Tuyen Tap 410 Cau He Phuong Trinh

Nguyn Minh Tun
Sinh vin K62CLC - Khoa Ton Tin HSPHN

TUYN CHN 410 BI H
PHNG TRNH I S
BI DNG HC SINH GII V LUYN THI I HC - CAO
NG
H Ni, ngy 9 thng 10 nm 2013
Mc lc
Li ni u 4
1 Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn 5
1.1 Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Mt s loi h c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Tuyn tp nhng bi h c sc 7
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Ti liu tham kho 228
Li ni u
H phng trnh i s ni chung v h phng trnh i s hai n ni ring l mt phn
quan trng ca phn i s ging dy THPT . N thng hay xut hin trong cc k thi hc
sinh gii v k thi tuyn sinh i hc - Cao ng.
Tt nhin gii tt h phng trnh hai n khng phi n gin . Cn phi vn dng tt
cc phng php, hnh thnh cc k nng trong qu trnh lm bi. Trong cc k thi i hc, cu
h thng l cu ly im 8 hoc 9.
y l mt ti liu tuyn tp nhng kh dy nn ti trnh by n di dng mt cun sch
c mc lc r rng cho bn c d tra cu. Cun sch l tuyn tp khong 400 cu h c sc,
t n gin, bnh thng, kh, thm ch n nh v kinh in. c bit, y hon ton l
h i s 2 n. Ti mun khai thc tht su mt kha cnh ca i s. Nu coi Bt ng thc
3 bin l phn p nht ca Bt ng thc, mang trong mnh s uy nghi ca mt ng hong th
H phng trnh i s 2 n li mang trong mnh v p gin d, trong sng ca c gi thn
qu lm say m bit bao g si tnh.
Xin cm n cc bn, anh, ch, thy c trn cc din n ton, trn facebook ng gp v
cung cp rt nhiu bi h hay. Trong cun sch ngoi vic a ra cc bi h ti cn lng thm
mt s phng php rt tt gii. Ngoi ra ti cn gii thiu cho cc bn nhng phng php
c sc ca cc tc gi khc . Mong y s l mt ngun cung cp tt nhng bi h hay cho
gio vin v hc sinh.
Trong qu trnh bin son cun sch tt nhin khng trnh khi sai st.Th nht, kh nhiu
bi ton ti khng th nu r ngun gc v tc gi ca n. Th hai : mt s li ny sinh trong
qu trnh bin son, c th do li nh my, cch lm cha chun, hoc trnh by cha p do
kin thc v L
A
T
E
X cn hn ch. Tc gi xin bn c lng th. Mong rng cun sch s hon
chnh v thm phn s. Mi kin ng gp v sa i xin gi v theo a ch sau y :
Nguyn Minh Tun
Sinh Vin Lp K62CLC
Khoa Ton Tin Trng HSP H Ni
Facebook :https://www.facebook.com/popeye.nguyen.5
S in thoi : 01687773876
Nick k2pi, BoxMath : Popeye
Chng 1
Mt s phng php v cc loi h c
bn
1.1 Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh
I. Rt x theo y hoc ngc li t mt phng trnh
II. Phng php th
1. Th hng s t mt phng trnh vo phng trnh cn li
2. Th mt biu thc t mt phng trnh vo phng trnh cn li
3. S dng php th i vi c 2 phng trnh hoc th nhiu ln.
III. Phng php h s bt nh
1. Cng tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau
2. Nhn hng s vo cc phng trnh ri em cng tr cho nhau.
3. Nhn cc biu thc ca bin vo cc phng trnh ri cng tr cho nhau
IV. Phng php t n ph
V. Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s
VI. Phng php lng gic ha
VII. Phng php nhn chia cc phng trnh cho nhau
VIII. Phng php nh gi
1. Bin i v tng cc i lng khng m
2. nh gi s rng buc tri ngc ca n, ca biu thc, ca mt phng trnh
3. nh gi da vo tam thc bc 2
4. S dng cc bt ng thc thng dng nh gi
IX. Phng php phc ha
X. Kt hp cc phng php trn
6 Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn
1.2 Mt s loi h c bn
A. H phng trnh bc nht 2 n
I. Dng
_
ax +by = c (a
2
+b
2
= 0)
a
x +b
y = c (a
2
+b
2
= 0)
II. Cch gii
1. Th
2. Cng i s
3. Dng th
4. Phng php nh thc cp 2
B. H phng trnh gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai
I. Dng
_
ax
2
+by
2
+cxy +dx +ey +f = 0
a
x +b
y = c
II. Cch gii: Th t phng trnh bc nht vo phng trnh bc hai
C. H phng trnh i xng loi I
I. Du hiu
i vai tr ca x v y cho nhau th h cho khng i
II. Cch gii:
Thng ta s t n ph tng tch x +y = S, xy = P (S
2
4P)
D. H phng trnh i xng loi II
I. Du hiu
i vai tr ca x v y cho nhau th phng trnh ny bin thnh phng trnh kia
II. Cch gii:
Thng ta s tr hai phng trnh cho nhau
E. H ng cp
I. Du hiu
ng cp bc 2
_
ax
2
+bxy +cy
2
= d
a
x
2
+b
xy +c
y
2
= d
ng cp bc 3
_
ax
3
+bx
2
y +cxy
2
+dy
3
= e
a
x
3
+b
x
2
y +c
xy
2
+ d
y
3
= e
II. Cch gii:

Thng ta s t x = ty hoc y = tx
Ngoi ra cn mt loi h na ti tm gi n l bn ng cp, tc l hon ton c th a
v dng ng cp c .Loi h ny khng kh lm, nhng nhn nhn ra c n cn phi
kho lo sp xp cc hng t ca phng trnh li. Ti ly mt v d n gin cho bn c
Gii h :
_
x
3
y
3
= 8x + 2y
x
2
3y
2
= 6
Vi h ny ta ch vic nhn cho v vi v s to thnh ng cp. V khi ta c quyn
chn la gia chia c 2 v cho y
3
hoc t x = ty
Nguyn Minh Tun - K62CLC Ton Tin - HSPHN. My facebook : Popeye Nguyn
Chng 2
Tuyn tp nhng bi h c sc
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
Cu 1
_
(x y) (x
2
+y
2
) = 13
(x +y) (x
2
y
2
) = 25
Gii
D dng nhn thy y l mt h ng cp bc 3, bnh thng ta c nhn cho ln ri chia 2
v cho x
3
hoc y
3
. Nhng hy xem mt cch gii tinh t sau y:
Ly (2) (1) ta c : 2xy(x y) = 12 (3)
Ly (1) (3) ta c : (x y)
3
= 1 x = y + 1
V sao c th c hng ny ? Xin tha l da vo hnh thc i xng ca h. Ngon lnh
ri. Thay vo phng trnh u ta c
(y + 1)
2
+y
2
= 13
_
y = 2
y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 2), (2; 3)
Cu 2
_
x
3
8x = y
3
+ 2y
x
2
3 = 3 (y
2
+ 1)
Gii
nh sau : Phng trnh 1 gm bc ba v bc nht. Phng trnh 2 gm bc 2 v bc 0
(hng s).
R rng y l mt h dng na ng cp. Ta s vit li n a v ng cp
H cho tng ng :
_
x
3
y
3
= 8x + 2y
x
2
3y
2
= 6
Gi ta nhn cho hai v a n v dng ng cp
6
_
x
3
y
3
_
= (8x + 2y)
_
x
2
3y
2
_
2x (3y x) (4y +x) = 0
8 Tuyn tp nhng bi h c sc
TH1 : x = 0 thay vo (2) v nghim
TH2 : x = 3y thay vo (2) ta c:
6y
2
= 6
_
y = 1, x = 3
y = 1, x = 3
TH3 : x = 4y thay vo (2) ta c:
13y
2
= 6
_
_
y =
_
6
13
, x = 4
_
6
13
y =
_
6
13
, x = 4
_
6
13
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (3; 1), (3; 1),
_
4
_
6
13
;
_
6
13
_
,
_
4
_
6
13
;
_
6
13
_
Cu 3
_
x
2
+y
2
3x + 4y = 1
3x
2
2y
2
9x 8y = 3
Gii
khi nhn 3 vo PT(1) ri tr i PT(2) s ch cn y . Vy
3.PT(1) PT(2) y
2
+ 4y = 0
_
_
y = 0 x =
3
7
2
y = 4 x =
3
7
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) =
_
3
7
2
; 0
_
,
_
3
7
2
; 4
_
Cu 4
_
x
2
+xy + y
2
= 19(x y)
2
x
2
xy + y
2
= 7 (x y)
Gii
Nhn xt v tri ang c dng bnh phng thiu, vy ta th thm bt a v dng bnh
phng xem sao. Nn a v (x y)
2
hay (x + y)
2
. Hin nhin khi nhn sang v phi ta s
chn phng n u
H cho tng ng
_
(x y)
2
+ 3xy = 19(x y)
2
(x y)
2
+xy = 7 (x y)
t x y = a v xy = b ta c h mi
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 9
_
b = 6a
2
a
2
+b = 7a

_
a = 0, b = 0
a = 1, b = 6

_
_
_
x y = 0
xy = 0
_
x y = 1
xy = 6
_
_
x = 0, y = 0
x = 3, y = 2
x = 2, y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (0; 0) , (3; 2) (2; 3)
Cu 5
_
x
3
+x
3
y
3
+y
3
= 17
x + xy +y = 5
Gii
H i xng loi I ri. No problem!!!
H cho tng ng
_
(x +y)
3
3xy(x +y) + (xy)
3
= 17
(x +y) + xy = 5
t x +y = a v xy = b ta c h mi
_
a
3
3ab +b
3
= 17
a + b = 5

_
a = 2, b = 3
a = 3, b = 2

_
_
_
x +y = 2
xy = 3
_
x +y = 3
xy = 2
_
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1)
Cu 6
_
x(x + 2)(2x +y) = 9
x
2
+ 4x +y = 6
Gii
y l loi h t n tng tch rt quen thuc
H cho tng ng
_
(x
2
+ 2x) (2x + y) = 9
(x
2
+ 2x) + (2x +y) = 6
t x
2
+ 2x = a v 2x +y = b ta c h mi
_
ab = 9
a +b = 6
a = b = 3
_
x
2
+ 2x = 3
2x +y = 3

_
x = 1, y = 1
x = 3, y = 9
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (3; 9)
Cu 7
_
x + y
xy = 3
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 4
Gii
Khng lm n g c c 2 phng trnh, trc gic u tin ca ta l bnh phng ph s
kh chu ca cn thc
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(2) x +y + 2 + 2
_
xy +x +y + 1 = 16
M t (1) ta c x +y = 3 +
xy nn
(2) 3 +
xy + 2 + 2
_
xy +
xy + 4 = 16

xy = 3
_
xy = 9
x + y = 6
x = y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 3)
Cu 8
_
x + 5 +
y 2 = 7
x 2 +
y + 5 = 7
Gii
i xng loi II. Khng cn g ni. Cho 2 phng trnh bng nhau ri bnh phng tung
te ph s kh chu ca cn thc
iu kin : x, y 2
T 2 phng trnh ta c
x + 5 +
_
y 2 =
x 2 +
_
y 5
x +y + 3 + 2
_
(x + 5)(y 2) = x +y + 3 + 2
_
(x 2)(y + 5)
_
(x + 5)(y 2) =
_
(x 2)(y + 5) x = y
Thay li ta c
x + 5 +
x 2 = 7 x = 11
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (11; 11)
Cu 9
_ _
x
2
+y
2
+
2xy = 8
x +
y = 4
Gii
H cho c v l na i xng na ng cp, bc ca PT(2) ang nh hn PT(1) mt
cht. Ch cn php bin i bnh phng (2) s va bin h tr thnh ng cp va ph b
bt i cn
iu kin : x, y 0
H cho
_ _
2(x
2
+y
2
) + 2
xy = 16
x + y + 2
xy = 16

_
2 (x
2
+y
2
) = x +y x = y
Thay li ta c : 2
x = 4 x = 4
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 11
Cu 10
_
6x
2
3xy + x = 1 y
x
2
+y
2
= 1
Gii
Mt cch trc gic khi nhn thy h cha tam thc bc 2 l th xem liu c phn tch c
thnh nhn t hay khng ? Ta s th bng cch tnh theo mt n c chnh phng hay
khng. Ngon lnh l PT(1)
x
p nh tin.
Phng trnh u tng ng (3x 1)(2x y + 1) = 0
Vi x =
1
3
y =
2
2
3
Vi y = 2x + 1 x
2
+ (2x + 1)
2
= 1
_
x = 0, y = 1
x =
4
5
, y =
3
5
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) =
_
1
3
;
2
2
3
_
, (0, 1),
_
4
5
;
3
5
_
Cu 11
_
x 2y
xy = 0
x 1 +
4y 1 = 2
Gii
Phng trnh u l dng ng cp ri
iu kin x 1, y
1
4
T phng trnh u ta c :
_
x +
y
_ _
x 2
y
_
= 0 x = 4y
Thay vo (2) ta c
x 1 +
x 1 = 2 x = 2
_
2;
1
2
_
Cu 12
_
xy +x + y = x
2
2y
2
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
(x +y) (2y x + 1) = 0
_
x = y
x = 2y + 1
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Vi x = y loi v theo iu kin th x, y phi cng du
Vi x = 2y + 1 th phng trnh 2 s tng ng
(2y + 1)
_
2y y
_
2y = 2y + 2
_
2y(y + 1) = 2y + 2 y = 2 x = 5
Cu 13
_
x + 1 +
y + 2 = 6
x + y = 17
Gii
iu kin x, y 1
H cho tng ng
_
x + 1 +
y + 2 = 6
(x + 1) + (y + 2) = 20
t
x + 1 = a 0,
y + 2 = b 0. H cho tng ng
_
a +b = 6
a
2
+ b
2
= 20

_
a = 4, b = 2
a = 2, b = 4

_
x = 15, y = 2
x = 3, y = 14
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (15; 2), (3; 14)
Cu 14
_
y
2
= (5x + 4)(4 x)
y
2
5x
2
4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0
Gii
Phng trnh 2 tng ng
y
2
+ (5x + 4)(4 x) 4xy 8y = 0 2y
2
4xy 8y = 0
_
y = 0
y = 2x + 4
Vi y = 0 th suy ra : (5x + 4) (4 x) = 0
_
x = 4
x =
4
5
Vi y = 2x + 4 th suy ra (2x + 4)
2
= (5x + 4)(4 x) x = 0
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (4; 0),
_
4
5
; 0
_
, (0; 4)
Cu 15
_
x
2
2xy + x + y = 0
x
4
4x
2
y + 3x
2
+y
2
= 0
Gii
H cho tng ng
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 13
_
x
2
+y = x(2y 1)
(x
2
+y)
2
+ 3x
2
(1 2y) = 0
x
2
(2y 1)
2
+ 3x
2
(2y 1) = 0 x
2
(2y 1)(2y 4) = 0
_
x = 0, y = 0
y =
1
2
(L)
y = 2, x = 1 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 2), (2; 2)
Cu 16
_
x +y +xy(2x + y) = 5xy
x +y +xy(3x y) = 4xy
Gii
PT(1) PT(2) xy(2y x) = xy
_
xy = 0
x = 2y 1
Vi xy = 0 x +y = 0 x = y = 0
Vi x = 2y 1
(2y 1) + y + (2y 1)y(5y 2) = 5(2y 1)y
_
_
y = 1, x = 1
y =
9
41
20
, x =
1 +
41
10
y =
9 +
41
20
, x =
41 1
10
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1),
_
1 +
41
10
;
9
41
20
_
,
_
41 1
10
;
9 +
41
20
_
Cu 17
_
x
2
xy + y
2
= 3
2x
3
9y
3
= (x y)(2xy + 3)
Gii
Nu ch xt tng phng trnh mt s khng lm n c g. Nhng 2 ngi ny b rng
buc vi nhau bi con s 3 b n. Php th chng ? ng vy, thay 3 xung di ta s ra mt
phng trnh ng cp v kt qu p hn c mong i
Th 3 t trn xung di ta c
2x
3
9y
3
= (x y)
_
x
2
+ xy +y
2
_
x
3
= 8y
3
x = 2y
(1) 3y
2
= 3 y = 1, x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1)
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Cu 18
_

x +y +
x y = 1 +
_
x
2
y
2
x +
y = 1
Gii
iu kin :x y 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
x + y 1 =
x y
_
x +y 1
_
_

