien quan nhau i, k, K v
q v xay dung cho tng che do cc dung paraboll tai
2
1
5 2
1
n D ) 30 / ( k M t = ,
cc diem giao cua chng vi dac tnh dong co cho biet che do lm viec cua n (vi dac tnh
khong r rng th chi c mot dung paraboll tai). Vi moi che do tnh duoc M
2
=KM
d
: n
2
=n
1
i:
v xc dinh duoc q, sau d dua vo cc diem thu duoc xay dung dac tnh ra M
2
=f(n
2
) v
q=f(n
2
). Xt ket hop dac tnh ny vi dactnh tieu thu M
tt
=f(n
2
). V du, cc dac tnh tieu thu I v
II thch hop vi vng lm viec lau. Vng ny phai trong vng c hieu suat q cao. ac tnh III l
dieu kien chuyen dich nang ne nhat. N phai nam dui momen gii han M
0
tren truc ra. Tren
hnh 4.15, c c chong ca dac tnh dong co (nt dt) M
d
=f(n
1
). So snh n vi dung M
2
=f(n
2
)
th c the thay rang, su dung bo truyen tang kha nang ko cua he thong rat hieu qua.
Chon bo truyen thuy luc cho dong co cacbuarato (hnh 4.16). Lua chon phan nh cc
dac diem rieng cua dac tnh dong co. Khi bat dau dich chuyen, de cai thien su tang toc cua my
tieu thu th tot nhat l su dung momen ln nhat cua dong co (diem O tren hnh 4.16, a). e
duoc nhu vay paraboll tai cua che do dich chuyen (k=k
0
, i=0) phai di qua diem O. Trong qu
trnh tang toc he thong phai chuyen ti su dung cong suat v vng quay toi da cua dong co. e
nhu vay th khi i tang che do lm viec cua dong co phai dich ti vng lan can diem P. Bo bien
doi momen thuy luc vi su phu thuoc k=f(i) di xuong r rng dp ng duoc cc yeu cau tren
(hnh 4.16, b).
o r rng cua dac tnh bo truyen the hien bang he so do r H=k
max
/k
P
(thung k
max
~k
0
,
k
P
~k
H
khi K=1). Tren hnh 4.16, c cc dung nt lien l dac tnh ra M
2
=f(n
2
) v hm q=f(n
2
)
cua he thong vi bo truyen r rng. ac tnh nhu vay dam bao khoi dong vi momen cuc dai
141
M
20
v toc do ln nhat o n
2P
. e so snh ta bieu dien bang cc dung nt dt dac tnh ra khi
dong co lm viec vi bo truyen c dac tnh khong r rng, c cng cc gi tri K nhung k khong
doi. Neu k=k
max
=const (cc dung dac tnh I tren hnh 4.16, b, c) th tren truc ra c the thu duoc
momen cuc dai nhung s khong dat toc do cuc dai v khong su dung het cong suat dong co.
Neu k=k
P
=const (dac tnh II) th s su dung het cong suat dong co nhung khong su dung duoc
momen ln nhat.
Cc kieu cua bo bien doi momen thuy luc. Moi kieu c nhng dac diem rieng cua he
thong cnh v dang dac tnh tuy theo chc nang m n dam nhiem trong cc my truyen dong.
Loai th nhat l cc bo truyen kieu dng cho qu trnh tang toc (hoac khoi dong), duoc
thiet ke vi kha nang bien doi momen ln (K
0
=3,56: K
P
=1,62). Chng c dac diem l hieu
suat q
max
o vng ti so truyen tuong doi nho i
P
=0,550,65. Cc bo truyen kieu ny (hnh 4.17)
duoc dng trong cc he thong c momen tieu thu thay doi manh v thung lap lai qu trnh
tang toc (cc my nang, dau my lm mano, cc my xay dung). Dau hieu dac trung cua chng
l dng bnh cnh tua bin kieu li tam (T tren hnh 4.17, a).
ac diem lm viec cua tua bin li tam l o cho, khi i v K ln dng sau bnh cnh tua bin
hung ve pha nguoc chieu quay cua n, tc l toc do v
u2T
am (xem hnh 4.2). Khi d, cc so
hang trong (4.6) cua M
2
cng dau. Cho nen su dung bnh cnh tua bin li tam c R
2T
ln (ln
hon so vi tua bin hung tam) cho php thu duoc v
u2T
R
2T
ln v do d M
2
ln m khong can
phai c tri so am v
u2T
ln, tc l khong can dng cnh cong nhieu. Khi cnh venh nhieu s
Hnh 4.16. ac tnh lm viec
phoi hop cua dong co
cacbuarato vi bo truyen thuy
luc.
142
tang kha nang gin doan cua dng chay bao, n dan den tang ton that khi che do lm viec khc
che do tnh ton cua he thong cnh. Nhu vay, su dung tua bin li tam cho php mo rong pham vi
hieu suat cao. Cng vi muc dch nhu vay v hon na, de tang q
max
v c dac tnh r rng ngui
ta cn su dung bnh cnh tua bin nhieu tang, tua bin sau dat o cua vo cua bom. Tren hnh
4.17, b bieu dien bo truyen c bnh tua bin hai tang- li tam T v hung tam T`. Moi tang cua
bnh tua bin tc dong den dng tuong doi yeu cho nen c cc cnh venh nho.
Khi lm viec lau o che do i1 (vng B hnh 4.5), su dung bo truyen dang de tang toc
khong c loi do hieu suat thap nen duoc ngat o vng quay truc ra du ln. V du, doi vi bo
truyen hnh 4.17, a, o vng B duoc rt chat long ra qua lo xa X bang cch ngng cap chat long
vo qua loi vo V. Momen khi d duoc truyen qua bo truyen momen thuy luc khc lap song
song vi bo bien doi momen, cc khoang cong tc cua n duoc bom day chat long dong thi
vi viec rt chat long khoi bo bien doi momen. O bo bien doi momen hnh 4.17, b, de ngat
phan thuy luc dng cc li hop ma st. Khi li hop C
1
tiep xc momen duoc truyen bang bo
truyen thuy luc. Khi C
2
lm viec th cc truc duoc noi cng vi nhau, bo truyen bi kho lai,
bnh cnh tua bin duoc tch ra khoi truc ra nh khp noi c hnh trnh tu do (KTD).
Dang co ban th hai l cc bo bien doi momen thuy luc phc (hnh 4.2). Chng thung su
dung cho oto, oto but v cc phuong tien van tai chay dung di can cc bo truyen c hieu
suat cao trong pham vi ti so truyen bien doi rong, ke ca vng i1. Trong trung hop ny khong
the su dung nhnh HF cua dac tnh neu o hnh 4.5 v o d hieu suat thap, su dung bo truyen
momen s c loi hon. iem khc cua bo truyen phc l c lien ket bnh cnh phan kch vi vo
co dinh thong qua khp noi c hnh trnh tu do (KTD tren hnh 4.2), n chi c kha nang truyen
momen theo mot chieu.
Sau che do H (xem hnh 4.5) v thay doi hung tc dung cua momen M
3
, bnh phan kch
mat diem tua vo vo v bat dau quay tu do trong dng chay v thuc te khong tc dung len dng.
Bo bien doi momen (hay bien toc) bien thnh bo truyen momen. ac tnh momen cua bo
truyen s theo nhnh di xuong HE, tc dac tnh momen cua bo truyen momen, cn hieu suat
thay doi theo qui luat q=i (nhnh HÈ`).
oi vi cc bo truyen phc, cch bo tr cc bnh cnh dien hnh l doi xng v su dung
cc tua bin hung tam. ieu ny can thiet de giam kch thuc bo truyen v c duoc dac tnh
Hnh 4.17. So do cc bo bien doi momen thuy luc tang toc ngat duoc.
143
thoa dng o vng i1. Nhuoc diem cua bo truyen kieu ny l dac tnh hieu suat c vng lm
xuong o cho chuyen tiep sang dac tnh cua bo truyen momen (H` tren hnh 4.5). Vng ny cng
lm xuong nhieu khi tang cung tnh chat bien doi cua bo truyen, tc l tang K. e bo vng
lm ny, ngui ta cn dng bnh phan kch duoc phan chia thnh hai he thong cnh, moi he
thong c mot khp c hnh trnh tu do rieng. Khi o i nho chng bo xung cho nhau v tao ra tc
dung xoay dng manh nen bien doi momen ln. en gi tri i
H1
no d, mot bnh phan kch bat
dau duoc giai phng v ngng tc dung len dng chay. Bnh phan kch cn lai van gan chat vi
vo v c tc dung len dng nhung yeu hon. Chi cho ti khi i dat i
H
th ca hai deu duoc giai
phng v bo truyen mi hon ton chuyen sang che do cua bo truyen momen.
Cc bo truyen phc c tnh chat bien doi tuong doi khong ln, chng thung c
K
0
=23,5: i
H
=0,70,85: q
max
=0,850,92 khi K=1,31,5 v i=0,70,5. Tang cung tnh chat
bien doi (tang K) s l giam q
max
v lm xau dac tnh o vng cc che do truyen momen.
144
CHUONG V. MY THE TCH
5.1 Gii thieu chung v my thuy luc the tch
5.1.1 Cc khi niem co ban. Cc tnh chat chung cua my the tch
My the tch l cc my c qu trnh lm viec dua tren nguyen l luan phien ht v nn
chat long vo v ra khoi khoang cong tc. Khoang cong tc cua my thuy luc the tch duoc hieu
l khong gian gii han o trong my c the tch thay doi theo chu k v luan phien thong vi cua
vo v ra cua chat long.
My the tch c the c mot hay nhieu khoang cong tc.
Tuy theo viec my tao ra dng chat long hay su dung nang luong cua chat long, chng
duoc phan thnh chng duoc phan thnh bom hoac dong co thuy luc.
Trong bom the tich, chat long dich chuyen duoc do bi nn ra khoi khoang cong tc. Bo
phan dng de nn chat long c the l piston, plongio, bnh rang, truc vt hoac cc cnh gat v.v.
Theo nguyen tac hoat dong, ni chnh xc hon l theo dac tnh qu trnh nn chat long,
cc bom the tch duoc chia thnh cc bom piston (plongio, tc l piston dang hnh tru) v cc
bom ro to.
Trong bom piston, chat long bi nn ra khoi khoang cong tc bat dong nh chuyen dong
tinh tien cua bo phan nn (piston, plongio, mng).
Trong cc bom ro to chat long duoc nn ra khoi khoang cong tc chuyen dong l nh
chuyen dong quay hoac chuyen dong quay- tinh tien cua bo phan nn (bnh rang, truc vt, cnh
gat, pitton).
Theo dac tnh chuyen dong cua khau vo cc bom the tch chia thnh loai quay (khau vo
chuyen dong quay) v loai tc dung thang (khau vo chuyen dong tinh tien)
Dong co thuy luc the tich l cc my the tch dng de chuyen nang luong cua chat long
thnh co nang cua khau ra.
Theo dac tnh chuyen cua khau ra (bi dan) cc dong co the tch duoc phan thnh ba loai:
xi lanh thuy luc vi chuyen dong tinh tien cua khau ra:
dong co thuy luc c khau ra chuyen dong quay lien tuc:
dong co thuy luc quay c gc quay cua khau ra bi han che.
He truyen dong thuy luc the tich bao gom cc my the tch, cc thiet bi thuy luc v cc
trang thiet bi khc dng de truyen co nang v bien doi chuyen dong bang chat long. Thuat ng
he truyen dong thuy luc the tch bao hm ca khi niem bo truyen thuy luc the tch, n l mot
phan cua he thong truyen dong thuy luc gom c cc bom, dong co thuy luc (mot hoac mot vi
ci) v duoc noi vi nhau bang he thong ong. Nhu vay, bo truyen- d l bo phan dong luc cua
cua he truyen dong m qua d dng nang luong co ban duoc truyen.
Cc thiet bi thuy luc duoc hieu l cc thiet bi dieu khien dng trong he thong, nh chng
m c the dieu khien duoc he thong truyen dong. Thiet bi c the thuc hien dieu chinh bang tay
hoac tu dong, mat khc- chng l cc thiet bi co, thuy luc, dien hoac kh nn.
Cc tnh chat chung cua cc cc bom the tch, chng do nguyen l hoat dong quyet dinh
v khc vi cc bom cnh, bao gom
1. Tnh chu k cua qu trnh cong tc, lien quan ti n l tnh chat khau do v khong deu
cua san luong. Luong cap cua bom the tch khong deu, moi khoang cong tc ng vi luong cap
nhat dinh.
2. Tnh kn, nghia l c su ngan cch gia dung ong day v ht (cc bom cnh khong c
tnh ny, rnh dan dng thong cua ht v day).
3. Tnh tu ht, tc l kha nang tao ra do chan khong can thiet trong dung ong ht m ban
dau cha day khong kh, du de nang chat long den do cao bom dat. Chieu cao ht khong the
145
vuot qu gi tri gii han cho php. Cc bom cnh neu khong c cc thiet bi dac biet khong c
kha nang tu ht.
4. Tnh cng cua dac tnh hay do doc dng cua dung dac tnh H(Q), n c nghia luu
luong t phu thuoc vo p luc m bom tao ra. San luong l tuong hon ton khong phu thuoc vo
p suat bom (dac tnh cc bom cnh thung thoai).
5. Tnh khong phu thuoc cua p suat bom tao ra vo toc do chuyen dong cua bo phan
cong tc bom cng nhu cua chat long. Ve nguyen tac, khi lm viec vi chat long khong nn
duoc, bom the tch, c do kn kht l tuong, c the tao ra p suat ln bat k do tai trong quyet
dinh o toc do chuyen dong nho tuy . oi vi cc bom cnh, de c p suat cao can phai c
vng quay bnh cnh v toc do chuyen dong cua chat long cao.
ong co thuy luc the tch ve co ban cng c cc tnh chat tren, giong nhu cc bom the
tch, nhung c vi khc biet do chc nang cua n khc bom. Cc dong co thuy luc the tch cng
cc tnh chat dac trung nhu chu k, kn. Tnh cng cua dong co the tch l o cho toc do khau ra
t phu thuoc vo tai tren khau ny (luc tren can xi lanh thuy luc hoac momen tren truc mo to
thuy luc).
5.1.2. Cc dai luong dac trung cho qu trnh lm viec cua bom the tch
ai luong co ban quyet dinh kch thuc cua bom the tch (hoac dong co thuy luc the tch)
l the tch cong tc cua bom.
The tch cong tc cua bom v tan so chu trnh cong tc quyet dinh san luong l thuyet. San
luong l thuyet cua bom the tch l luong cap trong mot don vi thi gian chat long khong nn
duoc khi khong c r lot qua cc khe ho. San luong l thuyet trung bnh theo thi gian
Q
lt
=V
0
n=V
k
zkn, (5.1)
trong d V
0
- the tch cong tc cua bom, tc l luong cap l tuong sau moi chu k (mot vng quay cua
bom): n- tan so chu k cong tc cua bom (l vng quay cua truc doi vi cc bom quay): V
k
- luong cap l
tuong t moi khoang cong tc sau mot chu k: z- so khoang cong tc trong bom: k- so lan tc dung cua
bom, tc l so lan cap cua moi khoang trong mot chu k (mot vng quay).
Nhu vay the tch cong tc cua bom
V
0
=V
k
zk. (5.2)
Thong thung k=1, nhung trong vi ket cau k=2 hoac nhieu hon.
San luong thuc te cua bom nho hon so vi l thuyet do c r lot t cc khoang cong tc v
t buong day, o cc p suat cao cn do tnh nn duoc cua chat long.
Ti so gia san luong thuc te v san luong l tuong duoc goi l he so san luong:
c=Q/Q
lt
=(Q
lt
-q
rl
-q
n
)/Q
lt
, (5.3)
trong d q
rl
- ton that r lot: q
n
- ton that do nn.
Khi nn chat long nho khong dng ke, he so san luong bang hieu suat the tch cua bom
(c=q
Q
):
q
Q
=Q/Q
lt
=(Q
lt
-q
rl
)/Q
lt
=Q/(Q+q
rl
). (5.4)
Gia so nang luong ton bo cua chat long trong bom the tch thung qui ve mot don vi the
tch v do d the hien bang don vi p suat. V bom the tch thung dng de tao ra p luc dng
ke nen su gia tang cua dong nang chat long thung bo qua. Cho nen p suat bom l chenh lech
p suat cua ra p
2
v cua vo p
1
:
p
B
=p
2
-p
1
, (5.5)
cn cot p bom
H
B
=p
B
/(g).
Cong suat c ch cua bom
N
e
=Qp
B
. (5.6)
146
Cong suat tieu thu boi bom quay (dong co dan dong tieu ton),
N
B
=M
B
e
B
, (5.7)
trong d M
B
- momen tren truc bom: e
B
- van toc gc truc bom.
Hieu suat bom l ti so gia cong suat c ch v cong suat do bom tieu thu
q
B
=N
e
/N
B
=Qp
B
/(M
B
e
B
). (5.8)
Cng tuong tu nhu doi vi bom cnh, phan hieu suat thnh hieu suat thuy luc q
H
, hieu
suat the tch q
Q
v hieu suat co gii q
m
, chng ke den ba dang ton that: thuy luc- ton that cot p
(p suat), the tch- ton that r lot chat long qua cc khe ho, v ton that co gii- do ma st trong
cc co cau bom:
q
H
=(p
2
-p
1
)/p
i
=p
B
/p
i
: (5.9)
q
Q
=Q/(Q+q
rl
): (5.10)
q
M
=(N
B
-AN
m
)/N
B
=N
i
/N
B
, (5.11)
trong d p
i
- p suat chi thi duoc tao ra trong khoang cong tc cua bom v tuong ng vi cot p l thuyet
o bom cnh: AN
m
- ton that cong suat cho ma st trong cc co cau cua bom: N
i
- cong suat chi thi truyen
cho chat long trong khoang cong tc v ng vi cong suat thuy luc o bom cnh.
Nhan v chia phuong trnh (5.8) vi N
i
=(Q+q
rl
)p
i
v nhm cc nhan tu, thu duoc
m Q H
B
i
rl i
B
i rl
i
B
B
B
N
N
q Q
Q
p
p
p ) q Q (
N
N
Qp
q q q =
+
=
+
= q , (5.12)
tc l hieu suat bom bang tch cua ba hieu suat bo phan- thuy luc, the tch v co gii.
5.2. Bom piston
5.2.1. Khi niem co ban
Cc bom piston vi co cau dan dong bien-
khuyu v he thong van phan phoi thuoc loai my
duoc su dung t xa xua. Su dung chng de cap
nuc d duoc biet t the ki th II truc cong
nguyen, tuy vay ngy nay van l mot trong cc
loai co ban pho bien rong de bom chuyen chat
long.
So do ket cau he thong bom vi bom kieu
piston don gian nhat duoc gii thieu tren hnh
5.1. Khoang cong tc l xi lanh 6, cn thiet bi
nn l plongio (piston tru) 8, n chuyen dong
tinh tien nh co cau bien khuyu. He thong phan
phoi, dam bao noi luan phien xi lanh vi dung
ht 1 v dung day 3, bao gom van ht 11 v van
day 5. Cc van thuoc loai tu hoat dong. Khi tang
the tch trong khoang cong tc (o hnh trnh ht),
p suat trong d p
1xl
nho hon p suat p
1
o truc
van 11. Dui tc dung cua do chenh p van duoc
nang len v xi lanh duoc dien day chat long t
dung ong 1.
The tch buong cong tc giam (o hnh trnh day)
khi plongio chuyen dong vo, p suat trong xi lanh
bat dau tang, van 11 dng v, khi p suat dat ti
tri so p
2xl
ln hon p suat p
2
sau van 5, chat long s duoc day qua van vo dung 3.
Hinh 5.1. So do bom piston co co cau
khuyu dan dong.
147
Luu rang, qu trnh luan phien ht nn ta tren chi c the khi p suat p
2
ln hon p
1
(ng
vi dieu kien lm viec cua bom).
Neu dua chat long den ong 1 dui p luc ln th plongio khong chuyen dong duoc do cc
van cho dng chat long tu do vo dung ong 3 noi c p suat b hon. Nhu vay, khong the su
dung duoc bom c cc van tu hoat dong lm dong co thuy luc, n khong l my thuan
nghich.
Theo ket cau cua bo phan nn cc bom
piston duoc phan loai thnh kieu piston
(hnh 5.2) v kieu plongio (hnh 5.1). Trong
bom kieu piston (hnh 5.2), piston chuyen
dong trong xi lanh nhan bng 5. e lm kn
piston su dung gioang 3 (phuong n I) hoac
che tao c khe ho nho vi thnh xi lanh
(phuong n II). Trong bom kieu plongio
(hnh 5.1), plongio duoc gia cong nhan
chuyen dong tu do trong khoang cong tc,
thiet bi lm kn 7 bat dong trong vo cua
khoang cong tc. V gia cong tinh cc be
mat ben trong kh khan hon, sua cha v
thay the bo phan lm kn ngoi co dinh don
gian hon nen bom kieu plongio c uu the
hon so vi kieu piston neu khong c yeu cau dac biet g ve ket cau v khai thc. Hai kieu bom,
tuy khc nhau ve ket cau thiet bi nn van duoc goi chung l bom piston.
Co cau dan dong bom piston duoc chia thnh co cau khuyu (hnh 5.1) v vau cam (hnh
5.3, a). Trong kieu th hai, piston 2 luon t vo vau quay lech tam 3 thong qua con lan hoac, nhu
tren hnh v, l khp chan truot cau 5.
Cc bom kieu cam cho php tien bo tr gan truc dan dong chung vi lanh (hnh 5.3, b)
ghp song song vi nhau c chung dung dan vo v ra, v do d c duoc luu luong deu hon.
Do c nhieu cap ma st (piston- xi lanh, piston- khp cau, khp cau- vau lech tam) nen
nhng bom nhu vay thch hop hon ca l lm viec vi cc chat long c tnh boi tron, sach v
khong gay mn.
Hinh 5.2. So do bom piston voi piston
vi sai.
Hinh 5.3. So do bom dan dong kieu cam.
148
Co cau bien khuyu (hnh 5.1) tien loi cho viec ngan cch phan dan dong khoi phan bom
v dam bao boi tron rieng biet. Neu trong trung hop ny su dung con truot chiu mn 9 th
piston 8 khong bi tc dung cua cc luc ben tiep xc v lm kn 7 khong bi mi mn. Nhng
bom nhu vay c kha nang bom chat long bat k, ke ca cc chat long ban c cc hat cng.
San luong l thuyet Q
lt
cua moi bo phan bom duoc xc dinh theo bieu thc (5.1) boi the
tch cong tc
V
0
=V
k
=Fh=2rF, (5.13)
v vng quay truc n:
Q
lt
=V
0
n=Fhn, (5.14)
trong d h=2r- hnh trnh piston: F= 4 / d
2
p
t - dien tch dinh piston (hnh 5.1 v 5.3, a).
Neu trong bom c z bo phan bom (v du, hnh 5.3, b) th
Q
lt
=V
0
n=Fhzn, (5.15)
Trong khai thc thung mong muon thay doi san luong m van gi vng quay n khong
doi v dong co dieu chinh duoc dat tien. C the thay doi luu luong bang cch dua mot phan chat
long t dung ong day nguoc tro ve dung ong ht, v du qua van xa 10 (hnh 5.1), khi d phai
trang bi van dieu chinh duoc. Lm nhu vay khong kinh te v ton bo nang luong truyen cho chat
long ra bi tieu tn thnh nhiet khi tiet luu trong van.
Bien php dieu chinh Q
lt
kinh te hon l thay doi bn knh khuyu trong lc lm viec, tc l
thay doi the tch cong tc V
0
.
Nhng he thong nhu vay phc tap ve ket cau v duoc su dung han che, cho nen cc bom
piston dieu chinh duoc t pho bien.
ieu chinh luu luong khong bac duoc thuc hien kh don gian o cc my thuy luc ro to-
piston m ta s xt sau.
Tren tu bom piston dng trong cc chuyen nhien lieu, dau nhn (thung l cc bom tay),
he thong lm mt, cap nuc noi hoi, ht kho. Ngoi ra cc dang dac biet cua bom piston duoc
su dung trong cc my mc thiet bi khc nhau, v du bom nhien lieu cao p, cap dau boi tron xi
lanh, trong cc co cau phoi kh thuy luc hay dieu khien trong dong co diezel.
Cc dong co thuy luc kieu piston cng duoc dng rong ri trong cc he thong dieu khien
v truyen dong thuy luc nhu he thong li, cau, kch thuy luc v.v.
Do c nhng dac diem cua cc bom the tch ni chung (o muc 5.1) v cc dac diem rieng
cua bom piston, nhu chuyen dong tinh tien qua lai, luu luong khong deu (s nghien cu o cc
phan sau) nen bom thung duoc dng khi yeu cau p suat cao v luu luong thap. Vng quay co
cau dan dong bom piston thung thap hon so vi cc bom khc (thap toc n<80 v/ph: trung toc
n=80150 v/ph v cao toc n>150 v/ph). oi vi cc bom piston, luu luong Q>60 m
3
/h d thuoc
loai ln: loai luu luong trung bnh th Q=(1560) m
3
/h v loai nho c Q<15 m
3
/h. Ve p suat,
cc bom piston c the tao ra p suat khong han che: cao p p
B
>20 KG/cm
2
: trung bnh
p
B
=(1020) KG/cm
2
v thap p p
B
<10 KG/cm
2
.
5.2.2. ong hoc cua piston v qui luat thay doi luu luong
Xt cc so do hnh 5.1 v 5.3, a c the thay, trong cc co cau khuyu v vau cam, cc
piston deu c chung mot qui luat chuyen dong. Piston chuyen dich gia cc diem chet A v B,
khoang di chuyen x` cua piston duoc xc dinh bang gc o cua khuyu truc. Khi tnh t dIem
chet ben tri B, qui luat thay doi x`=f(o) s nhu sau:
x`=r+ab-(rcoso+abcos|).
149
Thung che tao ab>>r, v cos|~1 nen qui luat tren c the duoc thay bang hm dieu ho
don
x`=x=r(1-coso)=(h/2)(1-coso). (5.16)
Van toc tc thi cua piston
v
p
=dx/dt=(h/2)sino(do/dt)=(h/2)esino, (5.17)
cn gia toc tc thi
j
p
=d
2
x/dt
2
=(h/2)e
2
coso. (5.18)
Tri so luu luong l thuyet tc thi bang tch cua van toc piston vi dien tch cua n F:
Q
t
=F(h/2)esino. (5.19)
Tren hnh 5.4, a dung OABD l
do thi thay doi Q
t
cua mot xi lanh trong
thi gian mot chu k, tuong ng vi gc
quay cua khuyu truc o=2t. Chat long
duoc cap ti noi tieu thu trong nua vng
quay khi piston chuyen dong t diem
chet ben phai A ti diem ben tri B (hnh
5.3, a). Luong chat long cap trong thi
gian d ng vi qui luat (5.19) duoc the
hien bang dien tch ben dui dung
cosin OAB. Gi tri cua n, theo (3.13),
s bang the tch cong tc cua mot xi
lanh:
}
t
= o o =
0
k
Fh d sin
2
h
F V .
Trong thi gian nua chu k th hai, khi
piston chuyen dong t xi lanh ra v chat long
duoc ht vo d (dung thang AB), chat long
khong duoc cap den noi tieu thu. Nhu vay, san
luong cua bom mot piston khong deu ve do ln
v gin doan theo thi gian. ay l hien tuong
cuc k khong mong muon v can phai han che
bang cc bien php ket cau s duoc ni ti o
muc 5.2.4.
5.2.3. Su lm viec cua he thong van phan phoi
He thong van phan phoi (hnh 5.1) gom c van ht day tu hoat dong 11 v 5. Chng duoc
nang len dui tc dung cua chenh p p
k
, do d trong qu trnh ht p suat trong xi lanh p
1xl
luon
nho hon p suat p
1
tren dung ht truc van 11:
p
1
-p
1xl
=p
k1
.
Trong hnh trnh nn p
2xl
ln hon
p
2
sau van 5:
p
2xl
-p
2
=p
k2
.
Cong suat tieu hao khac phuc sc
can cc van N
k
=p
k
Q chuyen thnh
nhiet v bi mat di. Do vay cc van duoc
Hinh 5.4. Su thay doi cua luu luong v do cao
nang van.
150
lm c xu the sao ton that p suat p
k
nho hon nhieu lan so vi p
B
.
Ket cau cua van gom c dia 3
tua vo l xo 4 (hnh 5.5, a). Khi
van mo dia tao vi de 1 vnh khe
ho 2 vi chieu cao z, nh luc l xo
R
lx
v trong luong G
k
nen chi cho
chat long qua theo mot chieu. Mat
lm kn bd duoc mi r vi de can
than bao dam kn khi van dng.
Mat lm kn van duoc
lm hnh con hoac phang. R cc
van phang don gian hon, khi bi
mn de sua cha. Tuy vay, trong
cc bom cao toc c van nhu vay
thung xuat hien tieng g v dao
dong. Cc van cua bom phai bi
mn khong dng ke sau so chu k
lm viec ln.
e duoc nhu vay qu trnh dng van phai khong xay ra va dap, c the dat dieu ny khi tang
chieu rong be mat lm kn ti do ln nhat dinh, khi cc mat tien lai nhau chat long t khe
chieu cao z bi nn ra vi toc do du cham.
Thung cc van duoc lm c chieu rong dai lm kn bd v chieu cao nang van toi da z
max
kh nho so vi dung knh dia van d
k
:
z
max
<<d
k
: z/d
k
<0,1:
bd<<d
k
: bd/d
k
<0,050,07. (5.20)
Chenh lech p suat p
k.0
khi mo van duoc xc dinh bang luc nn lo xo R
lx.0
v trong luong
van G
k
:
0 . k
2
c
2
k k 0 . lx
p ) d d (
4 2
1
G R +
t
~ + .
ac tnh cua van p
k
=f(Q
k
) l dung cong dong bien (hnh 5.5, b). Su tang cua p
k
cng vi
vi Q
k
hay vi chieu cao nang van z c lien quan ti su phan bo lai p suat tren be mat dia khi
van mo so vi khi dng: o khu vuc gan loi vo khe v trong khe noi van toc chat long ln, p
suat giam so vi trang thi tinh.
ac tnh van duoc mo ta bang cc phuong trnh sau: phuong trnh kha nang luu thong cua van
k khe k
p ) / 2 ( S Q = : (5.21)
phuong trnh can bang
2 / ) d d )( 4 / ( p G R
2
c
2
k k k lx
+ t = + : 5.22)
phuong trnh dac tnh l xo
R
lx
=c(z
0
+z), (5.23)
trong d c- he so do cng: z
0
- do nn ban dau cua l xo.
Trong cc phuong ny, doi vi van phang dien tch khe S
khe
=td
k
z: van con S
khe
~td
k
zsin|. Cc he so luu
luong v luc p suat duoc xc dinh bang thuc nghiem phu thuoc vo so Reinolds: v = / z 2 . p ) / 2 ( Re
k
.
oi vi cc van phang, khi tri so Re ln (z v p
k
ln) c the chuyen sang che do chay gin doan trong khe. Su
thay doi dot ngot gay thay doi p
k
dot ngot lm suat hien tieng on v rung dong trong bom.
ac tnh dong bien the hien tren hnh 5.5, b dac biet khong mong muon doi vi cc van ht: tang ton that
p suat p
k
o luu luong ln Q
k
c the l nguyen nhan xam thuc trong xi lanh bom o gan gia hnh trnh ht.
Hinh 5.5. \an cua bom piston v dc tinh cua no.
151
e dac tnh van thoai hon, van ht duoc lm vi dung knh d
k
ln hon. Khi d vi ti so bd/d
k
dac biet
nho, khc nhau cua phan bo p suat khi van dng v mo khong dng ke v p
k
~p
k.0
. Tuy vay, cc van ln c qun
tnh ln v han che tan so cua chu trnh, tc l n.
Cc van cua bom piston deu c tnh chat tre. Do khong c lien ket cng gia van v piston
nen thi diem dng van cham so vi thi diem piston qua cc diem chet A v B (xem hnh 5.1)
khi hung cua chuyen dong thay doi. Tren hnh 5.4, c bieu dien do thi chuyen dong cua cc van
z=f(o) tuong ng vi do thi luu luong bom mot piston Q
t
=f(o). Do su dng tre cua van day, do
thi chuyen dong OÀB`, van ht chi c the mo sau diem B` thay cho o diem chet B (do thi the
hien van hut mo ngay khi van day dong). l do khi van day cn mo, p suat trong xi lanh
khong the thap hon p
1
v khong c p suat mo van p
k
=p
1
-p
1xl
. Do vay, the tch chat long LB`B
(hnh 5.4, a), truc d d cap vo ong day, quay tro lai xi lanh trong thi gian dng tre van day
BB` nen khong duoc cap ti noi su dung. Cng tuong tu nhu the, su dng tre cua van ht tren
doan DD` dan den nang van day bi cham, n mo khong phai o D m l o D`, cho nen the tch
DD`M d vo xi lanh lai bi day ve ong ht. Nhu vay, su dng muon cc van mot gc o
k
lm
cho luong cap t xi lanh bi giam xuong cn OÀB thay cho OAB, ton bo the tch cong tc
cua xi lanh khong duoc su dung het.
Chat long chay qua cc van trong thi gian dng tre chi phai khac phuc sc can cc van,
thung l khong ln. Cho nen hien tuong dng muon cc van khong gay tieu hao nang luong
dng ke cho dong co v t anh huong den hieu suat bom. V khong c lien he dong hoc cng
gia cc van vi piston, thi gian dng tre cc van chi phu thuoc vo tnh chat ban than cc van.
Khi tang vng quay bom n, thi gian chu trnh giam, thi gian tre so vi chu trnh cong tc
tang. Tri so o
k
khi d tang v san luong bom bi giam.
Su tre cua van giam khi giam khoi luong cua van, dien tch dia van S
k
= 4 / d
2
k
t v chieu
cao nang van z
max
. Nhu vay, de tang vng quay bom m van khong giam kha nang su dung the
tch cong tc bom buoc phai su dung cc van v chieu cao nang van nho hon. Theo cc phu
thuoc (5.21) v (5.22) dan den tang p suat p
k
, tc l su dung l xo c do cng ln hon. Tang p
suat p
k
dong nghia vi tang sc can v ket qua cuoi cng l giam hieu suat v dieu quan trong
l lm xau kha nang ht cua bom.
Truc khi nam tren de, van toc v
d
tien den de cua dia van quyet dinh dac
tnh tiep xc cc be mat o thi diem
cham nhau. Neu toc do nho, mng chat
long bi nn ra t khe dui be mat lm
kn bd (hnh 5.5) v van toc giam ti
khong o thi diem tiep xc cc be mat.
Khi tang van toc v
d
, kha nang giam chan
cua chat long bi nn ra khoi khe giam,
khi dat ti gi tri ti han no d cua v
d
,
van tiep xc de vi van toc khc khong,
tc l c va dap v gay tieng g. Khi c
va dap, van chng bi mn v mat do kn.
Toc do van truc khi dng lai duoc xc
dinh thong qua dai luong tg=-dz/do
(xem hnh 5.4, c), n ti le vi z
max
v n:
n z
dt
d
d
dz
dt
dz
v
max d
~
o
o
= = .
Hinh 5.6. Do thi gia tri gioi han cua
chi tieu kha lm viec cua van C.
152
Bang thuc nghiem xc dinh duoc gi tri ti han C=z
max
n
max
=f(m/S
k
). V du do thi hnh 5.6
l ket qua nghien cu cua I. I. Kukolepxki v L. K. Liakhopxki (m- khoi luong van: S
k
- dien
tch dia). Khi lua chon n v z
max
, de trnh va dap phai tuan theo dieu kien z
max
n<C.
Tm lai, co gang tang vng quay m van gi kha nang ht tot cua bom piston gap kh
khan ln do dac diem qu trnh lm viec cua he thong van phan phoi: khi do nht cua chat long
duoc bom tang th cc kh khan ny cng tang. Trung hop sau th su dung he thong phan phoi
van-ngan ko ket hop trong cc bom ro to piston c uu the hon.
5.2.4. San luong khong deu cua bom piston v bien php khac phuc
Nhu d ni, luong cap cua bom mot piston bi gin doan v c do khong dong deu ln, n
dac trung bang he so
o=(Q
max
-Q
min
)/Q
lt
. (5.24)
Nhu vay, doi vi bom mot piston theo cc cong thc (5.14) v (5.19)
o=Q
max
/Q
lt
=60F(h/2)e/(Fhn)=Fhtn/(Fhn)=t.
Thung khong cho php luu luong xung ln nhu vay. Luu luong tang v giam nhanh trong
cc dung ong xen lan chu k nghi gay ra trong cc dung ong v xi lanh bom cc xung p
suat, dan den tieng on, rung dong v moi cho cc chi tiet trong he thong bom. Dua vo phuong
trnh d biet (1.34`)
=
c
c
+ +
+ = +
+
n
1 i
i i
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
l
t
) t ( f
a
g
1
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z ,
v cc phuong trnh (5.17), (5.18) c the bieu dien p suat trong xi lanh bom mot piston o hnh
trnh ht v day:
- hnh trinh hut
1 w
2
1
1
2
xl 1
B
0
h cos ) 2 / h ( l
S
F
g
1
g 2
] sin ) 2 / h [(
p
z
p
+ o e +
o e
+
+ =
: (5.25)
- hnh trinh day
2 w
2
2
2
2
xl 2
2
k
2
k
h cos ) 2 / h ( l
S
F
g
1
g 2
] sin ) 2 / h [(
p
g 2
v
z
p
o e +
o e
+
= + +
, (5.25`)
trong d p
0
, p
k
- p suat mat thong be ht (v
0
=0) v o noi tieu thu: v
k
van toc chat long noi tieu thu: S
1
, l
1
, S
2
, l
2
-
tuong ng l dien tch thiet dien ngang v chieu di cua ong ht v day: h
w1
v h
w2
- ton that cot p tren dung ht
v day. Chieu duong cua van toc v gia toc qui uoc l chieu chuyen dong cua chat long. De thay trong cong
thc, thnh phan luc qun tnh anh huong den p suat trong xi lanh thung ln hon so vi thay doi dong nang.
Gia toc c tri so ln nhat o dau moi hnh trnh khi coso1. p suat qun tnh s lm
tang p suat trong xi lanh p
2xl
o dau qu trnh day (o=t) v giam p
1xl
o dau qu trnh ht v gia
toc cua chat long trong dung ong ht l do du tr p suat p
0
o be ht. en cuoi moi hnh trnh,
dng chat long cham lai (doan AB hnh 5.4, a), p suat qun tnh p
qt
doi dau, dan den giam p
2xl
v tang p
1xl
.
Nhu vay, trong he thong bom xay ra dao dong p suat p
2xl
v p
1xl
trong gii han
e
t
= e =
S
l
Q
g 30
) 2 / h ( l
S
F
g
1
2 p 2
lt
2
qt
.
Khi vng quay v chieu di ong ht ln, p suat xi lanh dau qu trnh ht do qun tnh c
the nho v xuat hien xam thuc, gay va dap thuy luc v lm tang rung dong.
e giam do khong deu san luong su dung hai bien php. Bien php th nhat l su dung
my c nhieu piston cng noi vi cc dung ong dan chung. o thi OABCD hnh 5.4, a bieu
dien luu luong cap cua bom hai piston. Theo cc cong thc (5.15) v (5.24) c: luu luong trung
153
bnh l thuyet Q
lt
=2Fhn v o=t/2. Trong d khong c gin doan luu luong lau nhung luu luong
tc thi nho nhat van gi Q
min
=0. Nhu vay, o day gii han cua xung p suat qun tnh van gi
nguyen (v du, o dung ong ht van toc chat long thay doi t 0v
1max
vi qui luat nhu bom mot
piston, chi khc o cho khong c giai doan dng o hnh trnh day: o=t2t).
Ve ket cau bom hai piston c the l hai cum bom mo ta o hnh 5.1, c chung he thong dan
dong v chung he thong ong, chu k lm viec lech nhau nua vng quay. Kieu ket cau kinh te
hon l bom hai tc dung nhu o hnh 5.2. O hnh trnh piston 4 sang ben phai, chat long bi day
qua van 6 vo dung ong day 2 dong thi dien day khoang xi lanh 1 c cn piston. O hnh trnh
sang tri, van 6 dng chat long trong khoang 1 lai duoc day vo dung ong day 2: dong thi l
qu trnh ht chat long qua van 7 vo khoang ben phai cua xi lanh.
Luong chat long duoc cap vo ong day ng vi hnh trnh piston sang phai v tri s l:
h
4
d
h ) d d (
4
h
4
d
V
2
c 2
c
2
p
2
p
1
t
=
t
t
= :
h ) d d (
4
V
2
c
2
p 2

