LBYCVC1 Summary of Reports

EJ1 T 8:00-11:00

Group 3

Lonzaga, Ron Oliver
San Pedro, Jeremiah
Sante, Ron Allen
Sulit, Elei Andrew






















Experiment 1: Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying

Objectives:
To get the total evaporable moisture content of an aggregate by drying.
To be familiar with some sampling techniques.

Experiment 1
II. Summary of the Experiment
Professor discussed about the different sampling methods
o Mechanical Splitter
o Quartering
For Fine aggregates - minimum of 500g (obtained: 727.8g)
For Coarse aggregates - minimum of 3000g (3515.2g)
After getting the weight of the samples, put in the oven then return the next
day to get the weight of the dry samples.

Experiment 1: Data
Test no. 1 2
1. Container No. sand gravel
2. Weight of Container, g 349.8 377.9
3. Weight of sample + Container, g 1077.6 3893.1
4. Weight of sample: W = [3]-[2], g 727.8 3515.2
5. Weight of the oven-dried sample + container, g 1054.3 3868.9
6. Weight of the oven-dried sample, g 704.5 3491
7. p = 100x {[4]-[6]}/[6], % 3.31 0.69

Experiment 1: Findings
Using the equation =100()/ for evaporable moisture content, we were able to
determine the values for the sand and gravel to be:
For sand:
=100727.8704.5704.5=3.307%
For gravel:
=1003515.234913491=0.693%
The experiment was done using only one trial and samples for each trial for sand and gravel
was done with 0.5 kg and 3 kg, respectively, which is the minimum requirement.





Experiment 1: Conclusion
Moisture contents of 3.31% for the sand and only 0.69% for the gravel were obtained which
concludes that the amount of water that a gravel can carry is less than that of the sand
which does not surprise us because of its molecular structure. However some aggregate
may contain water that is chemically with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not
evaporable and is not included in the percentage given above.


Experiment 2 and 3: Sieve Analysis for Fine and Coarse Aggregates

I. Objectives:
To be familiarize again with the Sieve Analysis procedure.
To construct a correct Grain Size Distribution Curve for every data obtained.
To be able to apply the methods in obtaining a sample.
Experiment 2 and 3
II. Summary of the Experiment
Dry Sand - Use quartering in obtaining sample (500g)
Dry Gravel - Mechanical Splitter (min. 3000g)
Weigh all sieves 10, 5, 2.5, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.15 mm for fine aggregates.
Weigh all sieves 37.5, 25, 19, 12.5, 9.5, 4.75, and 2.36mm for coarse
aggregates.
Weigh also the pans used in the experiment.
Experiment 2 and 3
II. Summary of the Experiment
Subtract the weight of pan from the sum of retained gravel or sand and the
mass of sieves.
Get the percentage of mass retained and compute for percent error due to
discrepancies.
Compute for the cumulative retained weight and percentage then finally
percent passing for both fine and coarse aggregates then construct a Grain
Size Distribution Curves for each aggregate.
Experiment 2 & 3: Data












Experiment 2 & 3: Findings
Findings For Experiment 2:
In the experiment, for our computed total weight of the sample, the group was able to
record 781.7 g. Solving for the percent difference from the original total weight, the
computed percent difference was 0.32% which is good because it is less than 3%.
The group also computed for the FM which will show where most of the sample size
are categorized into. The value for the FM is approximately 2 which means that most
of the particles was on the 0.3 mm sieve opening. The 27.48% percent retained on the
0.3 mm sieve opening shows that it has the most retained particles.
For the source of errors, unnecessary leakage of sand particles through smoke or dust
is usually the main cause of errors.


Experiment 2 & 3: Findings
Findings for Experiment 3
Same as with the fine aggregates, the % difference between the original and computed
weight must be at less than 3%. The original weight recorded was 3029.2 g and the
computed weight from the weight retained in each sieve was 3025.4 g. The values
produces a percent difference of 0.13% which fits in the criteria.
For the FM, adding 4 to the computation will be applied because the 1.2, 0.3, 0.6, and
0.15 sieve openings will be included in the count. The FM that was computed 7.9038
which is almost 8.
Counting from the first 4 sieve openings which is the 1.2, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.15 openings
and continuing it in the coarse aggregates table, the average particle size falls in the
12.5 mm sieve openings which shows a percent retained of 52.67% of the samples.
There were less errors in the coarse aggregates experiment because the particles were
bigger than the fine aggregates. Stuck gravels in some of the sieves must also be taken
care of to be able to lessen the loss of weight and errors.

Experiment 2: Conclusion
The sieve analysis for the fine aggregates is very much helpful to civil engineers because it
will let us know how much of the certain size of the particle dominates the bulk of the
sample. It can be also a way to know if how permeable the sample is and how the size of
the particles are distributed. The sample for the fine aggregates were considered to be well
graded as can be seen in the graph made.