x +y = 1
x y = 1

_
x =

1 y
x =

1 + y
T
_
1 y +
y = 1
y + 1 +
y = 1

_
_
y = 0, x = 1
y = 1, x = 0(L)
y = 0, x = 1
Cu 19
_
2x y = 1 +
_
x(y + 1)
x
3
y
2
= 7
Gii
iu kin : x(y + 1) 0
T (2) d thy x > 0 y 1
(1)
_
y + 1
_ _
2
x +
y + 1
_
= 0 x = y + 1
(y + 1)
3
y
2
= 7 y = 1, x = 2
T cu 20 tr i ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn mt phng php rt mnh
gii quyt gn p rt nhiu cc h phng trnh hu t. gi h s bt nh
(trong y ti s gi n bng tn khc : UCT). S mt khong hn chc v d
din t trn vn phng php ny
Trc ht im qua mt mo phn tch nhn t ca a thc hai bin rt nhanh bng my
tnh Casio. Bi vit ca tc gi nthoangcute.
V d 1 : A = x
2
+xy 2y
2
+ 3x + 36y 130
Thc ra y l tam thc bc 2 th c th tnh phn tch cng c. Nhng th phn tch
bng Casio xem .
Nhn thy bc ca x v y u bng 2 nn ta chn ci no cng c
Cho y = 1000 ta c A = x
2
+ 1003x 1964130 = (x + 1990) (x 987)
Cho 1990 = 2y 10 v 987 = y 13
A = (x + 2y 10) (x y + 13)
V d 2 : B = 6x
2
y 13xy
2
+ 2y
3
18x
2
+ 10xy 3y
2
+ 87x 14y + 15
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 15
Nhn thy bc ca x nh hn, cho ngay y = 1000
B = 5982x
2
12989913x + 1996986015 = 2991 (2x 333) (x 2005)
Cho 2991 = 3y 9 ,333 =
y 1
3
, 2005 = 2y + 5
B = (3y 9)
_
2x
y 1
3
_
(x 2y 5) = (y 3) (6x y + 1) (x 2y 5)
V d 3 : C = x
3
3xy
2
2y
3
7x
2
+ 10xy + 17y
2
+ 8x 40y + 16
Bc ca x v y nh nhau
Cho y = 1000 ta c C = x
3
7x
2
2989992x 1983039984
Phn tch C=(x 1999) (x + 996)
2
Cho 1999 = 2y 1 v 996 = y 4
C = (x 2y + 1) (x +y 4)
2
V d 4 : D = 2x
2
y
2
+x
3
+ 2y
3
+ 4x
2
+ xy + 6y
2
+ 3x + 4y + 12
Bc ca x v y nh nhau
Cho y = 1000 ta c D = (x + 2000004) (x
2
+ 1003)
Cho 2000004 = 2y
2
+ 4 v 1003 = y + 3
D = (x + 2y
2
+ 4) (x
2
+ y + 3)
V d 5 : E = x
3
y + 2x
2
y
2
+ 6x
3
+ 11x
2
y xy
2
6x
2
7xy y
2
6x 5y + 6
Bc ca y nh hn
Cho x = 1000 ta c E = 1998999y
2
+ 1010992995y + 5993994006 =
2997 (667y + 333333) (y + 6)
o ha E=999 (2001y + 999999) (y + 6)
Cho 999 = x 1, 2001 = 2y + 1, 999999 = x
2
1
E = (x 1) (y + 6) (x
2
+ 2xy + y 1)
V d 6 : F = 6x
4
y + 12x
3
y
2
+ 5x
3
y 5x
2
y
2
+ 6xy
3
+ x
3
+ 7x
2
y + 4xy
2
3y
3
2x
2
8xy +
3y
2
2x + 3y 3
Bc ca y nh hn
Cho x = 1000 ta c F = 5997y
3
+ 11995004003y
2
+ 6005006992003y + 997997997
Phn tch F=(1999y + 1001001) (3y
2
+ 5999000y + 997)
Cho 1999 = 2x 1, 1001001 = x
2
+x + 1, 5999000 = 6x
2
x, 997 = x 3
F = (x
2
+ 2xy +x y + 1) (6x
2
y xy + 3y
2
+ x 3)
Lm quen c ri ch ? Bt u no
Cu 20
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
5
4x
2
+ 3x
57
25
= y(3x + 1)
Gii
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Li gii gn p nht ca bi trn l
25.PT(1) + 50.PT(2) (15x + 5y 7)(15x + 5y + 17) = 0
n y d dng tm c nghim ca h : (x; y) =
_
2
5
;
1
5
_
,
_
11
25
;
2
25
_
Cu 21
_
14x
2
21y
2
6x + 45y 14 = 0
35x
2
+ 28y
2
+ 41x 122y + 56 = 0
Gii
Li gii gn p nht ca bi ny l
49.PT(1) 15.PT(2) (161x 483y + 218)(x + 3y 7) = 0
V n y cng d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (1; 2)
Qua 2 v d trn ta t ra cu hi : V sao li th ? Ci nhm thnh nhn t th ti khng
ni bi t hn cc bn c n trn ri. V sao y l ti sao li ngh ra nhng hng s
kia nhn vo cc phng trnh, mt s tnh c may mn hay l c mt phng php. Xin tha
chnh l mt v d ca UCT. UCT l mt cng c rt mnh c th qut sch gn nh ton
b nhng bi h dng l hai tam thc. Cch tm nhng hng s nh th no. Ti xin trnh
by ngay sau y. Bi vit ca tc gi nthoangcute.
Tng Qut:
_
a
1
x
2
+ b
1
y
2
+c
1
xy +d
1
x +e
1
y +f
1
= 0
a
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
+c
2
xy +d
2
x +e
2
y +f
2
= 0
Gii
Hin nhin nhn xt y l h gm hai tam thc bc hai. M nhc n tam thc th khng
th khng nhc ti mt i tng l . Mt tam thc phn tch c nhn t hay khng
phi xem
x
hoc
y
ca n c chnh phng hay khng. Nu h loi ny m t ngay mt
phng trnh ra k diu th chng ni lm g, th nhng c hai phng trnh u ra rt
k cc th ta s lm nh no. Khi UCT s ln ting. Ta s chn hng s thch hp nhn vo
mt (hoc c hai phng trnh) p sao cho chnh phng.
Nh vy phi tm hng s k sao cho PT(1) + k.PT(2) c th phn tch thnh nhn t
t a = a
1
+ka
2
, b = b
1
+kb
2
, c = c
1
+ kc
2
, d = d
1
+ kd
2
, e = e
1
+ ke
2
, f = f
1
+kf
2
S k l nghim ca phng trnh sau vi a = 0
cde + 4abf = ae
2
+ bd
2
+ fc
2
D vng c hn mt cng thc gii h phng trnh loi ny. Tc gi ca n kh xut
sc !!!. Th kim chng li v d 21 nh
a = 14 + 35k, b = 21 + 28k, c = 0, d = 6 + 41k, e = 45 122k, f = 14 + 56k
S k s l nghim ca phng trnh
4(14+35k)(21+28k)(14+56k) = (14+35k)(45122k)
2
+(21+28k)(6+41k)
2
k =
15
49
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 17
Nh vy l PT(1)
15
49
.PT(2) hay 49.PT(1) 15.PT(2)
Mt cht lu l khng phi h no cng y cc hng s. Nu khuyt thiu phn no th
cho hng s l 0. Ok!!
Xong dng ny ri. Hy lm bi tp vn dng. y l nhng bi h ti tng hp t nhiu
ngun.
1.
_
x
2
+ 8y
2
6xy +x 3y 624 = 0
21x
2
24y
2
30xy 83x + 49y + 585 = 0
2.
_
x
2
+y
2
3x + 4y = 1
3x
2
2y
2
9x 8y = 3
3.
_
y
2
= (4x + 4)(4 x)
y
2
5x
2
4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0
4.
_
xy 3x 2y = 16
x
2
+y
2
2x 4y = 33
5.
_
x
2
+xy +y
2
= 3
x
2
+ 2xy 7x 5y + 9 = 0
6.
_
(2x + 1)
2
+y
2
+y = 2x + 3
xy + x = 1
7.
_
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 2y 2xy + 1
3x
2
+ 2xy y
2
= 2x y + 5
8.
_
(x 1)
2
+ 6(x 1)y + 4y
2
= 20
x
2
+ (2y + 1)
2
= 2
9.
_
2x
2
+ 4xy + 2y
2
+ 3x + 3y 2 = 0
x
2
+y
2
+ 4xy + 2y = 0
10.
_
2x
2
+ 3xy = 3y 13
3y
2
+ 2xy = 2x + 11
11.
_
4x
2
+ 3y(x 1) = 7
3y
2
+ 4x(y 1) = 3
12.
_
x
2
+ 2 = x(y 1)
y
2
7 = y(x 1)
13.
_
x
2
+ 2xy + 2y
2
+ 3x = 0
xy +y
2
+ 3y + 1 = 0
Cu 22
_
x
3
y
3
= 35
2x
2
+ 3y
2
= 4x 9y
Gii
Li gii ngn gn cho bi ton trn l
PT(1) 3.PT(2) (x 2)
3
= (y + 3)
3
x = y + 5
Thay vo (2) ta d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (3; 2)
Cu hi t ra y l s dng UCT nh th no ? Tt nhin y khng phi dng trn na
ri. Trc ht nh gi ci h ny
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- Bc ca x v y l nh nhau
- Cc bin x,y c lp vi nhau
- Phng trnh mt c bc cao hn PT(2)
Nhng nhn xt trn a ta n tng nhn hng s vo PT(2) PT(1) + a.PT(2) a
c v dng hng ng thc A
3
= B
3
PT(1) + a.PT(2) x
3
+ 2ax
2
4ax y
3
+ 3ay
2
+ 9ay 35 = 0
Cn tm a sao cho v tri c dng (x +)
3
(y +)
3
= 0
Cn bng ta c :
_
_
_
3
= 35
3 = 2a
3
2
= 4a
_
_
_
a = 3
= 2
= 3
Vy PT(1) 3.PT(2) (x 2)
3
= (y + 3)
3
OK ?? Th mt v d tng t nh
Gii h:
_
x
3
+y
3
= 91
4x
2
+ 3y
2
= 16x + 9y
Gi : PT(1) 3.PT(2) (x 4)
3
= (y + 3)
3
Cu 23
_
x
3
+y
2
= (x y)(xy 1)
x
3
x
2
+y + 1 = xy(x y + 1)
Gii
Hy cng ti phn tch bi ton ny. Tip tc s dng UCT
nh gi h :
-Bc ca x cao hn bc ca y
-Cc bin x,y khng c lp vi nhau
-Hai phng trnh c bc cao nht ca x v y nh nhau
V bc x ang cao hn bc y v bc ca y ti 2 phng trnh nh nhau nn ta hy nhn tung
ri vit li 2 phng trnh theo n y. C th nh sau :
_
y
2
(x + 1) y (x
2
+ 1) + x
3
+x = 0
y
2
x y (x
2
+ x 1) + x
3
x
2
+ 1 = 0
By gi ta mong c rng khi thay x bng 1 s no vo h ny th s thu c 2 phng
trnh tng ng. Tc l khi cc h s ca 2 phng trnh s t l vi nhau . Vy :
x + 1
x
=
x
2
+ 1
x
2
+x 1
=
x
3
+x
x
3
x
2
+ 1
x = 1
Rt may mn ta tm c x = 1. Thay x = 1 li h ta c
_
2 (y
2
y + 1) = 0
y
2
y + 1 = 0
2.PT(2) PT(1) s c nhn t x 1
C th l (x 1) (y
2
(x + 3) y + x
2
x 2) = 0
TH1 :x = 1 thay vo th v nghim
TH2: Kt hp thm vi PT(1) ta c h mi :
_
y
2
(x + 3) y + x
2
x 2 = 0 (3)
x
3
+ y
2
x
2
y +x +xy
2
y = 0
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 19
Nhn xt h ny c c im ging vi h ban u l bc y nh nhau. Vy ta li vit li h
theo n y v hi vng n s li ng vi x no . Tht vy, l x =
1
2
. Tip tc thay n
vo h v ta s rt ra :
2PT(2) PT(1) (2x + 1)
_
y
2
(x 1) y +x
2
x + 2
_
TH1 : x =
1
2
y =
5 3
5
4
TH2 : Kt hp vi (3) ta c
_
y
2
(x 1) y + x
2
x + 2 = 0
y
2
(x + 3) + x
2
x 2 = 0
Vi h ny ta ch vic tr cho nhau s ra y = 1 x
2
+ 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) =
_
1
2
;
5 + 3
5
4
_
,
_
1
2
;
5 3
5
4
_
Cu 24
_
2 (x + y) (25 xy) = 4x
2
+ 17y
2
+ 105
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x 2y = 7
Gii
Hnh thc bi h c v kh ging vi cu 23
Mt cht nh gi v h ny
- Cc bin x v y khng c lp vi nhau
- Bc cao nht ca x 2 phng trnh nh nhau , y cng vy
Vi cc c im ny ta th vit h thnh 2 phng trnh theo n x v y v xem liu h c
ng vi x hoc y no khng. Cch lm vn nh cu 23. Vit theo x ta s khng tm c y,
nhng vit theo y ta s tm c x = 2 khin h lun ng. Thay x = 2 vo h ta c
_
21y
2
42y + 21 = 0
y
2
2y + 1 = 0
PT(1) 21PT(2) (x 2)
_
2y
2
+ 2xy + 4y 17x 126
_
= 0
TH1 : x = 2 y = 1
TH2 :
_
2y
2
+ 2xy + 4y 17x 126 = 0
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x 2y 7 = 0
H ny c cch gii ri nh ??
3.PT(2) PT(1) (x y + 5)
2
+ 2x
2
+x + 80 = 0 (V nghim)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1)
Tip theo chng ta s n vi cu VMO 2004.
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Cu 25
_
x
3
+ 3xy
2
= 49
x
2
8xy + y
2
= 8y 17x
Gii
Li gii ngn gn nht ca bi trn l :
PT(1) + 3.PT(2) (x + 1)
_
(x + 1)
2
+ 3(y 4)
2
_
= 0
n y d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (1; 4), (1; 4)
Cu hi c t ra l bi ny tm hng s nh th no ? C rt nhiu cch gii thch nhng
ti xin trnh by cch gii thch ca ti :tuzki:
Lm tng t theo nh hai cu 23 v 24 xem no. Vit li h cho thnh
_
3xy
2
+x
3
+ 49 = 0
y
2
+ 8(x + 1)y +x
2
17x = 0
Mt cch trc gic ta th vi x = 1. V sao ? V vi x = 1 phng trnh 2 s khng cn
phn y v c v 2 phng trnh s tng ng. Khi thay x = 1 h cho tr thnh
_
3y
2
+ 48 = 0
y
2
16 = 0
Hai phng trnh ny tng ng. Tri thng ri !! Vy x = 1 chnh l 1 nghim ca
h v t h th hai ta suy ra ngay phi lm l PT(1) + 3.PT(2). Vic cn li ch l phn
tch nt thnh nhn t.
Tip theo y chng ta s n vi mt chm h d bn ca tng trn. Ti khng trnh
by chi tit m ch gi v kt qu
Cu 26
_
y
3
+ 3xy
2
= 28
x
2
6xy + y
2
= 6x 10y
Gi : PT(1) + 3.PT(2) (y + 1) (3(x 3)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
) = 0
Nghim ca h : (x; y) = (3; 1), (3; 1)
Cu 27
_
6x
2
y + 2y
3
+ 35 = 0
5x
2
+ 5y
2
+ 2xy + 5x + 13y = 0
Gi : PT(1) + 3.PT(2) (2y + 5)
_
3
_
x +
1
2
_
2
+
_
y +
5
2
_
2
_
= 0
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2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30 21
Cu 28
_
x
3
+ 5xy
2
= 35
2x
2
5xy 5y
2
+x + 10y 35 = 0
Gi : PT(1) + 2.PT(2) (x 2) (5(y 1)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
) = 0
Cu 29
_
x
3
+ 3xy
2
= 6xy 3x 49
x
2
8xy + y
2
= 10y 25x 9
Gi : PT(1) + 3.PT(2) (x + 1) ((x + 1)
2
+ 3(y 5)
2
) = 0
im qua cc cu t cu 23 n cu 29 ta thy dng nh nhng cu h ny kh c bit.
Phi c bit th nhng h s kia mi t l v ta tm c x = hay y = l nghim ca
h. Th vi nhng bi h khng c c may mn nh kia th ta s lm nh no. Ti xin gii
thiu mt phng php UCT rt mnh. C th p dng rt tt gii nhiu bi h hu t (k
c nhng v d trn). l phng php Tm quan h tuyn tnh gia x v y. V ta s
khng ch nhn hng s vo mt phng trnh m thm ch nhn c mt hm f(x) hay g(y)
vo n. Ti s a ra vi v d c th sau y :
Cu 30
_
3x
2
+xy 9x y
2
9y = 0
2x
3
20x x
2
y 20y = 0
Gii
Bi ny nu th nh cu 23, 24, 25 u khng tm ra ni x hay y bng bao nhiu l nghim ca
h. Vy phi dng php dng quan h tuyn tnh gia x v y. Quan h ny c th xy dng
bng hai cch thng dng sau :
- Tm ti thiu hai cp nghim ca h
- S dng nh l v nghim ca phng trnh hu t
Trc ht ti xin pht biu li nh l v nghim ca phng trnh hu t :
Xt a thc : P(x) = a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+.... + a
1
x +a
0
a thc c nghim hu t
p
q
p l c ca a
0
cn q l c ca a
n
OK ri ch ? By gi ta hy th xy dng quan h theo cch u tin, l tm ti thiu hai
cp nghim ca h ( Casio ln ting :v )
D thy h trn c cp nghim l (0; 0 v (2; 1)
Chn hai nghim ny ln lt ng vi ta 2 im, khi phng trnh ng thng qua
chng s l : x + 2y = 0 x = 2y
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Nh vy quan h tuyn tnh y l x = 2y. Thay li vo h ta c
_
9y (y + 1) = 0
20y (y + 1) (y 1) = 0
Sau ta chn biu thc ph hp nht nhn vo 2 phng trnh.
y s l 20 (y 1) .PT(1) + 9.PT(2)
Nh vy
20 (y 1) .PT(1) + 9.PT(2) (x + 2y)
_
18x
2
+ 15xy 60x 10y
2
80y
_
= 0
TH1 : x = 2y thay vo (1)
TH2 : Kt hp thm vi PT(1) na thnh mt h gm hai tam thc bit cch gii
Nghim ca h :
(x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (10; 15),
_
15
145
2
; 11
145
_
,
_
15 +
145
2
; 11 +
145
_
S dng cch ny chng ta thy, mt h phng trnh hu t ch cn tm c mt cp