t
= .
Khi
2
c
2
p
d 2 d = cc the tch ny o hnh trnh thuan cng bang hnh trnh nguoc v bang
h
4
d
V V
2
c
2 1
t
= = .
Vi 3 piston nhu o hnh 5.3, b, s c tri so luong cap trung bnh l thuyet Q
lt
=3Fhn. Chu k
day c giai doan trng nhau, chat long trong cc dung ong khong lc no bi dng lai. T hnh
5.4, b v theo cong thc 5.24 thay do ln o giam manh:
14 , 0 ) 3 / sin( 1 (
3
1
) 2 /( Fh 3
) 3 / sin( ) 2 / h ( F ) 2 / h ( F
= t t =
t e
t e e
= o .
Xung p suat gii han cng giam do giam gia toc cuc dai cua dng. Su dong deu cua
luong cap v chat luong lm viec tot hon khi su dung so piston le ln hon ba. Lay tong cc luu
luong tc thi doi vi bom c so piston khc nhau, c the thay cc bom c so piston le cho luu
luong deu hon bom c so xi lanh chan (tiep sau so le d cho). C the xc dinh he so o bang
cong thc gan dng sau:
doi vi so piston le o=1,25/z
2
:
doi vi so piston chan o=5/z
2
.
Do vay, ve nguyen tac,
so piston duoc lay le.
o khong deu thuc te
cua luu luong trong cc he
thong c bom the tch c the
vuot do khong deu l thuyet,
duoc xc dinh chi bang quy
luat thay doi l thuyet Q
t
v
luu luong trung bnh l
thuyet Q
lt
. Nguyen nhan cua
n c the l do dng mo tre
cc van, nn chat long
(trong trung hop lm viec o
p suat cao). Hinh 5.7. nh huong tinh nn duoc cua chat
long den do deu cua san luong.
154
Tren hnh 5.4, b c the thay, do thi Q
t
khi c su tre cua cc van (dung AB`BCA) tuong
ng vi do khong deu ln hon so vi do thi ABCA khi khong c tre
Anh huong cua tnh nn duoc cua chat long s tang khi p suat bom tang. Tren hnh 5.7. dua ra do thi luu
luong cua bom ba piston, tuong tu nhu do thi hnh 5.4, b, nhung ke den anh huong cua su tre cc van v tnh nn
duoc cua chat long (o
k1
- gc dng cham cua van ht lm van day mo cham, o
k2
- gc dng cham cua van day lm
van ht mo cham). Vi cc gc o
k1
v o
k2
d cho, neu khong ke den do nn chat long, cc van day v ht s
tuong ng mo o diem D` v B` (thung van ht c dung knh ln hon v lap l xo yeu hon nen o
k1
>o
k2
). Nhung
do can nn chat long den p suat p
2xl
>p
2
nen van day mo o diem H v bi cham them mot gc o
_2
. Mot phan hnh
trnh ng vi gc quay khuyu o
k1
+o
_2
tro thnh khong c ch, do khong deu cua san luong (dung JKLMN) tang
len so vi o hnh 5.4, b. Hnh trnh nn x
_2
ng vi o
_2
do the tch cong tc V
0
v the tch chet V
B
quyet dinh
(tren hnh 5.1, the tch V
B
duoc bieu dien bang phan ke o). o ln x
_2
c the xc dinh t phuong trnh nn the
tch chat long trong xi lanh:
Fx
_2
/(V
0
+V
B
)=p/_. (5.26)
T (5.26) c the thay the tch nn Fx
_2
khi khong c khong gian chet vo khoang 0,8-0,5% the tch cong
tc khi tang p suat len 10Mpa (vi modun dn hoi the tch chat long lay trong khoang _=12002000Mpa). Ton
that luong cap do nn ti le vi the tch bi nn lai q
_
= Fx
_2
n, n tang khi tang V
B
v p. V du, khi V
B
~V
0
v
p=30Mpa th q
_
chiem khoang 3-5% san luong c ch. Cho nen de tang do deu cua san luong vi muc dch giam
cc dao dong trong bom v gi tnh cng cua dac tnh can phai giam V
B
, dac biet khi lm viec o p suat cao.
Tren hnh 5.3, a c the thay cc hoc truc van, piston rong, cc lo xo hoi trong xi lanh gp phan lm tang
the tch chet. Tat ca deu phai trnh trong cc bom cao p.
Bien php lm deu luong cap th hai l su dung bnh tch thuy kh dong luc (buong dem
kh). Cc buong dem kh 12 v 4 (hnh 5.1) duoc dat tren dung ong ht v day truc tiep ngay
truc v sau bom sao cho qung dung t khoang cong tc ti chng l toi thieu. Ve nguyen
tac, cc buong dem duoc p dung cho cc bom mot v hai xi lanh.
Buong dem lm viec dua tren nguyen tac: do qun tnh nen cc cot chat long di trong cc
ong c xu the gi nguyen van toc trung bnh, ng vi san luong trung bnh cua bom Q~Q
lt
.
Trong hnh trnh nn, khi Q
t
>Q
lt
(hnh 5.4) luong cap vuot qu Q
lt
bi gi lai trong buong 4 v
nn khong kh lai. p suat kh trong buong p
2
` tro thnh ln hon p suat trung bnh p
2
. Khi
luong cap cua bom nho hon Q
lt
, kh trong buong gin no day chat long tha, d duoc tch lai,
vo dung ong day. Khi xa, p suat trong buong giam xuong thap hon p
2
. Nhu vay, trong cc
ong luon duy tr chuyen dong lien tuc cua chat long v do ln cua xung p suat qun tnh giam
ti mc khong dng ke, theo (5.25) chi cn qun tnh do doan ong ngan t buong dem den
khoang cong tc. Tren hnh 5.4 dung KGK bieu dien thay doi san luong Q o dung ong day
cua bom mot piston khi c buong dem day. Dien tch GEK ng vi luong chat long vo buong
dem, bang vi dien tch BKGD- luong chat long buong dem dua ra. The tch kh trong buong
dem cng ln so vi luong chat long vo buong GEK th do deu san luong v p suat cng cao.
Thung the tch kh trong buong dem chon bang (1030)Fh doi vi bom mot piston v
(510)Fh doi vi bom hai piston. Do kh c the ho tan vo chat long, nhat l o buong dem day
c p suat ln hon, the tch kh trong buong giam trong qu trnh lm viec cho nen can cap kh
vo buong (v du qua van 2, hnh 5.1) hoac phan cch chat long v kh bang piston hoac mng
mong.
Bo tr buong dem phai tuan theo nguyen tac co ban sau:
- chat long phai di qua buong dem:
- o trong buong dem chat long mat di van toc v hung ban dau.
Hnh dui gii thieu mot so v du ve cch bo tr.
155
Qua phan tch o tren thay bien doi p suat trong buong (tc p suat trong cc dung ong)
s phu thuoc vo the tch kh trong cc buong v luong chat long thay doi o trong buong. The
tch kh trong buong phai dam bao he so khong deu p suat trong cc dung ong nho hon gii
han cho php:
] [
p
p p
tb
min max
o <
= o ,
trong d
2
p p
p
min max
tb
+
= .
Vi qu trnh dang nhiet cua kh c pv=const, de dng suy ra
tb
min max
V
V V
= o .
Trong d V
max
v V
min
ng vi the tch kh ln nhat v nho nhat, cn chenh lech (V
max
-
V
min
) bang the tch chat long duoc gi lai buong dem, ng vi dien tch GEK hnh 5.4, a (de
tnh gan dng lan dau coi luu luong trong ong khong thay doi v bang Q
lt
).
Nhu vay, c the xc dinh duoc the tch kh trung bnh:
) V V (
] [
1
V
min max tb

