Combustion Modeling

Fall Term, 2008

 Text :

(1) Computational Models for Turbulent Reacting Flows, Rodney O. Fox,

Cambridge University Press, 2003

(2) Turbulent Flows, Stephen B. Pope, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(3) Turbulent Combustion, Norbert Peters, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(4) Theoretical and Numerical Combustion, Thierry Poinsot and Denis Veynante,
Edwards, 2005
 Outline of the Course

• 1st: Introduction to Turbulent Combustion

• 2nd: Statistics and Probability related to Turbulent Combustion
• 3rd-5th: PDF (Probability Density Function) Transport Model
• 6th: Lagrangian PDF Model
• 7th: Eulerian PDF Model
• 8th: Mid-Term Exam
• 9th: Numerics in PDF transport model
• 10th: Steady and Transient Laminar Flamelet Models
• 11th: Micromixing Models
• 12th: Turbulence-Radiation Interaction
• 13th: Spray combustion modeling
• 14th: LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) and DNS (Direct Numerical
Simulation) for the turbulent flame fields
• 15th: Presentation of Term Project
• 16th: Final Exam
Unlike most natural phenomena affecting human survival,
combustion phenomena take place at human scales
Turbulent Combustion
Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction
Laminar
Premixed & Nonpremixed
(Diffusion) Flames
Turbulent flame propagation in an SI engine
 Turbulent premixed flames
• Experimental results shown in Bradley et al.
(1992) smoothed data from many sources, e.g.
fan-stirred bomb
Laminar and Turbulent Non-premixed Flames
• Reactants mix only at the time of combustion - mix then burn
• Only subsonic
• Many types - gas jet (Bic lighter), droplet, liquid fuel (e.g.
Kuwait oil fire, candle), solid (e.g. coal particle, wood)
• Generally assume “mixed is burned” - mixing slower than
chemical reaction

Candle
Kuwait Forest fire
Diesel engine Oil fire
Spray Combustion Processes in DI Diesel Engines
산업의 고도 성장
DNS of primary atomization
Spray Flamefield in GT Combustor
 Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

• Irregularity or Randomness
• Diffusivity
• Large Reynolds Numbers
• 3-D Vorticity Fluctuations
• Dissipation
• Continuum
• Turbulence is not a feature of
fluids but of fluid flows

Free Jet structure

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows
Scales of Turbulence
Scales of Turbulence
Energy Cascade
Energy Dissipation Rate
Kolmogorov Hypothesis
Kolmogorov Hypothesis
Reynolds Number Scaling
Flow Structure in Turbulent Jet Flows

Low Reynolds numbers.

High Reynolds numbers

Kolmogorov Hypothesis
Turbulent Energy Spectrum
Scales in Turbulent Flows

• Integral Scale ( A t)
- Mean size of the large eddies

∞ with ν x′ (r )ν x′ (0)
A t = ∫ Rx (r )dr R(r ) =
0 ν x′,rms (r )ν x′,rms (0)
Re(r )
- Reynolds number for each turbulent scale
u ′(r )r
Re(r ) =
υ u ′A t
when r = A t R e t = R e( A t ) = = In tegral R eyno ld s N um b er
υ
( Re t =100~200 in most combustors)
- Large-scale turbulent flows are mainly controlled by inertia
 Scales in Turbulent Flows

• Kolmogorov Scale( ηk )
- Smallest length scale at which TKE is converted to fluid internal
energy through the viscous dissipation

u′2 (r ) u′(r )3
1/ 4
⎛υ ⎞3
ηk = ⎜ ⎟ with ε = = = Dissipation Rate of TKE
⎝ε ⎠ r / u′(r ) r

- For homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the energy flux from one

scale to another due to ui′u ′j is constant along scales.
u ′A t
Ret = Re(A t ) = = Kolmogorov Reynolds Number
υ
u
with k ′ = (υε )1/ 4
= Kolmogorov Velocity Scale
 Scales in Turbulent Flows

At u ′3 / ε
= 3 = Re 3/ 4

η k (υ / ε ) 1/ 4 t

u ′(r ) ⎛ ε ⎞
1/ 3
κ ):
Strain( κ (r ) = =⎜ 2 ⎟
r ⎝r ⎠ 1/ 3
r ⎛r ⎞
2
Characteristic time scale of an eddy of size r : τ m ( r ) = =⎜ ⎟
u ′(r ) ⎝ ε ⎠
Strain rates at η k and A :
t
ε ε ε
κ (ηk ) = , κ ( A ) = ~
υ u ′2 k
t

κ (ηk ) A t u′
= = Ret
κ (A t ) υ
 Scales in Turbulent Flows

Taylor Microscale ( Aλ ) :
- A ηk < A λ < A t ( A λ is weighted more towards the smaller scales)

′
urms rms velocity fluctuation
Aλ = 1/ 2
=
⎡⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2 ⎤ mean strain rate
⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎥⎦
Characteristics of isotropic homogenous eddy
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Spectrum