nghim l ta xy dng c quan h tuyn tnh v gii quyt bi ton. y chnh l u
im ca n. Bn c th vn dng n vo gii nhng v d t 23 n 29 xem. Ti th lm
cu 25 nh : Cp nghim l (1; 4), (1; 4) nn quan h xy dng y l x = 1. Thay li
vo h v ta c hng chn h s nhn.
Tuy nhin cch ny s chu cht vi nhng bi h ch c mt cp nghim hoc nghim qu
l khng th d bng Casio c. y l nhc im ln nht ca n
No by gi hy th xy dng quan h bng nh l nh.
Vi h ny v phng trnh di ang c bc cao hn trn nn ta s nhn a vo phng trnh
trn ri cng vi phng trnh di. V bc ca x ang cao hn nn ta vit li biu thc sau
khi thu gn di dng mt phng trnh bin x. C th l
2x
3
+ (3a y) x
2
+ (ay 9a 20) x y (ay + 9a + 20) = 0()
Nghim ca (*) theo nh l s l mt trong cc gi tr
_
1,
1
2
,
y
2
, y, ....
_
Tt nhin khng th c nghim x =
1
2
hay x = 1 c. Hy th vi hai trng hp cn li.
* Vi x = y thay vo h ta c
_
3y
2
18y = 0
y
3
40y = 0
Khi ta s phi ly (y
2
40).PT(1) 3(y 6).PT(2). R rng l qu phc tp. Loi ci ny.
* Vi x = y thay vo h ta c
_
y
2
= 0
3y
3
= 0
Khi ta s ly 3y.PT(1) + PT(2). Qu n gin ri. Khi biu thc s l
(x +y)
_
2x
2
+ 6xy
_
3y
2
+ 27y + 20
__
= 0
Cch s hai rt tt thay th cch 1 trong trng hp khng tm ni cp nghim. Tuy nhin
yu im ca n l khng phi h no dng nh l cng tm c nghim. Ta phi bit kt
hp nhun nhuyn hai cch vi nhau. V hy th dng cch 2 lm cc cu t 23 n 29 xem.
N s ra nghim l hng s.
Lm mt cu tng t na. Ti nu lun hng gii.
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 23
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60
Cu 31
_
x
2
y
2
+ 3x + 3y 3 = 0
x
2
y 4xy 3y
2
+ 2y x + 1 = 0
Gii
PT(1) (y 1).PT(2) (x +y 1)
_
3y
2
+ xy 2y + 2
_
= 0
TH1 : x = 1 y . No problem !!!
Th2 :
_
3y
2
+xy 2y + 2 = 0
x
2
y 4xy 3y
2
+ 2y x + 1 = 0
y li l h c bit, ta tm c x = 3 l nghim ca h. Thay vo v rt ra kt qu
PT(1) + PT(2) (x 3) (xy 1) = 0
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0)
Bi vit v phng php UCT hay cn gi l h s bt nh kt thc y. Qua hn chc
cu ta thy : s dng phng php UCT nng cao (tm quan h tuyn tnh gia cc n) l
mt phng php rt mnh v rt tt gii quyt nhanh gn cc h phng trnh hu t. Tuy
nhin nhc im ca n trong qu trnh lm l kh nhiu. Th nht : tnh ton qu tru b
v hi no. Hin nhin ri, dng quan h tuyn tnh kh, sau cn phi nhc cng phn
tch mt a thc hn n thnh nhn t. Th hai, nu s dng n mt cch thi qu s khin
bn thn tr nn thc dng, my mc, khng chu my m suy ngh m c nhn thy l lao
u vo UCT, c khc g lao u vo khng ?
Mt cu hi t ra. Liu UCT c nn s dng trong cc k thi, kim tra hay khng ? Xin
tha, trong nhng VMO, cng lm tng ca h l dng UCT dng c bn, tc l nhn
hng s thi. UCT dng c bn th ti khng ni lm g ch UCT dng nng cao th tt nht
khng nn xi trong cc k thi. Th nht mt rt nhiu thi gian v sc lc. Th hai gy kh
khn v c ch cho ngi chm, h hon ton c th gch b ton b mc d c th bn lm
ng. Vy nn : CNG NG LM RI MI DNG NH !! :D
y c l l bi vit ln nht m ti km vo trong cun sch. Trong nhng cu tip theo
ti s ci nhng bi vit nh hn vo. n xem nh. Nhng cu tip theo c th cn mt s
cu s dng phng php UCT. Vy nn nu thc mc c quay tr li t cu 20 m xem. Tm
thi gc li , ta tip tc n vi nhng cu tip theo.
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Cu 32
_
x
5
+y
5
= 1
x
9
+y
9
= x
4
+y
4
Gii
Nhn thy r rng y l loi h bn ng cp. Ta nhn cho hai v vi nhau c
x
9
+y
9
= (x
4
+y
4
)(x
5
+y
5
) x
4
y
4
(x +y) = 0
TH1 : x = 0 y = 1
TH2 : y = 0 x = 1
TH3 : x = y thay vo (1) r rng v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 0), (0; 1)
Cu 33
_
x
3
+ 2xy
2
= 12y
8y
2
+ x
2
= 12
Gii
Li thm mt h cng loi, nhn cho hai v cho nhau ta c
x
3
+ 2xy
2
= y(8y
2
+ x
2
) x = 2y
Khi (2) s tng ng
12y
2
= 12 y = 1, x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1)
Cu 34
_
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
2xy
x +y
= 1
x +y = x
2
y
Gii
iu kin : x +y > 0
R rng khng lm n c t phng trnh (2). Th bin i phng trnh (1) xem
(1) (x +y)
2
1 +
2xy
x + y
2xy = 0
(x +y + 1)(x +y 1)
2xy(x +y 1)
x +y
= 0
C nhn t chung ri. Vi x +y = 1 thay vo (2) ta c
1 = (1 y)
2
y y = 0, y = 3
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 25
Gi ta xt trng hp cn li. l x +y + 1 =
2xy
x + y
x + y + 1 = 1 x
2
y
2
x
2
+y
2
+x +y = 0
R rng sai v t iu kin cho ngay x + y > 0
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 0), (2; 3)
Cu 35
_
x
3
y
3
= 3(x y
2
) + 2
x
2
+
1 x
2
3
_
2y y
2
+ 2 = 0
Gii
iu kin : 1 x 1, 0 y 2
Thng th bi ny ngi ta s lm nh sau. phng trnh (1) mt cht
(1) x
3
3x = (y 1)
3
3(y 1)
Xt f(t) = t
3
3t vi 1 t 1 th f
(t) = 3t
2
3 0
Suy ra f(t) n iu v t suy ra x = y 1 thay vo (2)
Cch ny n. Tuy nhin thay vo lm vn cha phi l nhanh. Hy xem mt cch khc rt mi
m m ti lm
(2) x
2
+
1 x
2
+ 2 = 3
_
2y y
2
f(x) = g(y)
Xt f(x) trn min [1; 1] ta s tm c 3 f(x)
13
4
Ta li c : g(y) = 3
_
y(2 y) 3
y + 2 y
2
= 3
Vy f(x) g(y). Du bng xy ra khi
_
y = 1
x = 1, x = 0
Thay vo phng trnh u ch c cp (x; y) = (0; 1) l tha mn
Cu 36
_
x
3
3x = y
3
3y
x
6
+y
6
= 1
Gii
D thy phng trnh (1) cn xt hm ri, tuy nhin f(t) = t
3
3t li khng n iu, cn phi
b thm iu kin. Ta s dng phng trnh (2) c iu kin. T (2) d thy 1 x, y 1.
Vi iu kin r rng f(t) n iu gim v suy ra c x = y
Thay vo (2) ta c
2x
6
= 1 x =
1
6
2
_
1
6
2
;
1
6
2
_
,
_
1
6
2
;
1
6
2
_
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Cu 37
_
x
3
(2 + 3y) = 1
x(y
3
2) = 3
Gii
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng
_
_
3y + 1 =
1
x
3
3
x
+ 2 = y
3
y =
1
x
Thay li (1) ta c
2x
3
+ 3x
2
1 = 0
_
x = 1 y = 1
x =
1
2
y = 2
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (1; 1),
_
1
2
; 2
_
Cu 38
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy + 1 = 4y
y(x + y)
2
= 2x
2
+ 7y + 2
Gii
S dng UCT s thy y = 0 l nghim ca h. Thay li v ta s c
2PT(1) + PT(2) y(x +y + 5)(x + y 3) = 0
_
_
y = 0
x = 5 y
x = 3 y
Vi y = 0 thay li v nghim
Vi x = 5 y khi phng trnh (1) s tng ng
(y + 5)
2
+ y
2
y
2
5y + 1 = 4y V L
Tng t vi x = 3 y cng v nghim
Vy h cho v nghim
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 27
Cu 39
_

x + y
x y =
y
2
x
2
y
2
= 9
Gii
iu kin : y min{x}
Ta khng nn t n tng hiu v vn cn st li
y
2
s lm bi ton kh khn hn. Mt cch
trc gic ta bnh phng (1) ln. T (1) ta suy ra
2x 2
_
x
2
y
2
=
y
2
4
n y nhn thy
_
x
2
y
2
theo (2) bng 3. Vy suy ra
2x 6 =
y
2
4
y
2
= 8x 24
Thay vo (2) ta c
x
2
8x + 15 = 0
_
_
x = 3 y = 0(TM)
x = 5 y = 4(TM)
x = 5 y = 4(TM)
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 0), (5; 4), (5; 4)
Cu 40
_
_
x
y + 1 =
5
2
y + 2(x 3)
x + 1 =
3
4
Gii
iu kin : x, y 1
Khng tm c mi quan h c th no. Tm thi ta t n d nhn
t
x + 1 = a 0,
y + 1 = b 0. H cho tng ng
_
_
a
2
1 b =
5
2
b
2
1 + 2a(a
2
4) =
3
4
Ta th b =
7
2
a
2
t (1) vo (2) v c :
_
7
2
a
2
_
2
+ 2a(a
2
4)
1
4
= 0
_
_
a = 3 b =
11
2
(L)
a = 2 b =
1
2
(L)
a = 1 b =
5
2
(TM)
a = 2 b =
1
2
(L)
_
x = 0
y =
3
4
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_
0;
3
4
_
Cu 41
_
(x
2
+xy +y
2
)
_
x
2
+y
2
= 185
(x
2
xy +y
2
)
_
x
2
+y
2
= 65
Gii
Thot nhn qua th thy y l mt h ng cp bc 3 r rng. Tuy nhin nu tinh ta em
cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau s ch cn li x
2
+y
2
Cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
2(x
2
+ y
2
)
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 250
_
x
2
+y
2
= 5
Khi thay li h ta c
_
(25 + xy).5 = 185
(25 xy).5 = 65

_
xy = 12
x
2
+y
2
= 25

_
_
x = 3, y = 4
x = 4, y = 3
x = 3, y = 4
x = 4, y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 4), (4; 3), (3; 4), (4; 3)
Cu 42
_
_
_
_
y
x
+
_
x
y
=
7
xy
+ 1
x
xy + y
xy = 78
Gii
iu kin : xy 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x +y
xy
=
7 +
xy
xy
xy(x + y) = 78
t x +y = a,

xy = b. H cho tng ng
_
a b = 7
ab = 78

_
_
_
a = 13
b = 6
_
a = 6
b = 13
(L)
_
x + y = 13
xy = 36

_
x = 9, y = 4
x = 4, y = 9
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (9; 4), (4; 9)
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 29
Cu 43
_
x
3
y
3
= 9
x
2
+ 2y
2
x + 4y = 0
Gii
Dng UCT
PT(1) 3.PT(3) (x 1)
3
= (y + 2)
3
x = y + 3
n y d dng tm nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1)
Cu 44
_
8x
3
y
3
+ 27 = 18y
3
4x
2
y + 6x = y
2
Gii
y l mt h hay. Ta hy tm cch loi b 18y
3
i. V y = 0 khng l nghim nn (2) tng
ng
72x
2
y
2
+ 108xy = 18y
3
n y tng r rng ri ch ? Th 18y
3
t (1) xung v ta thu c
8x
3
y
3
72x
2
y
2
108xy + 27 = 0
_
_
xy =
3
2
xy =
21 9
5
4
xy =
21 + 9
5
4
Thay vo (1) ta s tm c y v x
_
y = 0(L)
y =
3
_
8(xy)
3
+ 27
18
=
3
2
_
5 3
_
x =
1
4
_
3
5
_
y =
3
_
8(xy)
3
+ 27
18
=
3
2
_
3 +
5
_
x =
1
4
_
3 +
5
_
_
1
4
_
3
5
_
;
3
2
_
5 3
_
_
,
_
1
4
_
3 +
5
_
;
3
2
_
3 +
5
_
_
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Cu 45
_
_
(x + y)
_
1 +
1
xy
_
= 5
(x
2
+y
2
)
_
1 +
1
x
2
y
2
_
= 9
Gii
iu kin : xy = 0
Ta c nhn ra . H tng ng
_
_
x + y +
1
x
+
1
y
= 5
x
2
+y
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
= 9
_
_
x +
1
x
_
+
_
y +
1
y
_
= 5
_
x +
1
x
_
2
+
_
y +
1
y
_
2
= 13
_
x +
1
x
= 2, y +
1
y
= 3
x +
1
x
= 3, y +
1
y
= 2
_
x = 1, y =
3
5
2
x =
3
5
2
, y = 1
_
1;
3
5
2
_
,
_
3
5
2
; 1
_
Cu 46
_
x
2
+y
2
+x +y = 18
x(x + 1)y(y + 1) = 72
Gii
Mt bi t n tng tch cng kh n gin
t x
2
+x = a, y
2
+y = b. Ta c
_
a +b = 18
ab = 72

_
a = 12, b = 6
a = 6, b = 12

_
_
_
x
2
+x = 6
y
2
+ y = 12
_
x
2
+x = 12
y
2
+ y = 6
_
_
x = 2, x = 3
y = 3, y = 4
_
x = 3, x = 4
y = 2, y = 3
Vy h cho c c thy 8 nghim
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 31
Cu 47
_
x
3
+ 4y = y
3
+ 16x
1 + y
2
= 5(1 +x
2
)
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
x
3
16x = y (y
2
4)
y
2
4 = 5x
2
Nh vy phng trnh (1) s l
x
3
16x = 5x
2
y
_
_
x = 0, y = 2
y =
x
2
16
5x
Trng hp 2 thay vo (2) s l
(x
2
16)
2
25x
2
4 = 5x
2
_
x
2
= 1
x
2
=
64
31
_
x = 1, y = 3
x = 1, y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 2), (0; 2), (1; 3), (1; 3)
Cu 48
_
x +
_
y
2
x
2
= 12 y
x
_
y
2
x
2
= 12
Gii
iu kin : y
2
x
2
x
_
y
2
x
2
sinh ra t vic ta bnh phng (1). Vy th bm theo hng xem. T (1)
ta suy ta
x
2
+y
2
x
2
+ 2x
_
y
2
x
2
= (12 y)
2
y
2
+ 24 = (12 y)
2
y = 5
Thay vo (2) ta c
x
25 x
2
= 12 x = 3, x = 4
i chiu li thy tha mn
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 5), (4; 5)
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Cu 49
_
x
4
4x
2
+y
2
6y + 9 = 0
x
2
y + x
2
+ 2y 22 = 0
Gii
nu t x
2
= a th h cho bin thnh h tam thc bc 2 ta hon ton bit cch
gii. C th y s l
PT(1) + 2.PT(2) (x
2
+y)
2
2(x
2
+y) 35 = 0
TH1 : x
2
+ y = 7 x
2
= 7 y thay (2) ta c
(7 y)y + 7 y + 2y 22 = 0
_
y = 3 x = 2
y = 5 x =
2
TH2 : x
2
+ y = 5 x
2
= 5 y. Hon ton tng t thay (2) s cho y v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 3), (2; 3), (
2; 5), (
2; 5)
Cu 50
_
_
x
2
+ y +x
3
y +xy +y
2
x =
5
4
x
4
+ y
2
+xy(1 + 2x) =
5
4
Gii
y l cu Tuyn sinh khi A - 2008. Mt cch t nhin khi gp hnh thc ny l ta tin hnh
nhm cc s hng li
H cho tng ng
_
_
(x
2
+y) + xy + (x
2
+ y)xy =
5
4
(x
2
+y)
2
+ xy =
5
4
n y hng i r rng. t x
2
+ y = a, xy = b ta c
_
_
a +b +ab =
5
4
a
2
+b =
5
4
_
a = 0, b =
5
4
a =
1
2
, b =
3
2
_
_
x
2
+y = 0
xy =
5
4 _
_
x
2
+ y =
1
2
xy =
3
2
_
x =
3
_
5
4
, y =
3
_
25
16
x = 1, y =
3
2
_
3
_
5
4
;
3
_
25
16
_
,
_
1;
3
2
_
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 33
Cu 51
_
x
2
+ 1 + y(y + x) = 4y
(x
2
+ 1)(x +y 2) = y
Gii
H gn nh ch l cu chuyn ca x
2
+ 1 v x + y. Tuy nhin y chen vo khin h tr nn
kh chu. Hy dit y i . Cch tt nht l chia khi m y = 0 khng phi l nghim ca
h. H cho tng ng
_
_
x
2
+ 1
y
+x +y 2 = 2
x
2
+ 1
y
(x +y 2) = 1
Hng i r rng. t
x
2
+ 1
y
= a, x + y 2 = b
H cho tr thnh
_
a + b = 2
ab = 1