o
= .
He so [o] chon tuy theo chieu di ong, vi ong di [o]~0,01: ong ngan [o]~0,05.
The tch ton bo buong thung lay bang 3/2V
tb
.
e trnh dao dong cong huong cua p suat kh trong bau vi dao dong cua luu luong chat
long, nen chon
h
F
S
l
Sp
)
z
3000
( 2 V
max 2
tb
+
> , (m
3
),
trong d z- so lan tc trong mot vng quay: S, F dien tch thiet dien ong v piston: l- chieu di
ong v h- chieu cao cot nuc trong buong dem.
5.2.5. o thi ch thi cua bom piston
o thi chi thi (hnh 5.9) l p suat ghi duoc trong xi lanh bom theo gc quay o cua co cau
dan dong hay thi gian. N cho php dnh gi day du qu trnh lm viec cua bom v l phuong
tien co ban de phan tch trong che tao v thu nghiem bom mi. Ten cua n xuat pht t ten
dung cu do- chi thi p suat- l manomet piston- l xo cng vi thiet bi ghi duoc dng de thu do
thi trong cc my hoi nuc, bom, dong co dot trong. Hien nay, p suat duoc ghi bang cam bien
p suat duoc gan vo khoang xi lanh v dao dong k.
Tren hnh 5.9 l do thi chi thi p
xl
=f(o) cua bom piston c buong dem ht v day lm deu
san luong. oan O-t ng vi hnh trnh day, t-2t ng vi hnh trnh ht.
Hnh 5.8. Bo tr buong
dem.
156
Do luong cap khong hon ton deu nen c dao dong luu luong v p suat p`
2
v p`
1
trong
cc dung ong gan tri so trung bnh p
2
v p
1
. Trong d p suat trong xi lanh cng dao dong
quanh cc tri so trung bnh p
2xl
v p
1xl
. Chenh p gia xi lanh v o cc dung ong (v du, p
2xl
v
p`
2
) l ton that trong cc van p
k
. Nhu vay, bom, de tao ra p suat c ch p
B
, phai gia tang p suat
ton bo trong xi lanh, goi l p suat chi thi
p
i
=p
2xl
-p
1xl
. (5.27)
Gia so p suat c ch hay cn goi l p suat bom nho hon p suat chi thi v duoc xc dinh
bang cong thc (5.5):
p
B
=p
2
-p
1
.
Tong cc ton that p suat trong bom
p
w
=p
i
-p
B
=p
2xl
-p
2
+p
1
-p
1xl
=p
k2
+p
k1
. (5.28)
l ton that luu dong bat buoc cua chat long qua cc van day v ht. Ta xt cc doan dac trung
cua su thay doi p suat trong xi lanh. oan ab ng vi gc dng tre cua van ht o
k1
. N
lm cho p suat trong xi lanh tang cham. oan de p suat giam cham do van day dng cham:
doan bc- nn chat long t p suat p
b
den p
c
, tai c van day bat dau mo. Qu trnh nn ng vi
gc quay o
_2
v hnh trnh nn x
_2
duoc xc dinh theo cong thc (5.26). oan cd l giai doan
chat long duoc day vo dung ong
day. Sau khi van day dng o e, chat
long cn lai trong xi lanh (o the tch
chet) gin no, tai diem g van ht mo
v giai doan ga chat long mi duoc
ht vo xi lanh.
Trong thi gian nang cc van
(khi dia van tch khoi de o cc diem c
v g) thung thay o trong xi lanh c
dao dong tat dan cua p suat. l do
c dao dong cua cc van khi bi bat ra
khoi de vi gia toc dng ke, dac trung
bang do ln tg`, ti le vi toc do nang
ban dau, n ln hon dng ke so vi
toc do dng van, ti le vi tg (hnh
5.4, c).
5.2.6. Can bang nang luong v luong cap bom piston
Phan chu yeu cua cong suat dua den truc bom N
B
duoc piston truyen cho chat long trong
xi lanh. Cong suat ny duoc goi l cong suat chi thi N
i
. Chenh lech gia N
B
v N
i
l cong suat
ton hao co gii AN
m
. Phan ny l cc ton that do ma st trong cc co cau dan dong v lm kn,
n duoc chuyen thnh nhiet.
Theo bieu thc (5.11) AN
m
c lien he vi hieu suat co gii
(N
B
-N
i
)/N
B
=AN
m
/N
B
=1-q
m
. (3.29)
Cong suat chi thi duoc xc dinh theo do thi chi thi, dien tch ben dui do thi ti le vi cong
chi thi A
i
sau mot vng quay. N gom c cong hnh trnh nn A
n
v ht A
h
. Tren hnh 5.9, cong
A
n
bang dien tch tren doan 0-t, cn A
h
- dien tch tren doan t-2t.
Cong tieu thu cho mot vng quay
Hinh 5.9. Do thi chi thi cua bom piston.
157
.
|
\
|
o o o o = = =
} } } }
t t
0
xl 2
0
xl 2
h
0
,
xl 1
h
0
,
xl 2 h n i
d sin ' p d sin ' p
2
h
F dx p F dx p F A A A . (5.30)
Cong ht A
h
am chi rang qu trnh ht dien ra do luc p suat chat long Fp`
1xl
cng chieu
vi chieu chuyen dong cua piston. Neu qu trnh dien ra vi do chan khong th cong A
h
cng
duong.
Cong suat chi thi xc dinh bang cong thc N
i
=A
i
n.
Theo cong thc (5.6) bom truyen cho chat long cong suat c ch N
e
=Qp
B
. Chenh lech
AN
h
=N
i
-N
e
l ton that thuy luc v cng tieu tn dui dang nhiet. N bao gom cong suat chat long r lot qua
van dng khong kn v lm kn mang di, ton that de khac phuc sc can cc van.
Ti so
AN
h
/N
i
=(N
i
-N
e
)/N
i
=1-q
i
(5.31)
l phan cong suat ton that thuy luc. Trong d q
i
=N
e
/N
i
- hieu suat chi thi. N dac trung cho su
hon thien cua bo phan bom. Ket hop cc cong thc (5.29) v (5.31) thu duoc phuong trnh can
bang nang luong
N
B
=N
e
+AN
h
+AN
m
. (5.32)
Hieu suat ton phan bom s bang tch hieu suat co gii v thuy luc
q=N
e
/N
B
=q
i
q
m
. (5.33)
oi vi cc bom thap toc lm viec o p suat khong ln, khi d su tre cua cc van v anh
huong tnh chiu nn chat long khong dng ke, do thi chi thi c dang gan nhu hnh ch nhat.
Trong trung hop ny, ton that cc qu trnh thuy luc c the tch ra thnh ton that p suat p
k
v ton that r lot q
rl
:
AN
h
=p
k
(Q+q
rl
)+p
B
q
rl
.
Trong trung hop ny hieu suat ton bo cua bom s bang tch cua ba dang hieu suat nhu o
cong thc (5.12).
Tnh su dung de the tch cong tc cua bom duoc dnh gi bang he so san luong tnh theo
bieu thc (5.3). Tren hnh 5.9 c the thay, trong trung hop chung nhat chat long chi duoc cap
vo ong day t doan c-d trong hnh trnh nn 0-t. Phan hnh trnh ng vi gc dng cham van
ht o
k1
v nn chat long o
_2
chat long khong duoc cap. Ngoi ra, mot phan chat long q
rl
duoc
cap trong thi gian c-d r lot trong suot qu trnh do van dng khong kn v cc cho lm kn
khc. Neu chu k 0-t ng vi ton bo hnh trnh piston h, th cc phan khong hieu qua ng vi
x
k1
v x
_2
. Khi d bieu thc can bang luong cap theo cc phuong trnh (5.15) v (5.26) s c
dang
rl B 0 1 k 0 lt
q zn ) V V )( / p ( zn Fx Q Fhzn n V Q + + _ + + = = = .
Bieu thc tnh he so san luong s c dang
Fhzn
q / znp ) V V ( zn Fx Fhzn
Q
Q
rl B 0 1 k
lt
_ +
= = c .
Cc bom piston l nhng bom hieu qua cao vi he so san luong ln. Khi ket cau cc van
hop l cc ton that luong cap do tre cc van nho. Khi lm viec o p suat va phai (p
i
<10Mpa)
phan r lot chiem vo khoang 1- 2%, c phan nn chat long khong qu o,5%. Khi d
c=0,970,98. O cc p suat ln hon (30-40 Mpa) ng vi r lot 4-6%, nn 3-6% (tuy theo the
tch chet V
B
) he so san luong giam xuong ti c=0,890,93.
Cc bom piston cng thuoc loai c hieu suat cao. Hieu suat co gii thung dat ti
q
m
=0,940,96.
158
Phan ton that thuy luc AN
h
, khi thiet ke van dat yeu cau v the tch c hai nho, ln hon ton
that luu luong khong dng ke, n vo khoang 10-13% cong suat bom o p suat ln. Nhu vay,
hieu suat chi thi q
i
=0,87-0,9, nghia l nho hon c mot cht. Tm lai, o p suat va phai hieu suat
ton bo cua bom piston dat 0,9-0,92 v o p suat ln q=0,8-0,85, trong d giam hieu suat o p
suat ln lai khong hon ton do tnh chat cua ban than bom, n cn phu thuoc vo do dn hoi
cua chat long vi mc do dng ke. ac biet c v q giam r ret neu trong chat long duoc bom c
kh khong ho tan, n lm giam mo dun dn hoi the tch v tang ton that san luong do nn.
Cc van cua bom piston c ket cau don gian. Chng c the lm viec o p suat ln v vi
cc chat long khc nhau, trong d c ca chat long hoat tnh cao hoac ban. Nhuoc diem cua
chng l: tnh han che vng quay n do kh tao ra van ht tc dung nhanh, dac biet l khi lm
viec vi chat long do nht cao: kch thuc v trong luong ln, d cng l do bi han che vng
quay n doi vi san luong d cho: kh dieu chinh luong cap v khong the thay doi chieu cap,
dieu ny lm han che su dung bom piston trong cc bo truyen dong thuy luc.
5.2.7. Xam thuc trong cc bom piston
Bieu hien ben ngoi cua xam thuc l c tieng dong v rung dong khi bom lm viec, cn
khi xam thuc manh th san luong bom giam.
Hnh 5.10 bieu dien dac tnh xam thuc cua bom. Xt cc dac tnh ny thay xam thuc pht
trien hon ton trong cc trung hop: neu p suat truc van ht khong doi th vng quay bom
qu ln (n>n
min
): neu vng quay bom khong doi th p suat p
1
truc cua vo bom qu thap
(p
1
<p
1min
).
Nguyen nhan giam san luong trong ca hai trung hop deu l do p suat trong xi lanh giam
xuong thap hon p
min
, khi d do xam thuc m the tch cn lai cua xi lanh ti cuoi qu trnh ht
khong duoc dien day chat long.
Trong thi gian ht, chat long vo khoang cong tc dui tc dung cua p luc p
0
truc
mieng ong ht (hnh 3.11). Ta s coi bom c luong cap duoc lm deu v toc do chat long tren
dung ong ht dao dong yeu. Chuyen dong gin doan chi ton tai trong ong nhnh N, cap chat
long cho tng xi lanh rieng. Chieu di cc ong nhnh nho nen su giam p suat do qun tnh hau
nhu khong c. ieu kien nhu vay thch hop vi da so cc trung hop khai thc cua bom.
p suat trong xi lanh p
1xl
nho hon p suat p
0
o truc mieng ht. Chenh lech cua chng bao
gom tieu hao nang luong gH de khac phuc do cao ht H, khac phuc ton that p
h1
dung ong ht,
ton that trong van ht p
k
v duy tr dong nang chat long trong xi lanh vi van toc v
l
:
Hinh 5.10. Dc tinh xam thuc cua cac bom piston.
159
k 1 h
2
l
xl 1 0
p p gH
2
v
p p + + + = . (5.34)
Khi lm viec khong c xam thuc chat long theo st piston v v
l
=v
p
, toc do piston duoc
bieu dien bang cong thc (5.17). Tat ca cc so hang trong (5.34), tr chieu cao ht H, deu ti le
vi san luong bom va phu thuoc vo vng quay n. Trong d ton that
2
v
p
2
0
1 1 h
, = (o day v
0
- toc
do chat long trong ong) duoc xc dinh theo san luong tong trung bnh cua tat ca cc xi lanh.
Ton that p
k
phu thuoc vo luu luong vo xi lanh Q
k
=Fv
l
ng vi dac tnh d cho cua van (hnh
5.5, b).
Tren hnh 5.12, a l do thi phuong trnh (5.17) van toc piston v
p
=f(o). Neu lay truc tung
theo ti xch khc th c the xem d l do thi toc do thay doi the tch xi lanh bom Q
t
=Fv
p
=f(o).
Dien tch 0-1-2-3-5-6-0 ben dui do thi bieu dien the tch xi lanh V
k
=Fh.
Neu p suat p
0
bi gii han, o vng quay du ln no d toc do piston dat tri so ti han v
p1
,
khi d p suat trong xi lanh dat gi tri gii han toi thieu p
1xl
=p
min
(do thi p
1xl
=f(o)). Thung p
suat toi thieu xap xi p suat hoi bo ho p
min
~p
b.h
. Khi d chat long tch khoi piston v trong xi
lanh hnh thnh the tch V
kh
khong duoc dien day, cn chat long vo xi lanh vi van toc khong
doi v
lmax
<v
p
. o ln cua v
lmax
c gii han v tuong ng vi ging p gii han p
0
-p
min
. Tren hnh
5.12, a the tch V
kh
duoc the hien bang dien tch 1-2-3-1.
Khi toc do piston cham lai sau che do 3, chat long tiep tuc di vo xi lanh vi van toc
v
lmax
>v
p
cho ti khi no the tch chat long vo them V
b
b lap het khoang hoi, tc bang V
kh
(dien tch 3-4-5-3).
O qu trnh ht khi bat dau c xam thuc ta tren, xi lanh den cuoi hnh trnh ht van duoc
dien day v san luong bom khong bi giam, tuy khi d xuat hien tieng on v rung dong manh.
Do khong kh ho tan trong chat long tch ra khoi dung dich o p suat thap nen qu trnh
bat dau hnh thnh v ket thc ton tai the tch hoi dien ra o lan can diem 1 v 4 (dung nt dt
1`-3-4`-5`).
Che do xam thuc pht trien ti han, khi d san luong bat dau giam, duoc dac trung bang
dieu kien V
kh
=V
b
khi ket thc qua trnh b dap tai diem 6 (hnh 5.12, b). Xam thuc o cc dieu
kien ti han phai bat dau o gi tri xc dinh hon ton l thuyet v
p.th
=v
lmax
, gan bang do ln van
Hinh 5.11. So do dung ong hut he
thong bom.
Hinh 5.12. Cac do thi luong cap cua bom
khi xam thuc trong xi lanh.
160
toc trung bnh piston v
p.tb
- chieu cao hnh ch nhat 0-7-8-5-0 c dien tch bang dien tch ben
dui dung sin v
p
=f(o).
v
p.tb
=he/t=0,318he. (5.35)
Lay tch phan theo dien tch 0-1-3-4-6 cho dieu kien ti han, thay
v
p.th
=1,12v
p.tb
=0,356he. (5.36)
Trong trung hop chung
v
p.th
=v
p.tb
. (5.37)
He so l dai luong thay doi xc dinh bang thuc nghiem, n chu yeu phu thuoc luong kh
khong ho tan c trong chat long vo xi lanh. Khi khong c kh trong chat long n gan vi tri
so l thuyet theo cong thc (5.36).
Khi luong kh khong tan ln =1,31,5.
T cho xt tren, di den ket luan rang, bat dau giam san luong do xam thuc dac trung boi
dang thc
v
p.tb
=v
l.max
. ( 5.38)
Theo phuong trnh (5.15) v (5.35)
Q
lt
=Fhnz/60=Fhze/(2t)=Fzv
p.tb
/2. (5.39)
Cc dieu kien ti han khi bat dau giam san luong do xam thuc dac trung bang cc dang
thc:
p
1xl
=p
min
~p
b.h
: v
l
=v
l.max
=v
p.tb
: Q
lt
=Q
lt.max
.
Phuong trnh can bang p suat dung ong ht (5.34) doi vi cc dieu kien ti han c dang
gH p Q )
S
1
(
2
Q )
Fz
2
(
2
p p
k
2
max . lt
2
0
1
2
max . lt
2
bh 0
+ + ,
= . (5.40)
N lien he p suat p
0
, khi biet kch thuc cc bo phan cong tc bom, dac tnh van ht v
dung ong ht, vi san luong trung binh toi da cho php, hoac theo (5.39) vi vng quay n
max
toi da cho php.
Ton that p suat p
k
trong van xc dinh duoc dua vo dac tnh p
k
=f(Q
k
), trong d
Q
k
=.2Q
lt.max
/z. V dac tnh ny cho o dang do thi nen giai (5.40) bang phuong php do thi l
tien loi nhat.
Nghien cu chat luong bom ve mat xam thuc v, trong trung hop rieng, xc dinh he so ,
toc do ti han cua piston, duoc tien hnh dua vo cc dac tnh xam thuc thuc nghiem . Chng
duoc xay dung bang cch gi p
B
=const, gi n=const v dan dan giam p
1
o cua vo bom hoac
gi p
1
=const v tang dan vng quay. Ket qua thu nghiem theo bien php dau thu duoc cc quan
he Q=f(p
1
) doi vi moi vng quay (hnh 5.10, a). Bien php th hai cho dung Q=f(n) doi vi
cc p
1
khc nhau (hnh5.10, b).
Bat dau tut san luong do xam thuc khi p suat p
1
nho hoac vng quay n ln o tren hai do
thi duoc dnh dau bang dung sng v k hieu A- vng xam thuc pht trien.
Ket qua thu nghiem xam thuc bang mot trong hai phuong php cho php xay dung dac
tnh xam thuc suy rong cua cc bom o dang n
max
=f(p
1min
) (hnh 5.10, c). o thi cho php xc
dinh n
max
khi biet p
1
hoac p
1min
khi biet n.
161
5.2.8. Bom piston tc dung truc tiep
Trong cc bom tc dung thang (hnh 5.13, a), piston bom 1 lien ket vi piston dan dong
10 (piston ny duoc truyen dong bang hoi nuc, kh nn hoac kh chy) thong qua cn chung
11. Nhu tren so do, bo phan bom (bom tc dung kp) khong khc g so vi cc bom piston c
van phan phoi d mo ta. N bao gom xi lanh 13 cng cc khoang nap 12 v day 2 duoc ngan
cch nhau bang cc van ht 4 v day 3. ong co (tren so do- dong co hoi nuc) gom c xi lanh
9 v piston 10, ngan ko phan phoi 6 chuyen dich nh can 5. Can 5 lien he vi cn 11 sao cho
nap hoi vo cc khoang ben phai hay tri xi lanh 9 ph hop vi chuyen dong cua piston. Hoi
duoc dua den bo phan phan phoi qua ong 7 v dua ra t khoang 8.
Trong bom tc dung thang, trong thi gian mot chu k tron ven T cc piston chuyen dich
tren hnh trnh h vi van toc thuc te gan nhu khong doi, gia cc hnh trnh c thi gian dng t
i
v do d thi gian tre t
tr
(hnh 5.13, b)cc van khong gay anh huong den su lm viec cua bom.
Nh van toc piston on dinh trong phan ln hnh trnh nen cc van mo o z
max
=const. Do vay, c
the thay rang bom nhu vay s lm viec em khong tieng dong.
Cc bom tc dung truc tiep deu thap toc, don gian v van hnh tin cay tuy hieu suat dong
co khong cao. Chng c the duoc su dung tren cc tu dong luc hoi nuc v thung thuc hien
vai tr bom su co trong trung hop mat dien.
Hinh 5.13. So do bom tac dung truc tiep.
162
5.3. Bom v dong co thuy luc ro to (gii thieu chung)
5.3.1. Cc tnh chat chung cua bom ro to v phan loai
Cc bom su dung tren tu phai theo cc yeu cau cao, trong d chu yeu l: kch thuc v
khoi luong tren don vi cong suat nho, hieu suat cao, c kha nang dieu chinh v thay doi chieu
cap, cao toc v tin cay. Cc bom ro to dp ng cc yeu cau ny tot nhat.
Nhu d biet, cc bom ro to thuoc loai bom the tch c bo phan cong tc (bo phan nn)
chuyen dong quay hoac va quay v tinh tien. ac diem qu trnh lm viec cc bom l, khi ro
to quay th cc khoang cong tc duoc chuyen t buong ht den buong day v nguoc lai. Chuyen
dich cua khoang cong tc cng chat long lm cho khong can su dung cc van ht v day.
Khong c cc van ht v day trong cc bom ro to l dac diem ket cau co ban, khc vi cc
bom piston.
Cc bom ro to thung c ba bo phan co ban: stato (vo co dinh), ro to lien ket cng vi truc
bom v bo phan nn (mot hoac mot so). Qu trnh lm viec cua bom gom ba giai doan: dien
chat long vo khoang cong tc: cch li khoang cong tc v dua den buong day: chn hay nn
chat long vo ong day.
Cc bom ro to
Ro to- quay
Ro to- tinh tien
Theo dac diem chuyen dong bo phan cong tc
Bnh
rang
Truc
vt
An
khp
ngoi
An
khp
trong
Mot
truc
Mot
tc
dung
Cnh gat Ro to- piston
Hai
lan tc
dung
Hung
knh
Hung
truc.
Mot tc
dung
ia
nghieng
Bloc
nghieng
Nhieu
lan tc
dung
Theo dang bo phan cong tc
Theo gc ro to vi bo
phan cong tc
Theo so lan tc dung
Theo hung chuyen dong chat long
Nhieu
truc
Dang
an
khp
So truc
163
Cc tnh chat co ban cua bom ro to, xuat pht t dac diem qu trnh lm viec, v khc so
vi bom piston nhu sau.
1. C tnh thuan nghich, tc l kha nang cc bom ro to dng lm dong co thuy luc. Nghia
l, chat long dua den dui p luc buoc ro to v truc n quay. Cc bom piston khong c kha
nang ny.
2. Cao toc. Vng quay toi da cho php cua cc bom ro to trong pham vi n=(25).10
3
v/ph,
trong d tri so nho ng vi cc bom kch thuc ln, gii han tren- bom nho. Tri so ny o cc
bom piston nho hon nhieu lan.
3. Chi c kha nang lm viec vi chat long sach (d duoc loc v khong cha cc hat cng),
khong hoat ho v c tnh boi tron. Cc yeu cau ny xuat pht t cho o cc bom ro to c cc
khe ho nho v c ma st gia cc be mat gia cong vi do chnh xc cao.
Neu hai tnh chat dau l uu diem cua bom ro to th dac diem th ba han che viec su dung
cua n. Bom khong lm viec duoc vi nuc v nuc gay gi v dan den mi mn cc bo phan
cong tc nhanh.
So do phan loai cc bom ro to duoc trnh by o tren.
5.3.2. ac tnh bom ro to
ac tnh bom the tch, trong d c bom ro to l su phu
thuoc san luong bom vo p suat cua n (khc vi dac tnh
bom cnh) o vng quay khong doi. V san luong l tuong cua
bom the tch theo (5.1) duoc xc dinh boi the tch cong tc v
vng quay, nen dac tnh l thuyet trong he toa do neu tren l
dung thang nam ngang (hnh 5.14, a).
San luong thuc te km san luong l thuyet bang luong r
lot (t buong day ve buong ht qua cc khe ho- r lot trong: r
lot ra ben ngoi- r lot ngoi). Nhu vay Q=Q
lt
-q
rl
. V cc khe
ho lm kn trong cc bom nho v ko di, cn do nht chat
long thung ln (khi su dung bom ro to) nen chat long thung c che do chay tang trong khe
v tuan theo qui luat sc can Poazeil (doi vi khe ho). Nhu vay, luu luong r lot
Q
rl
=Ap
B
/,
trong d A- dai luong phu thuoc v ket cau bom v cc khe ho,
c the coi khong doi vi bom d cho: - do nht dong luc chat long.
p suat bom p
B
doi vi chat long r lot qua khe l ton that cho ma st dung di.
T d c the ket luan, dac tnh thuc te cua bom ro to trong cng he toa do duoc bieu dien
bang dung thang chc xuong. Trong d bom cng hon thien th dung ny cng gan dung
dac tnh l tuong (goi l dac tnh 'cng hon).
Chnh cc dac tnh o dang nhu vay duoc cho trong cc catalog. Tuy nhien, khi su dung
tnh ton bang do thi cc he thong thuy luc c su dung dac tnh bom th bieu dien o dang phu
thuoc H
B
(hoac p
B
) vo luu luong Q tien hon (hnh 5.14, b).
ieu chinh san luong cc bom ro to duoc thuc hien bang hai cch (khi vang quay bom
khong doi).
1. Dt van xa (hnh 5.15, a) song song vi
bom nen mot phan san luong c the qua van 2 quay
ve cua ht. Khi p suat bom p
b
<p
B
=R
lx.0
/S
k
(trong
d R
lx.0
- luc l xo o trang thi van dng: S
k
- dien
tch lo duoc van che kn), th van van dng. Khi p
suat dat ti p
B
(o diem B), van bat dau mo v mc
Hnh 5.14. ac tnh bom ro
to.
164
do mo phu thuoc vo p suat bom p
b
. Nhu vay san
luong cua bom s l Q=Q
lt
-Q
k
-q
rl
(trong d Q
k
- luu
luong chat long qua van).
Tren hnh 5.15, b the hien dac tnh bom c
van hoi. Tren doan AB van dng, diem B- mo
(hoac dng van): tren doan BC, mot cch gan dng
c the coi l dung thang, mot phan san luong hoi
ve qua van, tai C ton bo luu luong bom quay tro lai.
R rng dIeu chinh bang phuong php ny khong kinh te v mot phan cong suat (cn o
diem C th ton bo cong suat) bi mat trong van. N duoc su dung o cc bom bnh rang, truc vt
v cc bom khc khong thay doi duoc the tch cong tc v c cong suat b.
2. Thay doi the tch cong tc cua bom l bien php dieu chinh luong cap kinh te hon ve
mat tieu hao nang luongnhung di hoi bom ket cau phc tap v dat hon. Thay doi the tch cong
tc c kha nang o cc bom cnh gat, ro to piston hung truc v hung knh mot lan tc dung. So
do don gian nhat tu dong dieu chinh the tch cong tc cua bom ro to- piston hung truc tren
hnh 5.24. Khi p suat bom dat tri so du de thang sc l xo, bloc quay ve pha giam gc
nghieng. The tch cong tc v ca san luong bom khi d s giam.
ac tnh bom khi d thay doi dang gan tuong tu nhu trung hop tren, tc l c dang
dung thang gay khc ABC. Tren doan AB the tch cong tc bom cuc dai. iem B xc dinh boi
do cng l xo v dien tch piston co cau quay dia. Tai diem C the tch cong tc bom c gi tri
cuc tieu du de b cho r lot, cn san luong bom Q=0.
Nhieu khi phai tnh chuyen v xay dung lai dac tnh t dieu kien lm viec ny (n
1
,
1
)
sang dieu kien khc (n
2
,
2
). Ta hy xt tnh chuyen cho trung hop khi c van hoi hoac tu
dong chinh the tch cong tc.
V san luong l tuong bom ti le vi vng quay nen diem A cua dac tnh (hnh 5.15, b)
duoc tnh don gian
Q
lt2
=Q
lt1
n
2
/n
1
.
Do su khong phu thuoc p suat mo van hoi hoac pht dong co cau dieu chinh tu dong p
B
vo vng quay n v nen tung do diem B
1
khong thay doi, cn honh do duoc xc dinh theo
luong r lot q
rl2
o p suat p
B
t phuong trnh
Q
rl2
=q
rl1
1
/
2
.
Mot cch gan dng c the coi dac tnh van hay bo phan dieu chinh tu dong khong phu
thuoc vo n v . Do d doan B
2
C
2
cua dac tnh mi duoc v song song vi B
1
C
1
. Nhu vay l
thu duoc dac tnh A
2
B
2
C
2
cua n
2
v
2
mi.
Hieu suat cc bom ro to bang tch cua hieu suat the tch q
Q
vi hieu suat co gii q
m
. Hieu
suat thuy luc thung duoc coi bang mot don vi v ton that thuy luc o cc bom tao p suat cao
thung nho so vi hai dang ton that kia. Khi vng quay dac biet ln can phai tnh ti hieu suat
thuy luc q
h
.
Trong cc bom ro to thung c nhieu be mat ma st gia ro to, stato v bo phan nn nen
qu trnh lm viec cua cc bom ny v hieu suat cua chng chu yeu phu thuoc vo cc qu trnh
xay ra trong cc khe gia cc chi tiet bom.
Hieu suat bom ro to phu thuoc vo p suat bom p
b
, van toc gc truc e v do nht chat
long .
Theo l thuyet chung ve bom ro to do V. V. Mishke xay dung, hieu suat bom ro to v cc
thnh phan cua n q
Q
v q
m
l hm cua chuan dong dang khong th nguyen
o=p
b
/(e),
Hnh 5.15. So do lap van hoi v dac
tnh bom ro to khi c van.
165
duoc goi l chuan dang gic hay so Zommerfelda- Mishke.
C the thay, so o l tch cua so Re v Eu, tc l
2
v
p vd
vd
vd p
v
=
e
= o ~ReEu.
Ngoi ra, c the xem chuan o nhu dai luong ti le nghich vi tuong quan gia luu luong ma
st Q
fr
do chuyen dong tuong doi cua cc be mat qui dinh, v luu luong Q
p
cua dng p luc
trong cc khe d do c chenh p. Chia cong thc (1.64) cho cong thc (1.61) v dat p
fr
=p
b
,
u~eD, l~D, thu duoc
p
fr
Q
Q
~
b
2
2
p
D
o
e
~
o o
1 D
2
2
,
trong d D- kch thuc dac trung cua my thuy luc: o- khe ho.
Theo l thuyet cua Mishke, ni chung thoa mn ket qua th nghiem trong pham vi o thay
doi khong qu ln, hieu suat the tch bom ro to giam theo dung thang, cn hieu suat co gii
tang khi tang o (hnh 5.16). Tuy vay, o vng o (p
b
ln v nho) l thuyet cua Mishke thung
khong dng v chat long bi nn ra khoi cc be mat ma st v xuat hien ma st kho. Do d hieu
suat co gii giam . Hieu suat chung cua bom tang khi tang o cho ti khi dat cuc dai o o toi uu
no d, v tiep theo s giam.
Nhu vay, t hnh 5.16 thay, doi vi moi bom ro to c mot che do toi uu duoc xc dinh
bang gi tri chuan Mishke toi uu. Neu chi xt den thay doi cua mot trong ba yeu to xc dinh o,
tc l p
b
, e hoac th chi c the ni den tri so toi uu cua yeu to d doi vi bom d cho khi hai
yeu to cn lai khong doi. Cc gi tri toi uu cua p
b
, e v phu thuoc vo ket cau v kch thuc
bom.
Cc dac tnh thucnghiem cua cc bom ro to thung thu duoc o dang quan he Q=f(p
b
)
doivi vi tri so vng quay n. oi vi cc bom dieu chinh duoc luong cap, doi vi moi vng
quay n=const, thu de thu duoc cc dac tnh ng vi vi gi tri the tch cong tc V
0
. V du nhu o
Hnh 5.16. Su phu thuoc hieu suat
vo chuan dong dang.
Hnh 5.17. ac tnh bom ro
to.
166
hnh 5.17 cho bon dung phu thuoc Q vo p
b
khi n=const (1, ., 4) doi vi bon the tch, trong
so d dung 1 ng vi V
0max
. O d cng cho bon dung hieu suat tuong ng.
Khi giam the tch cong tc bom hieu suat giam dng ke. V hieu suat cn phu thuoc vo
p suat, cho nen tren do thi Q=f(p
b
) noi cc diem c hieu suat bang nhau bang dung cong tron
thu duoc do thi dac tnh bom giong ban do dia hnh. Vng A tuong ng vi hieu suat q
max
: cc
dung cong dang hieu suat khp kn (hoac khong khp kn) khc gii han cc vng, trong d
vng trong c hieu suat cao hon vng ngoi.
Cc dac tnh xam thuc cua bom ro to cng thu duoc nhu doi vi cc bom piston, hoac o
p
b
=const, n=const v giam dan p suat cua vo bom p
1
, hoac tang vng quay v gi p
1
=const.
Ket qua thu bang hai phuong php duoc bieu dien tuong tu nhu hnh 5.10, muc 5.2.7.
5.3.3. Mo to thuy luc
Mo to thuy luc-dong co thuy luc the tch chuyen dong quay.
Nh tnh chat thuan nghich cua cc bom ro to, kieu bat k, ve nguyen tac, c the dng lm
mo to thuy luc, cho nen phan loai cua cc mo to thuy luc cng nhu cua bom ro to, tc l chia
thnh bnh rang, truc vt, cnh gat v ro to piston (hung truc v hung knh). Tuy vay, trong
ket cau c the nhan thay vi diem khc vi bom tuong ng do chc nang cua cc my ny khc
nhau. V du mo to thuy luc cnh gat khc bom o cho c l xo de day cnh t rnh tren ro to ra
pha ngoi de bao dam khoi dong dong co. O ro to- piston hung truc gc nghieng cua bloc xi
lanh (ti 40
0
) ln hon o cc bom kieu ny (ti 30
0
).
Cc mo to thuy luc ro to piston duoc dng nhieu nhat o cc he thong thuy luc tren cc
my bay, xe tac to, cc my xay dung- giao thong, my cong cu. Tren tu cc my ny thung
dng trong cc my cau, cuon ti, neo thuy luc.
Cng giong nhu bom ro to, mo to thuy luc truc het dac trung bang the tch cong tc, tc
l luu luong l tuong chat long qua my trong mot vng quay ro to
Q
lt
=V
0
n=V
k
zkn,
trong d cc k hieu tuong tu nhu o 5.1.
Luong chat long thuc te qua mo to ln hon so vi l tuong v c r lot theo chieu hung
cua dng chnh, day cng l diem khc bom. Hieu suat the tch cua mo to cng duoc bieu dien
tuong tu nhu bom, cu the l
q
Q
=Q
lt
/Q=Q
lt
/(Q
lt
+q
rl
).
Vng quay mo to c ke den r lot
N=Qq
Q
/V
0
.
Ging p trong mo to thuy luc duoc xc dinh bang chenh p gia cua vo v ra, tc l
p
h.m
=p
1
-p
2
.
Cong suat c ch mo to thuy luc bang tch mo men xoan tren truc v van toc gc cua truc:
N
e
=Me.
Cong suat mo to tieu thu
N=Qp
h.m
.
Ti so N
e
/N l hieu suat chung cua mo to, cng nhu o bom, n bang tch cc thnh phan-
hieu suat the tch v co gii, tc l
q=N
e
/N=q
Q
q
m
.
Viet bieu thc ny o dang
Me=q
Q
q
m
Qp
h.m
v thay e=2tn, sau khi gian uc hai ve cho n v q
Q
khi ke den cc cong thc o tren, thu duoc
bieu thc tnh mo men tren truc mo to thuy luc
167
M=V
0
p
h.m
q
m
/(2t).
Trong cong thc ny bieu thc
M
lt
=pV
0
/2t (5.41)
duoc goi l momen l thuyet do mo to tao ra khong ke den ton that nang luong.
Hieu suat mo to thuy luc, cng nhu doi vi bom ro to, duoc xc dinh theo chuan dong
dango. Cng nhu doi vi bom, c the xc dinh duoc o ng vi hieu suat ti da.
5.4. Bom ro to piston
5.4.1. My ro to piston huong knh
Trong cc my piston hung knh (hnh 5.18 v 5.19) cc piston 6 (xem hnh 5.18) quay
cng vi bloc xi lanh 4 v dong thi chuen dong tinh tien theo hung knh v chng tua len be
mat dan hung hnh vnh trn 5 cua stato 3. Stato nam lech tam so vi truc quay roto mot
khoang bang e.
So do dong hoc cho mot piston cua my the hien o hnh 5.20. T hnh v thay, co cau nhu
vay l su dao cua co cau bien khuyu. 'Khuyu truc OO`=e co dinh cn 'tay bien` O`C quay
quanh tam O` lm duoi C truot doc theo tia dung tam OC cua xi lanh, xi lanh quay quanh tam
O.
Hnh trnh piston sau nua vng quay cua ro to do do lech tam quyet dinh:
h=2(OO`)=2e.
Qung dung dich chuyen tc thi cua piston tuan theo qui luat x=Rcos|-ecoso-r. V
R=r+e, x=e(1-coso)-R(1-cos|). Thung R>>e nen cos|~1. Khi d c the tnh gan dng
chuyen vi cua piston x~e(1-coso). Nhu vay, moi quan he dong hoc trong bom piston hung
knh cng tuong tu nhu o bom piston vi co cau bien khuyu [cc quan he (5.16), (5.17), (5.18)],
neu thay h/2=e.
The tch cong tc v luu luong li tuong cua my duoc xc dinh theo cc cong thc (5.13)
v (5.15) nhu sau:
V
0
=V
k
z=2eFz: Q
lt
=2eFzn,
trong d F- dien tch dinh piston.
Tren hnh 5.18 the hien my roto- piston hung knh dieu chinh duoc vi tiep xc diem
'kim loai tren kim loai gia chom cau cua piston 6 vi vng dan hung 5 cua stato. Tai trong
tiep xc o cap ny han che han che p suat toi da p
Bmax
~16Mpa.
Thay doi san luong trong lc lm viec duoc thuc hien bang cch thay doi do lech tam
ese
max
. e nhu vay vo 2, ben trong c cc o 1 gi stato quay 3 cng vi vnh 5, duoc lm c the
truot duoc trong dan hung 19. Chuyen tam stato O` qua tam roto dan den thay doi chieu cap
cua bom (hoac chieu quay cua moto). Do stato c the quay tu do nen ma st khi dau piston
truot cham theo vnh 5. Dang con cua vnh 5 bat piston xoay quanh dung tam xi lanh cng c
tc dung giam ma st v mn khi truot trong xi lanh.
168
Phan phoi chat long duoc thuc hien nh chot 12 m roto quay tren d v duoc dinh tam
nh cc o 9, chot 12 c cc rnh 15 v 8 cng vi cc vch ngan 18. Khi roto quay, moi xi lanh
thong vi rnh 15 trong nua vng quay qua cua so 7, cn o nua vng quay khc (khi piston
chuyen dong ra) n thong vi rnh 8. Cc lo thong doc truc 14 v 10 noi cc rnh vi ong dan
chat long vo 11 v ra 13. e trnh cho ngng truc 12 khoi bi cong do tc dung cua luc p suat
ve mot pha v trnh lm h rong khe ho gia ngng truc vi bloc xi lanh 4 ngui ta su dung
ket cau can bang luc thuy tinh tren ngng truc s duoc mo ta o dui. Piston di ra khoi xi lanh
dui tc dung cua luc li tam hoac p suat chat long (doi vi mo to). e giam ng suat cho tiep
xc cua piston 6 v vnh 5, dien tch piston c xu hung duoc lm giam di v so xi lanh z duoc
tang len. ieu ny dong thi c tc dung lm deu san luong bom v giam cc kch thuc hung
knh nh giam hnh trnh h ng vi V
0
d cho.
Hnh 5.18. Bom piston hung knh dieu chinh duoc, piston tiep xc
diem vi stato.
169
Hnh 5.19. Bom piston hung knh dieu chinh duoc c goi tua cua
piston len stato kieu p luc thuy tinh.
Hnh 5.20. So do dong
luc hoc cua my piston
hung knh.
170
Dan dong bloc xi lanh 4 duoc thuc hien nh truc 17 qua khp noi kieu vau 16, n c tc
dung giai phng bloc khoi tc dung cua cc luc hung knh t dau ngoi cua truc.
Tren hnh 5.19 l bom piston hung knh p suat cao, p suat cho php o che do khai thc
lau di khoang p
B
~2530 Mpa v qu tai ngan ti p
B
=50 MPa. iem khc biet cua n l c cc
ket cau giai toa tai trong thuy tinh o tat ca cc cap ma st, chng nhan cc luc hung knh chu
yeu. Nhng cap nhu vay gom c cc goi tua cua piston 9 duoc lm c dang guoc truot kieu
thuy tinh, ngng truc phan phoi 15 vi cc ti (rnh) can bang p luc thuy tinh 8.
e trnh gin doan v lat guoc truot khi khoi dong bom v khi c do chan khong trong
cc xi lanh, tren mp guoc truot c dat vnh hm 1. So do ket cau giai toa p luc thuy tinh cua
piston v cua ngng truc duoc trnh by o hnh 5.21.
Chat long t khoang xi lanh 1 qua lo 2 (H. 5.21, a) o tren piston v cot chong cua guoc
truot duoc dua den khoang 3 o dy de guoc, khoang 3 duoc lm kn nh vnh khan 4. Cc kch
Hnh 5.21. Ket cau can bang luc thuy tinh cua ro to v
goi tua cua piston trong cc my piston hung knh.
171
thuc cua khoang v vnh khan duoc xc dinh sao cho luc p suat tc dung len cc be mat cua
chng bang vi luc p suat len piston [1]:
) d / d ln( 2
) d / d ( 1
4
d
p
4
d
p
2
a
2
g
2
g
2
a
2
g
2
p
t
=
t
. (5.42)
Ve tri cua phuong trnh l luc p suat chat long len piston, ve phai- luc p suat phan bo
tren be mat gii han boi rnh thot 5, n thong vi khoang trong vo v khong c p suat. Nhu
vay, luc p suat len piston duoc truyen cho vnh 7 cua stato khong do tiep xc vat lieu cua hai
chi tiet m bang luc p suat chat long, nen thuc te khong c tiep xc cc be mat o p suat bat
k. e can bang cc luc li tam cua piston, khong phu thuoc p suat, goi tua thuy tinh duoc bao
boi be mat tua 6, d l goi d thuy dong luc c kha nang nang phu ti le vi cc luc li tam v
vng quay.
Tren hnh 5.21, b bieu dien truc phan phoi ket cau tuong tu nhu mo ta o hnh 5.19. e can
bang thuy tinh bloc 8 tren co truc 10 c bo tr cc ti can bang 11. Chng duoc thong vi cc
cua so nam doi dien p suat cao 9 v p suat thap 12 nh cc lo thong 13. T so do thay, khi
xc dinh dng kch thuc cc ti v cc dai lm kn duoc gii han bang cc rnh thot 14, luc
hung knh tc dung len bloc v c xu hung dich n ve pha p suat cao c the duoc can bang
bang cc luc p suat chat long khong can c su tiep xc cua cc be mat ma st giong nhu doi
vi guoc truot.
e cc cap can bang thuy tinh lm viec bnh thung, cc ngoai luc tc dung len chng m
khong phai xuat pht do p luc thuy tinh phai nho. e nhu vay, bloc 13 (hnh 5.19) duoc dan
dong bang truc 2 c o d rieng 3 thong qua khp vau kp 4.
Su dung co cau can bang thuy tinh l cch co ban de nang p suat lm viec cua my thuy
luc the tch.
Tai trong len cc chi tiet trong cc my thuy luc hung knh do luc p suat chat long
F
p
=Sp,
tc dung len piston quyet dinh (S- dien tch dinh piston).
Cc luc tc dung len piston the hien tren cc hnh 5.19 v 5.20. Luc F
p
t pha chat long
trong xi lanh p piston vo stato. Phan luc stato F c hung vuong gc vi be mat cua n ti
tam O`. Thnh phan theo dung tam xi lanh can bang vi luc p suat F
p
, thnh phan ngang F
T
can bang vi phan luc thnh xi lanh v tao ra mo men M
T.xl
doi vi truc O. Trong bom, momen
dong co tao ra dng de khac phuc tong M
T.xl
cua cc xi lanh, cn trong mo to thuy luc tong cc
momen ny do chat long tao ra de khac phuc momen can tren my duoc dan dong.
Tri so momen tc thi cua mot xi lanh
M
T.xl
=F
T
(r+x)=pStg|(x+r).
V nhu d ni o tren, x=e(1-coso), e<<R v do d tg|~sin|=(e/R)sino,
M
T.xl
~pSesino(1-e/Rcoso)~pSesino. (5.43)
Momen tc dung len bloc t tat ca cc xi lanh l tong cua cc M
T.xl
:

t = o
= o
t = o
t = o
o o = =
0
2
1 2 xl . T T
sin Se p sin Se p M M .
Gi tri trung bnh cua tong cosin cc gc, khc nhau mot so nguyen lan buc gc 2t/z
gia cc xi lanh lien tiep, trong gii han 0<o<t bang z/t. Do d
M=(p
2
-p
1
)2eSz/(2t)=p
B
V
0
/(2t). (5.44)
Phu thuoc (5.44) l gan dng v c dang tuong tu
nhu (5.41) thu duoc bang phuong php can bang nang
luong. Trong thuc te, khi so snh (5.43) vi cong thc tnh
172
san luong (5.19), c the thay, momen do cc piston tc
dung len bloc xi lanh cng c cng do khong dong deu
nhu luu luong, n phu thuoc vo so xi lanh. Ngoi thnh
phan khong deu thuan tu ve hnh hoc, l tong cua cc
hm dieu ho, do khong deu thuc te cua momen, cng nhu
san luong, nghiem trong hon do tnh chiu nn cua chat
long, tre cua he thong phan phoi v xung p suat trong cc
dung ong. Do d do khong deu thuc te cua momen, cng
nhu doi vi luu luong, c the vuot gi tri l thuyet nhu xc
dinh o 5.2.4. ieu ny dac biet khong mong muon o cc
mo to thuy luc, chng phai tao duoc momen c do khong
deu nho de dam bao do deu hnh trnh co cau duoc dan
dong.
Cc luc p suat F
p
o cc xi lanh tong hop lai v tao thnh vec to luc chnh F
R
tc dung
trong mat phang vuong gc truc quay. Xay dung vc to chnh the hien tren hnh 5.22. T hnh
v thay
z 2
sin 2
1
) p p ( S F F F
1 2 1 R 2 R R
t
= = . (5.45)
Luc F
R
tc dung len co truc 15 (hnh 5.19) v qua guoc 14, vnh stato 11 len vo 12 m
tren d gan truc 15.
Do cc so xi lanh thong vi vng p suat cao v p suat thap thay doi, luc F
R
, vi do ln
khong doi, thay doi hung tc dung. Nhng thay doi ny dien ra vi toc do ln v l nguon goc
dao dong, gay tieng dong v doi khi ca xam thuc kim loai trong cc khe lm kn. e giam nhe
qu trnh thay doi p suat v dong thi giam toc do thay doi luc chnh, cc xi lanh thong vi
cc khoang 5 v 7 (hnh 5.19) tai cc thi diem ban dau qua cc rnh tiet luu 6. Nh vay m cc
qu trnh thay doi p suat v xung luc F
R
bi cham lai.
Cc tnh chat chung ni tren cho cc my thuy luc piston ve tnh khong deu cua luong
cap, momen v luc c o tat ca cc my thuy luc the tch lm viec theo nguyen tac nap v xa
theo dinh luong. l cc nhuoc diem cua cc my loai ny.
5.4.2. Mo to thuy luc piston huong knh momen lon
Mot trong cc dang quan trong v pho bien cua my thuy luc hung knh l mo to thuy
luc momen ln. Chng duoc su dung trong cc bo truyen dong thuy luc the tch m phai dam
bao vng quay co cau duoc dan dong cham, deu v dieu chinh duoc khong phu thuoc vo
momen can cua n.
e c duoc momen ln m khong tang kch thuc cua moto mot cch dng ke, tc l
hnh trnh h v dung knh piston d
p
, khong tang nhieu p suat cng nhu so piston th phai tnh
den so lan tc dung k cua piston. Khi d
ezk . 2 . S
2
) p p (
2
V ) p p (
M
1 2 0 1 2
t
=
t
= . (5.46)
173
Thung k=68. Nhng mo to nhu vay cho php c vng quay t gan mot cho den vi truc
vng pht.
Tren hnh 5.22 dua ra ket cau mo to thuy luc su lan tc dung vi mui mot piston. Cc
luc p suat hung knh cua bloc xi lanh 4 tc dung len cc o 7 v 12. Cc piston t len stato 1
bang cc con lan vi o chao 2 cn cc luc ngang truyen cho bloc xi lanh bang cc con truot 6.
e trnh tch ri cc con lan 3 khoi stato 1 khi vng quay nho o khu vuc p suat thap v
va dap vi stato ngui ta su dung vau dan hung doi lai 9 o ben dui con lan 3.
Trong mo to c he thong phan phoi dau mat phang tu chinh de bao dam lm kn vi bloc
xi lanh. Tren vng phan phoi dau mat 10 c 2z cua so vng cung 5 lan luot thong vi cc
khoang B v A. Trong nua chu k gc 2t/(2k), khi m piston di vo th lo 8 cua xi lanh thong
vi cua so khoang A, cn nua chu k kia khi piston di ra- vi cua so khoang B. Tuong tc luc
cua piston vi stato xt o hnh 5.20. e vng phan phoi 10 c the tu chinh theo be mat bloc xi
lanh, n duoc dat v p vo bloc nh cc coc 11 c cc dem cau bao dam kn khi vng phan
phoi bi xien theo mat bloc. ong thi cc coc noi cc cua 5 vi cc khoang dan chat long den
B v di A.
5.4.3. My thuy luc piston huong truc
My thuy luc piston hung truc khi truyen cng mot cong suat c kch thuc nho gon
nhat so vi cc loai my thuy luc piston khc v, do d c khoi luong nho nhat. C cc bo phan
cong tc vi kch thuc hung knh b nen momen qun tnh nho, chng c kha nang thay doi
vng quay nhanh. Nh nhng tnh chat dac biet ny m chng duoc su dung rong ri lm cc
bom dieu chinh v khong dieu chinh duoc, cc mo to thuy luc cho cc bo truyen dong tren cc
phuong tien di dong ni chung v tren tu thuy ni rieng tu.
Theo so do dong hoc- yeu to co so cua ket cau, cc my ro to piston hung truc duoc phan
thnh my c bloc xi lanh nghieng (hnh 5.23, 5.24) v kieu c dia nghieng (hnh 5.25).
Hnh 5.22. Mo to thuy luc piston hung knh nhieu tc dung.
174
Trong cc my bloc nghieng (hnh 5.23) tam truc quay 4 cua bloc xi lanh 24 nghieng so
vi tam truc 1. Trong dia dan dong 2 c lap cc dau hnh cau 12 cua bien 10, bien cng lien ket
vi piston 8 nh khp cau 9.
Khi bloc v truc quay quanh tam cua chng, piston chuyen dong tinh tien tuong doi so vi
xi lanh. Su quay dong bo cua truc v bloc l do cc tay bien, chng lan luot di qua vi tr lech
cuc dai so vi dung tam piston (xem hnh 5.26), p len vy 1 v truyen chuyen dong quay cho
bloc xi lanh. e nhan luc, vy piston duoc lm di v than bien 2 duoc lm con chnh xc.
Trong my thuy luc trnh by o hnh 5.24, de quay bloc xi lanh 12 c truc phu tro 13 vi
hai cau cua cc khp cc dang cho nen piston duoc lm ngan cn cc bien duoc lm c dang
don gian.
Ca hai he thong quay bloc ny deu khong phai cc he dong luc v chng khong truyen
momen chnh cua cc luc p suat len piston. Chng chi c tc dung khac phuc cc momen ma
st dat vo bloc v momen qun tnh cua bloc khi thay doi vng quay cua my.
Khc vi cc trung hop tren, trong cc my vi dia nghieng (hnh 5.25), bloc xi lanh 1
vi cc piston 9 quay cng truc 4. Cc piston tua len dia nghieng 11 v nh d m chuyen dong
tinh tien. Momen de quay bloc xi lanh o day cn phai khac phuc duoc momen cua cc luc p
suat.
Cc quan he dong luc hoc trong cc my hung truc. T viec xt so do dong hoc cua
hai loai my (hnh 5.28 v 5.29) c the thay co cau cua chng l dang dao khong gian cua co
cau bien khuyu.
Tren hnh 5.28 chuyen dich cua piston tnh t diem chet trong B
x`~x=h/2-Oa= ) cos 1 ( sin D
2
1
sin cos D
2
1
sin D
2
1
d d d
o | = | o | . (5.47)
Bieu thc tren dng neu gc nghieng cua bien (so vi dung tam piston) do c chenh
lech cua D
r
v D
d
nho, dieu ny ph hop vi ket cau cc my d duoc che tao. Ti le
D
d
/D
r
=2/(1+cos|) (5.48)
phu thuoc vo gc |. Khi dam bao s-s`=t-t` th cc hnh chieu cua cc vng trn dung knh D
r
v D
d
len mat phang m-m bang nhau, gc lech cua cc bien khi l
b
~D
r
nho v deu nhau.
Chuyen dich cua piston tnh t B (hnh 5.29)
x=h/2-Oc=(D
r
/2)tg|-(D
r
/2)cosotg|=(D
r
/2)tg|(1-coso). (5.49)
T cc bieu thc (5.47) v (5.49) thay rang, cc my piston hung truc ve dong hoc tuong
duong vi co cau bien khuyu. Toc do v gia toc piston s c dang nhu (5.17) v (5.18) neu thay
h=D
r
tg| doi vi my c dia nghieng, hoac h=D
d
sin| doi vi my bloc nghieng. Cc my ny c
the tch cong tc tuong ng bang
V
0
=SD
r
tg|.z: (5.50)
V
0
=SD
d
sin|.z. (5.51)
175
Hnh 5.23, a. My piston hung truc c bloc xi lanh
nghieng khong dieu chinh duoc.
176
Do giong nhau ve dong hoc nen tat ca cc tnh chat ve do khong deu luu luong cua cc
my ro to piston hung truc cng tuong tu nhu bom piston vi co cau bien khuyu. Trong cc bo
truyen dong thuy luc deu di hoi do deu cua san luong cao, do d so xi lanh thung t 79.
Xt cc so do dong hoc tren cc hnh (5.28) v (5.29) ket hop vi cc hnh (5.26) v
(5.27) m tren d c bieu dien cc luc tc dung len piston, c the thnh lap bieu thc tnh
momen do luc tc dung cua mot piston doi vi tam quay:
doi vi my c bloc nghieng
M
T.xl
=F
T
Oc=pS(D
d
/2)sin|sino:
doi vi my c dia nghieng
M
T.xl
=F
T
Oc=pS(D
r
/2)tg|sino.
Cc cong thc ny, neu thay hnh trnh h cua piston vo, tuong tu nhu (5.43). Momen
tong trung bnh, tuong tu nhu (5.41): M
T
=p
b
V
0
/(2t). (5.52)
Nhu vay, cc ket luan ve cc xung cua momen quanh gi tri trung bnh neu o 5.4.1 van
gi nguyen doi vi cc my hung truc. Xt co che bien doi cua momen dat tren truc bom
thnh luc doc tam piston de nn chat long hoac co che chuyen luc p suat thnh momen tren
truc cua mo to thuy luc, c the thay cc qu trnh ny trong hai kieu my piston hung truc
khong giong nhau.
Hnh 5.23, b. My piston hung truc bloc xi lanh nghieng dieu chinh duoc.
177
Hnh 5.24. Bom piston hung truc vi cc dang kp phu tro v bo dieu
chinh- han che p suat.
178
Hnh 5.25. Bom piston hung truc dieu chinh duoc vi dia nghieng.
179
Hnh 5.26. Piston my piston hung truc c tay bien.
Hnh 5.27. Piston my piston hung truc c de truot.
Hnh 5.28. So do dong hoc cua my thuy luc bloc nghieng.
180
Trong cc my vi bloc nghieng luc F`
p
(hnh 5.26) c phuong gan nhu doc theo dung
tam bien vi cc khp cau o hai dau, n nghieng so vi dung tam xi lanh mot gc o nho nen
tao ra thnh phan luc ngang v, do d, luc ma st piston vi thnh xi lanh rat nho (ch rang
momen de quay bloc xi lanh o day khong phai l chu yeu nhu d ni o tren, v chi mot so bien
thay nhau o trang thi t len vy piston o nhng gc quay nhat dinh).
Trong cc my c dia nghieng (momen quay bloc bao gom ca momen cua cc luc p
suat) cc piston tua len dia nghieng qua cc khp cau (hnh 5.27), phan luc F tao ra thnh phan
doc tam piston F
p
can bang vi luc p suat v thnh phan ngang F
T
tao thnh momen M
T.xl
nhu
d trnh by o tren. Trang thi dat cong xon cua F
T
dan den xuat hien cc vng luc tiep xc cua
piston vi thnh xi lanh. Cc luc tiep xc p
k
tao thnh momen trong kep di dong cua piston
trong xi lanh, can bang vi momen ngoai luc F
T
. Cc luc tiep xc p
k
ln tao ra ma st dng ke,
do d hieu suat co gii cc my c bloc nghieng ln hon so vi kieu dia nghieng. ieu ny the
hien cng r o nhng my c vng quay phai thay doi trong pham vi rong. Khi vng quay n
nho, toc do piston nho, gia chng v thnh xi lanh xuat hien ma st ti han. Momen ma st
tang gay ra vng quay khong deu trong cc moto thuy luc dia nghieng tham ch o cc vng
quay kh cao n~2550 v/ph.
Su tang tai trong tiep xc han che gc nghieng cua dia o gii han |=1518
0
. O cc my
bloc nghieng gc | bi han che chi boi cc dieu kien ve ket cau v thung dat |=2530
0
(gii
han ti 40
0
). Nhu vay, theo cc bieu thc (5.50) v (5.51) de thu duoc cng the tch cong tc
cho truc, o cc my c bloc nghieng c the su dung piston dung knh nho hon v dung knh
D
r
nho hon, dan den giam mot cch tuong doi kch thuc cua cc bo phan lm viec.
Tuy nhien bo truyen dong cua my bloc nghieng cng c nhuoc diem dng ke (xem cc
hnh 5.23 v 5.26). Cc chom cau 12 cua bien 10 tua len dia chu dong 2 l dau cong xon cua
truc 1. Cc luc doc F
N
v ngang F
T
dat len dia 2 lm tai trong len cc o 13 rat ln. ieu ny lm
cho kch thuc cum ny rat ln (vi tr 13 hnh 5.23 v vi tr 14 hnh 5.24), chng bang vi kch
thuc cum bom cua my.
Trong my c dia nghieng (hnh 5.25), cc o chiu tai cua tong cc luc F
T
, tuong duong vi
luc dat o diem O gia cc o 14 v 3 nen tai trong cua chng tuong doi nho. Cc luc p suat doc
truc duoc truyen truc tiep cho cc chi tiet cua vo- qua noi 12 ti vo 21, v cho nap vo 2- thong
qua cc guoc truot 10 v bo phan phan phoi 18 l nhng o d thuy tinh c kha nang lm viec
tot o p suat v toc do truot cao. Guoc truot thuy tinh G (xem hnh 27) c ket cau tuong tu nhu
o my hung knh d xt o truc (hnh 5.21). Luc nang do p suat thuy tinh cua n duoc xc
dinh theo bieu thc (5.42). Do khong c cc luc li tam nen cc guoc o my hung truc lm viec
o dieu kien thuan loi hon v khong can den cc dai tua ln. Nh giam nhe tai cho cc o d v
dong tam cua truc vi cc piston, cc my c dia nghieng c kch thuc nho hon v de bo tr
hon so vi cc my bloc nghieng. Trong cc my dia nghieng nho, duoc tnh ton su dung o
vng quay khong ln v p suat p
b
<20 Mpa, ngui ta su dung cc piston tiep xc dIem vi dia
nghieng, tuong tu nhu cc piston 6 hnh 5.18.
Hnh 5.29. So do dong hoc my thuy luc c dia nghieng.
181
Bo cc o tua thuy tinh cho php giam mot phan ton that thuy luc, dac biet khi lm viec vi
chat long c do nht thap, cho nen cc mo to thuy luc kieu c do deu cua vng quay o vng
quay thap tot hon so vi cc mo to thuy luc c guoc truot kieu thuy tinh.
Cng nhu o cc my hung knh, de cho dau piston khoi bi mn nhanh do truot, mat tua
cua piston l dia nghieng phai tu do quay giong nhu stato quay 3 hnh 5.18.
Bo phan phan phoi cua cc my thuy luc piston hung truc. Bo phan quan trong nhat
cua cc my thuy luc piston hung truc l he thong phan phoi. Ve nguyen tac, cc my piston
hung truc su dung he thong phan phoi kieu dau mat (xem cc hnh 5.23, 5.24 v 5.25) duoc
tao boi mat mt (vi tr 6, hnh 5.23: vi tr 10, hnh 5.24: vi tr 8, hnh 5.25) cua bloc xi lanh, tren
d c cc cua (vi tr 25, hnh 5.23: vi tr 9, hnh 5.24: vi tr 7, hnh 5.25) cua cc xi lanh, v mat
mt (vi tr 5, hnh 5.23: vi tr 9, hnh 5.24: vi tr 7, hnh 5.25) cua bo phan phan phoi (vi tr 7,
hnh 5.29: vi tr 8, hnh 5.24: vi tr 18, hnh 5.25).
Nhiem vu cua he thong phan phoi da dang. N l o d chan, nhan tong luc doc do p suat
t tat ca cc xi lanh: l bo phan ngat noi cc xi lanh vo cc dung ong p suat p
1
v p
2
: lm kn
v cch li cc dung p
1
v p
2
vi nhau v cc khoang xung quanh.
Cc be mat tao thnh he thong phan phoi phai tu dinh tam vi nhau, mot mat trong d
(thung l be mat bloc xi lanh) phai c do tu do nho tu chinh de tao lp boi tron.
Trong so do o hnh 5.23 kha nang ny c duoc nh khe ho cua ong lt 11 vi truc 4 cua
bloc, dang mat cau cua cc be mat 5 v 6 cua he thong phan phoi. Trong my mo ta tren hnh
5.24, chc nang ny do o chao 6 dam nhiem, cn o my tren hnh 5.25 l nh khp noi khong
co dinh evolvent 13 gia bloc v truc. e trnh h rong khe tiep gip he thong phan phoi do tc
dung cua momen cc luc li tam cua cc piston, trong tat ca cc my bloc xi lanh duoc p doc
tam bang cc l so (vi tr 3 hnh 5.23, so 7 hnh 5.24 v so 20 hnh 5.25).
Hnh 5.30. He thong phan phoi dau mat cc my thuy luc piston hung truc.
182
Tren hnh 5.30, a the hien mat mt cua bloc xi lanh 1 vi cc cua 2 cua cc xi lanh, tren
hnh 5.30, b, c- mat mt 5 cua bo phan phan phoi c hai khoang nua vnh trn 3, mot thong vi
dung p
1
cn nua kia- vi dung p
2
(vi tr 19 tren hnh 5.25). Cc khoang 3 duoc ngan cch
bang vch ngan 4 (hnh 5.30, b l phuong n bom vi vch 4 khong doi xng, cn tren 5.30, c-
phuong n mo to vi vch doi xng). Khi quay bloc, cua 2 di chuyen tren cc khoang 3 v luan
phien thong vi dung p suat p
1
v p
2
. Chuyen qua vch ngan ng vi cc diem chet A v B
(xem hnh 5.23, 5.25 v 5.30), tai d toc do piston bang khong. oan bat dau, cc cua 2 thong
vi cc khoang 3 qua rnh tiet luu 6 (hnh 5.30). Chieu rong cua khoang 3 v cc dai lm kn
7cua chng duoc xc dinh sao cc luc p suat thuy tinh cua chat long t pha cc khoang 3 v
cc khe lm kn gan hau nhu can bang hon ton vi tong cc luc p suat chat long len cc dy
5 cua cc xi lanh cua bloc (hnh 5.25). Cng nhu tren ngng truc doi vi my hung knh (hnh
5.19 v 5.21, a), de lm viec tin cay, phan luc can bang thuy tinh duoc tnh ton chiem 96-98%.
Phan luc khong duoc can bang do cc o thuy dong luc nhan- cc de tua 8 (hnh 5.30).
5.4.4. o thi ch thi v can bang nang luong cua cc my thuy luc ro to piston
o thi chi thi bom ro to piston duoc the hien tren hnh 5.31. Ve nguyen tac n khong khc
do thi chi thi bom piston dng van phan phoi (hnh 5.9) khi khong c cc qu trnh tre cua cc
van. Dang cua do thi tren hnh 5.31 chu yeu do cc qu trnh thay doi p suat trong xi lanh khi
cua 2 cua chng di qua vch ngan 4 cua bo phan phan phoi quyet dinh (hnh 5.30). Cc qu
trnh ny ng vi thi diem cc piston qua khu vuc diem chet A v B, o d toc do cua chng
gan khong.
Trong he thong phan phoi don gian nhat c vch ngan doi xng qua diem chet (hnh 5.30,
d) v tuong ng chnh xc vi gc mo o
0
cua cua 2, su ngat noi cua 2 vi cc khoang p
1
v p
2
xay ra tc th. Khi d toc do thay doi p suat trong xi lanh phu thuoc chu yeu vo do dn hoi
cua chat long. Lc xi lanh thong vi khoang p suat cao p
2
chat long trong d bi nn trong khi
piston hau nhu khong chuyen dong do chat long cao p chay vo qua khe cua dang mo. Khi
thong vi vng p suat p
1
chat long trong xi lanh gin ra do d c mot the tch gin no nhat
dinh chay ra khoang p suat thap.
Neu nhu dien tch luu thong cua cua cc xi lanh vi cc khoang cua bo phan phoi tang
nhanh th qu trnh thay doi p suat cng dien ra nhanh v do thi chi thi thu duoc c dang gan
nhu hnh ch nhat ACDB (dung nt dt tren hnh 5.31) nhung c cc dinh p suat (C` v B`).
Cc qu trnh thay doi p suat nhanh km theo thay doi cc luc dot ngot, tc dung len cc co
cau cua my gay rung dong v tieng on. Do vay he thong phan phoi don gian chi duoc su dung
o cc my p suat thap o vi vng quay n nho (p
b
<=10 Mpa: n<=1500 v/ph).
Hnh 5.31. o thi chi
thi p=f(o) bom ro to
piston.
183
Trong cc my thuy luc cao toc hien dai, duoc dng o p suat cao, ngui ta co gang lm
cham qu trnh thay doi p suat trong xi lanh. V du, vch 4 (hnh 5.30, b) cua bo phan phoi cua
bom duoc dich ve pha nguoc chieu quay cua my mot gc dng mo sm o
0
v tren d c rnh
tiet luu 6 de khong che thay doi dien tch luu thong cua xi lanh vi khoang 3. Nh vay o bom,
p suat trong xi lanh bat dau thay doi khi chua ti cc diem chet, v ban than qu trnh thay doi
bi cham lai. Trong cc mo to, chieu quay cua n c the thay doi nen bo phan phoi luon doi
xng, nhung nh c su tiet luu nen cng dam bao p suat trong cc xi lanh thay doi cham hon.
Cc bien php ny giam duoc cc dinh p suat cuc dai, tieng on v rung dong, tuy nhien
khi tang p suat v vng quay chng dan den tang do khong deu luu luong o v gay xung p
trong cc dung ong quanh cc gi tri trung bnh p
1xl
v p
2xl
. T phan tch tren c the ket luan,
su tang qu trnh dao dong khi tang p suat p v vng quay n l nguyen nhan han che p suat v
vng quay cua cc my thuy luc v kha nang nang cao cong suat tren don vi the tch my. ieu
ni tren cng dng doi vi cc my hung knh, cho nen tren hnh 5.19 c the thay, de cai thien
qu trnh thay doi p suat, vch ngan cua ngng truc phan phoi duoc dich di mot gc o
0
v c
rnh tiet luu 6.
Tuong tu nhu doi vi cc my thuy luc piston, do thi chi thi cho php xc dinh cong mot
chu trnh A=A
nen
-A
hut
m piston thuc hien trong xi lanh, tnh duoc cong suat chi thi N
i
=Azn v
hieu suat qu trnh lm viec cua my q
i
=Qp
b
/N
i
, hieu suat co gii q
M
=N
i
/N
b
.
Hieu suat chung q=q
M
q
i
cua cc my thuy luc ro to piston ln v o cc p suat khai thc
trung bnh t 1630 Mpa dat 0,92-0,93 doi vi cc my bloc nghieng v 0,89-0,91 o cc my
dia nghieng v piston hung knh.
He so san luong c cua cc my thuy chu yeu phu thuoc vo hien tuong nn (q
x
) v r lot
ngoi (q
rl
) qua nhng cho khong kn trong bo phan cong tc. Khi c gc dng mo sm o
0
luu
luong giam mot luong q
0
no d, thung khong ln, v giam phan hnh trnh c ch cua piston.
Tren hnh 5.25 c chi cc vi tr r ngoi, q
1
- qua chom cau cua piston, q
2
- qua khe gia
piston v xi lanh, q
3
- qua he thong phan phoi v q
4
- qua guoc truot.
O cc p suat khai thc trung bnh, doi vi cc my bloc nghieng
c=(Q
lt
-q
rl
-q
x
-q
0
)/Q
lt
=0,950,97
v doi vi cc my dia nghieng c=0,930,95. Tri so c nho hon v ng vi do cng cua dac tnh
nho hon o cc my dia nghieng l do c r lot q
4
v the tch chet thung ln.
Kh khan dien cc piston di (vi tr 17 tren hnh 5.25) cua cc my thuy luc ny bang cc
vat lieu nhe v cng buoc thung de rong. ieu d lm tang manh the tch chet v he so san
luong.
T do thi chi thi (hnh 5.31) c the thay, o hnh trnh ht khi chat long t dung ong ht
dang chay vo qua cua chuyen dong cua xi lanh, xay ra ton that p suat dng ke p
h
. Ton that
tang manh khi tang vng quay. ieu ny dan den giam q
i
v p
1
nho l nguyen nhan ph hoai
xam thuc su lm viec cua bom.
Sau khi xt cc tnh chat co ban cua kieu my thuy luc ro to piston, c the rt ra mot so
ket luan ve kha nang su dung cua chng.
Cc bom piston hung knh c the che tao khong dng o lan cho cc bo phan cong tc khi
can bang hon ton bang thuy tinh (hnh 5.19), nen vi chat long sach chng c the lm viec
lau o p suat cuc ln. C the dieu chinh do ln V
0
de dng. Tuy nhien vng quay cua cc bom
ny bi han che do luc li tam, cn momen qun tnh cua ro to v kch thuc hung knh tuong
doi ln. Cho nen cc my hung knh t duoc su dung lm mo to thuy luc cao toc v nen su
dung lm cc bom dieu chinh duoc c p suat cao trong cc he thong thuy luc tinh tai.
184
Cc my piston hung truc vi dia nghieng che tao don gian nhat, dieu kien tai trong cc
o thuan loi, c kch thuc nho v c hnh dang de bo tr, dieu chinh de nhung thua cc my ro
to piston khc ve hieu suat. Linh vuc su dung cua chng- cc bom v mo to trong cc he di
dong.
Cc my bloc nghieng c hieu suat cao v do cng dac tnh tot. Tuy vay cc bom dieu
chinh duoc dang ny (hnh 5.23, b) c kch thuc ln. Cc mo to thuy luc khong v c dieu
chinh duoc kieu ny (hnh 5.23, a v 5.32) v c ton that co gii v r lot nho nen c pham vi
vng quay on dinh rong nhat v hieu suat cao tuy km tien loi ve ket cau so vi cc my dia
nghieng. Do vay, cc my bloc nghieng nh do cng dac tnh tot v hieu suat cao duoc su dung
trong cc he thong thuy luc tu dong c do chnh xc cao. Nhng nam gan day pho bien su dung
bo truyen dong cho cc to hop di dong gom c bom kieu dia nghieng v mo to bloc nghieng, d
l ket hop toi uu ve mat thiet ke, hieu suat v pham vi vng quay truc ra.
5.4.5. ieu chnh my thuy luc ro to piston
Bom dieu chinh duoc c chieu cap thay doi vi dia nghieng duoc gii thieu tren hnh 5.25.
Noi 12 c dia nghieng 11 khi quay tren cc o 16 c kha nang thay doi gc nghieng | v do d
hnh trnh h=D
r
tg| cua piston. Xoay noi 12 duoc thuc hien nh truc dieu chinh ben ngoi 15.
Bom dieu chinh duoc c bloc nghieng tren hnh 5.23, b. Bo phan dan dong cng tuong tu
nhu o my khong dieu chinh duoc cng kieu (hnh 5.23, a). Tren hnh 5.23, b bloc xi lanh 24
c cc piston 8 nam trong noi quay gom c cc tai 4` v nap 4 mang bo phan phoi 7. Qua cc
kenh 23 v 22 trong nap 4 v 21 trong cc tai 4` chat long duoc dan den bloc xi lanh v t d
dua ra qua cc kenh 15 cua ngng truc 16 m tren d c mang cc o 17 cua noi. Cc vi tr xoay
duoc lm kn bangbo phan lm kn dau mat 14. Bom tren hnh 5.23, b thiet ke de lm viec
khong c p luc o cua vo (trong dieu kien tu ht) v di nhien khong thay doi chieu cap. Kenh
23 cua noi thong truc tiep ra vo c vai tr nhu buong ht.
Trong cc my c chieu cap thay doi o cc he thong kn cc kenh 21 v 22 v ca hai co
truc 16 giong nhu nhau v dng de dan chat long v v dua chat long ra. e thay doi gc
nghieng cua noi dng chot 20 tren tai 4`. Piston 18 cua xi lanh thuy luc tro dong dat tren nap vo
bom quay noi bang chac 19 kep lay chot 20 o gan dung tam O-O, thay doi do ln v chieu
cap.
Mo to thuy luc dieu chinh duoc mo ta tren hnh 5.32 c bo phan phoi 2 truot theo rnh hnh tru
7 trong nap vo 6. Thay doi vi tr bo phan phoi v gc nghieng bloc xi lanh 1 duoc thuc hien nh
piston 4 cua xi lanh thuy luc dieu khien 3. Gc nghieng giam t 25
0
cho den 7
0
phu thuoc vo
mc do giam p suat trong khoang 5 duoc noi vi dung cao p p
2
cua bo truyen thuy luc. Gc
nghieng nho nhat trong mo to thuy luc bi han che do c kha nang tu hm (ket cc bo phan cong
tc) o gc | nho. V p suat p
2
giam khi mo men can tren truc mo to giam cho nen khi dieu
chinh nhu vay o luu luong Q khong doi, theo cong thc (5.15) dan den tang vng quay truc ra.
Nhu vay, mo to dieu chinh duoc cho php su dung cong suat cua dong co mot cch tot nhat khi
mo men tai trong thay doi.
185
He thong tu dong don gian nhat de dieu chinh gc nghieng noi bom trnh by tren hnh
5.24. Noi 1 cua bom khi lm viec nghieng ti gii han do l xo 2 nam tren xi lanh thuy luc di
dong 3. Piston co dinh 4 cua xi lanh thuy luc thong vi khoang p
y
cua van dieu khien 16. Chat
long dui p suat p
2
duoc dua ti van. Khi p suat p
2
dat gi tri d dat, van 16 mo v cho mot
luong khong ln chat long q
y
qua rnh tiet luu 15 ve buong thot. Khi d trong buong van thiet
lap p suat p
y
ti le vi p
2
. Dui c dung cua p
y
xi lanh 3 dich chuyen lm giam gc nghieng cua
noi v san luong bom trong khi l xo 2 bi nn lai. Bang cch thay doi dac tnh van 16 v tiet luu
15 c the thay doi pham vi p
2
trong d xay ra thay doi 0<=|<=|
max
. Nhu vay, nh bo tu dong
dieu chinh- han che p suat- c the tiet kiem duoc cong suat dan dong bom khi chuyen n ve
che do khong tai. Bo dieu chinh tc dung truc tiep nhu tren duoc su dung o cc bom b (V
0
<20
cm
3
), trong d luc xoay noi nho.
Quay noi o cc bom ro to piston dieu chinh duoc ln (V
0
>30 cm
3
) duoc thuc hien nh cc
bo truyen dong thuy luc tro dong. V du he thong mo ta o hnh 5.32.
Cc my thuy luc piston hung knh cng duoc dieu chinh giong nhu my piston hung
truc. V du, vnh stato 11 cua bom (hnh 5.19) duoc di chuyen nh cc xi lanh thuy luc qua truc
day 16. Trong cc he thong khong can dieu chinh lien tuc v nhanh pho bien dng co cau don
gian nhat bang ren v truc vt de thay doi theo giai doan the tch cong tc cua my thuy luc
bang tay. Co cau ren de dieu chinh the tch cong tc bom piston hung knh duoc the hien o
hnh 5.18, vi tr 20.
5.4.6. Xam thuc o cc bom ro to piston
Qu trnh pht trien xam thuc trong cc bom ro to piston v dieu kien giam san luong do
xam thuc tuong tu nhu d trnh by o 5.2.7. Cng giong cc bom piston, lien quan gia p suat
o cua ht bom p
1
v vng quay n tuan theo phuong trnh kieu (5.34).
Su khc nhau l o cho, thay v ton that p suat p
k
o van ht, trong cc bom ro to ton tai ton
that p suat p
h
(hnh 5.31) cua dng chat long chay qua cc cua cua cc xi lanh chuyen dong
quay. Nhng ton that ny ln v phu thuoc vo luu luong Q
xl
qua cua v ca van toc vng u
0
cua
cua xi lanh. Khc biet c the thu hai l tc dung cua luc li tam theo hung dng chay vo,
chng ho tro qu trnh nap vo xi lanh neu cc cua nam nghieng hoac hung knh (xem hnh
5.26 v 5.19). So do chay vo cua chat long qua cua xi lanh dien tch S
0
v quay vi van toc
Hnh 5.32. Mo to thuy luc piston hung truc c bloc nghieng dieu chinh duoc.
186
vng u
0
duoc bieu dien tren hnh 5.33. Trong d dien tch dng nho hon S
0
v sai lech ny dac
trung bang he so co hep c, theo nghien cu cua X. X. Rutnhev, n phu thuoc vo ti so u
0
/v
0
.
Luu luong qua cua dien tch S
0
cua xi lanh o cc dieu kien ti han theo cc bieu thc (5.35) v
(5.38) Q
xl
=(he/t)S. Do d
,
S h 2
S D
Q
S
2
D
v
u
0 0
xl
0 0
0
0
t
=
e
= (5.53)
trong d D
o
- dung knh vi tr tam cua.
o thi X. X. Rutnhev phu thuoc c=f(u
0
/v
0
) duoc dan ra tren hnh 5.34. Ton that p suat p
h
bang ton bo dong nang cua dng chay vo xi lanh vi van toc v
c
. V v
c
S
0
c=v
p
S,
.
2
v
)
S
S
(
2
v
p
2
p
2
0
2
c
h