Experiment 3: Conclusion
Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates is important because it will help determine the sizes of
the samples. Especially, for coarse aggregates, big particles or boulders can be unusable
because of the size and can increase the workability of the sample. The porosity of coarse
aggregates is also important to prevent the seepage of water through the concrete and
further damaging the structure. Whether the coarse aggregate is well graded may be judged
upon using the graph made but as can be seen there is a steep descent of the curve which
can mean that the aggregate isnt that well graded.


Experiment 4: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates

I. Objectives:
To be able to get the specific gravity and absorption of the aggregate.
To be able to satisfy the 3 conditions needed (Submerged, SSD, and Dry).
To be able to define absorption and its use.

II. Summary of the Experiment:
Group must have a fully saturated sample (already done by the laboratory
instructor).
Weigh the pan and get some saturated gravel and sieve it to remove the
smaller aggregates. the weight should have a minimum of 3 kg then wipe all
the collected aggregate to achieve the SSD condition.
Weigh the wire basket and then soak it in water. Then, slowly put the wiped
rocks in the wire basket and carefully shake the basket until no air bubbles
appear. Then weigh the wire basket with the rocks to get the weight of the
sample in water.
Collect all aggregates in the wire basket and put it in the pan then oven dry it
for 24 hours. After getting the dry condition, compute for the specific gravity
and absorption already.
Experiment 4: Data
Test No. 1
1. Weight of Pan, g 370.9
2. Weight of sample
(SSD) + Pan in air, g
3643.4
3. Weight of Sample
(SSD) in air, g
3272.5
4. Weight of wire basket
in water, g
984.4
5. Weight of sample +
Wire basket in water, g
3086.1
6. Weight of sample in
water, g
2101.7
7. Specific gravity 2.795
8. Weight of Oven-dried
sample + Pan, g
3613.5
9. Weight of Oven-dried
sample, g
3242.6
10. Absorption, % 0.92%

Experiment 4: Findings
The normal specific gravity of aggregates in Manila ranges from 2.6 to 2.8. From the
obtained samples, the calculated specific gravity of our samples is 2.795 which goes
into the range that was given.
The percent of absorption for coarse aggregates is below 1 % which means that the
coarse materials do not absorb much water because of its hard form and impermeable
skin. This property of a coarse aggregate makes it useful for concrete in reducing the
water seepage in the materials.

Experiment 4: Conclusion
the experiment that we had conducted was a success knowing that the standards of coarse
aggregates just like its specific gravity and absorption can be obtained by properly doing
the procedures. Bulk density of these aggregates are dependent from its absorption, because
of its volume, and it specific gravity. Having a greater bulk density can affect the strength,
workability and durability of a concrete; helping designers and contractors to be more
flexible in making their concrete.
















Experiment 5: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates
I. Objectives:
To be able to get the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregates.
To be able to get rid of the deleterious materials within the aggregate

II. Summary of the Experiment:
Group must have a saturated sample (already done by the laboratory
instructor)
Weigh the pan, get some saturated sample and place it in the pan.
Dry the sand until it reaches the SSD condition. To check if it is in SSD
condition, put sand in the triangular compactor then tamp it 25 times. If the
sand falls, it already achieved the SSD condition.
Put the SSD condition sand in the flask by making a funnel. Then put water
at least half full in the flask.
Shake the flask until no air bubbles appear. The, pour more water until it
reaches the line required. From there, the group can get the weight of the
flask with sand submerged in water to get the weight of sand.
Compute for the Specific Gravity and Absorption
Experiment 5: Data
Test no. 1
1. Weight of the
flask, Wf, g
171.9 g
2. Weight of pan,
g
370.8 g
3. Weight of SSD
Sample + Pan,
g
888.6 g
4. Weight of SSD
sample, Ws, g
517.8 g
5. Weight of flask
+ Sample +
Water, Wt, g
983.5 g
6. Specific gravity 2.511
7. Weight of
oven-dried
sample + Pan, g
874.9 g
8. Weight of
oven-dried
sample, g
504.1 g
9 Absorption, % 2.72 %





Experiment 5: Findings
Compared to the gravels, sands have a lesser specific gravity. It can also be found that
the absorption for sand particles is greater because it has finer particles which attracts
more water molecules.

Experiment 5: Conclusion
Based on the results, we can conclude that the experiment was a success having a
Specific Gravity of 2.511 and an Absorption of 2.72% to that of what we found on a table
seen from one of our references. This goes to show that when using fine aggregates, one
must know first the right type of aggregate to be used so that they could use the maximum
potential of such aggregates since there are types of aggregates that are best used for
different occasions.





Experiment 6: Specific Gravity of Cement



I. Objectives:
To be able to determine the specific gravity of cement and know the ideal
specific gravity used in the Philippines.