_
a = 1
b = 1

_
x
2
+ 1 = y
x +y = 3

_
x = 1, y = 2
x = 2, y = 5
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 5)
Cu 52
_
y +xy
2
= 6x
2
1 + x
2
y
2
= 5x
2
Gii
Loi h ny khng kh. tng ta s chia bin v phi tr thnh hng s
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng
_
_
y
x
2
+
y
2
x
= 6
1
x
2
+ y
2
= 5
_
y
x
_
1
x
+ y
_
= 6
_
1
x
+y
_
2
2
y
x
= 5
t
y
x
= a,
1
x
+y = b. H tr thnh
_
ab = 6
b
2
2a = 5

_
a = 2
b = 3

_
y = 2x
1
x
+y = 3

_
x = 1, y = 2
x =
1
2
, y = 1
_
1
2
; 1
_
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Cu 53
_
x
2
+ 2y
2
= xy + 2y
2x
3
+ 3xy
2
= 2y
2
+ 3x
2
y
Gii
mt cht y l h bn ng cp. Nu ta vit li nh sau
_
x
2
+ 2y
2
xy = 2y
2x
3
+ 3xy
2
3x
2
y = 2y
2
T ta c
2y
2
(x
2
+ 2y
2
xy) = 2y
_
2x
3
+ 3xy
2
3x
2
y
_
4y (y x)
_
x
2
xy + y
2
_
= 0
TH1 : y = 0 x = 0
TH2 : x = y = 0
TH3 : x = y thay vo (1) ta c
2y
2
= 2y
_
x = y = 0
x = y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1)
Cu 54
_
2x
2
y + y
3
= 2x
4
+x
6
(x + 2)
y + 1 = (x + 1)
2
Gii
iu kin : y 1
Khai thc t (1). C v nh l hm no . Chn chia cho ph hp ta s c mc ch, y
s chia cho x
3
v x = 0 khng l nghim ca h. PT(1) khi s l
2
_
y
x
_
+
_
y
x
_
3
= 2x +x
3
y
x
= x y = x
2
Thay vo (2) ta s c
(x + 2)
x
2
+ 1 = (x + 1)
2
(x + 2)
2
_
x
2
+ 1
_
= (x + 1)
4
_
x =
3, y = 3(TM)
x =
3, y = 3(TM)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (
3; 3)
Ta s n mt cu tng t n
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 35
Cu 55
_
x
5
+xy
4
= y
10
+ y
6
4x + 5 +
_
y
2
+ 8 = 6
Gii
iu kin : x
5
4
Thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia 2 v ca (1) cho y
5
ta c
_
x
y
_
5
+
x
y
= y
5
+y
x
y
= y x = y
2
Thay vo (2) ta c
4x + 5 +
x + 8 = 6 x = 1 y = 1
Cu 56
_
xy +x + 1 = 7y
x
2
y
2
+xy + 1 = 13y
2
Gii
y l cu Tuyn sinh khi B - 2009. Cc gii thng thng nht l chia (1) cho y, chia (2)
cho y
2
sau khi kim tra y = 0 khng phi l nghim. Ta s c
_
_
x +
x
y
+
1
y
= 7
x
2
+
x
y
+
1
y
2
= 13
_
x +
1
y
+
x
y
= 7
_
x +
1
y
_
2
x
y
= 13
_
a +b = 7
a
2
b = 13

_
a = 4, b = 3
a = 5, b = 12
_
_
_
_
x +
1
y
= 4
x = 3y
_
_
_
x +
1
y
= 5
x = 12y
_
x = 1, y =
1
3
x = 3, y = 1
_
1;
1
3
_
, (3; 1)
Tip tc ta n thm mt cu tuyn sinh na
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Cu 57
_
x
4
+ 2x
3
y +x
2
y
2
= 2x + 9
x
2
+ 2xy = 6x + 6
Gii
tht k nu ta th kho lo xy ln (1) s ch cn li phng trnh n x. D s l bc 4
nhng liu th n nhiu. H vit li
_
_
_
x
4
+ 2x
2
(xy) + x
2
y
2
= 2x + 9
xy =
6x + 6 x
2
2
T (1) s tng ng
x
4
+x
2
(6x + 6 x
2
) +
_
6x + 6 x
2
2
_
2
= 2x + 9
_
x = 4
x = 0

_
y =
17
4
V L
_
4;
17
4
_
Cu 58
_
3
1 + x +
1 y = 2
x
2
y
4
+ 9y = x(9 + y y
3
)
Gii
iu kin : y 1
Khng lm n g c t (1). Xt (2). 1 to th (2) c th phn tch c thnh
(x y) (9 x y
3
) = 0
_
x = y
x = 9 y
3
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta s c
3
_
1 + y+
_
1 y = 2
_
_
_
a +b = 2
a
3
+ b
2
= 2
b 0
_
_
a = 1, b = 1
a = 1
3, b = 3 +
3
a =
3 1, b = 3
_
_
y = 0
y = 6
3 11
y = 6
3 11
Vi x = 9 y
3
thay vo (1) ta s c
3
_
10 y
3
+
_
1 y = 2
Ta c
3
_
10 y
3
+
_
1 y
3
9 > 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (6
3 11; 6
3 11), (6
3 11; 6
3 11)
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2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60 37
Cu 59
_

xy +
1 y =

y
2
x 1
y = 1
Gii
iu kin : x 1, 0 y 1
Thot nhn bi ton ta thy nh lc vo m cung nhng cn thc. Tuy nhin ch vi nhng
nh gi kh n gin ta c th chm p bi ton
Vit li phng trnh (2) nh sau
2
x 1 =

y 1
T iu kin d thy V T 0 V P
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = 1
Cu 60
_
x
17 4x
2
+ y
_
19 9y
2
= 3
17 4x
2
+
_
19 9y
2
= 10 2x 3y
Gii
iu kin :
17
2
x
17
2
,
19
3
y
19
3
Bi ton ny xut hin trn thi th ln 2 page Yu Ton hc v ti l tc gi ca n.
tng ca n kh n gin, ph hp vi 1 thi tuyn sinh
x
17 4x
2
lin quan n 2x v
17 4x
2
, y
_
19 9y
2
lin quan n 3y v 19 9y
2
.
V tng bnh phng ca chng l nhng hng s. y l c s ta t n
t 2x +
17 4x
2
= a , 3x +
_
19 9y
2
= b. H cho tng ng
_
_
_
a +b = 10
a
2
17
4
+
b
2
19
6
= 3
_
a = 5, b = 5
a = 3, b = 7
TH1 :
_
2x +
17 4x
2
= 5
3y +
_
19 9y
2
= 5

_
_
_
x =
1
2
x = 2
y =
5
13
6
TH2 :
_
2x +
17 4x
2
= 3
3y +
_
19 9y
2
= 7
(Loi)
_
1
2
;
5 +
13
6
__
1
2
;
5
13
6
__
2;
5 +
13
6
__
2;
5
13
6
_
V y l tng gc ca n. Hnh thc n gin hn mt cht

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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90
Cu 61
_
x
5 x
2
+ y
_
5 4y
2
= 1
5 x
2
+
_
5 4y
2
= x 2y
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1),
_
2;
1
2
_
Cu 62
_
x
3
xy
2
+y
3
= 1
4x
4
y
4
= 4x y
Gii
R rng l mt h a v c dng ng cp bng cch nhn cho v vi v. Tuy nhin, bi
ny nu s dng php th tt ta s a v mt kt qu kh p mt
Phng trnh (2) tng ng
4x(x
3
1) = y(y
3
1)
n y ta rt x
3
1 v y
3
1 t (1). C th t (1) ta c
_
x
3
1 = y
3
y
2
x
y
3
1 = xy
2
x
3
Thay tt c xung (2) v ta thu c
4xy
2
(y x) = xy(x
2
y
2
)
_
_
x = 0
y = 0
x = y
4y = y +x
_
y = 1
x = 1
x = y = 1
y =
1
3
25
, x =
3
3
25
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0), (1; 1),
_
1
3
25
;
3
3
25
_
Cu 63
_
_
x +
_
x
2
y
2
x
_
x
2
y
2
+
x
_
x
2
y
2
x +
_
x
2
y
2
=
17
4
x(x + y) +
_
x
2
+xy + 4 = 52
Gii
iu kin : x =
_
x
2
y
2
, x
2
y
2
0, x
2
+ xy + 4 0
Hnh thc bi h c v kh khng b nhng nhng tng th l ht. Ta c th khai thc c
2 phng trnh. Pt(1) c nhiu cch x l : ng cp, t n, lin hp. Ti s x l theo hng
s 3. (1) khi s l
_
x +
_
x
2
y
2
_
2
x
2
(x
2
y
2
)
+
_
x
_
x
2
y
2
_
2
x
2
(x
2
y
2
)
=
17
4

2 (2x
2
y
2
)
y
2
=
17
4
y =
4x
5
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 39
Tip tc khai thc (2). D thy t
_
x
2
+ xy + 4 = t 0 th (2) tr thnh
t
2
+t = 56
_
t = 7
t = 8(L)
x
2
+ xy = 45
Kt hp li ta c
_
y =
4
5
x
x
2
+xy = 45
_
x = 5, y = 4
x = 5, y = 4
x = 15, y = 12
x = 15, y = 12
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (5; 4), (5; 4), (15; 12), (15; 12)
Cu 64
_ _
x +
y +
_
x
y = 2
_
y +
x
_
y
x = 1
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0 ,

y min{x} ,

x min{y}
Khng tm c mi lin h g t c hai phng trnh, ta tin hnh bnh phng nhiu ln
ph v ton b cn thc kh chu. Phng trnh (1) tng ng
2x + 2
_
x
2
y = 4
_
x
2
y = 2 x x
2
y = x
2
4x 4 4x y = 4
Lm tng t phng trnh (2) ta s c : 4x 4y = 1. Kt hp 2 kt qu li d dng tm
c x,y
_
17
12
;
5
3
_
Cu 65
_
_
x +
2xy
3
x
2
2x + 9
= x
2
+y
y +
2xy
3
_
y
2
2y + 9
= y
2
+ x
Gii
Hnh thc ca bi h l i xng. Tuy nhin biu thc kh cng knh v li nhn xt thy
x = y = 1 l nghim ca h. C l s nh gi
Cng 2 phng trnh li ta c
x
2
+y
2
= 2xy
_
1
3
x
2
2x + 9
+
1
3
_
y
2
2y + 9
_
T ta nhn xt c nghim th xy 0 v l
3
t
2
2t + 9 2 nn ta nh gi
x
2
+y
2
2xy
_
1
2
+
1
2
_
(x y)
2
0
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Du bng xy ra khi (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 66
_
6
x
y
2 =

3x y + 3y
2
_
3x +
3x y = 6x + 3y 4
Gii
iu kin : y = 0 , 3x y, 3x +
3x y 0
Phng trnh (1) khi s tng ng
6x 2y = y
_
3x y + 3y
2
2 (3x y) y
_
3x y 3y
2
= 0
_
3x y = y
3x y =
3y
2
TH1 :

3x y = y. T y suy ra y 0 v 3x = y
2
+y thay tt c vo (2) ta c
2
_
y
2
+y y = 2
_
y
2
+y
_
+ 3y 4
_
2y
2
+ 7y 4 = 0
y 0
y = 4 x = 4
TH2 :

3x y =
3y
2
. T y suy ra y 0 v 3x =
9y
2
4
+y thay tt c vo (2) ta cng s tm
c y =
8
9
x =
8
9
_
8
9
;
8
9
_
Cu 67
_
(3 x)
2 x 2y
2y 1 = 0
3
x + 2 + 2
y + 2 = 5
Gii
iu kin : x 2, y
1
2
(2 x)
2 x +
2 x = (2y 1)
_
2y 1 +
_
2y 1 f(
2x 1) = f(
_
2y 1)
Vi f(x) = x
3
+ x n iu tng. T suy ra
2 x =

2y 1 x = 3 2y thay vo (2)
ta c
3
_
5 2y + 2
_
y + 2 = 5
_
a + 2b = 5
a
3
+ 2b
2
= 9

_
_
a = 1, b = 2
a =
3
65
4
, b =
23 +
65
8
a =
65 3
4
, b =
23
65
8
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 41
_
y = 2
y =
233 + 23
65
32
y =
233 23
65
32
Vy h cho c nghim
(x; y) = (1; 2),
_
23
65 185
16
;
233 23
65
32
__
23
65 + 185
16
;
233 + 23
65
32
_
S dng tnh n iu ca hm s cng l mt hng kh ph bin trong gii h phng trnh.

Ch cn kho lo nhn ra dng ca hm, ta c th rt ra nhng iu k diu t nhng phng
trnh khng tm thng cht no
Cu 68
_
1 + xy +
1 + x +y = 2
x
2
y
2
xy = x
2
+y
2
+x +y
Gii
iu kin : xy 1 , x +y 1
Mt cht bin i phng trnh (2) ta s c
x
2
y
2
+xy = (x + y)
2
+x +y (xy x y)(xy +x +y + 1) = 0
_
x + y = xy
x + y = xy 1
TH1 : xy = x +y thay vo (1) ta c
2
_
1 + xy = 2 xy = 0 x = y = 0
TH2 : x +y = xy 1 thay vo (1) ta c
_
1 + xy +
xy = 2(V L)
Cu 69
_
_
x +
3x y
x
2
+y
2
= 3
y
x + 3y
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Gii
Ti khng nhm th bi ton ny xut hin trn THTT, tuy nhn hnh thc ca h kh p
mt v gn nh nhng khng h d gii mt cht no. Hng lm ti u ca bi ny l phc
ha. Da vo tng h kh i xng ng thi di mu nh l bnh phng ca Moun m
ta s dng cch ny. Hng gii nh sau
PT(1)+i.PT(2) ta s c
x +yi +
3(x yi) (xi +y)
x
2
+y
2
= 0
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t z = x + yi khi phng trnh tr thnh
z +
3z iz
|z|
2
= 3 z +
3z iz
z.z
= 3 z +
3 i
z
= 3
_
z = 2 +i
z = 1 i
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 1)
Hnh thc ca nhng bi h ny kh d nhn thy. Th lm mt s cu tng t nh.
Cu 70
_
_
x +
5x + 7
5y
x
2
+ y
2
= 7
y +
7
5x 5y
x
2
+y
2
= 0
Cu 71
_
_
x +
5x y
x
2
+y
2
= 3
y
x + 5y
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Cu 72
_
_
x +
16x 11y
x
2
+ y
2
= 7
y
11x + 16y
x
2
+y
2
= 0
Cu 73
_
(6 x)(x
2
+y
2
) = 6x + 8y
(3 y)(x
2
+ y
2
) = 8x 6y
Gi : Chuyn h cho v dng
_
_
x +
6x + 8y
x
2
+ y
2
= 6
y +
8x 6y
x
2
+y
2
= 3
Nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (4; 2)
Phc ha l mt phng php kh hay gii h phng trnh mang tnh nh cao. Khng
ch vi loi h ny m trong cun sch ti s cn gii thiu mt vi cu h khc cng s dng
phc ha kh p mt.
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 43
Cu 74
_
4x
2
y
2
6xy 3y
2
= 9
6x
2
y y
2
9x = 0
Gii
y l mt bi ton cng kh p mt. Thy x = 1 l nghim ca h . Ta suy ra
PT(1) + PT(2) (x 1)(4y
2
(x + 1) + 6xy 9) = 0
TH1 : x = 1 y = 3
TH2 : 4y
2
(x + 1) + 6xy 9 = 0
V x = 0 khng l nghim. Suy ra 4y
2
x(x + 1) + 6x
2
y 9x = 0 (*)
V sao nhn x vo y. UCT chng ? Ti ch gii thiu cho cc bn UCT nng cao thi ch
ti ch dng bao gi. L do ch n gin ti mun xut hin 6x
2
y 9x = y
2
t (2) thi
Vy (*) 4y
2
x(x + 1) + y
2
= 0 y
2
(2x + 1)
2
= 0
TH1 : y = 0 v nghim
TH2 : x =
1
2
y = 3, y =
3
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 3),
_
1
2
; 3
_
,
_
1
2
;
3
2
_
Cu 75
_
_
_
x
2
(y + 1)
2
+
y
2
(x + 1)
2
=
1
2
3xy = x +y + 1
Gii
iu kin x, y = 1
Bi ton ny c kh nhiu cch gii. Ti xin gii thiu cch p nht ca bi ny
p dng Bt ng thc AM GM cho v tri ca (1) ta c
V T
2xy
(x + 1)(y + 1)
=
2xy
xy +x +y + 1
=
2xy
xy + 3xy
=
1
2
Du bng xy ra khi (x; y) = (1; 1),
_
1
3
;
1
3
_
Cu 76
_
3y
2
+ 1 + 2y(x + 1) = 4y
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1
y(y x) = 3 3y
Gii
iu kin : x
2
+ 2y + 1 0
Khng lm n g c t (2). Th bin i (1) xem sao. PT(1) tng ng
4y
2
4y
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 + x
2
+ 2y + 1 = x
2
2xy +y
2
_
2y
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1
_
2
= (x y)
2
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_ _
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = 3y x
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = x +y
C v hi o nh ? Nhng mt cht th (1) c vc dng ca cc hng ng thc nn ta
ngh n hng ny
By gi x l hai trng hp kia th no ? Chc bnh phng thi. Tt qu ! Phng trnh s
ch cn li xy v y m nhng ci th (2) c c
TH1 :
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = 3y x
_
3y x
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = 9y
2
6xy +x
2