c
= =
oi vi cc dieu kien ti han, ch den cc bieu thc (5.35), (5.37) v (5.38), c
2
tb . p
2
0
2
max h
v
2
)
S
S
( p

c
= . (5.54)
Phu thuoc cua he so toc do ti han vo p suat tuyet doi truc cua vo bom =f(p
1a
) dua ra
tren hnh 5.34. Su gia tang p suat, c tc dung ngan can xam thuc, do trung luc li tam khi
chat long di t dung knh D
0
o cua vo cho den dung knh D
p
l vi tr cua piston (xem hnh
5.19), khi ke den (5.35),
2
tb . p
2
0
2
p
2
v ) 2 / (
4
) D D (
)
h
( p
t
=
e
.
Phuong trnh Becnuli, tuong tu (5.34), viet cho thiet dien 1-1 c p suat tuyet doi p
1a
v
trong khoang xi lanh, khi o trang thi ti han c p suat p
1xl
~p
bh
(xem hnh 5.11), c dang
e
+ +
= p p p v
2
p p
1 h max . h
2
tb . p
2
bh a 1
, (5.55)
trong d p
h1
- ton that p suat trong dung ong ht t mat cat 1-1 den cua xi lanh:
2
tb . p 1
2
1
1 h
v
2
)
2
z
S
S
( p

= ,
S
1
- dien tch ong ht:
1
~1,21,5.
Thay cc bieu thc cc so hang cua phuong trnh Becnuli, thu duoc
. C v
2 4
) D D (
)
h
( )
2
z
S
S
( ] )
S
S
( 1 [ v
2
p p
2
tb . p
2
0
2
p
2
1
2
1
2
0
2 2
tb . p bh a 1

t
+
c
+
= (5.56)
ai luong C dac trung cho sc can dac trung cho sc can dung ong t cua ht cho den xi
lanh v duoc goi l he so xam thuc cua bom ro to piston.
Su dung cc bieu thc (5.56) v (5.35), c the xc dinh duoc van toc gc toi da cho php o
p suat cua ht cua bom d cho:
Hnh 5.33. So do dng vo cua xi
lanh bom ro to piston.
Hnh 5.34. Thay doi he so nn dng khi
chay vo lo quay.
187
) p p (
2 h
C
1
bh a 1 max

t
= e . (5.57)
Cong thc ny cho mot d thi tong hop cc che do ti han (hnh 5.10, c), l dac tnh xam
thuc day du nhat cua bom.
5.5. My thuy luc cnh gat
Nh cc kch thuc b, tien bo tr v hieu suat cao nen cc my cnh gat duoc su dung
rong ri trong cc my cong cu. Pho bien nhat l cc bom cnh gat hai tc dung khong dIeu
chinh duoc lm viec o p suat 7-14 Mpa, chng c do tin cay cao.
Cc bo phan co ban cua bom cnh gat don gian nhat mot tc dung (hnh 5.35) gom c ro
to quay 1, n duoc bo tr vi do lech tam e trong vnh stato co dinh 2. Trong cc rnh cua ro to
c cc tam cnh 3, chng c the dich chuyen theo hung knh trong khi quay. au ngoi cc
cnh truot theo vng trn R
s
cua stato. Trong stato c cua 4 v 5 thong vi dung ong ht v
day. Cc cung cua cc vch ngan cua 4 v 5 tuong ng vi buc gc gia hai cnh 2t/z (trong
d z l so cnh).
The tch cong tc cua cc my cnh gat duoc xc dinh boi bn knh stato R
c
v bn knh
hu ch r
u
cua ro to, chng quan he vi nhau bang R
c
-r
u
=e. Bn knh r
u
ln hon bn knh r cua
roto mot luong bang khe ho toi thieu gia ro to v stato doi dien vi diem chet B.
Khi the tch gia hai cnh canh nhau nam doi dien diem chet dui B, n dat gi tri nho
nhat: khi doi dien diem chet tren A- cuc dai. Trong mot vng quay ro to c z lan the tch, dac
trung bang chenh lech dien tch cuc dai abbà` v cuc tieu cdd`c`, duoc chuyen t vng p suat
p
1
ti vng p suat p
2
. Chenh lech dien tch ny c the coi mot cch gan dng bang dien tch
vnh trn fgg`f` vi bn knh trung bnh R=R
tb
=r
u
+e v chieu rong 2e tr di chieu dy cnh A.
Khi d the tch cong tc cuc dai gia hai cnh
V
k
=(fgg`f`)b=[(2tR/z-A)2eb],
trong d b- chieu rong stato.
Khi d the tch cong tc cua my
V
0
=V
k
z=(2tR-Az)2eb.
e xc dinh chnh xc the tch V
0
can phai xt cc dien tch cuc dai abbà` v cuc tieu
cdd`c` thuc te, dac trung cho the tch duoc chuyen t vng p
1
ti vng p
2
qua vch ngan o khu
vuc A. Bieu thc the tch cong tc duoc hieu chinh lai c dang
V
0
=(2tkR-Az)2eb, (5.58)
trong d k-he so hieu chinh thu duoc t viec xt chnh xc qui luat chuyen dich cua cnh khi ro to quay:
z 3 5 7 9 11
k 0,827 0,936 0,968 0,980 0,986
Neu cc khoang dui cc cnh 6 thong vi khoang p suat cao p
2
5 khi cnh chuyen dong
vo v khoang 4- p suat p
1
khi chng chuyen dong ra th chng tao thnh cc xi lanh bom
piston hung knh v tao ra san luong. The tch cong tc cua bom nhu vay s ln hon o trung
hop xt tren mot the tch q
bs
=2ebAz v duoc tnh bang
V
0
=4tkebR. (5.59)
Xt tam gic OO`T, n xc dinh qui luat chuyen dong cua cnh x=f(o), c the thay n
giong nhu tam gic so do co cau my piston hung knh (hnh 5.20). Nghia l su phu thuoc
x=f(o) trong trung hop ny v qui luat day chat long qua cc vch cng dien ra theo qui luat
(5.16) v (5.17). Cho nen doi vi cc my cnh gat he so khong dong deu san luong o=f(z),
theo (5.24), cng nhu o cc bom piston, v so cnh cua cc my cnh gat mot lan tc dung luon
duoc lay so le.
188
Khi lm viec cc cnh phai duoc p vo thnh stato. Luc p ban dau thung l nh luc li
tam hoac doi khi bang lo xo, cn khi lm viec duoc thuc hien bang luc p suat thuy tinh chat
long len mat trong cua cnh t khoang 6. Trong cc bom dng de lm viec o p suat ln hon
(p
b
=14-16 Mpa), ve nguyen tac, cc khoang ny luan phien thong vi cc cua cao p v thap p
s duoc mo ta o dui. C the thay, lm nhu vay, ngoi tang duoc the tch cong tc cn can bang
duoc mot phan luc thuy tinh, do d giam duoc tai trong tiep xc cua cnh vi stato v tang hieu
suat co gii. Nhng bien php ny lm phc tap ket cau bom. Trong cc bom p suat thap v
trung bnh (p
b
<=7 Mpa) p suat trong tat ca cc khoang 6 bang p suat p
2
, khi d ket cau bom
don gian hon nhung tang ton that the tch v co gii o vng p suat thap.
Do can luc li tam de day cc cnh ra nen vng quay toi thieu cua bom bi han che
n
min
>(0,4-0,6)n
max
. ieu ny dac biet quan trong o giai doan dau sau khoi dong, khi chat long
cn lanh v do nht ln.
Dui tc dung cua chenh p p=p
2
-p
1
len be mat lm viec cua cnh khi dang nn chat long
v luc ma st khi mp cnh truot tren stato, cnh bi uon cong. Khi d sinh ra mo men lm ket
cnh trong rnh cua ro to. e trnh cho cnh bi mn nhanh v khong bi ket trong rnh do cha
ra cua cnh ln nhat 2e phai nho hon phan cnh nam trong rnh ro to. ieu ny lm han che
viec tang the tch V
0
bang cch tang e ng vi R
s
d cho.
Ma st vi thnh stato cng nhu kha nang giam san luong do xam thuc cng han che vn
quay toi da, v do d, san luong toi da cua bom.
So do cau tao bom cnh gat dieu chinh duoc the hien tren hnh (5.36). Cua dan chat long
den v dua chat long di 10 v 5 nam o tren nap ben co dinh cua vo. Vnh stato 12 c the di
chuyen duoc trong vo khi truot trong cc mat dan hung 11v 4. Khi d do lech tam e thay doi
v theo bieu thc (5.59) the tch cong tc V
0
thay doi. Khi chuyen tam O` cua stato qua tam
quay ro to O lech tam e doi dau v chieu cap duoc thay doi. Stao duoc dich chuyen nh di day
7 v 14.
e giam luc tiep xc gia cnh v stato trong bom ngui ta su dung ket cau giaI toa thuy
tinh. e nhu vay, tren cc nap ben cua vo c cc rnh nua trn 8 v 2, duoc ngan cch bang
vch 6 v 13. Moi rnh thong vi cua so (khoang ht hay day) gan chng nhat v thong vi cc
khoang 3 dui cc cnh, do d m cc khoang 3 duoc su dung de bom chat long. Khi cc mp
15 nghieng, luc hung knh p cc cnh len stato duoc giam di mot phan v mot phan p suat
pha mat trong cnh duoc can bang nh p suat pha mat ngoi. e giam momen uon cc cnh
dat nghieng ve pha truc theo chieu quay cua cnh mot gc . e giam on, qu trnh luu thong
gia khoang cong tc o cc cnh vi vng p suat p
2
v p
1
dien ra t t nh cc rnh tiet luu 1
v 9.
Cc bom nhu vay duoc su dung o p suat t 10-12 Mpa. Han che p suat l do tai tiep xc
cua cnh vi stato qui dinh, ngoi ra cng cn do tai mot pha cua cc luc p suat len ro to t
khoang p suat p
2
. Tai ny tren cc o o p suat p
b
ln lm giam tuoi tho cua chng.
Can bang ro to hon ton c the dat duoc o cc my hai lan tc dung (hnh 5.37). Trong
cc my ny, ro to 1 vi cc cnh 2 nam trong stato 3 c profin dac biet. So cnh z chan (khong
dui 8)
189
My nn kh - quat gi
A. My nn kh
My nn kh l mot dang bom lm viec vi chat kh cho he so tang p suat c = p
2
/p
1
>
1,15 (khi c s 1,15 s duoc goi l quat gi).
Can c vo nguyen l lm viec v dac diem ket cau, cc my nn kh duoc chia thnh 3
loai:
+ My nn kh kieu Piston: l cc my nn kh su dung ket cau dang piston dich chuyen
trong xi lanh de tao thnh qu trnh nn v day kh. Cc my nn kh piston c kha nang cho he
so tang p suat cao nen thch hop vi nhu cau p suat cao m san luong b. Tren tu thuy, my
nn kh piston 2 cap thang dng lm mt bang nuc duoc su dung rong ri de cung cap kh nn
cho viec khoi dong dong co.
+ My nn kh kieu roto: l cc my nn kh su dung ket cau dang roto quay de 'don p
chat kh m tang duoc p suat v chuyen dan duoc chat kh di. Cc my nn kh roto thch hop
cho trung hop p suat va v san luong b. Cc my nn kh kieu roto thung duoc su dung
lm my nn cong chat lm lanh.
+ My nn kh ly tam: l cc my nn kh su dung ket cau vi chi tiet chu yeu l bnh
cnh quay, n su dung luc ly tam de nn v day chat kh. Cc my nn ly tam thch hop cho
trung hop san luong ln v p suat thap. Tren tu cc my nn ly tam thung duoc dng lm
my nn tang p kh nap cho dong co Diesel, chng thung duoc dan dong bang tua bin kh xa.
190
Chuong I. My nn kh Piston
1-1. o thi ch thi v nguyen l lm viec cua My nn Piston 1 cap
191
o thi chi thi cua my nn kh piston l dung bieu dien moi quan he gia p suat v the
tch kh trong xi lanh cua my nn kh trong 1 chu trnh lm viec.
Xt Piston di t diem chet dui (CD) len diem chet tren (CT), the tch cong tc (V
h
)
giam, kh trong xy lanh bi nn, p suat kh trong xi lanh tang len den khi do chenh p suat gia
xy lanh v ben ngoi van day du ln de thang sc can l so van day th van day mo ra (tuong
ng diem b tren do thi), thuc hien cap kh ra dung ong day. Qu trnh ny ket thc khi piston
den CT. Nhu vay hnh trnh ny dien ra 2 qu trnh:
+ Qu trnh nn kh da bien p.V
n1
= const (n
1
l chi so nn da bien), bieu dien bang
dung a-b tren do thi,
+ Qu trnh cap kh, duoc coi l dang p o p suat p
2
, bieu dien bang b-c tren do
thi, luong kh cap vo: (Vd).
Thuc te v anh huong cua nang luong qun tnh khoi kh, hoat dong tre cua van l xo, do
qu trnh trao doi nhiet m p suat trong qu trnh cap kh khong phai l hang so.
Khi Piston bat dau t CT den CD, luong kh c p suat p
2
trong khong gian chet (do
c khe ho gia dinh piston v nap xylanh) gin no, p suat trong xi lanh giam, den khi do
chenh p suat gia ben ngoi van ht v xy lanh du ln de thang sc can l so van ht th van
ht mo ra (tuong ng diem d tren do thi), thuc hien ht kh t ben ngoi vo xi lanh. Qu trnh
ny ket thc khi piston den CD, ket thc chu trnh lm viec cua My nn.
Nhu vay o hnh trnh ny cng gom 2 qu trnh:
+ Qu trnh gin no kh trong khong gian chet da bien p.V
n2
= const (n
2
l chi so
gin no da bien), bieu dien bang dung c-d tren do thi,
+ Qu trnh ht kh, duoc coi l dang p o p suat p
1
, bieu dien bang d-a tren do
thi, luong kh cap vo: (Vd).
Nhu vay do thi chi thi cua my nn kh piston 1 cap duoc bieu dien bang cong kn abcda.
Dien tch hnh ny cong ny bieu thi cong chi thi cua my nn trong mot chu trnh.
1-2. Khi niem khong gian chet - Luu luong my nn Piston