II. Summary of the Experiment
Fill flask with Kerosene over the 1cc mark
Wipe the neck of flask to avoid attachment of Cement in the flask.
Put the stopper and immerse the flask in a water bath 20+- 0.1 degrees
celsius in 10 minutes first. Then, have an interval of 2 mins until the reading
becomes constant to obtain the initial reading between 0 to 1 cc.
Experiment 6
Prepare cement sample then remove the flask in the water bath.
Remove stopper then put cement in the flask by increments (Provide a paper
funnel). Shake the flask while putting the cement to avoid attachments to the
neck.
Place stopper in the flask then agitate, shake the flask until no air bubbles
appear.
After agitating, repeat the steps wherein the flask must be immersed in the
water bath to get the final reading ranging between 18 to 24 cc.
After getting the initial and final, compute for the specific gravity using the
data given.


Experiment 6: Data
Test no. 1
1. Weight of cement sample, g 64
2. Initial volume of kerosene, ml -0.2
3. Temperature at initial reading, C 20
4. Final volume of Kerosene, ml 21.1
5. Temperature at final reading, C 20
6. Specific gravity 3.004

Experiment 6: Findings
Having a percent difference of 4.63% was already acceptable despite having a
difference that big. Because of the limited time, it is possible to still get a lower
amount of difference. We only need a bit more time for the cement to be in the right
temperature which was stated in the original procedure.

Experiment 6: Conclusion

Having a value of 3.004 for our specific gravity of cement, we had a percent difference of
4.63% to the original specific gravity of cement which is 3.15. We can say that our
experiment was successful even though the difference was a bit large knowing that the
procedure was done for a limited time.




Experiment 7: Unit Weight of Aggregates



I. Objectives:
To be able to determine the unit weight of gravel.
II. Summary of the Experiment
Have a calibration measurement of the aggregate (already done by the
laboratory instructor)
Rodding Method was used in the experiment.
Fill the measure full then tamp the aggregate 25 times using a rod until it
reaches the bottom layer. Next, fill measure then tamp again 25 times.
Finally, fill measure overflowing then tamp again 25 times.
Weigh the measure with the aggregates after leveling.
Compute for the unit weight of the aggregates.


Experiment 7: Data

Coarse Aggregates 1 2
1. Volume of Measure (Container), m3 0.0099 0.0099
2. Weight of Measure, kg 7.75 7.75
3. Weight of Measure filled with sand, kg 24.28 24.43
4. Weight of sand, kg 16.53 16.68
5. Unit weight, kg/m3 1669.7 1684.85
6. Average unit weight, kg/m3 1677.28

Fine Aggregates 1 2

1. Volume of Measure (Container), m3 0.00495 0.00495

2. Weight of Measure, kg 4.81 4.81

3. Weight of Measure filled with sand, kg 12.73 12.86

4. Weight of sand, kg 7.92 8.05

5. Unit weight, kg/m3 1600 1626.263

6. Average unit weight, kg/m3 1613.415


COMPUTATIONS
Computations for Coarse 1 2
1. Volume of Measure (Container), m3 0.0099 0.0099
2. Weight of Measure, kg 7.75 7.75
3. Weight of Measure filled with gravel, kg 24.28 24.43
4. Weight of sand = [3] - [2], kg
= 24.28 - 7.75
= 16.53
= 24.43 7.75
= 16.68
5. Unit weight, [4]/[1], kg/m3
= 16.53/0.0099
= 1669.70
= 16.68/0.0099
= 1684.85
6. Average unit weight, kg/m3
= (1669.7 + 1684.85)/2
= 1677.28

Computations for Fine 1 2
1. Volume of Measure (Container), m3 0.00495 0.00495
2. Weight of Measure, kg 4.81 4.81
3. Weight of Measure filled with sand, kg 12.73 12.86
4. Weight of sand = [3] - [2], kg
= 12.73 4.81
= 7.92
= 12.86 4.81
= 8.05
5. Unit weight, [4]/[1], kg/m3
= 7.92/0.00495
= 1600
= 8.05/0.00495
= 1626.263
6. Average unit weight, kg/m3
= (1600 + 1626.263)/2
= 1613.415

Experiment 7: Findings
Unit weight is defined to be the weight per unit volume. It is also called as specific weight,
for instances. In comparison of the two materials, fine and coarse aggregates, the coarse
aggregates samples had a larger average unit weight of 1677.28 kg/m3. It can be observed
that the coarse aggregates have larger particles than fine aggregates which makes it enforce
more weight.

Experiment 7: Conclusion
The group consistent values for both the fine and coarse aggregates when the two trials were
done for each kind of aggregate. Overall having an average unit weight stated above, the
experiment was a success since there is a consistency in getting the unit weight for each
kind of aggregate meaning the procedure was clearly followed.