_
_
_
3y x
6xy = 9y
2
2y 1
xy = y
2
+ 3y 3(2)
_
x = 1, y = 1(TM)
x =
415
51
, y =
17
3
(TM)
TH2 :
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = x + y
_
x + y 0
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = x
2
+ 2xy +y
2

_
_
_
x +y 0
2xy = y
2
+ 2y + 1
xy = y
2
+ 3y 3
_
x = 1, y = 1
x =
41
21
, y =
7
3
(L)
_
415
51
;
17
3
_
Nh chng ta bit. Tam thc bc hai c kh nhiu ng dng trong gii ton v h cng
khng phi l ngoi l. Ch vi nhng nh gi kh n gin : t iu kin ca tam
thc c nghim m ta c th tm ra cc tr ca cc n. T nh gi v gii quyt nhng
bi ton m cc phng php thng thng cng b tay. Loi h s dng phng php ny
thng cho di hai dng chnh. Th nht : cho mt phng trnh l tam thc, mt phng
trnh l tng hoc tch ca hai hm f(x) v g(y). Th hai : cho c 2 phng trnh u l
phng trnh bc hai ca 1 n no . Hy th lt qua mt chm h loi ny nh.
Cu 77
_
x
4
+y
2
=
698
81
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
Gii
Hnh thc ca h : mt phng trnh l tam thc bc hai mt c dng f(x) + g(y) v mt s
kh khng b. Ta hy khai thc phng trnh (2) bng cch nh gi
Vit li phng trnh (2) di dng sau
_
x
2
+ (y 3)x + (y 2)
2
= 0()
y
2
+ (x 4)y +x
2
3x + 4 = 0()
(*) c nghim th
x
0 (y 3)
2
4(y 1)
2
0 1 y
7
3
(**) c nghim th
y
0 (x 4)
4
4(x
2
3x + 4) 0 0 x
4
3
T iu kin cht ca hai n gi ta xt (1) v c mt nh gi nh sau
x
4
+y
2
_
4
3
_
4
+
_
7
3
_
2
=
697
81
<
698
81
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 45
Vy h cho v nghim
Th mt cu tng t nh
Cu 78
_
x
3
+y
2
=
50
27
x
2
+xy +y
2
y = 1
Gii
Lm tng t v t (1) ta s rt ra x
3
+y
2
49
27
<
50
27
Cu 79
_
(2x
2
3x + 4)(2y
2
3y + 4) = 18
x
2
+y
2
+xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
Hnh thc kh quen thuc nhng phng trnh u cho dng f(x).f(y). Ch sao ! C lm
nh ban ny.
T phng trnh (2) bng nh gi quen thuc ta rt ra
_
_
2 x
10
3
1 y
7
3
iu kin trn f(x) v f(y) n iu tng v f
(x) = 4x 3 > 0 vi x nh trn

Vy ta c
f(2).f(1) f(x).f(y) f
_
10
3
_
.f
_
7
3
_
18 f(x).f(y)
10366
81
Du bng xy ra khi x = 2 v y = 1 thay li vo (2) thy khng tha.
Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 80
_
(2x
2
1)(2y
2
1) =
7
2
xy
x
2
+y
2
+xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
Mt cht bin i ta s a v ging cu 79
Nhn thy x = y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia c 2 v phng trnh (1) cho xy v ta s
c
_
2x
1
x
__
2y
1
y
_
=
7
2
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Quen thuc ri nh. Bi ny vn v nghim
Cu 81
_
x
2
y
2
2x +y
2
= 0
2x
2
4x + 3 + y
3
= 0
Gii
Hnh thc bi h c v kh gn nh nhng khng d g gii c bng cc cch thng thng.
Nhng c hai phng trnh u l bc hai vi n x. Vy nn gi s c nghim x th r
rng
x
0
Nh vy t c hai phng trnh ta c
_
1 y
4
0
4 2(3 + y
3
) 0

_
1 y 1
y 1
y = 1
Thay li v ta s tm c x = 1
OK ? Ti s a thm 3 v d na cc bn test
Cu 82
_
x
2
2x + 2 y
2
= 0
x
2
y
3
2x +y = 0
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 83
_
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ 4y
2
12x = 4
2x
2
+ 2y
2
8x + 9y + 18 = 0
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 2)
Cu 84
_
x
2
y
2
8x +y
2
= 0
2x
2
4x + 10 + y
3
= 0
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2)
Nm r ri ch ? Tip tc n vi cc cu tip theo.
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 47
Cu 85
_
(x + 1)(y + 1) + 1 = (x
2
+ x + 1)(y
2
+y + 1)
x
3
+ 3x + (x
3
y + 4)
_
x
3
y + 1 = 0
Gii
iu kin : x
3
y + 1 0
Thot nhn bi ton c v d dng khi mt cht th (2) c dng hm s. Tuy nhin y
vn cha phi l nt tht. y l mt bi ton yu cu kh nng x l phng trnh bc cao
tt. Tam thi ta x l (2) trc .
t
_
x
3
y + 1 = t khi phng trnh (2) s l
x
3
+ 3x +t
3
+ 3t = 0 x
3
+ 3x = (t)
3
+ 3(t) t = x
_
x 0
y = x
3
x
2
+ 1
iu kin x 0 kh quan trng. N gip ta c nh gi tt hn sau y
PT(1) 1 = x
2
y +x
2
+ y
2
x + y
2
+x
2
y
2
1 = x
2
(x
3
x
2
+ 1) + x
2
+ x(x
3
x
2
+ 1)
2
+ (x
3
x
2
+ 1)
2
+x
2
(x
3
x
2
+ 1)
2
x
8
x
7
+ 2x
5
+ x
2
+x = 0
TH1 : x = 0 y = 1 (TM)
TH2 : x
7
+ 2x
4
+ x = x
6
1
x(x
3
+ 1)
2
= (x
3
1)(x
3
+ 1)
_
x = 1 y = 1(TM)
x
4
x
3
+x + 1 = 0()
() x
4
+x + 1 = x
3
x
4
x
2
+
1
4
+ x
2
+x +
1
4
+
1
2
= x
3
_
x
2
1
2
_
2
+
_
x +
1
2
_
2
+
1
2
= x
3
Do V T > 0 V P nn v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 86
_
x
3
(4y
2
+ 1) + 2(x
2
+ 1)
x = 6
x
2
y(2 + 2
_
4y
2
+ 1) = x +
x
2
+ 1
Gii
iu kin : x 0
Hnh thc ca bi h r rng l kh rc ri. Tuy nhin, (2) nu ta chia c 2 v cho x
2
th s c lp c x v y v hi vng s ra c iu g.
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. Chia 2 v ca (2) cho x
2
ta c
2y + 2y
_
4y
2
+ 1 =
1
x
+
1
x
_
1
x
2
+ 1
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R rng 2 v u c dng f(t) = t + t
t
2
+ 1 v hm ny n iu tng. Vy t ta suy ra
c 2y =
1
x
thay vo (1) ta c
x
3
_
1
x
2
+ 1
_
+ 2(x
2
+ 1)
x = 6
x
3
+x + 2(x
2
+ 1)
x = 6
R rng v tri n iu tng vi iu kin ca x. Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht
_
1;
1
2
_
Cu 87
_
7x +y +
2x +y = 5
2x +y +x y = 2
Gii
y l cu trong VMO 2000-2001. Khng hn l mt cu qu kh
iu kin : y min{2x; 7x}
Xut hin hai cn thc vy th t

7x +y = a ,

2x + y = b xem
Nhng cn x y th th no ? Chc s lin quan n a
2
, b
2
. Vy ta s dng ng nht thc
x y = k(7x +y) + l(2x +y) k =
3
5
, l =
8
5
Vy h cho tng ng
_
_
a +b = 5
b +
3a
2
5

8b
2
5
= 2
a, b 0
_
a =
15
77
2
b =
77 5
2
_
7x +y =
151 15
77
2
2x +y =
51 5
77
2
_
_
_
x = 10
77
y =
11
77
2
_
10
77;
11
77
2
_
Mt cch khc cng kh tt. t

7x +y = a,
2x +y = b v ta xy dng mt h tm sau
_
a +b = 5
a
2
b
2
= 5x

_
a + b = 5
a b = x
b =
5 x
2
Thay vo (2) v ta c
5 x
2
+x y = 2 x = 2y 1
n y thay li vo (2) v ta cng ra kt qu
Mt v d tng t ca bi ny
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2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90 49
Cu 88
_
11x y
y x = 1
7
y x + 6y 26x = 3
Nghim : (x; y) =
_
37
20
;
81
10
_
Cu 89
_
3x
_
1 +
1
x +y
_
= 2
7y
_
1
1
x + y
_
= 4
2
Gii
y l cu trong VMO 1995-1996. Mt tng kh p mt m sng to
iu kin : x, y 0, x +y > 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
1 +
1
x + y
=
2
3x
1
1
x +y
=
4
7y
_
1
x +y
=
1
3x
7y
1 =
1
3x
+
2
7y
1
x +y
=
_
1
3x
7y
__
1
3x
+
2
7y
_
1
x +y
=
1
3x

8
7y
21xy = (x +y)(7y 3x)
(y 6x)(7y + 4x) = 0 y = 6x
Thay vo phng trnh u ta c
1 +
1
7x
=
2
3x
x =
11 + 4
7
21
y =
22
7
+
8
7
Mt cch khc c th s dng trong bi ny l phc ha. N mi xut hin gn y
t

x = a > 0 ,

y = b > 0. Ta c h mi nh sau
_
_
a +
a
a
2
+b
2
=
2
3
b
b
a
2
+b
2
=
4
7
PT(1) + i.PT(2) (a + bi) +
a bi
a
2
+b
2
=
2
3
+
4
7
i
t z = a + bi phng trnh cho tr thnh
z +
1
z
=
2
3
+
4
7
i z a, b x, y
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_
11 + 4
7
21
;
22
7
+
8
7
_
Bi h ny c kh nhiu d bn phong ph. Ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn

Cu 90
_
x
3
_
1 +
6
x +y
_
=
y
_
1
6
x + y
_
= 1
Nghim : (x; y) = (8; 4)
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
Cu 91
_
x
_
1
12
y + 3x
_
= 2
y
_
1 +
12
y + 3x
_
= 6
Nghim : (x; y) = (4 + 2
3; 12 + 6
3)
Cu 92
_
10x
_
1 +
3
5x +y
_
= 3
y
_
1
3
5x + y
_
= 1
Nghim : (x; y) =
_
2
5
; 4
_
Cu 93
_
_
4
x
_
1
4
+
2
x +
y
x + y
_
= 2
4
y
_
1
4

2
x +
y
x +y
_
= 1
Tip theo ta n mt vi v d v s dng phng php lng gic ha trong gii h phng trnh
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 51
Cu 94
_
x
_
1 y
2
+ y
1 x
2
= 1
(1 x)(1 + y) = 2
Gii
iu kin : |x| 1 , |y| 1
iu kin ny cho ta tng lng gic ha. t x = sina , y = sinb vi a, b
_
2
;

2
_
Phng trnh u tng ng
sinacosb +sinbcosa = 1 sin(a +b) = 1 a +b =

2
(1 sina)(1 + sinb) = 2 (1 sina)(1 + cosa) = 2
_
a =
2
a = 0
_
b =
b =

2
_
x = 1, y = 0(L)
x = 0, y = 1
Cu 95
_
2y = x(1 y
2
)
3x x
3
= y(1 3x
2
)
Gii
Thot nhn ta thy c v h ny cng xong, ch c g khi vit n di dng
_
xy
2
= x 2y
x
3
3x
2
y = 3x y
a n v dng ng cp, nhng ci chnh y l nghim n qu l. Vy th hng khc
xem. Vit li h cho sau khi xt
_
_
x =
2y
1 y
2
y =
3x x
3
1 3x
2
Nhn biu thc v phi c quen thuc khng ? Rt ging cng thc lng gic nhn i v
nhn ba ca tan. Vy tng ny ra
t x = tan vi
_
2
;

2
_
. T PT(2) ta s c
y =
3 tan tan
3
1 3tan
2
= tan 3
M nh th theo (1) ta s c
x =
2 tan 3
1 tan
2
3
= tan 6
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T suy ra
tan = tan 6 =
k
5
=
_
2
5
;
5
; 0;

5
;
2
5
_
_
tan
2
5
; tan
6
5
_
,
_
tan

5
; tan
3
5
_
, (0; 0)
Lm mt bi tng t nh.
Cu 96
_
_
y =
3x x
3
1 3x
2
x =
3y y
3
1 3y
2
S dng phng php lng gic ha trong gii h phng trnh cn phi nm r cc hng
ng thc, ng thc, cng thc lng gic, v cn mt nhn quan tt pht hin mt biu
thc no ging vi mt cng thc lng gic.
Cu 97
_
x
3
y(1 + y) + x
2
y
2
(2 + y) + xy
3
30 = 0
x
2
y + x(1 + y + y
2
) + y 11 = 0
Gii
y l mt h kh mnh nhng hay. Nhn vo 2 phng trnh ta thy cc bin "kt dnh" vi
nhau kh tt v hng s c v nh ch l k ng ngoi. Vy hy vt hng s sang mt bn v
thc hin bin i v tri. H phng trnh cho tng ng
_
xy(x +y)(x + y +xy) = 30
xy(x +y) + x +y +xy = 11
n y tng r rng. t a = xy(x +y) , b = xy +x +y v h cho tng ng
_
ab = 30
a +b = 11

_
a = 5, b = 6
a = 6, b = 5

_
_
_
xy(x + y) = 5
xy +x +y = 6
_
xy(x + y) = 6
xy +x +y = 5
TH1 :
_
xy(x +y) = 6
xy +x +y = 5

_
_
_
xy = 2
x +y = 3
_
xy = 3
x +y = 2
(L)
_
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
TH2 :
_
xy(x +y) = 5
xy +x +y = 6

_
_
_
xy = 5
x +y = 1
(L)
_
xy = 1
x +y = 5
_
x =
5
21
2
, y =
5 +
21
2
x =
5 +
21
2
, y =
5
21
2
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 53
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1),
_
5
21
2
;
5
21
2
_
Tc gi ca n rt kho lo trn nhiu ln cch t n tng tch vo mt h, gy nhiu kh

khn cho ngi lm
Cu 98
_
_
_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
+
_
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
=
_
20y
x +y
_
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
+
_
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
=
_
20x
x +y
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong VMO 2012-2013. Hnh thc bi h c s khc l khi c c hm
lng gic chen chn vo. Vi kiu h ny nh gi l cch tt nht
Ta s cng hai phng trnh vi nhau v s chng minh V T 2
10 V P
p dng Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v phi ta c
_
20y
x +y
+
_
20x
x +y

2
_
20y
x +y
+
20x
x + y
_
= 2
10
Gi ta s chng minh : V T 2
10 tc l phi chng minh

_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
+
_
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x

10
V T =
_
sin x
1
sin x
_
2
+
_
2
_
2
+
_
cos x
1
cos x
_
2
+
_
2
_
2
_
1
sin x
+
1
cos x
(sin x + cos x)
_
2
+
_
2
2
_
2
Hin nhin ta c sinx +cosx
2 nn
1
sin x
+
1
cos x
(sin x + cos x)
4
sin x + cos x

2
4
2 =
2
Vy V T
2 + 8 =
10. Tng t vi bin y v ta c iu phi chng minh

ng thc xy ra khi x = y =

4
+k2
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Cu 99
_
x
x = y
y + 8
y
x y = 5
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0
h ny cho mt phng trnh n gin qu. Th thng ln (1) chng ? Khng nn ! Bin i
1 to ri hy th. Hng bin i kh n gin l lm ph v cn thc
x(x 1) =

y(y + 8) x(x 1)
2
= y(y + 8)
2
n y thc hin th x = y + 5 ln (1) v ta c
(y + 5)(y + 4)
2
= y(y + 8)
2
y = 4 x = 9
Cu 100
_
_
_
1
x
+
y
x
=
2
x
y
+ 2
y
_
x
2
+ 1 1
_
=
3x
2
+ 3
Gii
iu kin : x > 0, y = 0
R rng vi iu kin ny th t (2) ta thy ngay c nghim th y > 0
x +y
x
=
2 (
x + y)
y