192
O cuoi qu trnh cap kh, mot the tch nhat dinh khong kh c p suat cao (bang p suat
day p
2
) bi gi lai trong xy lanh khi piston di xuong bi gin no lm cho V ht thuc te cua my
nn (k hieu VS) nho hon V cong tc cua my (Vn).
V vay V kh cn st trong xylanh cuoi qu trnh cap kh duoc goi l V khong gian chet
trong my nn Piston k hieu Vch, khoi luong ny luon ton tai de trnh va dap gia Piston v
xylanh.
e dinh nghia mc do c hai khong gian chet ngui ta dng 1 he so l h/s the tch tuong
doi cua khong gian c han trong my nn Piston, k hieu a
a= Vch/ Vn
Goi l he so tuong doi khong gian c han, trong cc my nn hien dai 1 tang c cc van
nam trong nap xylanh th a= 0,025 0,06, vi cc my nhieu tang van nam tren be mat pha
xylanh v khong the lm khe ho nho o cc tang cao p th a ln: a max = 0,2.
V c khong gian chet nen Piston thuc su ht kh vo o diem 4 (khong phai 3) lm v ht
t/s: Vs < Vn.
e dnh gi mat mt ny dng ty so the tch ht my nn: o = Vs/Vn
Gi tri o cho ta thay kha nang tan dung V cong tc cua my nn. Viet phuong trnh gin
no da bien 3.4
P3V3
n1 =
P4V4
n1
P2Vch
n1
= P1+Vgn
n1
Ta c Vch = a.Vh
Cn v gin no: Vgn = Vn + Vch Vs
= Vh + a.Vn - o. Vn
= Vn (a+1 -o)
Thay bieu thc tren
P2 = | (a+1 -o) Vn|
n1
P1 a.Vn
a+1(1- c
1/n
) = (P2/P1)
1/n1
a
at c = P2/P1 goi l hs tang p suat trong my nn Piston
o = a+ 1 a. c
1/n
= a(1- c
1/n
) + 1
+ 1- a (c
1/n
-1)
Suy ra V kh thuc te l Vs= Xo. Vn = o. HD
2
S (1- a(c
1/n
-1))
4
S l hnh trnh cua Piston,
Luong khoi thuc te vo xylanh cn thap hon tnh theo cong thc tren v 2 l do sau:
193
Khong kh ht vo s bi say nng khi qua cc be mat van v thnh vch xylanh lm tang
rieng cua kh tang, dien nang duoc dnh gi bang he so nhiet: k hieu nh= Vs1/Vs
Do d lot khi qua khe ho cc xecmang.... dieu ny dnh gi bang he so d lot: dl =
Vs2/VS
Do d V ht thuc te vo xylanh l V1
V1= o . nh . dl . Vn
Luu luong my nn: Q1 = V1 . W = o . nh . dl . Vn. W
N: Vng quay truc khuyu cua my nn.
at = o . nh . dl Goi l he so ton that luu luong cua my nn.
Q1= . n. HD
2
.S
4
He so the tch tuong doi a c the tang den: a (c
1/n
-1) = 1
Th o = 0 Q = 0 (luu luong my nn = 0)
Tren do thi ta thay lc d khi a tang th cc diem 1,2 tien dan ve 4 v 3. Khi xay ra Q = 0
ng dung 1,2 trng dung 3,4.
ung cc my nn hien dai ngy nay th: o = 0,7 0,9
nh = 0,9 0,95
o = 0,95 0,98.
Bi 3: My nn nhieu cap
Khi khong kh bi nn lai nhiet do kh tang, bang sau day cho cc nhiet do cuoi cua my
nn. Khi nhiet do dau= 293
0
C o cc dieu kien nn c dung knh piston = 0,7
mm
=
P2/P1
NHIET O CUOI
Nn
on T
0
Nn a
bin c lm
mt xy lanh
Nn a
bin + lm mt
xylanh+ np
2 358 357 325
4 438 402 372
6 493 454 409
8 536 493 443
Ta biet nhiet do boi chy dau boi tron ~ 493- 533
0
K. Nhu vay theo ban TK ny ta thay ty
so nn cua my nn c = 8 th cho nhiet do cuoi roi vo vng c nhiet do lm boc chy cua dau
boi tron, mat khc cc cu muoi, can ccbon c the gay trong vng nn lm my nn no nen
luong hoi chy dan trong khong kh s cao.
Khi ty so nn dat duoc 8 th p suat cua day khoang 8KG/cm
3
cn km xa cc p suat khi
duoc su dung hien nay. ieu d dan den ty so nn s bi gii han boi 1 gi tri de dam bao an
ton ve chy no voi dan trong my nn, cc my nn ngy nay 1 cap th s 7
194
Neu khi can nhu cau > 7 th thuc hnh cau tao my nn nhieu cap
c (hs tang p Ty so nn) Z (So cua nn)
7 1
30 2
100 4
150 5
> 150 6
Khi tang so cap tang tnh phc tap cua ket cau my. Muc dch cua viec cau tao my
nn nhieu cap l de c the dua khong kh qua cc bau lm mt gia cc tang vi nhau (bau lm
mt trung gian gia cc my my nn khi nhieu cap)
Sau cap th 1 khong kh duoc lm mt den gan nhiet do ban dau mi dua vo cap th 2, o
my nn nhieu tang th khong kh duoc lm mt gan den qu trnh dang nhiet.
Bi 4: Lm mt trung gian trong my nn nhieu cap.
Nhiet do cuoi qu trnh nn cao do khong the thuc hien duoc qu trnh nn goi l dang
nhiet.
Lm mt trung gian s giam duoc cong dan dong my nn
Hnh v
Xt mot my nn c ty so nn l c v do thi chi thi l 1,2,3.4 nhu hnh v: gia thiet my
nn duoc tch thnh my nn 2 cap vi ty so tuong ng l c1 v c2.
Ta c c = c1.c2. My nn 2 cap nen s c do thi nhu do thi tren. Khong kh duoc nn t
P1Pu vi Pu/P1 = c1 tuong ng diem 1 tren do thi, th n duoc dua qua bau lm mt trung
gian, tai day khong kh trao nhiet cho nuc lm mt v sau d cap vo my nn 2 v duoc nn
den 2
`
tiet kiem duoc phan cong nn (gach cho)
oi vi cc my nn nhieu cap ta tien hnh lm mt trung gian theo so do sau:
Hnh v
He so tang p suat mat: c = c1.c2...cn
Trong cc my nn ngy nay su dung chu yeu cc phuong php lm mt sau: Lm mt =n
cap vo cc loi di xung quanh trong vo my. Phuong php ny cai thien nhieu su boi tron cua
my nn nhung khong tiet kiem duoc W dng ke, khong dua duoc gan qu trnh dang nhiet v
kh khan cho viec trao doi nhiet gia nuc v khong kh.
Lm mt trung gian gia cc tang rieng. Phuong php ny c the dua lai hieu qua ln v
c the duoc su dung cc cong dan chat lm mt de tang dien tch be mat trao nhiet den gi tri
theo yeu cau.
Ket hop gia lm mt trong v lm mt trung gian dat hieu qua cao hon. uoc dng pho
bien trong cc my nn hien nay.
Dng nuc phun vo khong kh truc khi vo cc my nn, nuc bay hoi lay 1 phan nhiet
nhung lm tang do am cua my nn.
Bi 5: Cc dang ket cau cua ma nn nhieu cap.
195
Tren thuc te cc my nn chu yeu l 2 cap thung C
2
kh nn trong khoang 25 35
Kg/cm
2
. My nn 2 cap thung ket cau Piston sai ( ha bac v dung knh Piston cap 2 bao gi
nho hon Piston cap 1)
1. My nn 2 cap Piston vi sai tc dung 2 pha
Hnh v
1. Piston vi sai
2. Van ht cap 2
3. Van day cap 2
4. Van ht cap 1
5. Van day cap 1
6. Xy lanh my nn
7. BLMTG kh nn
Cap1: 1234
Cap2:1
`
2
`
3
`
4
`
So do cau tao nhu hnh v khi my nn lm viec Piston s chuyen dong tinh tien
trong xylanh. Khi xt Piston dich t tri sang phai p suat cua kh trong xylanh cap 1s bi
giam xuong, thuc hien ht kh qua van ht (4) vo xy lanh cua cap 1 (t moi trung
ngoi) song lc d p suat kh trong xylanh cap 2 tang cho den khi do lech p suat trong
xylanh v dung ong th van mo ra cap kh vo dung ong day. Khi piston t phai tri
th phan kh trong xylanh chet C2 bi gin no p suat kh trong Cy2 giam den mot lc no
d nho hon p suat trong bau lm mt trung gian van ht mo ht kh t bau lm mt trung
gian vo bom song lc d o xylanh cap 1 khong kh bi nn lai den khi chenh p xylanh
cap 1 v p suat bau lm mt trung gian du ln de thang sc can thuc hien cap kh vo
BLMTG.
Ton qu trnh duoc chi thi nhu hnh v.
1.2 nn cap 1
2.3 Cap kh vo BLMTG C1
3.4 Gin kh trong khoi luong chet
41 Ht kh t ngoi vo xylanh cap1
1
`
2
`
Nn kh trong xylanh cap 2
2
`
3
`
Cap kh den noi tieu thu
3
`
4
`
Gin no kh trong khoi luong chet cap 2
4
`
1
`
Ht kh t BLMTG
Do V cong tc C1, C2 khc nhau nen do thi v vi hieu.... truc honh 2 cap nn
khc nhau.
Do Piston thuc hien nn kh o 2 pha Piston khc nhau o dang my ny th luc tc
dung phan bo ca chu ky lm viec hay chi so tieu ton phan bo deu.
o 1 phan hnh trnh xay ra su ht kh cap 2 th khoi luong C1, C2 bau lm mt trung
gian thay nhau
196
2. My nn 2 cap Piston vi sai tc dung 1 pha.
Hnh v
iem 2 cao hon dung P
`
u, diem 4
`
thap hon Pu
Pd: p suat kh BLMTG cuoi qu trnh cap kh cap1
P
`
u: p suat kh BLMTG cuoi qu trnh cap kh cap2
Hnh v
1.Piston vi sai
2. Xylanh my nn
3. Van day cap 1
4. Ht cap 1
5. Van day cap 2
6. Van ht cap 2
7. BLMTG kh nn
Nguyen l lm viec:
Khi Piston t tri sang phai thuc hien qu trnh ht th o cap 1 qu trnh gin no kh trong
khoi luong chet duoc bieu dien bang dung 3.4
3: iem ng p suat : Pu, cng l p suat trong BLMTG khi ket thc qu trnh cap kh
C1. iem 4 c p suat < p suat moi trung (P1) n ng vi trung diem mo van ht cap 1
ung 41 bieu dien qu trnh ht kh t moi trung vo xylanh cap 1 song khi d CI cng
dien ra qa trnh gin no kh C23
`
4
`
v ht kh vo xylanh CII 4
`
1
1
v V bau lm mt trung gian
l c han nen qa trnh ht kh vo xylanh s lm giam p suat bau lm mt trung gian t Pu
den P
`
u. Khi Piston t phai sang tri dien ra song qu trnh day 2 cap. CI tuong ng 12, CII
tuong ng 1
`
2
`
iem 2 tuong ng viec mo van day CI de cap khong kh vo trong BLMTG, qu trnh cap
kh km tang p suat trong BLMTG t P
`
u Pu (doan 23)
Qu trnh cung cap kh C2 l qu trnh diem p bieu dien = 2
`
3
`
12 nn kh C1
1
`
2
`
nn kh tring xylanh cap 2
23 cap kh vo BLMTG
34 Gin no kh trong khoi luong chet
41 Ht kh
2
`
3
`
Cap kh den noi tieu thu
3
`
4
`
gin no kh
4
`
1
`
ht kh t BLMTG
Nhan xt
Cong tieu thu khong deu o 2 hnh trnh (luc tc dung len Piston bien khong deu, gi tri W
ln)
197
Khong gian gia xylanh CI, CII c\v BLMTG luon duoc phan cch nhau, khong bi anh
huong cua qun tnh day kh
Tren do thi ty le xch tren truc honh 2 my nn khc nhau
3. My nn Piston sai 3 cap
Su bo tr cc cap sao cho 2 tang ke tiep tao 1 my nn 2 cap
Hnh v
1. Piston vi sai
2. Xylanh my nn
3. Van day cap 1
4. van ht cap 1
5. Van ht cap 2
6. Van day cap 2
7.Van ht cap 3
8.Van day cap 3
Cong tieu ton cho moi tang nhu nhau (nn khoi luong kh nhu nhau) viec bo tr 3 tang
gay nen hien tuong tai khong deu len chi tiet chuyen dong, de khac phuc ngui ta che tao 3 cap
c tang 1 nhan 2
Hnh v
Ngoi ra bo tr 2 tang nhieu tiep tao ra my nn nhieu tang, my nn nhieu tang Piston vi
sai nhu tren d nghien cu ngui ta cn thiet ke cau tao my nn nhieu cap c xylanh doc lap
nhau, moi cap nn ng vi 1 xylanh rieng biet dua theo nguyen tac dong co Diezel nhieu
xylanh
Nhu tren ta thay doi vi my nn 2 cap Piston vi sai tc dung nhu 1 phan tu th phai tc
dung nen 2 pha l khong deu gay bat loi ve luc doi vi nhm chi tiet chuyen dong. Tuy nhien
thuc te cau tao cc my nn 2 cap duoc cau tao theo kieu ket cau my nn ny vi
p suat khong kh ra cua my nn thung 25 30 KG/cm
2
< so vi p suat p suat dong
co Diezel v c cau tao dang ket cau b khung
Viec bo tr 2 cap nn cng pha Piston thuan loi cho lm kh Xecmang Piston.
Bi 6: ieu chinh luu luong cua my nn.
Tuy theo nhu cau noi tieu thu cua luu luong kh nen C
2
phai .. duoc... phai dam bao duoc
p suat, yeu cau + noi tieu thu nhu vay v dat ra ta phai dieu chinh luu luong my nn kh, p
suat khong diem. He thong dieu chinh phai dam bao tnh kinh te trong moi kieu dieu chinh,
thiet ke don gian v tu dong ho neu c the.
Luc t/d ban dau de dieu chinh luu luong my nn phai l su bien thien p suat trong he
thong do luu luong thay doi gay nen, cc .. thay doi hoat dong th dat den do... p suat rat t.
1.ieu chinh luu luong Q bang cch thay doi vng quay cua my nn.
Ta biet: Q= .V
h
. n tc l luu luong phu thuoc ty le vi vng quay do vay de bien thien
luu luong my nn ta bien thien vng quay cua n, phuong php ny don gian tiet kiem nhung
doi vi dong co lai my nn phai bien thien duoc toc do p suat Cc my nn duoc lai =
Diezel hoac tuabin kh.
198
2. Tiet luu he thong dung ong ht.
Ta biet khi sc can dung ht tang, luu luong my nn giam di nhu tren do thi ta thay:
Hnh v
Ta thay khi lm tang sc can tren dung ong ht vo my nn, muon van ht duoc khong
kh vo xylanh th p suat trong dung ong ht phai giam nho de khac phuc sc can lm cho do
thi chi thi my nn tro thnh 1
`
2
`
3
`
4
`
dan den V khong kh day ra giam ng vi 2
`
3 nho hon de
thuc hien phuong php ny ta dng so do nhu hnh v.
Luu luong kh xa t chai 1vo dung ong day giam lm p suat trong d tang len, truyen
qua ong dan 2 den buong thiet bi kieu.
Hnh v
1.Thiet bi tch...
2. ong dan kh
3. Cap Piston, xylanh
4. Can day
5. Van ti...
Piston lm Piston dich chuyen di xuong nh co cau tuong truyen lm dng van tiet luu 5
lm giam luu luong my nn kh v nguoc lai
He thong duoc dat o luu luong yeu cau noi tieu thu bang viec dieu chinh sc cang l xo.
Hien tuong dieu chinh kieu ny don gian duoc dng nhieu, tuy dat he so thap so vi PP1.
3. Gi cho van ht mo
Theo phuong php ny khi no luu luong noi tieu thu m giam th ta gi cho van ht mo.
Thuc hien duoc nhu so do trong hnh v.
Hnh v
1. Chai nn kh
2. ong dan kh
3. Cap Piston v xylanh linden
4. Can day
5. Van ht
Neu luu luong trong noi su dung giam lm p suat trong (1) tang qua 2 den piston3, lm
thang luc cang lo xo lm piston chuyen dong di xuong, moi chiec can c dau nhu hnh v a4
gan co dinh Piston lm cho l cua van ht khong bi p vo de van, nhu vay van ht s mo trong
suot chu trnh lm viec cua my nn, khi bi ht vo van ht sau d lai day ra o hnh trnh day.
Khi p suat (1) giam, can 4 di len tro lai vi tr bnh thung cua n, van 5 lai dng, my nn lai
lm viec nhu thung.
Nhu vay luu luong my nn duoc dieu chinh nhay cc t gi tri bang 0 den gi tri dinh
mc. Phuong php ny khong kinh te v o hnh trnh khong tai my nn, chi so tieu ton t nhat
15%
199
Cc my nn hien dai cng ng dung phuong php ny nhung chi gi cho van mo trong 1
giai doan cua hnh trnh nn de dam bao thay doi luu luong khong c buc nhay t 1 0,1 (Q
0,1Q)
( chi so khong tai chiem 15%)
4. Thay doi khe ho gia nap xylanh v Piston
Hnh v
T do thi ta c the thay r duoc P
e giam Q ... th tang V khoi luong van dui bang cch tang khe ho gia dinh piston v
nap xylanh o cuoi hnh trnh day hoac tao them khoi luong phu thuoc vi khoi luong...
Vch c the tang den mc lm luu luong my nn bang 0 (vo tuong)
Khi d my nn s khong ht v khong day kh, cc van den dng 1 luong kh trong
xylanh bi nn gia nhieu can.
Kieu dieu chinh ny c the dieu chinh bang cch dng them 1 khoang phu co dinh hoac
thay doi v noi vi khoi luong trong xylanh m duoc van hnh bang tay hoac tu dong. e dieu
chinh luu luong my nn mot cch khong nhay bac th khoang phu duoc thiet ke lm thiet bi
dieu chinh the tch bang su thay doi Piston.
Phuong php ny kinh te, duoc pho bien trong my nn.
5. Cc phuong php khc
ua kh nn t dung ong day ve dung ong ht.
Hnh v
Xa kh nn ra ngoi
Ngat my nn: at duoc tnh kinh te
(2 kieu dau khong kinh te, t dng)
Vi my nn nhieu cap phai dieu chinh deu cc tang nn co dinh 1 tang th cong s phan
bo lai gia cc tang v nhiet do tang cuoi c the tang qu gii han.
Phan 3: Thiet bi phu
A. Thiet bi trao nhiet
Bi 1: Phan loai
Chuong 4 Bom the tch
Bi 1 Gii thieu chung
L 1 dang bom Pison nhie lan tc dung c cc xylanh cong tc bo tr theo hung knh v
hung truc, cc xylanh dat tren 1 roto quay de tao ra qu trnh ht v day,
Bom roto Piston c cc dac diem
Vng quay lm viec cua bom ln, xuyen dong don gian, khong thch hop vi cc vng
quay nho.
Luu luong bom den khoang dieu chinh ln, luu luong c the dieu chinh bang 0,3
50m
3
/h.
Cot p ln c the dat den 200 cm
-2
. Kg
200
Bom c the thay doi chieu chap hoac luu luong m khong can thay doi vng quay cua
bom.
Bom roto piston duoc su dung tren tu trong cc ht: My li thuy luc, ht neo v ht ti cau.
Phan loai
Phan theo cch bo tr Piston, c 2 loai chu yeu
L bom roto Piston hung knh v bom roto Piston hung truc
Bi 2: ket cau v nguyen l lm viec
1. Bom roto Piston gom 2 phan chnh vo bom co dinh tren be c ket cau dang hnh tru
ben trong cha 1 roto (dang hnh tru) tren roto c bo tr cc xylanh c 1 Pton c dau truot tai
vo bom, roto dat lech tam so vi vo bom 1 khoang l e.
2. Khi roto quay cc piston quay theo dui tc dung cua luc ly tam, cc piston luon ty len
thnh vo bom v truot tren d.
Hnh v
1.Vo bom
2. Roto quay
3. Piston
4. Khoang cong tc
5. Khoang day
6. Khoang ht
(ch v 5 piston deu nhau tren vng trn)
Neu do lech tam e=0 (tam roto = tam vo bom) th V khoang cong tc trong cc xylanh
khong thay doi trong qa trnh roto quay nen kh khong c qu trnh ht, day chat long.
Khi e = 0 V khoang cong tc thay doi theo tng vi tr cua roto s hnh thnh qu trnh
ht, day chat long.
Nhu tren hnh v o nua dung trn abc cc xylanh thuuc hien day chat long vo khoang
day (5) o nua vng trn cn lai adc th thuc hien qa trnh ht chat long vo trong xylanh.
Khi e = 0 e max th luu luong Q s thay doi.
Q= 0 Q max neu thay doi do lech tam
e = - e th qa trnh ht day s nguoc lai tc l khoang ht ti day v day ti ht.
Bi 2: Bom roto piston hung truc
Ket cau nhu hnh v
Gom roto c the quay duoc cng truc bom, tren roto bo tr cc xylanh lm viec de tao ra
thay doi V khoang cong tc th cho cc piston truot v ty len dia nghieng c gc nghieng thay
doi duoc vo bom duoc chia ra 2 chi tiet, o phan nap cua vo c bo tr cc khoang ht v day.
Hnh v
1. ia nghieng
2. Vnh (rnh truot)
3.Roto
4.Piston
5. Loxo
6. Nap
7. Khoang day
8.Khoang ht
9.Vo bom
10. Vng bi
201
11. Tet lm kn
Khi roto quay lm ca 2 khoi Piston xylanh quay theo nh tc dung cua khp cau m
piston truot tren vnh cau 2, tuy theo vi tr cua roto m tuong ng vi piston o hnh trnh ht
hoac day.
Khi can thay doi Q ta thay doi o (dia truc)
Muon thay doi chieu toc cua bom ta co dia nghieng theo chieu nguoc lai khi dia vuong
gc vi truc bom (o = 0) suy ra Q= 0.
D. Bom truc vt
Bi 1: Gii thieu chung
L 1 dang bom the tch gom 1 3 chiec truc vt an khp vi nhau trong 1 than chung,
cng nhu cc bom the tch khc, bom truc vt truyen truc tiep.
Bom truc vt c cc dac diem sau
Tao cot p 200 (kg/ cm
2
)
Luu luong deu, c kha nang tu ht
C the lm viec o vng quay rat ln
ac diem: San luong va v ln t 3 300 m
3
/h
Khong ht duoc chat long c lan tap chat
Luc doc truc tuong doi ln
Hieu suat truyen dong thap
Bom truc vt duoc su dung tren tu o cc he thong nhu he thong dau boi tron (dau nhn),
he thong cap dau dot cho noi hoi, he thong chuyen nhien lieu.
Dua theo so truc vt an khp nhau m chia ra bom 1 truc vt, 2,3 truc vt
Bi 2: ket cau v nguyen l lm viec
e thay duoc nguyen l lm viec bom truc vt ta xt chuyen dong cua 1 truc vt nhu hnh
v
Hnh v
Gia su c 1 dai oc an khp vi ren truc vt ta gi cho dai oc khong quay th dai oc chuyen
dong tinh tien doc truc vt. Nguyen l chuyen dong chat long trong bom truc vt cng tuong tu
nhu vay, khi truc vt quay ta hnh dung chat long nhu 1 dai doi chat long nen c 1 thanh rang
nhu hnh v chan khong cho chat long quay th c/y s bi day cho chuyen dong doc truc vt
Dng thanh rang nhu tren th phai c chieu di vo cng nen ta phai dng truc vt th 2 c
tc dung nhu thanh rang chan khong cho chat long quay
Luc doc truc trong bom truc vt rat ln nen trong qu trnh che tao phai thiet ke de can
bang luc
Khoan lo tren truc de dua chat long tang c p suat cao ve noi c p suat thap
Dng dia ln tai dau truc pha cua day
Hnh v photo
Phan 4 He thong li
Gii thieu chung
He thong li l he thong cc thiet bi c muc dch gi on dinh hung di v dieu khien quay
tro tu
Cc he thong li gom: Bnh lai, bo truyen dong li, my lai, bn dieu khien (ca vo lang)
Hnh v
202
Ngoi ra c cc bo ham li
Bnh li l noi truc tiep tiep nhan p luc dong nuc do chan vit tao ra do mo men quay
tu, bnh li c t 1 4 chiec sau duoi tu
Bo truyen dong l ( he) co cau lien ket dong boi cc chi tiet de truyen cong suat t my
li den lm quay bnh li
My li l noi pht ra cong suat de quay bnh li den gc quay can thiet.
Bn dieu khien
Bao gom ca bn dieu khien v vo lang l he thong thiet bi c nhiem vu truyen lenh cua
thuyen truong de dieu khien my la, khoi dong dao chieu, ngng my o bat ky dieu kien no.
Bn dieu khien gom cc dong ho chi bo ve gc li, hung tu... dam bao kha nang quay tro tot
nhat cho tu.
Bo hm li l thiet bi dam bao gc li cua bnh li o vi tr bat ky theo lenh cua thuyen
truong v kep gia bnh li o mp doc than tu.
Ngoi ra cc HTL hien dai c them bo tu dng de dam bao gc quay bnh li s gi tri can
thiet.
Chuong 1: Bnh li
(xem gio trnh l thuyen tu)
Chuong 2: Bo truyen dong li
Bi 1: Gii thieu chung
L co cau cc chi tiet lien ket dong nhau c nhiem vu truyen luc, mo men cho bnh li (t
my li cho truc li)
Vi tr c the dat o buong my hoac duoi tu, hien nay hay dat o cho duoi tu de giam dien
tch v rt ngan khoang cch t my li den truc li nen giam ton that ma st v tang tnh tin
cay he thong.
Dua theo ket cau v nguyen l lm viec bo truyen dong li chia ra
+ BT kieu day cp hoac xch (hay dng)
+ BT kieu truc cac dang (doi hung < 90
0
)
+ BT kieu truc vt
+ BT kieu cung rang bnh li (hay dng)
+ BT thuy luc (rat hay dng)
Yeu cau vi BT li
+ Phai dam bao 35
o
doi vi tu bien, 45
o
doi vi tu song
+ Phai trang bi my li chnh v phu, bo tr sao cho my ny gap su co th khong lm anh
huong hoat dong my kia.
Thung c 2 my li chnh th khong can my li phu, o tu ln, tu cho ho chat th bo
tr t nhat 2 bo phan pht cong suat khc nhau.
+ Toc... be li doi vi my li chnh phai dam bao khi tu tien vi van toc ln nhat o
chieu... ln nhat th t/g be li t 35
0
man kia khong qu 28 (s)
203
Khi truc bnh li ln hon 120 (mm) th phai be li bang cong suat (khong dng bang li
tay...)
+ My li phu be li t 150 man ny den 150 man kia khong qu 60 (s) o chieu chm
max v o van toc bang 1/2 V max (quy dinh cua dang kiem). My li phu phai c kha nang
khoi dong nhanh. Khi my li chnh bi su co v phai van hnh bang thay doi khi truc bnh li >
350mm.
+ oi vi nguon thay doi du phng phai dam bao co cau tu dong trong pham vi 45 (s) sau
khi m he thong chnh bi su co.
Bi 2: Bo truyen dong day
Hnh v
1.Vo lang
2.Tang quan day
3.Puli
4.Quat li
5.Truc li
6.Tang do cang day
So do nguyen l co dinh day nhu hnh v
Khi quay vo lang tang s quan day pha ny nha pha kia lm quat li quay, quat li lap
chat vi truc li v the lm quay bnh li.
Tai nhng cho chuyen hung day cp su dung cc puli tang do c nhiem vu lm cang day
sau mot thi gian lm viec, de dam bao ve sinh cc day cp n duoc di trong hop hoac ong tai
nhng vi tr tren boong.
Bo truyen dong li kieu day thung dng cho cc he thong li tay, cc he thong li c
my li, c mo men be li nho v thung dng tren cc tu c nho.
Uu diem
on gian, de su dung nhung nhuoc diem on o, km chnh xc do day chng v hien
tuong truot.
Bi 3: Bo truyen dong kieu truc Cc dang
Hnh v
1.Vo lang
2.Bo li
3.Khp cac dang
4.Truc truyen
5.Cap BZ nn
6.Cap an khp truc vt BV
7.Sector li
8.Truc li
204
So do nguyen l nhu hnh v: Khi quay vo lang th chuyen dong s duoc truyen qua cac
he truc cc khp cac dang de lm quay truc 8, bo tr truyen sao cho vo lang be pha no th truc
s quay ve pha d. Thung bo truyen ny dung knh cc truc khong nho hon 110 mm, chieu
di cc doan truc chon phu thuoc dung knh truc, vi truc dac th l s 6d
Vi truc rong l s 5d
Khi gc chuyen hung bang 90
0
dng BZ nn, khi gc < 36
0
dng khp cac dang
Uu diem: m, tin cay, dieu kien bao dung tot nhung neu ket cau phc tap, n duoc dng
nhieu trong cc tu c nho hoac lm li su co cho cc tu ln.
Bi 4: Bo truyen dong kieu truc vt
Hnh v
1.Truc li
2.Can li
3.Cung rng
4.Bo rang truyen
5.Bo vt
6.Truc vt
7.L xo truyen luc (c l xo s lm viec em)
Tren 1 truc chung nen BZ quay. BR lai an khp cung rang lm cung rang quay, cung rang
3 lap long khong tren truc li n truyen luc thong qua can li 2 v lo xo 7 (de lm em)
ac diem: Gon nhe, thch hop cho buong my li dat sau duoi
on gian de tho, lap bao dung
Neu mo men be li ln suy ra kch thuc bo truyen ln
Cong suat my li phai ln dac biet khi dieu dong tu s anh huong ln den tuoi tho dong
co. Hon na n thung duoc dk bang cong tac t hoac tay neu dng ngat lien tuc o che do li tu
dong khi gap cau th s gay hu hong he thong dieu khien.
Bo truyen dong BZ duoc su dung lm li chnh tren cc tu trung bnh c mo men be li
s 15 (tan.mt) hoac duoc dng li su co tu c trong tai ln.
Hnh ket cau mo men nhu: 232/94
Hnh 103
MT: Hnh: 789 11 12 12 14/ 93
L loai duoc dng rong ri tren cc tu thuy hien nay v c mo men be li ln v uu diem
lm viec tin cay, tuoi tho cao.
Bi 6: ac diem Bo truyen dong thuy luc
- Hieu suat ct cao
- Thay doi toc do em, pham vi rong
- Thi gian cc qu trnh qu do ngan, gia toc thay doi ln v qun tnh khoi luong
chuyen dong nho.
- Bao ve qu tai don gian, tin cay
205
- De che kn tren boong v vay c the dat bo truyen o pha sau duoi tu
- De dieu khien tu dong
Bo truyen dong thuy luc chia ra cc dang
BT thuy luc piston kieu Piston truc
BT thuy luc kieu Piston
1. BT thuy luc piston kieu Piston truc
Chia ra 2 dang
Piston tru lac duoc v Piston tru co dinh
a)Piston tru co dinh, c so do nguyen l nhu hnh v
Hnh v
1.Truc li
2.Can li
3.Xylanh thuy luc
4.Khp tru
5.ong CA
6.Van d t
b) BT thuy luc kieu Piston lac duoc
Phan III
he thong li tu thuy
He thong li tu thuy l he thong cc co cau thiet bi c muc dch gi on dinh hung di v
dieu khien quay tro tu.
Cc thnh phan chnh cua he thong li gom: Bnh li, Bo truyen dong li, My li, Bo
dieu khien li, Bo hm li.
Bnh li l noi truc tiep nhan p luc cua dng nuc do chan vit dap ra de tao nen mo men
lm quay tu. Bnh li thung c t 1 4 chiec dat sau duoi tu.
Bo truyen dong li l he cc co cau lien ket dong vi nhau c nhiem vu truyen cong suat
t My la den lm quay bnh li.
My li l noi pht ra cong suat de quay bnh li den gc quay can thiet.
Bo dieu khien li bao gom ca bn dieu khien v vo lang li, l he thong thiet bi c nhiem
vu truyen lenh cua Thuyen truong den dieu khien my li khoi dong, dao chieu v dng my
trong bat ky dieu kien hoat dong no cua tu. Bn dieu khien gom cc dong ho chi bo gc li,
hung tu, van toc tu, ... nham dam bao kha nang quay tro tot nhat cho tu.
Bo hm li l thiet bi dam bao gc li cua bnh li o vi tr bat ky theo lenh cua Thuyen
truong v kep gi bnh li o mat phang doc tam tu khi tu chay thang.
Ngoi ra o cc he thong li tren cc tu hien dai cn c them bo tu dng de dam bao gc
quay cua bnh li khong bao gi vuot qu gi tri cho php.
Chuong 1
206
bnh li
Chuong 2
Bo truyen dong li
2.1. cc yeu cau doi vi Bo truyen dong li
Bo truyen dong li l he cc co cau lien ket dong vi nhau c nhiem vu truyen cong suat
t My la den lm quay bnh li.
Viec bo tr bo truyen dong li tren tu phu thuoc vo cch bo tr My li Trong thuc te
hien nay, ngui ta thung bo tr my li theo 1 trong 3 phuong n sau:
a. My li duoc dat ngang dui buong li dng xch truyen dong den duoi tu lm
quay bnh li. Vo lang li su co duoc dat ben ngoi buong li doi dien vi mi tu. Viec
bo tr nhu vay l phng khi co cau dieu khien bi hong, ngui li c the nhanh chng vo
buong my li de doi sang su dung vo lang li su co.
b. My li duoc dat trong buong my, vo lang li su co cng duoc dat trong buong my.
Viec bo tr nhu vay de tien cho tho my thung xuyen kiem tra v tra dau m cho my li.
c. at my li o buong my li pha duoi tau v thuc hien dieu khien li bang he thong
dien.
Trong 3 phuong n tren, neu xt ve hieu suat v trong luong cua thiet bi th phuong
n th 3 c nhieu uu diem hon ca.
Phuong n dat my li o pha duoi tu gan truc li c the dng co cau truyen dong
kh gon nhe m van chiu duoc tai trong ln do d giam duoc dien tch bo tr v rt ngan
khoang cch t My li den truc li nham giam ton that dong thi tang do tin cay cua he
thong.
- Ngy nay, vi k thuat dien v dien tu vi mach, viec dieu khi en my li t buong
li den buong my li tuong doi don gian.
Chnh v vay cc thiet bi li hien dai vi do tin cay cao deu su dung kieu bo tr
thiet bi ny.
Theo ket cau v nguyen l lm viec, cc Bo truyen dong li duoc chia ra:
(1) Bo truyen dong li day (cp v xch)
(2) Bo truyen dong li truc Cc dang
(3) Bo truyen dong li truc ren - dai oc
(4) Bo truyen dong li cung rang bnh rang
(5) Bo truyen dong li thuy luc
Trong qu trnh thiet ke, che tao v lap dat Bo truyen dong li, phai dam bao cc yeu cau
chu yeu sau day:
+ Phai dam bao be li den 35
0
moi man doi vi tu bien v 45
0
moi man doi vi tu song.
207
+ Phai trang bi thiet bi li chnh v mot thiet bi li phu. Thiet bi li chnh v phu phai
duoc bo tr sao cho thiet bi ny hong khong lm ngng hoat dong cua thiet bi kia. Khi thiet bi
li chnh c hai hoac nhieu my li giong nhau th khong can phai c thiet bi li phu vi dieu
kien l:
(2) Thiet bi li chnh duoc bo tr de sao cho sau khi c hong hc rieng trong he thong cua
n hoac o mot trong cc my li, th cho hong hc duoc cch li ra de kha nang li c the duy tr
hoac nhanh chng phuc hoi.
Thiet bi li chnh phai:
(1) C kha nang quay bnh li t 35
0
man ny sang 35
0
man kia khi tu o mn nuc tai
trong v chay tien vi toc do ln nhat: v o cc dieu kien d, thi gian quay bnh li t 35
0
man ny sang 30
0
man kia khong duoc qu 28 giay.
(2) uoc van hnh bang co gii neu can de thoa mn cc yeu cau o (1) v trong moi
trung hop dung knh truc bnh li pha tren ln hon 120 mm (khong ke phan kch thuc gia
cung di bang hoac kch thuc tuong tu): v
(3) uoc thiet ke sao cho khong bi hong khi li o toc do ln nhat. Tuy nhien yeu cau thiet
ke ny khong can phai chng minh bang thu o toc do li ln nhat v o gc be li ln nhat.
Thiet bi li phu phai :
(1) C kha nang quay bnh li t 15
0
man ny sang 15
0
man kia khong lau hon 60 giay
khi tu o mn nuc tai trong v chay tien vi toc do bang so ln hon gia tri so mot nua van
toc ln nhat v 7 hai l/gi, v c kha nang khoi dong nhanh chng trong trung hop khan cap:
v
(2) uoc van hnh bang co gii neu can de thoa mn cc yeu cau (1) v trong moi trung
hop dung knh chot bnh li tren ln hon 230 mm.
+ oi vi nguon nang luong du phng cho my li phai dam bao cung cap tu dong trong
pham vi 45 giay sau khi nguon chnh bi su co.
2.1. Bo truyen dong li day (cp v xch)
So do nguyen l Bo truyen dong li day nhu hnh 3 1. Bo tr day tren tang quan day sao
cho khi vo lang li quay ve pha no (t tren xuong dui) th tu r ve pha d. oan day truyen
luc cho quat li thung l day xch.
Khi quay vo lang li, tang quan day s thu day pha ny v nha day pha kia lm quat li
quay. Quat li lap chat (thung bang moi ghp then) tren truc li nen lm bnh li quay. Tai
nhng cho c su chuyen hung cua day cp su dung cc puli de dan hung v giam ma st.
Tang do c nhiem vu lm cang day sau 1 thi gian lm viec. e dam bao ve sinh, tai nhng vi
tr boong hoac hnh lang ho, day cp, xch duoc cho di trong hop hoac ong bao ve day.
Bo truyen dong li day c dac diem l don gian, de su dung, c trong luong nho. Vi day
xch c tuoi tho ln hon day cp v de thay the cc mat xch khi bi hong. Nhung c nhuoc
diem l on o, km chnh xc, tnh tin cay thap, khoang be li b, mo men be li nho, ....
208
V vay, Bo truyen dong li day thung dng cho cc he thong li tay, lm li
chnh tren cc tu c mo men be li nho hoac lm li phu hoac li su co cho tu
ven bien.
2.3. Bo truyen dong li kieu truc Cc dang
Hnh 3-2. So do nguyen l Bo truyen dong li truc Cc dang
1. Vo lang li
2. Be li
3. Truc truyen dong
4. Khp Cc dang
5. Cap bnh rang nn
6. Cap truc vt bnh vt
7. Bnh rang tru
8. Sector li
9. Truc li
So do nguyen l Bo truyen dong li kieu truc Cc dang duoc chi ra tren hnh 3-2. Tai
nhng vi tr chuyen hung 90
0
th dng cap bnh rang nn. Khi gc chuyen hung nho hon 36
0
th dng khp Cc dang.
Khi vo lang quay, chuyen dong s duoc truyen qua he truc 3, cc khp Cc dang 4, cc
cap bnh rang 5, 6 v cap bnh rang cung rang 7 lm truc li quay. Cc cap an khp duoc bo tr
sao cho vo lang li be ve pha no th tu s r ve pha d.
So vi Bo truyen dong li day th Bo truyen dong li truc Cc dang lm viec em, tin cay
hon, dieu kien bao dung tot hon nhung ket cau phc tap. Bo truyen dong li truc Cc dang chi
su dung khi mo men be li khong qu 4 KN.m v dung knh dau truc li khong qu 110 mm.
V vay, Bo truyen dong li truc Cc dang c pham vi ng dung giong nhu Bo truyen dong li
day, thung dng trong cc he thong li tay, lm li chnh cho cc tu c nho v lm li su co
tren cc tu c va v ln.
2.4. Bo truyen dong li truc ren - dai oc
Hnh 3-3. So do nguyen l Bo truyen dong li truc ren - dai oc
1. Truc li
2. Can li
3. Thanh truyen luc
4. Gi d
5. ai oc dan dong
6. Truc ren
So do nguyen l cua Bo truyen dong li truc ren - dai oc duoc cho tren hnh 3-3. truc ren
6 c 2 dau ren nguoc nhau duoc lai boi my li.
Ty theo yeu cau tu r tri hay phai, my li s hoat dong v lai truc ren 6 quay phai
hoac tri (nhn t li ve mi). Nh cc thanh truyen luc 3 gi cho cc dai oc 5 khong quay theo
209
truc 6 ln n truot cng di ra xa hoac di vo gia truc 6, tao ra cc mo men cng chieu tren can
li lm quay truc li ve tri hoac phai.
Bo truyen dong li truc ren - dai oc c dac diem l lm viec tin cay, kch thuc v trong
luong nho gon, c the pht ra mo men be li ln nhung hieu suat thap v kh bo tr khi yeu cau
my li dat xa truc li, chi ph hop vi my li bo tr pha duoi tu, ngay tren truc li.
Bo truyen dong li ny thung dng trong cc he thong li bang nang luong, do hieu suat
thap nen chi dng cho my li phu hoac my li su co.
210
Cau hoi on tap
1. Cc tnh chat co ban cua chat long giot.
2. Phuong trnh vi phan chuyen dong cua chat long.
3. Phuong trnh Becnuli cho chat long thuc. Bieu thc tnh v nghia vat l cua he so Koriolis, trong
trung hop no c the bo qua.
4. Khi xt chuyen dong chat long trong ong chuyen dong c gia toc hoac chuyen dong khong dng cua
chat long, can bo sung them thnh phan no vo phuong trnh Becnuli.
5. Ton that thuy luc trong dung ong, cc loai ton that v cc yeu to anh huong.
6. Trnh by khi niem, bieu thc cua cc dai luong co ban cua dng chat long: nang luong, cong suat,
luu luong.
7. Khi niem dong dang thuy luc. Muon hai dng chay dong dang phai dam bao cc chuan dong dang
no.
8. Hien tuong va dap thuy luc (chng xay ra trong cc trung hop nhu the no, dien bien v do ln).
9. Khi niem bom, dong co thuy luc v bo truyen thuy luc. Phan loai, dac diem lm viec v pham vi ng
dung.
10. Cc thong so co ban cua bom. Ngoi ra, khi chon bom can phai ch den nhng tnh nang no khc.
11. Hien tuong xam thuc v chieu cao ht cho php cua bom.
12. Bom li tam. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec. Cc ton that trong bom li tam.
13. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom li tam. Cot p thuc te khc vi l thuyet do cc
nguyen nhan no.
14. Su anh huong cua bien dang bnh cnh den dac tnh cot p cua bom li tam.
15. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec hung truc. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom, cot p
thuc te khc vi l thuyet do cc nguyen nhan no.
16. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec xoy loc. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom, cot p
17. So snh cc bom cnh ve: luu luong, cot p, pham vi su dung v cc dac diem khai thc nhu khoi
dong, dieu chinh.
18. Khi no can ghp cc bom song song. Su anh huong lan nhau cua cc bom v nhng dieu can ch
khi ghp cc bom song song.
19. Khi no can ghp cc bom noi tiep. Su anh huong lan nhau cua cc bom v nhng dieu can ch khi
ghp cc bom tiep.
20. Cc phuong php dieu chinh luu luong bom cnh.
21. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua bom phut. Uu nhuoc diem v ng dung, cc thong so cau tao,
khai thc co ban cua bom.
22. My thuy luc the tch (dac diem chung, ng dung).
23. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom piston. Nguyen nhan, tc hai v bien php khac phuc hien tuong
luu luong khong deu.
211
24. Hieu suat cua bom pton. Hien tuong xam thuc v anh huong.
25. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom ro to piston hung truc. ac diem cau tao, dong v dong luc hoc.
26. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom ro to piston hung knh. ac diem cau tao, dong v dong luc hoc.
27. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom bnh rang, cc dang bom. Su thay doi luu luong, hien tuong kho
chat long trong rnh rang, tc hai v cc bien php khac phuc.
28. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom truc vt. Phan loai. Uu nhuoc diem so vi cc bom the tch khc.
29. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom cnh gat. Gii han vng quay, p suat v cc giai php nham tang
luu luong, p suat bom.
30. My nn kh v quat gi: dinh nghia, phan loai v pham vi ng dung.
31. My nn kh piston: cau tao, do thi chi thi, bien php dieu chinh san luong.
32. My nn kh piston: nguyen nhan giam san luong l thuyet. Muc dch phan thnh nhieu cap nn.
33. Thiet bi trao nhiet: khi niem, phan loai. Cc dang be mat trao doi nhiet. Cc bien php tang cung
hieu qua trao doi nhiet.
34. So do cau trc cua he thong li v chc nang cua cc bo phan.
35. Yeu cau doi vi my li, he thong dieu khien.
36. Cc dang bnh li. Thong so kch thuc, hnh hoc co ban cua bnh li.
37. So do cau tao v nguyen l lm viec he thong li thuy luc, dieu khien co- dien dng bom c luu luong
v chieu cap thay doi.
38. So do cau tao v nguyen l lm viec he thong li thuy luc, dieu khien dien tu dng bom c luu luong
v chieu cap khong doi. Cc thiet bi an ton bao ve he thong.
39. My loc v phan li (khi niem, nguyen tac chung), bien php tang cung hieu qua phan li.
40. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li kieu ket tu.
41. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li li tam hnh thng.
42. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li li tam hnh nn.
43. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li li tam phan luc.
44. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li kieu trong luc- ket tu.
45. Xc dinh vnh dieu chinh cho my phan li li tam.
212
TNH TON THIT K BOM LI TM
Gia thiet cho biet san luong bom Q (m
3
/h), cot p H (m) v vng quay n (v/ph).
Yeu cau phai xc dinh cong suat, hieu suat, chieu cao ht cho php v cc thong so kch
thuc, hnh dang bom.
Cc buc tnh.
1. San luong bom, m
3
/s: Q=Q/3600.
* oi vo bom hai loi vo lay Q=1/2Q (de tnh ton).
2. ung knh tuong dung qui uc, m:
3
n
Q
25 , 4 * D =
thuc ra D* l dung knh cua vo bnh cnh qui ve dung knh thiet dien vo:
2
M
2
1
D D * D = ,
trong d: D
M
- dung knh moay o: D
1
- coi l dng knh cua vo bnh cnh (xem hnh).
3. Vng quay so snh:
4 / 3
s
H
Q n
65 , 3 n = ,
trong d: n (v/ph): Q (m
3
/s): H (m).
4. Hieu suat luu luong:
3 / 2
s
Q
n 68 , 0 1
1
+
= q .
5. Hieu suat thuy luc:
2
H
) 172 , 0 * D (lg
42 , 0
1
= q .
6. Hieu suat co gii: 98 , 0 ... 95 , 0
m
= q .
7. Hieu suat bom: q=q
Q
q
H
q
m
.
8. Cong suat tieu thu, KW:
1000
QH
N
q
= ,
trong d: - trong luong rieng chat long (N/m
3
).
9. Cong suat dong co lai: N
dc
=(1,11,2)N .
10. Mo men tren truc, KGm: M=N/e=
n
N
975 102
30
n
/ N
dc
=
.
|
\
| t
.
11. ung knh truc, m:
| |
3
2 , 0
M
d
t
= ,
trong d t- ng suat tiep cho php, khoang (300500).10
4
KG/m
2
doi vi thp.
12. ung knh moay o, m: D
M
=(1,21,5)d.
13. San luong l thuyet (dng de tnh ton), m
3
/s: Q
lt
=Q/q
Q
.
14. Van toc chat long vo bom, m/s: C
0
=(0,06.0,08)
3
2
Qn .
15. ung knh loi vo, m:
2
M
0
lt
0
D
C
Q 4
D +
t
= .
16. ung knh cua vo bnh cnh, mm: chon D
1
~D
0
vi n
s
nho: D
1
=(0,7.0,75)D
0
vi n
s
ln. Cng c the tnh D
1
t D* v D
M
t muc 2), sau d chon hoac tnh D
0
. Gi tri
D
o
v D
1
chon sao cho van toc Co khong qu ln tuy theo chat long v vat lieu (xem cc
so tay ki thuat).
17. Van toc hung knh cua vo, m/s: C
r1
=C
0
.
18. Chieu rong loi vo bnh cnh, m:
1 r 1
1 lt
1
C D
k Q
b
t
= ,
trong d k
1
- he ho co hep o loi vo (do cc cnh chiem cho): k
1
=(1,051,15).
213
19. Van toc theo cua vo, m/s: U
1
=tnD
1
/60.
20. Gc van toc tuong doi o cua vo:
1
1 r
1
U
C
arctg = | .
21. Gc cnh o mp vo: |
1c
=|
1
+i, i=3
0
8
0
. Thung |
1
=18
0
25
0
.
22. Cot p l thuyet, m: H
lt
=H/q
H
.
23. Ti le toc do k
CU
=Cu
2
/U
2
: chon gan dng- (0,450,6).
24. Van toc theo cua ra trong lan gan dng th nhat, m/s: U
2
=
CU
lt
k
gH
.
25. ung knh ngoi bnh cnh, m: D
2
=60U
2
/(nt).
26. Van toc hung knh cua ra, m/s: chon bang (0,51)Cr
1
.
27. He so co hep cua ra: k
2
=1,051,1.
28. Ti so van toc tuong doi W
1
/W
2
: 0,91,15.
29. Gc cnh cua ra:
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
c 2
sin
Cr
Cr
W
W
k
k
arcsin | = | ,
2
=(16-40)
0
.
* T tam gic toc do c
W
kCr
sin = | .
30. So cnh z toi uu:
2
sin
) R R ( 2
R R
13 z
c 2 c 1
1 2
2 1
| + |
+
~ .
31. He so ton that cot p do so cnh c han:
2
2
2
1
2 u
R
R
1
1
z
2
1
1
k
+
= ,
trong d: -he so thuc nghiem: =(0.550.65)+0.6sin|
2c
, khi R
1
/R
2
<0,5 hoac cnh nhan th
lay gan gii han dui.
32. Van toc theo trong lan gan dng th hai, m/s:
2 u
lt
2
c 2
2
c 2
2
2
k
gH
tg 2
Cr
tg 2
Cr
U +
.
|
\
|
|
+
|
= .
33. Tnh lai D
2
, k
u2
. Lap lai qu trnh tnh cho den khi k
u2
gia hai lan tnh sai khc khong
qu 2%.
34. Chieu rong loi ra, m:
2 2
lt 2
2
Cr D
Q k
b
t
= . Neu bom hai loi vo th nhan gi tri tren hai lan.
35. Chieu rong rnh cnh b
i
o cc
bn knh r
i
khc nhau cng
dng cong thc o (34) tren v
tren nguyen tac bao dam van
toc chat long thay doi deu dan
t cua vo den cua ra.
36. Bien dang cnh tren mat
phang vuong gc truc.
a). Tnh chnh xc (dung
logarit). C
u
= |
rd
dr
tg
i
hay
214
}
|
= u
i
1
r
R i
rtg
dr
.
Mat khc, biet
i
i
W
kCr
sin
1
]
1
= | , suy ra cch xc dinh toa do dung cong cnh (r,u) nhu