_
x + y = 0(L)
y = 2x
Vi y = 2x thay vo (2) ta c
2x
_
x
2
+ 1 1
_
=
3x
2
+ 3
_
2x
3
_
x
2
+ 1 = 2x
x
2
+ 1 =
2x
2x
3
R rng v tri n iu tng v v phi n iu gim nn phng trnh ny c nghim duy
nht x =
3 y = 2
3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (
3; 2
3)
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 55
Cu 101
_
y = x
3
+ 3x + 4
x = 2y
3
6y 2
Gii
Hnh thc bi h kh gn nh nhng cng khin nhiu ngi phi lng tng. Nhn xt
x = y = 2 l nghim. Ta tin hnh tch nh sau
_
y 2 = (x + 1)
2
(x 2)
x 2 = (y + 1)
2
(y 2)
n y nhn cho v vi v ta c
2(y 2)
2
(y + 1)
2
= (x + 1)
2
(x 2)
2
D thy V T 0 V P. y ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 2
Cu 102
_
x
3
xy
2
+ 2000y = 0
y
3
yx
2
500x = 0
Gii
D dng a c v h ng cp. Nhng ta bin i mt to n ti u.
H cho tng ng
_
x (x
2
y
2
) = 2000y
y(x
2
y
2
) = 500x
500x
2
(x
2
y
2
) = 2000y
2
(x
2
y
2
)
_
_
x = y
x = y
x = 2y
x = 2y
Thay li vi mi trng hp vo (1) v ta c
_
_
y = 0, x = 0
y = 10
_
10
3
, x = 20
_
10
3
y = 10
_
10
3
, x = 20
_
10
3
_
20
_
10
3
; 10
_
10
3
_
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Cu 103
_
_
3
x
2
+y
2
1
+ 2
y
x
= 1
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4
x
y
= 22
Gii
tng t n ph r rng. t x
2
+y
2
1 = a ,
y
x
= b . H cho tng ng
_
_
3
a
+ 2b = 1
a +
4
b
= 21
_
a = 7, b =
2
7
a = 9, b =
1
3
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 8
2x = 7y
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
x = 3y
_
_
y = 4
_
2
53
, x = 14
_
2
53
x = 3, y = 1
_
14
_
2
53
; 4
_
2
53
_
Cu 104
_
_
_
x +
1
y
+
x +y 3 = 3
2x +y +
1
y
= 8
Gii
iu kin : y = 0, x +
1
y
0, x +y 3
tng t n ph cng kh r rng.
t
_
x +
1
y
= a 0,
x +y 3 = b 0 . H cho tng ng
_
a +b = 3
a
2
+b
2
= 5

_
a = 1, b = 2
a = 2, b = 1

_
_
_
_
_
x +
1
y
= 1
x +y 3 = 4
_
_
_
x +
1
y
= 4
x +y 3 = 1
_
x = 4
10, y = 3 +
10
x = 4 +
10, y = 3
10
x = 3, y = 1
x = 5, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 1), (5; 1)(4
10; 3
10)
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 57
Cu 105
_
x
3
(2 + 3y) = 8
x(y
3
2) = 6
Gii
y l mt cu kh ging cu s 37
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 2)
Cu 106
_
2x
2
y + 3xy = 4x
2
+ 9y
7y + 6 = 2x
2
+ 9x
Gii
Bi ny nu li ngh c th dng mn v th thn chng y vo PT(1). Nhng hy dng UCT
y s tt hn.
Nhn thy y = 3 l nghim (ci ny gi li nh, ti khng gii thch na), thay y = 3 vo h
ta c
_
2x
2
+ 9x 27 = 0
27 2x
2
+ 9x = 0
Nh vy hng ca ta s cng hai phng trnh ban u li v nhn t y 3 s xut hin. Vy
PT(1) + PT(2) (3 y)
_
2x
2
+ 3x 2
_
= 0
n y d dng gii ra (x; y) =
_
2;
16
7
_
,
_
1
2
;
1
7
_
,
_
3(3
33)
4
; 3
_
Cu 107
_
x
2
+ 3y = 9
y
4
+ 4(2x 3)y
2
48y 48x + 155 = 0
Gii
y l mt cu kh hc, khng phi ai cng c th d dng gii n c.
Th 3y = 9 x
2
t (1) xung (2) ta c
y
4
+ 8xy
2
12y
2
16(9 x
2
) 48x + 155 = 0
y
4
+ 8xy
2
+ 16y
2
12(y
2
+ 4x) + 11 = 0
_
y
2
+ 4x = 1
y
2
+ 4x = 11
TH1 :
y
2
+ 4x = 11
_
9 x
2
3
_
2
+ 4x = 11 x
4
18x
2
+ 36x 18 = 0
x
4
= 18(x 1)
2
_
x
2
3
2x + 3
2 = 0
x
2
+ 3
2x 3
2 = 0
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_
x =
3
2
_
18 12
2
2
y =
12
2 6
_
36 24
2
12
x =
3
2
_
18 12
2
2
y =
12
2 6
_
36 24
2
12
TH2 :
y
2
+ 4x = 1
_
9 x
2
3
_
2
+ 4x = 1 x
4
18x
2
+ 36x + 72 = 0
_
x
2
6x + 12
_ _
x
2
+ 6x + 6
_
= 0 x = 3
3 y = 1 2
3
Vy h c c thy 6 nghim nh trn
Mt thc mc nh l TH2 v sao x
4
18x
2
+ 36x + 72 = (x
2
6x + 12)(x
2
+ 6x + 6). Tch
nhn t kiu g hay vy ? Casio truy nhn t chng ? C th lm. Nhng thc ra phng trnh
bc 4 c cch gii tng qut bng cng thc Ferrari. i vi v d trn ta lm nh sau
x
4
18x
2
+ 36x + 72 = 0 x
4
2ax
2
+a
2
= (18 2a) x
2
36x +a
2
72
Ta phi tm a sao cho v phi phn tch c thnh bnh phng. Nh th ngha l
18
2
= (18 2a)
_
a
2
72
_
a = 9
Nh vy
x
4
18x
2
+ 36x + 72 = 0 (x
2
+ 9)
2
= 9(2x 1)
2
(x
2
6x + 12)(x
2
+ 6x + 6) = 0
Chi tit v gii phng trnh bc 4 cc bn c th tm d dng trn google. Gi ta tip tc cc
bi h. Tip theo l mt chm h s dng tnh n iu ca hm s kh d nhn.
Cu 108
_
_
_
x +
x
2
+ 1
_
_
y +
_
y
2
+ 1
_
= 1
y +
y
x
2
1
=
35
12
Gii
iu kin : x
2
> 1
Khng th lm n c g t (2). T (1) ta nhn xt thy hai hm ging nhau nhng chng
li dnh cht vi nhau, khng chu tch ri. Vy ta dt chng ra. Php lin hp s gip ta
_
x +
x
2
+ 1
__
y +
_
y
2
+ 1
__
_
y
2
+ 1 y
_
=
_
y
2
+ 1 y x+
x
2
+ 1 = y +
_
y
2
+ 1
Tch c ri nhng c v hai bn khng cn ging nhau na. Khoan !! Nu thay y
2
= (y)
2
th sao nh. Qu tt. Nh vy c hai v u c dng f(t) = t +
t
2
+ 1 v hm ny n iu
tng. T ta rt ra x = y
Thay li vo (2) ta c
y +
y
_
y
2
1
=
35
12
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 59
y thc ra l mt phng trnh kh kh chu. Thot tin khi thy loi ny ta s bnh phng
2 v ln. iu kin bnh phng l y > 0 khi ta c
y
2
+
2y
2
_
y
2
1
+
y
2
y
2
1
=
_
35
12
_
2
y
4
y
2
+y
2
y
2
1
+
2y
2
_
y
2
1
=
_
35
12
_
2
n y kh r rng . t
y
2
_
y
2
1
= t > 0 v phng trnh tng ng
t
2
+ 2t
_
35
12
_
2
= 0
_
_
t =
49
12
(L)
t =
25
12
y
2
_
y
2
1
=
25
12

_
_
y =
5
4
y =
5
3
i chiu iu kin bnh phng ch ly 2 gi tr dng.
_
5
4
;
5
4
_
,
_
5
3
;
5
3
_
Cu 109
_
(4x
2
+ 1)x + (y 3)
5 2y = 0
4x
2
+y
2
+ 2
3 4x = 7
Gii
iu kin : y
5
2
, x
3
4
Vit li phng trnh (1) nh sau
(4x
2
+ 1)x = (3 y)
_
5 2y (4x
2
+ 1)2x = (6 2y)
_
5 2y f (2x) = f
_
_
5 2y
_
Vi f(t) = t
3
+t l hm n iu tng. T ta c 2x =

5 2y x 0 thay vo (2) ta c
4x
2
+
_
5
2
2x
2
_
2
+ 2
3 4x = 7
Gi cng vic ca ta l kho st hm s v tri trn
_
0;
3
4
_
v chng minh n n iu gim.
Xin nhng li bn c
Vi hm s v tri n iu gim ta c x =
1
2
l nghim duy nht y = 2
_
1
2
; 2
_
Hy k mi tng quan gia cc biu thc trong mt phng trnh va ta s t mc ch

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Cu 110
_
y
3
+y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2
1 x
2
y =

2 y 1
Gii
iu kin : 0 y 2, 1 x 1
y
3
+ y = (x + 1)
3
+ (x + 1) y = x + 1
Thay vo (2) ta c
1 x
2
1 + x =
1 x 1
Phng trnh ny khng qu kh. t t =
1 + x +
1 x
1 x
2
=
t
2
2
2
. Thay vo
phng trnh ta c
t
2
2
2
= t 1
_
t = 0
t = 2

_
1 x +
1 + x = 0
1 x +
1 + x = 2
x = 0, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (0; 1)
Nhng bi ny thng s nng v gii phng trnh v t hn.
Cu 111
_
x + 1 +
x + 3 +
x + 5 =

y 1 +
y 3 +
y 5
x +y + x
2
+y
2
= 80
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y 5
Phng trnh u c dng
f(x + 1) = f(y 5)
Vi f(t) =
t +
t + 2 +
t + 4 l hm n iu tng. T ta c y = x + 6 thay vo (2) ta

c
x +x + 6 + x
2
+ (x + 6)
2
= 80 x =
5
5 7
2
y =
5
5 + 5
2
_
5
5 7
2
;
5
5 + 5
2
_
y ti a ra mt s cu h s dng tnh n iu ca hm s kh n gin. Ni l n

gin v t mt phng trnh ta nhn thy ngay hoc mt cht bin i nhn ra dng ca
hm cn xt. Ti s cn gii thiu kh nhiu nhng bi cn bin i tinh t nhn ra dng
hm, nhng cu sau ca cun sch.
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 61
Cu 112
_
x +
4
32 x y
2
= 3
4
x +
32 x + 6y = 24
Gii
iu kin : 0 x 32
C v y l mt h khc rc ri khi xut hin cn bc 4. Ta s dng cc nh gi gii
quyt ci h ny
x +
32 x +
4
x +
4
32 x = y
2
6y + 21
Hin nhin ta c : V P 12
Gi ta tin hnh nh gi v tri. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ta c
x +
32 x
_
(1 + 1)(x + 32 x) = 8
4
x +
4
32 x
_
(1 + 1)(
x +
32 x) 4
Vy V T V P
Ti cn mt cu tng ging bi ny nhng hi kh hn mt cht. Bn c c th gii n
Cu 113
_
2x + 2
4
6 x y
2
= 2
2
4
2x + 2
6 x + 2
2y = 8 +
2
Nghim : (x; y) = (2;
2)
Cu 114
_
x
2
(y + 1)(x +y + 1) = 3x
2
4x + 1
xy + x + 1 = x
2
Gii
Bi ny c l khng cn suy ngh nhiu. C th y + 1 ln (1) coi sao
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. Phng trnh (2) tng ng
x(y + 1) = x
2
1 y + 1 =
x
2
1
x
Thay ln (2) ta s c
x(x
2
1)
_
x +
x
2
1
x
_
= 3x
2
4x + 1
_
x = 2 y =
5
2
x = 1 y = 1
_
2;
5
2
_
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Cu 115
_
_
4xy + 4(x
2
+ y
2
) +
3
(x +y)
2
= 7
2x +
1
x +y
= 3
Gii
iu kin : x +y = 0
y l mt bi h khng n gin cht no. Tuy nhin ta c mt nhn xt kh tt sau y :
a(x
2
+ y
2
) + bxy = k(x +y)
2
+l(x y)
2
Gi hy phn tch 4x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 4xy = k(x +y)
2
+l(x y)
2
Cn bng h s ta thu c : 4x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 4xy = 3(x +y)
2
+ (x y)
2
Nh vy tng s l t n ph tng-hiu chng ? Cng c c s khi 2x = x+y +xy. Nh
vy tng s b l th. Bin i h thnh
_
_
3(x +y)
2
+ (x y)
2
+
3
(x +y)
2
= 7
x +y +
1
x + y
+ x y = 3
ng vi t ngay. mt cht 3(x + y)
2
+
3
(x +y)
2
= 3
_
x +y +
1
x +y
_
2
6. Nh vy
cch t n ca ta s trit hn.
t x +y +
1
x +y
= a, x y = b ta thu c h mi
_
_
_
b
2
+ 3a
2
= 13
a +b = 3
|a| 2
_
a = 2, b = 1
a =
1
2
, b =
7
2
(L)

_
_
_
x +y +
1
x +y
= 2
x y = 1
_
x +y = 1
x y = 1

_
x = 1
y = 0
OK cha ? Tip tc thm mt cu tng t nh
Cu 116
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6xy
1
(x y)
2
+
9
8
= 0
2y
1
x y
+
5
4
= 0
Gii
iu kin : x = y
H cho tng ng
_
_
2(x +y)
2
(y x)
2
1
(y x)
2
+
9
8
= 0
_
y x +
1
y x
_
+ (x +y) +
5
4
= 0
_
2(x + y)
2
_
y x +
1
y x
_
2
+
25
8
= 0
_
y x +
1
y x
_
+ (x +y) +
5
4
= 0
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2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120 63
t x +y = a, y x +
1
y x
= b, |b| 2 ta c h mi
_
_
a +b =
5
4
2a
2
b
2
=
25
8
_
a =
5
4
b =
5
2
_
_
y +x =
5
4
y x = 2
_
_
y +x =
5
4
y x =
1
2
_
x =
13
8
, y =
3
8
x =
7
8
, y =
3
8
_
7
8
;
3
8
_
,
_
13
8
;
3
8
_
Ti s a thm 2 cu na cho bn c luyn tp

Cu 117
_
_
3(x
2
+y
2
) + 2xy +
1
(x y)
2
= 20
2x +
1
x y
= 5
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1),
_
4
10
3
;
10 3
3
_
,
_
4 +
10
3
;
3
10
3
_
Cu 118
_
(4x
2
4xy + 4y
2
51)(x y)
2
+ 3 = 0
(2x 7)(x y) + 1 = 0
Th ng no mt cht xem v sao li a c v ging 3 cu trn ?
Nghim :(x; y) =
_
5
3
2
;
1 +
3
2
_
,
_
5 +
3
2
;
1
3
2
_
Cu 119
_
_
_
2x
2
+ x
1
y
= 2
y y
2
x 2y
2
= 2
Gii
iu kin : y = 0
Phng trnh (2) tng ng vi
1
y
x 2 =
2
y
2
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t a =
1
y
ta chuyn h v
_
2x
2
+ x a = 2
2a
2
+a x = 2

_
_
x = 1, a = 1
x = 1, a = 1
x =
1
3
2
, a =
3 1
2
x =
3 1
2
, a =
1
3
2
_
1
3
2
; 1
3
_
Cu 120
_
4x
2
+y
4
4xy
3
= 1
4x
2
+ 2y
2
4xy = 2
Gii
Hnh thc kh gn nh nhng cng rt kh chi. Mt cht tinh ta nhn thy y
2
= 1 l
nghim ca h. Thay vo v ta rt ra
PT(1) PT(2) y
4
4xy
3
2y
2
+ 4xy + 1 = 0 (y
2
1)(y
2
4xy 1) = 0
Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) ta tm c x = 0 hoc x = 1
Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) ta tm c x = 0 hoc x = 1
Vi y
2
= 4xy + 1. Khng cn ngh nhiu, th tru b vo cho nhanh !!!
Ta rt ra x =
y
2
1
4y
thay vo (2) ta c
4
_
y
2
1
4y
_
2
+ 2y
2
+ 1 y
2
= 2 5y
4
6y
2
+ 1 = 0
_
_
y = 1 x = 0
y = 1 x = 0
y =
1
5
x =
1
5
y =
1
5
x =
1
5
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (0; 1), (0; 1),
_
1
5
;
1
5
_
,
_
5
;
1
5
_
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 65
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
Cu 121
_
x
4
+x
3
y + 9y = y
3
x +x
2
y
2
+ 9x
x(y
3
x
3
) = 7
Gii
Khng cn bit T quc ni u, chin phng trnh u
PT(1) (x y)(x(x +y)
2
9) = 0
Vi x = y kt hp vi (2) r rng khng tha
Cn li ta kt hp thnh mt h mi
_
x (y
3
x
3
) = 7
x(x +y)
2
= 9
y l mt bi ton kh quen thuc v hp dn tng xut hin trn bo THTT, cch lm
ph bin nht vn l "tru b"
Trc ht c nh gi x > 0 v rt ra y =
3
_
x
3
+
7
x
. Thay xung ta c
x
_
x +
3
_
x
3
+
7
x
_
2
= 9 x
3
+ 2x
3
x
6
+ 7x
2
+
3
_
x(x
4
+ 7)
2
= 9
t v tri l f(x). Ta c
f
(x) = 3x
2
+ 2
_
3
x
6
+ 7x
2
+
6x
6
+ 14x
2
3
3
_
(x
6
+ 7x
2
)
2
_
+
1
3
.
9x
8
+ 70x
4
+ 49
3
_
x
2
(x
4
+ 7)
4
> 0
Vy f(x) = 9 c nghim duy nht x = 1 y = 2
Tip theo ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn mt s cu h s dng Bt ng thc Minkowski
gii. Bt ng thc Minkowski l mt bt ng thc khng kh v cng thng c dng,
bt ng thc cp n vn di ca vect trong khng gian m sau ny hc sinh quen
gi n l bt ng thc V ector
Vi hai vect