sau:
B
i
=1/(r
i
tg|
i
): Au
i
=(B
i
+B
i+1
)Ar
i
/2: u
i+1
=u
i
+Au
i
: r
i+1
=r
i
+Ar
i
.
b) Dang canh trn. Cch dung cung trn tao vi vng trn bn knh R
1
v R
2
cc gc
tuong ng |
1
v |
2
nhu sau. Gia su can mt cnh tai A, t tam O dung mot tia tao vi AO
mot gc bang |
1
+|
2
, tia ny cat vng trn bn knh R
1
tai B. ung AB ko di cat vng
trn R
1
tai C. T A dung tia tao vi AO mot gc |
2
, giao cua tia ny vi dung trung truc
doan AC l diem Oc. Lay tam Oc, v cung trn AC duoc dung cong cnh can dung (tu
chng minh).
37. Thiet ke than oc dua tren co so phuong trnh (3.49) v cc
kieu thiet dien nhu hnh (3.21). Ngoi ra, cch don gian xc dinh
cc kch thuc thiet than oc nhu sau. Xc dinh van toc trung
bnh qua thiet dien: v
c
=k
c
gH 2 , hoac tai mieng ong day:
v
cd
=k
cd
gH 2 . Sau d tnh dien tch thiet dien dua vo phuong
trnh lien tuc: Q
i
=Q.
i
/360. T dien tch v hnh dang thiet dien
d chon xc dinh duoc cc kch thuc di. Cc he so k
c
, k
cd
,
chieu rong v dung knh vo than oc chon theo bang dui.
n
s
D
3
/D
2
b
3
/b
2
k
c
k
cd
60 1,02 1,80 0,47 0,20
110 1,05 1,60 0,39 0,18
150 1,10 1,45 0,34 0,17
200 1,15 1,35 0,3 0,18
220 1,17 1,30 0,29 0,18
215
TNH THIT K SINH HN DU NHN, NG TRN TRONG VO TRN
C VCH NGAN
ai luong tnh K
hieu
on vi Cong thc hoac phuong php xc dinh Ket
qua
Luu luong dau nhn
Nhiet do dau:
- vo
- ra
Nhiet do vo cua nuc
lm mt
Luong nuc lm mt
Nhiet do trung bnh cua
dau
Nhiet dung rieng cua
dau
Nhiet luong truyen cho
nuc lm mt tren don vi
thi gian
Nhiet dung rieng cua
nuc
Nhiet do ra cua nuc
Toc do nuc trong ong
Nhiet do trung bnh cua
nuc
ung knh trong v
ngoi cua ong
He so do nht dong hoc
cua nuc o nhiet do t.b
G
M
t
M
v
t
M
r
t
B
v
G
B
t
M
tb
C
M
Q
C
B
t
B
r
B
t
B
tb
d
H
/d
B
B
kg/h
0
C
0
C
0
C
m
3
/h
0
C
kJ/kg
0
C
kW
kJ/kg
0
C
0
C
m/s
0
C
m/m
m
2
/s
Cho truc
- nt-
- nt-
tu chon
Tu chon
0,5(t
M
v
+t
M
r
)
Tra bang 4 phu luc
G
M
C
M
(t
M
v
-t
M
r
)
Tra bang 1 phu luc
t
B
v
+3600Q/(C
B
G
B
B
)- neu ket qua cao
qu cho php phai chon lai luong nuc lm
mt
oi vi dong bach:
B
3 m/s
- dong thau:
B
1,8 m/s
- dong:
B
0,9 m/s (dieu kien bao
dam toc do an mn trong gii han)
0,5(t
B
v
+t
B
r
)
Chon theo bang 8
Tra bang 1 phu luc
216
So Re cua nuc
He so dan nhiet cua
nuc o nhiet do t.b
He so Pr cua nuc o
nhiet do t.b
Nhiet do gia dinh o
thnh ong pha nuc
Ti so tieu chuan Pr
He so truyen nhiet cho
nuc ng vi nhiet do
thnh ong
Mat do dng nhiet
Nhiet do thnh ong pha
dau
Toc do dau ngoi ong
o nht dong cua dau
Khoang cch be mat
ngoi cua ong
o dan nhiet cua dau o
nhiet do t.b
So Re cua dau
So Pr cua dau (ng vi
nhiet do t.b)
Cc ti so cua chuan Pr
Re
B
B
Pr
B
t
ct
B
B
`
q
B
t
ct
M
M
Pr
M
W/m.
0
C
0
C
W/m
2
.
0
C
W/m
2
0
C
m/s
m
2
/s
m
W/m.
0
C
B
d
B
/
B
bang 1 phu luc
- nt-
Tu chon ba gi tri trong khoang nhiet
do t.b cua dau v nuc
(Pr
B
/Pr
ct
B
)
0,25
- trong d P
ct
B
l so Pr cua
nuc ng vi nhiet do gia dinh cua vch
pha nuc (ng vi 3 gi tri chon tren)
25 , 0
B
ct
B 43 , 0 8 , 0
)
Pr
Pr
( Pr Re
d
021 , 0