u ,

v bt k ta lun c
|

u | +|

v | |

u +

v |
Nu ta ha 2 vecto ny ta s thu c
_
a
1
2
+ b
1
2
+
_
a
2
2
+b
2
2
_
(a
1
+a
2
)
2
+ (b
1
+b
2
)
2
ng thc xy ra khi (a
1
, a
2
) v (b
1
, b
2
) l 2 b t l
y l mt h qu hay dng trong gii h
Th khi no nhn vo mt bi h ta c th ngh n s dng Bt ng thc Minkowski. Thng
khi nhn thy tng hai cn thc m bc ca biu thc trong cn khng vt qu 2 th ta c
th chn hng ny. Ti s nu 3 v d bn c hiu r hn
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Cu 122
_
3x + 4y = 26
_
x
2
+y
2
4x + 2y + 5 +
_
x
2
+y
2
20x 10y + 125 = 10
Gii
tng s dng hin r ri. Bc u tin ta lm l phn tch biu thc trong cn
thnh tng cc bnh phng . V tri ca (2) khi s l
_
(x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
+
_
(x 10)
2
+ (y 5)
2
Tuy nhin nu ta s dng Bt ng thc Minkowski ngay by gi th n s l
V T
_
(x 2 + x 10)
2
+ (y + 1 + y 5)
2
Khng phi 10 na m l mt biu thc kh phc tp. Khi ta phi xem li cch vit cc
bnh phng ca mnh
nu l hng s v phi th khi cng vo ta phi lm trit tiu n i. Vy cn phi vit
nh sau
V T =
_
(x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
+
_
(10 x)
2
+ (5 y)
2
_
(x + 2 + 10 x)
2
+ (y + 1 + 5 y)
2
= 10
Ok ri. ng thc xy ra khi
10 x
x 2
=
5 y
y + 1
3x 4y = 10
Kt hp (1) d dng gii ra (x; y) = (6; 2)
Nh ta thy, s dng khng kh. Tuy nhin ci kh y chnh l ngh thut i du v
sp xp cc hng t ca bnh phng ta t c mc ich
Cu 123
_
x
2
2y
2
7xy = 6
x
2
+ 2x + 5 +
_
y
2
2y + 2 =
_
x
2
+y
2
+ 2xy + 9
Gii
Xt phng trnh (2) ta c
V T =
_
(x + 1)
2
+ 2
2
+
_
(y 1)
2
+ 1
2
_
(x +y)
2
+ 3
2
= V P
ng thc xy ra khi x + 1 = 2(y 1) x = 2y 3
Thay vo (1) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) =
_
5
2
;
1
4
_
, (1; 1)
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 67
Cu 124
_ _
2x
2
+ 6xy + 5y
2
+ 5 =
_
2x
2
+ 6xy + 5y
2
+ 14x + 20y + 25
x
4
+ 25y
2
2 = 0
Gii
By gi nu chuyn cn sang v tri, hng s sang v phi l cht d. Mu cht y l g ?
S 5 chng ? ng vy, ta phn tch 5 =
3
2
+ 4
2
s dng bt ng thc Minkowski. Tuy
nhin cc i du v sp xp s hng nh th no. Ci ta phi quan tm n v phi
chn la cho ph hp. y s l
V T =
_
(x +y)
2
+ (x + 2y)
2
+
4
2
+ 3
2
_
(x +y + 4)
2
+ (x + 2y + 3)
2
= V P
ng thc xy ra khi
x +y
4
=
x + 2y
3
x = 5y
Thay vo (2) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) =
_
1;
1
5
_
,
_
1;
1
5
_
Cu 125
_
2y(x
2
y
2
) = 3x
x(x
2
+ y
2
) = 10y
Gii
Mt h a v dng ng cp r rng. Tuy nhin, ta hy x l s b h ny loi mt s
trng hp
T (2) d thy x.y phi cng du, m nu th (1) x
2
y
2
Trc ht x = y = 0 l mt nghim ca h
Nhn cho 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
20y
2
(x
2
y
2
) = 3x
2
(x
2
+ y
2
) (x 2y)(2y +x)(5y
2
3x
2
) = 0
V x v y cng du nn nn t y ta suy ra x = 2y hoc x =
_
5
3
y
n y ch vic thay vo (1). Xin nhng li cho bn c
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (2, 1),
_
4
30375
6
;
4
135
2
_
,
_
30375
6
;
4
135
2
_
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Cu 126
_
7 + x +
11 y = 6
7 + y +
11 x = 6
Gii
7 + x +
11 x +
_
7 + y +
_
11 y = 12
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ta c
V T
_
(1 + 1)(7 +x + 11 x) +
_
(1 + 1)(7 + y + 11 y) = 12
Cu 127
_
2x
2
y
2
+x
2
+ 2x = 2
2x
2
y x
2
y
2
+ 2xy = 1
Gii
Bin i 1 t, h cho tng ng
_
2x
2
y
2
+ (x + 1)
2
= 3
2xy(x + 1) x
2
y
2
= 1
(xy +x + 1)
2
= 4
_
xy = 1 x
xy = 3 x
Vi xy = 1 x thay vo (1) ta c
2(1 x)
2
+x
2
+ 2x = 2
_
x = 0(L)
x =
2
3
y =
1
2
Vi xy = 3 x thay vo (2) ta c
2(x + 3)
2
+x
2
+ 2x = 3
_
_
x =
8
3
y =
1
8
x = 2 y =
1
2
_
2
3
;
1
2
_
,
_
8
3
;
1
8
_
,
_
2;
1
2
_
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 69
Cu 128
_
(x 1)(y 1)(x +y 2) = 6
x
2
+y
2
2x 2y 3 = 0
Gii
Bi ny tng t n ph r rng
t x 1 = a, y 1 = b ta a v h sau
_
ab(a + b) = 6
a
2
+ b
2
= 5

_
a = 1, b = 2
a = 2, b = 1

_
x = 2, y = 3
x = 3, y = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (3; 2)
Cu 129
_
(x y)(x
2
+ xy +y
2
+ 3) = 3(x
2
+ y
2
) + 2
4
x + 2 +
16 3y = x
2
+ 8
Gii
iu kin : x 2, y
16
3
Phng trnh u tng ng
x
3
y
3
+ 3(x y) = 3(x
2
+y
2
) + 2 (x 1)
3
= (y + 1)
3
y = x 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
4
x + 2 +
22 3x = x
2
+ 8
y l mt phng trnh v t khng hn l d xi. Ci hay ca bi ny y
Phng trnh cho tng ng
4
_
x + 2
x + 4
3
_
+
_
22 3x
14 x
3
_
= x
2
x 2
4
_
_
_
_
9(x + 2) x
2
8x 16
9
_
x + 2 +
x + 4
2
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
9(22 3x) x
2
+ 28x 196
9
_
22 3x +
14 x
3
_
_
_
_
_
= x
2
x 2
_
x
2
x 2
_
_
_
_
_
1 +
4
9
_
x + 2 +
x + 4
3
_ +
1
9
_
22 3x +
14 x
3
_
_
_
_
_
= 0
_
x = 1
x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 0), (1; 3)
Cu hi t ra l v sao li chn c nhng biu thc kia lin hp. Mt s tnh c chng?
Khng ! L c mt phng php ! Ti xin vit 1 bi nh y tip
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i mt phng trnh v t, phng php hay dng nht l nhn lng lin hp. Tuy
nhin, nhn lin hp cng cn mt cht k thut. i vi bi ny ta tin hnh nh sau
Nhm hoc Casio ta thy phng trnh c nghim x = 1; x = 2
i vi phng trnh c 2 nghim tr nn th cch thm bt hng s vo mi cn ri lin hp
l khng ph hp, y ta khng thm bt hng s m thm hn mt biu thc ax+b no
Trc ht vi
x + 2 nh
Vi x = 1 thay vo cn c gi tr bng 1, thay vo biu thc thm ta c a +b = 1
Vi x = 2 thay vo cn c gi tr bng 2, thay vo biu thc thm ta c 2a +b = 2
Gii h ny ra ta c a =
1
3
, b =
4
3
Vy biu thc cn chn vo l
x + 4
3
Tng t vi
22 3x . OK ???
Cu 130
_ _
x
2
+x +y + 1 + x +
_
y
2
+x +y + 1 + y = 18
_
x
2
+x +y + 1 x +
_
y
2
+x +y + 1 y = 2
Gii
tng t n cng l ri
t
_
x
2
+x +y + 1 +
_
y
2
+x +y + 1 = a 0, x +y = b ta c h mi
_
a +b = 18
a b = 2

_
a = 10
b = 8

_
x + y = 8
x
2
+ 9 +
_
y
2
+ 9 = 10
y l mt h kh n gin v c nhiu cch. Ti u nht l
x
2
+ 3
2
+
_
y
2
+ 3
2
_
(x +y)
2
+ (3 + 3)
2
= 10
ng thc xy ra khi (x; y) = (4; 4)
Cu 131
_
12x + 3y 4
xy = 16
4x + 5 +
y + 5 = 6
Gii
iu kin : x
5
4
, y 5, xy 0
T phng trnh u ta thy ngay x, y > 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
12x + 3y = 16 + 2
_
4xy 16 + (4x +y) 4x +y 8
T phng trnh (2) ta li c
4x + 5 +
_
y + 5
_
(1 + 1)(4x +y + 10) 6
ng thc xy ra khi
_
4x = y
4x +y = 8

_
x = 1
y = 4
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 71
Cu 132
_
2x + (3 2xy)y
2
= 3
2x
2
x
3
y = 2x
2
y
2
7xy + 6
Gii
y l mt h cn kh nng bin i tng i tt.
T phng trnh u ta thy ngay
2x(1 y
3
) = 3(1 y
2
)
TH1 : y = 1 thay vo (2) ta c
x
3
7x + 6 = 0 x = 1, x = 3, x = 2
TH2 : Kt hp vi phng trnh (2) ta gy dng mt h mi
_
2x + 2xy + 2xy
2
= 3 + 3y()
2x
2
x
3
y = 2x
2
y
2
7xy + 6
Nhng m phng trnh (2) li tng ng : (xy 2)(2xy +x
2
3) = 0
Sao m phn tch hay th ? Casio thn chng chng. C th, nhng ta hy vit li phng
trnh (2) mt cht
(2) 2x
2
y
2
+xy(x
2
7) 2x
2
+ 6 = 0
xy
=
_
x
2
7
_
2
8
_
2x
2
+ 6
_
=
_
x
2
+ 1
_
2
Thy ri ch ? Coi xy l n chnh, tnh ra c kt qu m mn v t c hng phn
tch nhn t nh trn
TH1 : xy = 2 thay li (*) ta c
2x + 4 + 4y = 3 + 3y x =
1 y
2
y(1 + y) = 4
Phng trnh ny v nghim nn trng hp 1 v nghim
TH2 : 2xy = 3 x
2
thay li (*) ta c
2x + 3 x
2
+y(3 x
2
) = 3 + 3y y =
2
x
1
2x
_
2
x
1
_
= 3 x
2
x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1) , (3; 1) , (2; 1)
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Cu 133
_
x (x +y) +
x + y =

2y
_
_
2y
3
+ 1
_
x
2
y 5x
2
+ 7 (x +y) 4 = 6
3
xy x + 1
Gii
iu kin : y 0, x +y 0
Xut pht t phng trnh u, s dng phng php lin hp
PT(1) x
2
+ xy 2y
2
=
_
2y
x +y
(x y) (x + 2y) =
(x y)
2y +
x +y
R rng x + 2y = x +y +y > 0,
1
2y +
x +y
< 0 nn t ta suy ra x = y
Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
x
3
5x
2
+ 14x 4 = 6
3
x
2
x + 1
y l mt loi phng trnh v t kh quen thuc. Cch gii tt nht vn l thm bt v xt
hm. Tuy nhin nu ca ta l thm bt x
2
x+1 vo 2 v xt hm t
3
+6t c v khng
thnh cng v v tri khng phn tch c v dng . Ta hy kho lo bin i mt cht nh
sau
Phng trnh cho tng ng
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x + 4 = 8x
2
8x + 8 + 3
3
8x
2
8x + 8
(x + 1)
3
+ 3 (x + 1) = 8x
2
8x + 8 + 3
3
8x
2
8x + 8
Nhn thy hm cn xt ri ch ? f(t) = t
3
+ 3t v hm n iu tng. T ta c
x + 1 =
3
8x
2
8x + 8 x = 1, y = 1
S dng lin hp cng l phng php kh th v. Nu ta s dng n tt trong gii phng
trnh v t ri th khi i mt vi h phng trnh, ch cn mt cht nhn xt hnh thc ca
h v cc k nng tung ra, c th ta s thnh cng. Hy cnh gic vi nhng bi h m mt
phng trnh cha nhiu cn thc, c th lin hp s l n nh tt nht chm p n
Tip theo ta n vi mt cu h s dng lin hp kh kh. Mong bn c th li v ti khng
th din t ni v sao ti li lm vy. Mt kinh nghim khi tnh gii hn ca hm s gip
ti gii quyt c n.
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 73
Cu 134
_ _
x
2
x y =
y
3
x y
2 (x
2
+y
2
) 3
2x 1 = 11
Gii
iu kin : x = y, x
1
2
, x
2
x y 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
_
x
2
x y.
3
x y = y
_
x
2
x y
_
3
x y 1
_
+
_
x
2
x y y = 0
_
x
2
x y (x y 1)
3
_
(x y)
2
+
3
x y + 1
+
x
2
x y y
2
_
x
2
x y + y
= 0
(x y 1)
_
_
_
x
2
x y
3
_
(x y)
2
+
3
x y + 1
+
x +y
_
x
2
x y +y
_
_
= 0
Thnh qu cng c cht t ri. Gi y ta ch mong em trong ngoc lun dng hoc m
T phng trnh (1) ta thy ngay y v
3
x y phi cng du.

Gi s y < 0 th suy ra x y < 0 x < y < 0. R rng v l v iu kin l x
1
2
.
Nh vy suy ra y > 0 x > y > 0 v hin nhin ngi p trong ngoc s lun dng
Th pho nh nhm c ri. Gi hng th thnh qu ! Vi y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c
2
_
x
2
+ (x 1)
2
_
3
2x 1 = 11 x =
5
2
y =
3
2
(TM)
_
5
2
;
3
2
_
Cu 135
_
x
4
+ 2xy + 6y (7 + 2y) x
2
= 9
2yx
2
x
3
= 10
Gii
x
4
7x
2
+ 9 2y(x
2
x 3) = 0
(x
2
x 3)(x
2
+x 3) 2y
_
x
2
x 3
_
= 0
TH1 : x
2
x 3 = 0
_
_
x =
1
13
2
y =
79 +
13
36
x =
1 +
13
2
y =
79
13
36
TH2 : 2y = x
2
+x 3 thay vo (2) ta c
_
x
2
+x 3
_
x
2
x
3
= 10
_
_
x =
5 y = 1
5
2
x =
5 y = 1 +
5
2
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Vy h cho c nghim
(x; y) =
_
1
13
2
;
79 +
13
36
_
,
_
1 +
13
2
;
79
13
36
_
,
_
5; 1
5
2
_
,
_
5; 1 +
5
2
_
Cu 136
_
_
_
1 + xy +
xy = x
1
x
x
+y
y =
1
x
+ 3
y
Gii
iu kin : x > 0, y 0
C quy ng (2) ln . Phng trnh (2) tng ng
1 + xy
xy = x + 3x
xy 1 + xy
xy = (1 + 3
xy)x
1 + xy
xy = (1 + 3
xy)(1 + xy +
xy)
n y l mt phng trnh n

xy . Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c
xy = 0 x = 1, y = 0
Cu 137
_
x
2
y +y = 2
x
2
+
1
x
2
+x
2
y
2
= 3
Gii
iu kin : x = 0
Bi ny nu th tru b y xung di n s ra bc 4 n x
2
. Hi vt v. Tuy nhin, ch vi mt
vi bin i n gin nhng v cng tinh t, ta s a v mt phng trnh kh d gii
H cho tng ng
_
y(x
2
+ 1) = 2
y
2
(x
2
+ 1) = 3
1
x
2
Ly phng trnh di chia cho trn ta s thu c
y =
3x
2
1
2x
2
M theo (1) ta li c y =
2
x
2
+ 1
nh vy ta c
3x
2
1
2x
2
=
2
x
2
+ 1
x
2
= 1 y = 1
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 75
Cu 138
_
_
1
x
+
1
2y
= 2(x
2
+y
2
)
1
x

1
2y
= y
2
x
2
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
ang thy tng v hiu ca 2 i tng. Theo bn nng ta s ln lt cng tr 2 phng trnh
a v mt i tng.
Vy ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta gy dng mt h mi
_
_
2
x
= 3y
2
+x
2
1
y
= 3x
2
+y
2
_
2 = 3y
2
x +x
3
1 = 3x
2
y +y
3
Lng lng mt h ng cp trc mt. Nhng i khng nh l m. Nu t x = ty s ra
nghim t xu nh mt con gu. Vi loi ny ta lm gi bng cch cng hoc tr cc phng
trnh. Nu l th hn phi c dng no c bit.
Coi hai phng trnh sau cng l (3) v (4). Ly (3) + (4) v (3) (4) ta c h mi
_
x
3
+ 3x
2
y + 3xy
2
+y
3
= 3
x
3
3x
2
y + 3xy
2
y
3
= 1