(tnh duoc 3 gi tri)
B
(t
ct
B
-t
B
)
t
ct
B
+q
B
v
/, (trong d
v
- chieu dy thnh
ong, m: - do dan nhiet cua vat lieu ong,
W/m
0
C: dong M3- 384, dong thau- 142, dong
bach- 38,4, thp CT4- 45,4, thp 1X18H9T-
16
(chon t 0,8- 1,2)
Tra bang 4, phu luc
Thung cho truc tuy theo tng mau
Tra bang 4, phu luc
v
eo
Pr=/a, v a tra t bang 4 phu luc
14 , 0
M
ct
M
)
Pr
Pr
( , trong d Pr
ct
M
ng vi nhiet do
217
He so toa nhiet pha dau
Mat do dng nhiet pha
ngoi
He so truyen nhiet
o chenh nhiet do t.b *
Dien tch be mat lm
mt
Dien tch khi ke den cu
ban
So lan tuan hon cua
nuc
So ong nuc
He so dien day mat sng
Buc ong (ngang dng)
ung knh cum ong
Chieu di cum ong
Trong luong rieng cua
M
`
q
M
K
t
F`
F
z
B
n
o
o
s
1
D
L
M
W/m
2
.
0
C
W/m
2
W/m
2
.
0
C
0
C
m
2
m
2
m
m
m
N/m
3
thnh o pha dau (c 3 gi tri tnh tren)
14 , 0
M
ct
M 35 , 0 5 , 0
M
Pr
Pr
Pr Re B /

.
|
\
|
o , trong d B-
he so phu thuoc D/l: D- dung knh cum ong,
l- khoang cch hai vch (B trong khoang
0,25- 0,38)
M
`(t
M
tb
-t
ct
M
)
Mat do dng nhiet pha trong v pha ngoi
phai bang nhau, nen bang phuong php do thi
xc dinh duoc q v nhiet do vch trong v
ngoi roi t d tnh duoc nh phuong trnh
q=q
B
=q
M
=
B
(t
ct
B
-t
B
tb
)=
M
(t
ct
M
-t
M
tb
)
M
v
B
1 1
1
o
+
o
+
o
- nguoc chieu:
v
B
r
M
r
B
v
M
v
B
r
M
r
B
v
M
t t
t t
lg 3 , 2
) t t ( ) t t (

- cng chieu:
r
B
r
M
v
B
v
M
r
B
r
M
v
B
v
M
t t
t t
lg 3 , 2
) t t ( ) t t (

Q/(Kt)
1,1F`
Chon t 1-4 (tuy theo luu luong nuc v
kch thuc cum ong)
G
B
z
B
/(2825d
2
B
)
Lay gan dng ~0,95
Theo mau
o
o
1
n
s 05 , 1
q
F/(dn
o
)
Tra bang 4 phu luc
218
dau o nhiet do t.b
Dien tch luu thong cua
dau
Dien tch loi thong tren
cc vch **
He so
Gc
Day cung vch ngan
Chieu rong t.b loi di cua
dau
Khoang cch vch ngan
So lan tuan hon cua dau
Chon so lan tuan hon
cua dau (so nguyen lan)
Ti le D/l
So dy ong dau di qua
He so
So Eu
Sc can thuy luc
Sc can thuy luc khi c
ke den cu ban
f
M
f
S
B
l
z`
M
z
M
D/l
m
c
Eu
p`
p
m
2
m
2
do
m
m
m
N/m
2
N/m
2
G
M
g/(3600
M
M
)
2
1
n
m
s
d
905 , 0 1
f
.
|
\
|
=4f/D
2
T do thi 18 hoac tnh
Dsin/2
3
2
S
f 6 ) f 4 / D ( t
f
M
/[b(1-d
H
/s
1
)]
L/l
D/l
n
o
z
M
s
1
/b
Tra t do thi 19
14 , 0
M
ct
M
65 , 0
)
Pr
Pr
(
Re
mc

g
Eu
M
2
M
e
1,2 p`
* Neu, nguoc chieu 2
t t
t t
v
B
r
M
r
B
v
M
<
th
2
t t
2
t t
t
v
B
r
M
r
B
v
M
+
+
= A : doi vi he thong hon hop
th nhan t cua so do nguoc chieu vi he so - tra theo P v R, trong d:
max
B
v
B
v
M
v
B
r
B
t
t
t t
t t
P
o
o
=
= v
B
M
v
B
r
B
r
M
v
M
t
t
t t
t t
R
o
o
=
= .
** Xem k hieu o hnh v
219
TNH THIT K MY NN KH
ai luong tnh K
hieu
on vi Cong thc hoac phuong php xc dinh Ket
qua
A. Kch thuoc co ban
my nn
p suat moi trung
p suat kh nn
San luong
He so ton that p suat
gia cc tang
Ti so nn moi tang
He so the tch cua khong
gian c hai
He so ton that v nhiet
He so ton that r lot
He so gin no
The tch cong tc xi lanh
cap I
Ti so S/D
1
The tch cong tc xi lanh
cap II
ung knh xi lanh cap I
ung knh xi lanh cap
II
Nhiet do khong kh cuoi
qu trnh ht
Nhiet do truc sinh hn
Cong suat my nn
P
0
P
k
Q
2
n
1
V
h1
V
h2
D
1
D
2
T
1
T
2
N
m
3
/h
m
3
m
3
m
m
0
K
kW
Vng quay n chon nho hon 1000v/ph, hnh
trnh S=125-180 mm, dung knh xi lanh
D<=270 mm
Lay bang 1,03 kG/cm
2
Cho truc
Cho truc
Chon 0,9-0,95
z
1 z
0
k
P
P
= c , z- so tang
tu chon 0,025- 0,06
chon t 0,9- 0,95
0,95- 0,98
1,2- 1,3
)] 1 ( a 1 [ n
Q
1
n / 1
2 1
c
Chon 0,5 doi vi my nn dng,
khong dau ch thap: 0,6- 0,9 neu c dau ch
thap
V
h1
/(
)
V so do v tu giai
T
1
=T
0
+t, t=2- 4
T
2
=T
1
(n-1)/n
220
B. Tnh sinh hn gi
trung gian
Kieu be mat trao nhiet
Kch thuc ong
Chieu dy ong
Khoang cch cc gan
thnh ong pha nuc
Buc ong:
- ngang (dng kh)
- doc
ung knh qui doi:
- pha kh
- pha nuc
He so gan
San luong khong kh
Nhiet do khong kh:
- vo
- ra
Nhiet do t.b nuc lm
mt
Toc do trung bnh kh.
kh
p suat khong kh
Nhiet do trung bnh kh.
kh
Nhiet dung rieng dang
p
Toc do nuc trong ong
Nhiet luong trao doi
o chenh nhiet do tb
do nht dong cua nuc
t
s
1
s
2
d
qdk
d
qdn
G
k
t
k
v
t
k
r
t
n
tb
P
kk
t
kk
c
kk
n
Q
t
n
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg/h
0
C
0
C
0
C
m/s
N/m
2
0
C
kJ/kg.
0
C
m/s
kWh
0
C
m
2
/s
m
0
n / ) 1 n (
1
2
1
1
1000
Qz P
1
P
P
1 n
n
N
1 1
q
1
1
]
1
.
|
\
|
=

chon theo bang 18, hoac bang 13 hoac
hnh 79
Tra theo mau hoac tnh d
qd
=4S/P
Theo mau
Bang nhiet do cuoi qu trnh nn I
Lay bang nhiet do dau qu trnh nn I
Tu xc dinh
Chon 10- 20
Gan bang cuoi cap I
0,5(t
k
v
+t
k
r
)
Tra bang 19 phu luc
Chon 1-3
G
k
c
kk
(t
k
v
-t
k
r
)
t
kk
-t
n
tb
221
So Pr cua noc
So Re cua nuc
Nhiet do gan dng cua
vch
So Pr pha nuc theo
nhiet do vch
So Nucelt pha nuc
He so dan nhiet cua
nuc
He so toa nhiet pha
nuc
Trong luong rieng khong
kh
o nht khong kh
So Re khong kh
So Nu pha kh
He so dan nhiet khong
kh
He so toa nhiet pha kh
He so truyen nhiet qui
ve mot don vi dien tch
pha nuc
Dien tch be mat trao
nhiet:
- pha nuc
- pha kh
He so dien tch
The tch cum ong
Thiet dien luu thong
khong kh
He so thu hep loi di qua
hng ong
Dien tch mat cat bau
Pr
n
Re
n
t
ct
Pr
ct
Nu
n
kk
kk
Re
k
Nu
k
kk
k
K
F
n
F
k
w
V
f
k
f
W/m.
0
C
W/m
2
.
0
C
N/m
3
m
2
/s
W/m.
0
C
W/m
2
do
W/m
2
.
0
C
m
2
m
2
m
2
/m
3
m
3
m
2
m
2
tra bang 1 phu luc
- nt-
n
d
qdn
/
n
Tu xc dinh
Tra bang 1, theo nhiet do vch
0,021Re
0,8
Pr
0,43
(Pr
n
/Pr
ct
)
0,25
*
Bang 2 phu luc
qdn
n n
d
Nu
Bang 19 phu luc
- nt-
d
qdk
/
kk
*)
Bang 19
qdk
kk k
d
Nu
o
+
o
+
o
k n
1 1
1
Q/(t.K)
F
n
.
Theo mau, phu thuoc vo kch thuc ong v
mat do bo tr (s
1
, s
2
)
F
n
/w
G
k
g/(3600
k
)
1-d/s
1
222
trao nhiet
Cc kch thuc
- rong
- cao
Chieu sau cum ong
So hng ong:
- doc theo dng
kh
- theo chieu ngang
thiet dien dng
Tong so ong
So Eu
Sc can thuy luc
b
h
l
z
2
z
1
z
Eu
p
m
m
m
N/m
2
f
k
/
tuy , v du hnh vuong th h=b=f
1/2
V/f
l/s
2
h/s
1
hoac b/s
1
z
1
z
2
**)
g
Eu z
k
2
2
e
*) v **). Cch xc dinh he so toa nhiet (hoac so Nu) v so Eu:
A. Dang ong trn, chay ngang ong
1. Mau hnh 78, a v cc kch thuc cho o hnh 79 v 80: So Nu v Eu duoc xc
dinh nh do thi 79 v 80 mot cch tuong ng.
2. Mau hnh 78, d: ong trn, gan bang dai kim loai xoan vt. Cc thong so:
dung knh ngoi ong d, dung knh gan D, buc xoan gan t, chieu dy gan
, buc ong v he so gan cho trong bang 13
Nu=cRe
n
Pr
0,3
, vi Re=2.10
3
- 35.10
3
: c v n tra trong bang 13.
Eu=BRe
m
, trong d Re=(5- 40).10
3
: m v B trong bang 13.
* Kch thuc de tnh Re lay bang dung knh ngoi ong nhan.
3. Mau hnh 78, b v c.
Nu=c(d/t)
-0,54
(h/t)
-0,14
Re
n
,
trong d c v n tra trong bang 14. Cc kch thuc quyet dinh de xc dinh Re l khoang
cch cc gan, toc do tnh o cho hep nhat: h- chieu cao gan (thung h=(0,4- 0,8)d, vi d
nho th lay o gii han tren): t- khoang cch gan, t=(0,2- 0,4)d. Cong thc ny ph hop
vi Re=(3- 25).10
3
v d/t=3- 4,8.
Eu=c(h/d)
n
(t/d)
k
Re
u
z,
trong d kch thuc tnh Re l dung knh ngoi ong, toc do o cho hep nhat: z- so dy
ong kh di qua: c, n, k, u- tra bang 15.
4. Hnh 78, g v i.
Nu=ARe
n
, A v n tra bang 16 (gom 15 mau): kch thuc de tnh Re l
buc xoan t cua vt (h. 78, g) doi vi 15 mau, doi vi mau 16 lay dung knh ngoi ong,
toc do tnh Re lay o cho hep nhat.
Eu=BzRe
m
, neu Re<3500:
223
Eu=D
0
z, neu Re>=3500 (vng tu dong dang)
trong d z- so dy ong kh di qua.
5. Mau hnh 78, u, e, h. (Bo)
B. Dang ong phang- hnh 84.
Nu=ARe
n
,
trong d A v n cng cc kch thuc hnh hoc cua 14 mau ong phang cho trong bang 18.
- doi vi mau 1, 2, 3 trong bang 18:
Eu=B(z-4)/z+D/z:
- mau 4- 9, 13 v 14:
Eu=BRe
m
:
- mau 10, 11, 12:
Eu=B(z+1)Re
m
.
C. He so toa nhiet doi voi chat long trong ong, chay roi duoc tnh giong nhau o
moi bo trao nhiet:
Nu=0,021Re
0,8
Pr
0,43
(Pr
tb
/Pr
ct
)
0,25
l
,
vi
l
- he so hieu chinh ke den chieu di ong. Tra theo bang 4, tr. 37.
224
Bang 8
Cc kch thuoc v khoi luong rieng cua bo trao nhiet giua cc chat long
Kieu be mat trao
nhiet
K
h
o
a
n
g

c
c
h

n
g
a
n

n
h
a
t
g
i
a

c
c

o
n
g
,

m
m
Su bo tr cua cc ong
Be mat trao nhiet
Ch trong 1
m
3
bo
trao
nhiet,
m
2
/m
3
trong 1
kg bo
trao
nhiet
m
2
/kg
ng trn 4x0,5
1 So le
s
1
/d=1,25
s
2
/d=1,08
584 0,257 Be mat trao nhiet tnh
doi vi chu vi ngoi ong
2 So le
s
1
/d=1, 5
s
2
/d=1,3
404 0,257
1 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,25
503 0,257
2 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,5
349 0,257
ng trn 5x0,5
2 So le
s
1
/d=1, 4
s
2
/d=1,22
370 0,250 Nhu tren
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 6
s
2
/d=1,38
258 0,250
2 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,4
320 0,250
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,6
246 0,250
ng trn 10x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 3
s
2
/d=1,13
242 0,125 Nhu tren
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 4
s
2
/d=1,22
184 0,125
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,3
186 0,125
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,4
160 0,125
ng trn 14x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 22
s
2
/d=1,06
175 0,121
4 So le
s
1
/d=1,28
s
2
/d=1,11
156 0,121
Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,21
152 0,121
Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,29
136 0,121
225
Tiep bang 8
Kieu be mat trao
nhiet
K
h
o
a
n
g

c
c
h

n
g
a
n

n
h
a
t
g
i
a

c
c

o
n
g
,

m
m
Su bo tr cua cc ong
Be mat trao nhiet
Ch trong 1
m
3
bo
trao
nhiet,
m
2
/m
3
trong 1
kg bo
trao
nhiet
m
2
/kg
ng trn 16x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1,19
s
2
/d=1,03
160 0,124 Be mat trao nhiet tnh
doi vi chu vi ngoi ong
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 25
s
2
/d=1,09
145 0,124
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,19
140 0,124
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,25
126 0,124
ng trn 17x2
3 So le
s
1
/d=1,18
s
2
/d=1,02
155 0,0638 Nhu tren
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 24
s
2
/d=1,07
140 0,0638
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,18
134 0,0638
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,24
121 0,0638
ng trn 18x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 17
s
2
/d=1,01
148 0,119 Nhu tren
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 22
s
2
/d=1,06
135 0,119
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,17
128 0,119
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,12
116 0,119
ng trn 8x1 trong
ong 14x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 22
s
2
/d=1,06
250 0,112 Be mat trao nhiet duoc
tnh theo d
n
=8 mm v
d
t
=12 mm
Chieu rong khe trn 2
mm
4 So le
s
1
/d=1,28
s
2
/d=1,11
224 0,112
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,21
216 0,112
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,2
195 0,112
226
Tiep bang 8
Kieu be mat trao
nhiet
K
h
o
a
n
g

c
c
h

n
g
a
n

n
h
a
t
g
i
a

c
c

o
n
g
,

m
m
Su bo tr cua cc ong
Be mat trao nhiet
Ch trong 1
m
3
bo
trao
nhiet,
m
2
/m
3
trong 1
kg bo
trao
nhiet
m
2
/kg
ng trn 8x1 trong
ong 16x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1,19
s
2
/d=1,03
220 0,112 Chieu rong khe trn 3
mm
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 25
s
2
/d=1,09
199 0,112
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,19
191 0,115
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,25
173 0,115
ng trn 8x1 trong
ong 18x1
3 So le
s
1
/d=1,17
s
2
/d=1,01
197 0,112 Chieu rong khe trn 4
mm
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 22
s
2
/d=1,06
180 0,112
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,17
171 0,112
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,22
155 0,112
ng trn 10x1 c
chi tiet tao roi kieu
dai xoan vt dy
=1,0 mm
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 3
s
2
/d=1,13
242 0,0975 Be mat dai xoan vt
khong ke vo dien tch
trao nhiet
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 4
s
2
/d=1,22
184 0,0975
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,3
186 0,0975
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,4
160 0,0975
ng trn 17x2 c
chi tiet tao roi kieu
dai xoan vt dy
=1,0 mm
3 So le
s
1
/d=1, 18
s
2
/d=1,02
155 0,0560 Nhu tren
4 So le
s
1
/d=1,24
s
2
/d=1,07
140 0,0560
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,18
134 0,0560
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,24
121 0,0560
227
Tiep bang 8
Kieu be mat trao
nhiet
K
h
o
a
n
g

c
c
h

n
g
a
n

n
h
a
t
g
i
a

c
c

o
n
g
,

m
m
Su bo tr cua cc ong
Be mat trao nhiet
Ch trong 1
m
3
bo
trao
nhiet,
m
2
/m
3
trong 1
kg bo
trao
nhiet
m
2
/kg
ng trn 10x1 c
mai so phc tap
bang soi nhom
d=0,8 mm
3 So le
s
1
/d=1,3
s
2
/d=1,13
242 0,11 Be mat soi mai so khong
ke ti khi xc dinh be
mat trao nhiet
4 So le
s
1
/d=1, 14
s
2
/d=1,22
184 0,11
3 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,3
186 0,11
4 Thang hng
s
1
/d=s
2
/d=1,4
160 0,11
ng trn 44x2 c
cc vng tao roi
5 So le
s
1
/d=1,12
s
2
/d=0,99
65 0,045 Khong ke be mat vng
tao roi
ng trn 6,5x0,75
c cc tam gan.
Tam gan dong dy
0,5 mm
2,5 So le
s
1
/d=1, 38
s
2
/d=1,08
324 0,127 Khong ke be mat gan
ng phang nhan
26,5x4,5 (theo chu
vi ngoi)
3,0 Thang hng 267 0,119 Chieu dy thnh 1,0 mm
ng phang c dap
sng 50x4,5 (theo
chu vi ngoi)
3,0 Thang hng 264 0,191 Chieu dy thnh ong 0,5
mm
ng phang c lui
27x4,5 (theo chu vi
ngoi)
3 Thang hng 263 0,164 Be mat lui trong ong
khong ke
228
Cau hoi on tap
1. Phuong trnh Becnuli cho chat long thuc. Bieu thc tnh v nghia vat l cua he so Koriolis, trong
trung hop no c the bo qua. Khi xt chuyen dong chat long trong ong chuyen dong c gia toc hoac
chuyen dong khong dng cua chat long, can bo sung them thnh phan no vo phuong trnh Becnuli.
Noi dung tra li:
- viet phuong trnh cho dng chat long l thuc trong ong khc vi doi vi chat long l tuong l c ke den
ton that p suat doc theo dng chay:
- doi vi chat long thuc, do c ma st gia cc phan tu chat long chuyen dong tuong doi vi nhau v ton
that co nang khi va cham vi thnh ong nen toc do tren thiet dien ong khong deu nhau, van toc thuc te
tai mot diem tren tiet dien khc vi van toc trung bnh qua tiet dien d. Viet bieu thc tnh he so ,
neu nghia vat l v cho biet trong trung hop no th phai ke den n:
- Khi chat long chuyen dong trong ong, ong chuyen dong c gia toc hoac chat long chuyen dong khong
dng th phai ke them gia toc cua cc luc khoi ny. Viet cong thc tnh cho hai trung hop.
2. Ton that thuy luc trong dung ong, cc loai ton that v cc yeu to anh huong.
- Ton that thuy luc l ton that ci g:
- Trnh by hai dang ton that: dung di v cuc bo. Moi trung hop viet cong thc tong qut , giai thch
r ban chat, neu cc yeu to anh huong ti he so ton that.
3. Khi niem dong dang thuy luc. Muon hai dng chay dong dang phai dam bao cc chuan dong dang
no.
- ong dang thuy luc l su dong dang ve hnh hoc, dong hoc v v dong luc hoc o hai qua trnh thuy
luc (v du nhu o hai dng chay), giai thch the no l dong dang dong dang ve cc mat tren, lay v du
hai dng chat long trong hai ong v viet phuong trnh cho chng v minh hoa:
- ieu kien can v du de dong dang thuy luc l dong dang ve dong luc hoc (khi luc tuong tc len v
gia cc phan tu chat long o moi noi dong dang vi nhau th buoc phai dong dang ve hnh hoc v
dong hoc), khi d ti le cc thnh phan luc tc dung len phan tu chat long o cc diem tuong ng l nhu
nhau, do d ngui ta rt ra mot so chuan dong dang, neu bieu thc mot so chuan dong dang co ban v
su dung trong trung hop no. Lay v du hai dng trong ong nhu tren v chi xt ti luc can nht v luc
p suat, chng minh rang khi Re bang nhau th Eu bang nhau v cc he so cn lai cng nhu nhau v
chi ra rang dieu d chi dng doi vi trung hop chay tang.
4. Khi niem bom, dong co thuy luc v bo truyen thuy luc. Phan loai, dac diem lm viec v pham vi ng
dung.
- v so do dng chay qua my thuy luc, so snh nang luong truc v sau my, ket luan:
- phan loai v pham vi p dung tuong tu nhu doi vi bom
5. Cc thong so co ban cua bom. Ngoi ra, khi chon bom can phai ch den nhng tnh nang no khc.
- khi niem v nghia vat l cua cot p, cc thnh phan (dong v tinh), don vi, giai thch tai sao chon
bom can quan tam den cot p:
- dinh nghia, don vi:
229
- Cong suat bom, bieu thc tnh, muc dch can biet:
- Cc dang ton that cua bom v hieu suat bom, bieu thc v nghia.
6. Hien tuong xam thuc v chieu cao ht cho php cua bom.
- Trnh by khi niem, nguyen nhan v tc hai cua xam thuc. V sao trong bom c the c xam thuc, dieu
kien de khong xay ra v cch khac phuc,
7. Bom li tam. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec. Cc ton that thuy luc trong bom li tam.
-V so do cau tao bnh cnh, chuyen dong cua chat long qua d v viet bieu thc cot p:
- phan tch cc dang ton that: cua vo, trong rnh cnh, cua ra v trong than oc.
8. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom li tam. Cot p thuc te khc vi l thuyet do cc
nguyen nhan no (phan sau tuong tu nhu tren).
9. Su anh huong cua bien dang bnh cnh den dac tnh cot p cua bom li tam.
- cc dang cnh:
- bieu thc cot p l thuyet phu thuoc luu luong:
- neu ba l do ngui ta khong muon lm bom cnh cong ve pha truc, tr quat gi.
10. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec hung truc. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom, cot p
11. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec xoy loc. Thnh lap bieu thc tnh cot p l thuyet cua bom, cot p
12. So snh cc bom cnh ve: luu luong, cot p, pham vi su dung v cc dac diem khai thc nhu khoi
dong, dieu chinh.
- dng cc dung dac tnh H(Q), N(Q) de so snh v ket luan.
13. Khi no can ghp cc bom song song. Su anh huong lan nhau cua cc bom v nhng dieu can ch
khi ghp cc bom song song.
- V dac tnh chung cc bom khi ghp, trnh by nguyen tac xay dung v qua d phan tch su thay doi
thong so bom khi lm viec chung.
14. Khi no can ghp cc bom noi tiep. Su anh huong lan nhau cua cc bom v nhng dieu can ch khi
ghp cc bom tiep.
15. Cc phuong php dieu chinh luu luong bom cnh.
- so do bo tr, nguyen tac v xc dinh diem lm viec mi cua bom, so snh vi nhau ve cong suat tieu thu.
16. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua bom phut. Uu nhuoc diem v ng dung, cc thong so cau tao,
khai thc co ban cua bom.
17. My thuy luc the tch (dac diem chung, ng dung).
18. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom piston. Nguyen nhan, tc hai v bien php khac phuc hien tuong
luu luong khong deu.
19. Hieu suat cua bom pton. Hien tuong xam thuc v anh huong.
- hieu suat =
H
m
, trong d tng hieu suat l ci g, xc dinh nhu the no hoac do cI g quyet dinh:
- cc nguyen nhan lm giam p suat trong xi lanh bom trong qu trnh ht:
230
- luu luong bom khi bi xam thuc.
20. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom ro to piston hung truc. ac diem cau tao, dong v dong luc hoc.
- so do cau tao, bo tr cua ht v day:
- phuong trnh van toc piston, luu luong v mo men phu thuoc vo gc quay roto:
- ket cau mot so cap ma st nhamg tang p suat bom v giam mi mn.
21. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom ro to piston hung knh. ac diem cau tao, dong v dong luc hoc.
22. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom bnh rang, cc dang bom. Su thay doi luu luong, hien tuong kho
chat long trong rnh rang, tc hai v cc bien php khac phuc.
23. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom truc vt. Phan loai. Uu nhuoc diem so vi cc bom the tch khc.
24. Cau tao v nguyen l lm viec bom cnh gat. Gii han vng quay, p suat v cc giai php nham tang
luu luong, p suat bom.
25. My nn kh v quat gi: dinh nghia, phan loai v pham vi ng dung.
26. My nn kh piston: cau tao, do thi chi thi, bien php dieu chinh san luong.
27. My nn kh piston: nguyen nhan giam san luong l thuyet. Muc dch phan thnh nhieu cap nn.
28. Thiet bi trao nhiet: khi niem, phan loai. Cc dang be mat trao doi nhiet. Cc bien php tang cung
hieu qua trao doi nhiet.
29. So do cau trc cua he thong li v chc nang cua cc bo phan.
30. Yeu cau doi vi my li, he thong dieu khien.
31. So do cau tao v nguyen l lm viec he thong li thuy luc, dieu khien co- dien dng bom c luu luong
v chieu cap thay doi.
32. So do cau tao v nguyen l lm viec he thong li thuy luc, dieu khien dien tu dng bom c luu luong
v chieu cap khong doi. Cc thiet bi an ton bao ve he thong.
33. My loc v phan li (khi niem, nguyen tac chung), bien php tang cung hieu qua phan li.
- viet bieu thc toc do lang (hay noi) cua hat can phan tch ra, t d suy luan ra cc bien php, neu xem
cc bien php ny p dung o trong cc my no.
34. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li kieu ket tu.
35. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li li tam hnh nn.
- so do cau tao cua chong nn:
- tc dung cua cc nn (giai thch v minh hoa bang v qui dao chuyen dong v thi gian de lang cua
mot hat can phan li).
36. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li li tam phan luc.
37. Cau tao v nguyen tac lm viec cua my phan li kieu trong luc- ket tu.
38. Xc dinh vnh dieu chinh cho my phan li li tam.
231

May Phu Tau Thuy

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1

GII THIEU CHUNG

Tuong tu nhu vay, nhung thong qua cc gradien p suat ,

= . ung parabon ny quay quanh

nen khong sinh cong.

- thay doi dong luong do tc dung cua xung dt F

cua thnh ong: gom luc p suat v ma st phan bo tren

hay theo (3.54)

= | , suy ra cch xc dinh toa do dung cong cnh (r,u) nhu

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