_
(x +y)
3
= 3
(x y)
3
= 1

_
_
x =
3
3 + 1
2
y =
3
3 1
2
_
3
3 + 1
2
;
3
3 1
2
_
Cu 139
_
_
_
1
3x
+
2x
3y
=
x +
y
2x
2
+ y
2(2x +
y) =
2x + 6 y
Gii
Bi ton tng xut hin trong k thi vng 2 hc sinh gii thnh ph H Ni v nhanh chng
lan ta. mt cch tinh t ta s nhn ra s thun nht ca phng trnh u vi 2 bin x
v

y
iu kin : y > 0, 3 x = 0
t

y = tx y = t
2
x
2
thay tt c vo (1) ta c
1
3x
+
2x
3t
2
x
2
=
x +tx
2x
2
+ t
2
x
2
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Rt gn bin x ta a v phng trnh n t. C th l
(t 2)
2
(t
2
+t + 1) = 0 t = 2

y = 2x 0
Thay vo (2) ta c
4x
2
+ 8x =
2x + 6
4x
2
+ 10x +
25
4
= 2x + 6 +
2x + 6 +
1
4
_
2x +
5
2
_
2
=
_
2x + 6 +
1
2
_
2
n y n gin ri ! Ch iu kin x 0. Ta s gii ra x =
17 3
4
y =
13 3
17
2
_
17 3
4
;
13 3
17
2
_
Cu 140
_
3 (y + 1)
2
=

x y
x + 8y =

x y 9
Gii
Mt cht nhm nghim a ta n tng nh gi cho bi ny
iu kin : x y 9
T phng trnh (1) ta thy ngay
x y = 3 (y + 1)
2
3 x y 9
ng thc xy ra khi x = 8 v y = 1
y l mt v d dng phng php nh gi ni chung l n gin. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu
ngi, y vn l mt cu kh hc nu khng tinh nhn ra. Hin nhin ri ! nh gi lun
l phng php thuc loi kh nht trong gii h phng trnh. Vic s dng nh gi hon
ton l kinh nghim v k nng trong qu trnh lm bi ch n khng c mt cng thc hay
phng php no c. nh gi thng hay s dng nht thng l : a phng trnh v tng
cc i lng khng m, nh gi s rng buc tri ngc ca cc n, biu thc (v d trn),
hoc s dng cc Bt ng thc thng dng. nh gi tt trc ht phi nm chc cc bt
dng thc thng dng, nhn bao qut ton b h phc ra s rng buc ca cc n. Trong
cun sch ti s cn gii thiu kh nhiu nhng cu nh gi rt kh.
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 77
Cu 141
_
x
2
y
2
+y
4
+ 1 = 3y
2
xy
2
+x = 2y
Gii
Thy y = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng
_
_
x
2
+y
2
+
1
y
2
= 3
xy +
x
y
= 2
_
x
2
+
_
y +
1
y
_
2
= 5
x
_
y +
1
y
_
= 2
t a = y +
1
y
, |a| 2 . H cho tng ng
_
x
2
+a
2
= 5
xa = 2

_
_
x = 1, a = 2
x = 2, a = 1(L)
x = 1, a = 2
x = 2, a = 1(L)
_
x = 1, y = 1
x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 142
_
_
1
x
+
1
y
= 3 xy
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
= 7
3x
2
y
2
+ 2
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
nu ta bnh phng (1) ri th xung (2) s ch cn li n xy
T (1) ta suy ra
1
x
2
+
2
xy
+
1
y
2
= (3 xy)
2
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
= (3 xy)
2
2
xy
Thay xung (2) v ta thu c
(3 xy)
2
2
xy
= 7 3xy
2
xy

_
_
xy = 1
1
x
+
1
y
= 2
xy = 2
1
x
+
1
y
= 1
_
x = 1
y = 1
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Cu 143
_
_
_
(xy + 3)
2
+ (x +y)
2
= 8
x
x
2
+ 1
+
y
y
2
+ 1
=
1
4
Gii
Mt bi ton ti nh gi l hay. Trc ht c l c khai trin ci (1) ra
PT(1) x
2
y
2
+ 6xy + 9 + x
2
+ 2xy +y
2
= 8
x
2
y
2
+x
2
+y
2
+ 1 = 8xy
(x
2
+ 1)(y
2
+ 1) = 8xy
n y chc hn nhn ra ri nh ? Nhn thy x = 0 hay y = 0 u khng l nghim ca
h. Phng trnh (1) khi s l
x
2
+ 1
x
.
y
2
+ 1
y
= 8
n y t
x
x
2
+ 1
= a ,
y
y
2
+ 1
= b. H cho tng ng
_
a +b =
1
4
1
ab
= 8

_
_
_
_
a =
1
2
b =
1
4
_
_
a =
1
4
b =
1
2
_
_
_
x
x
2
+ 1
=
1
2
y
y
2
+ 1
=
1
4
_
_
x
x
2
+ 1
=
1
4
y
y
2
+ 1
=
1
2
_
_
x = 1
y = 2
3
_
x = 2
3
y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2
3), (1; 2 +
3), (2
3; 1), (2 +
3; 1)
Cu 144
_
x
2
(y + 1) = 6y 2
x
4
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ y(x
2
+ 1) = 12y
2
1
Gii
Rt kh tm c g khi xt tng phng trnh, hoc c hai, tt nht hy dng s tru b
lm
H cho tng ng
_
(x
2
+ 1) (y + 1) = 7y 1
y
2
(x
2
+ 1)
2
+y(x
2
+ 1) = 13y
2
1
Th x
2
+ 1 =
7y 1
y + 1
xung (2) ta c
y
2
_
7y 1
y + 1
_
2
+y.
7y 1
y + 1
= 13y
2
1
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 79
36y
4
33y
3
5y
2
+y + 1 = 0
_
y = 1
y =
1
3
_
x
2
+ 1 = 3
x
2
+ 1 = 1

_
x =
2
x = 0
2; 1), (
2; 1),
_
0;
1
3
_
Cu 145
_
x
2
+y
2
= 5
y 1(x +y 1) = (y 2)
x +y
Gii
iu kin : y 1, x +y 0
Khng lm n g c t (1). Ta s phn tch (2)
t

x +y = a 0,
y 1 = b 0 . Phng trnh (2) s tng ng

b(a
2
1) = a(b
2
1) (a b)(ab + 1) = 0 a = b x = 1 y = 2
Cu 146
_
2x(x + 1)(y + 1) + xy = 6
2y(y + 1)(x + 1) + xy = 6
Gii
H nhn c v kh i xng nhng h s li i nhau. Thi quen khi thy kiu bi ny l ta
cng 2 phng trnh li.
PT(1) + PT(2) 2(x + y)(xy + x + y + 1) + 2xy = 0 (x +y + 1)(x +y +xy) = 0
TH1 : x = (y + 1) thay vo (2) ta c
2y
2
(y + 1) y(y + 1) = 6 y = 2 x = 1
TH2 : xy +x +y = 0 . Kt hp thm vi phng trnh (2) nh sau
(2) 2y(xy +x +y + 1) + xy = 6 2y + xy = 6 2y (x +y) = 6 y = 6 +x
Thay li vo trng hp 2 v ta tm thm (x; y) = (
10 4;
10 + 2), (4
10; 2
10)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2), (
10 4;
10 + 2), (4
10; 2
10)
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Cu 147
_
6x
4
(x
3
x)y
2
(y + 12)x
2
= 6
5x
4
(x
2
1)
2
.y
2
11x
2
= 5
Gii
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca h ny
Chia c hai phng trnh cho x
2
ta c
_
_
6x
2
+
6
x
2

_
x
1
x
_
y
2
y 12 = 0
5x
2
+
5
x
2

_
x
1
x
_
2
y
2
11 = 0
_
6
_
x
1
x
_
2
_
x
1
x
_
y
2
y = 0
5
_
x
1
x
_
2
_
x
1
x
_
2
y
2
1 = 0
n y t x
1
x
= a. H tr thnh
_
6a
2
ay
2
y = 0
5a
2
a
2
y
2
1 = 0

_
a =
1
2
, y = 1
a = 1, y = 2
_
_
x
1
x
=
1
2
y = 1
_
x
1
x
= 1
y = 2
_
_
_
_
x =
1
17
4
y = 1
_
_
_
x =
1
5
2
y = 2
Nhiu bn s bn khon l h kia gii ra a v y th no. Th ti gi l chia c 2 phng trnh
cho a
2
ri t y +
1
a
= X,
y
a
= Y
_
1
17
4
; 1
_
,
_
1
5
2
; 2
_
Cu 148
_
x 2
y + 1 = 3
x
3
4x
2
y + 1 9x 8y = 52 4xy
Gii
iu kin : y 1
Nhn thy

y + 1 phng trnh (2) cho ta lin tng n php th y. C l s phi chi
tru b vi h ny
T (1) ta suy ra 2
y + 1 = x 3 v y =
x
2
6x + 5
4
. Thay tt c xung (2) ta c
x
3
2x
2
(x 3) 9x 2(x
2
6x + 5) = 52 x(x
2
6x + 5)
_
x = 3(L)
x = 7 y = 3
Ti loi x = 3 v t phng trnh u c nghim th x 3
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2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150 81
Cu 149
_
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ x = 3
x
2
4y
2
+
2xy
x +y 1
= 1
Gii
iu kin : x +y = 1 Phng trnh (2) tng ng
(x
2
4y
2
)(x +y 1) + 2xy = (x + y 1)
Phn tch nhn t ta c
(x + 2y 1)(x
2
2y
2
xy +y + 1) = 0
TH1 : x + 2y 1 = 0 thay vo (1) d dng tm c
(x; y) =
_
1 2
14
5
;
3 +
14
5
_
,
_
2
14 1
5
;
3
14
2
_
TH2: Kt hp vi (1) ta thit lp mt h mi
_
x
2
2y
2
xy + y + 1
x
2
+y
2
+x = 3
H ny c cch gii bng phng php UCT ti nu khong cu 20. y s l
PT(1) PT(2) 3y
2
+xy + x y 4 = 0 (y + 1)(x + 3y 4) = 0
n y d dng ri
H cho c nghim
(x; y) =
_
1 2
14
5
;
3 +
14
5
_
,
_
2
14 1
5
;
3
14
2
_
,
_
11
10
;
17
10
_
, (1; 1), (1; 1), (2; 1)
Cu 150
_
2x
2
2xy + 3x 2y 1 = 3
_
(x
2
1)(x y)
x + 1 +
x y =

2x y + 2
Gii
iu kin : x 1, x y
Phng trnh (1) cho kh rc ri nn th khai thc (2) xem sao. Vi hnh thc nh trn c l
bnh phng l gii php tt nht. PT(2) khi s tng ng
2x y + 1 + 2
_
(x + 1)(x y) = 2x y + 2
_
(x + 1)(x y) =
1
2
()
Tht tinh th v phi ca (1) s l
3
_
(x + 1)(x y)(x 1) =
3
2
.
x 1
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Kh gn p, nhng ta mun gn hn na c. T (*) ta li c
x
2
xy +x y =
1
4
Mt cht bin i v tri ca (1) ta c
2(x
2
xy +x y) + x 1 =
1
2
+x 1 = x
1
2
Vy phng trnh (1) sau khi kt hp c t (2) s l
2x 1 = 3
x 1
_
_
x = 2 y =
23
12
x =
5
4
y =
41
36
_
2;
23
12
_
,
_
5
4
;
41
36
_
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180

Cu 151
_
8x
2
+ 18y
2
+ 36xy 5(2x + 3y)
6xy = 0
2x
2
+ 3y
2
= 30
Gii
iu kin : xy 0
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh u, t y = tx hoc chia cho x
2
lun chng
? Khng nn. Hy bin i gim s cng knh .
Phng trnh u tng ng
2(2x + 3y)
2
+ 12xy 5(2x + 3y)
_
6xy (2x + 3y 2
_
6xy)(4x + 6y
_
6xy) = 0
TH1 :
2x + 3y = 2
_
6xy
_
x, y 0
4x
2
+ 12xy + 9y
2
= 24xy
2x = 3y
Thay vo (2) ta c
9y
2
2
+ 3y
2
= 30 y = 2 x = 3
TH2 :
4x + 6y =
_
6xy
_
x, y 0
16x
2
+ 48xy + 36y
2
= 6xy

_
x, y 0
8x
2
+ 21xy + 18y
2
= 0(V L)
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 83
Cu 152
_
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
2
+
_
x
2
+xy + y
2
3
= x + y
x
2xy + 5x + 3 = 4xy 5x 3
Gii
iu kin :

2xy + 5x + 3 0
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh (1). Tuy nhin nu t y = tx s ra mt
phng trnh n t khng phi l d chi. Tuy nhin nhn xt y x = y 0 tha mn (1).
C th c nh gi no chng ? Nu bn cn nh kiu tch nh cu 115 th s kh n gin.
Ta lm nh sau
_
x
2
+ y
2
2
=
_
1
4
(x +y)
2
+
1
4
(x y)
2
x + y
2
_
x
2
+xy + y
2
3
=
_
1
4
(x +y)
2
+
1
12
(x y)
2
x + y
2
Vy V T |x +y| x + y. ng thc xy ra khi x = y 0 thay vo (2) ta c

x
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 = 4x
2
5x 3
_
2x
2
+ 5x + 3
_
+x
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 6x
2
= 0
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 2x
__
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 + 3x
_
= 0
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 = 2x x = 3, y = 3
Cu 153
_
_
x +
_
x
2
y
2
x
_
x
2
y
2
=
9x
5
x
y
=
3x + 5
30 6y
Gii
iu kin : y = 0, y = 5, x
2
y
2
Mt cu h thuc loi kh kh chi. Ta s khai thc t (2). Suy ra
y =
30x
9x + 5
9x + 5 =
30x
y

9x
5
=
6x
y
1
Th ln (1) ng thi cht t bin i ta c
_
x +
_
x
2
y
2
_
2
x
2
(x
2
y
2
)
=
6x y
y
2x
2
y
2
+ 2x
_
x
2
y
2
= 6xy y
2
_
x = 0
x +
_
x
2
y
2
= 3y x
2
y
2
= 9y
2
6xy +x
2

_
x = 0(L)
x =
5
3
y
Vi x =
5
3
y d dng gii ra x = 5, y = 3 (TM)
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Cu 154
_ _
3 + 2x
2
y x
4
y
2
+x
2
(1 2x
2
) = y
4
1 +
_
1 + (x y)
2
+x
2
(x
4
2x
2
2xy
2
+ 1) = 0
Gii
Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
_
4 (x
2
y 1)
2
= 1 +
_
1 + (x y)
2
+ (x
3
y
2
)
2
D thy V T 2 V P
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = 1
Cu 155
_
_
1
1 + 2x
2
+
1
_
1 + 2y
2
=
2
1 + 2xy
_
x(1 2x) +
_
y(1 2y) =
2
9
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong VMO-2009. Bi ny yu cu cn mt cht kin thc v bt ng
thc mi c th gii quyt c
iu kin : 0 x, y
1
2
t a =
2x, b =
2y , a, b
_
0;
1
2
_
. Ta c
V T =
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2
2
_
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2
_
Ta s dng b vi a, b > 0 v ab 1 ta c bt ng thc
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2

2
1 + ab
Tht vy bt ng thc trn tng ng
(a b)
2
(ab 1)
(1 + ab)(1 + a
2
)(1 + b
2
)
0 (ng)
Vy
V T
2
1 + ab
= V P
ng thc xy ra khi x = y thay vo (2) v ta d dng tm ra
(x; y) =
_
9
73
36
;
9
73
36
_
,
_
9 +
73
36
;
9 +
73
36
_
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 85
Cu 156
_
xy x +y = 3
4x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 9x = y
3
+ 6y + 5
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong mt thi chn i tuyn hc sinh gii ca i hc Vinh. y l
mt bi ton kh kh v mang tnh nh cao v tng. C th s dng UCT dng nng
cao gii quyt n nhng ti khuyn khng nn dng. Ta lm nh sau. H tng ng
_
3xy 3x + 3y = 9
4x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 9x = y
3
+ 6y + 5
Tr 2 phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
4x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 12x + 4 = y
3
+ 3xy + 9y
4(x + 1)
3
+ 4y
3
= 3y
3
+ 3xy + 9y
4(x + 1 + y)[(x + 1)
2
(x + 1)y +y
2
] = 3y(y
2
+ x + 3)
Bc then cht l y. Ta th x = xy +y 3 thay vo v phi ta c
4(x +y + 1)[(x + 1)
2
(x + 1)y + y
2
] = 3y(y
2
+ xy +y 3 + 3)
4(x +y + 1)[(x + 1)
2
(x + 1)y + y
2
] = 3y
2
(x +y + 1)
(x + y + 1)(2x + 2 y)
2
= 0
Vi y = x 1 thay vo (1) ta c x
3
+ 3x + 4 = 0 (V nghim)
Vi y = 2x + 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x
2
+ 3x 1 = 0
_
_
x =
3 +
17
4
x =
3
17
4
_
3 +
17
4
;
1 +
17
2
_
,
_
3
17
4
;
1
17
2
_
Tht kh ngh c mt php th kh o nh th kia phi khng ? Bi ton ny c kh

nhiu phin bn khc, tht ngc nhin l cch gii gn nh ging ht phin bn ny. Ti s
gii thiu thm mt s cu cho bn c.
Cu 157
_
xy x y = 1
4x
3
12x
2
+ 9x = y
3
+ 6y + 7
Gii
H cho tng ng :
_
3xy 3x 3y = 3
4x
3
12x
2
+ 9x = y
3
+ 6y + 7
4(x 1)
3
= y
3
+ 3xy + 3y
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4(x 1)
3
+ 4y
3
= 3y
3
+ 3xy + 3y
4(x +y 1)[(x 1)
2
(x 1)y + y
2
] = 3y(y
2
+x + 1)
4(x +y 1)[(x 1)
2
(x 1)y + y
2
] = 3y(y
2
+xy y 1 + 1)
4(x +y 1)[(x 1)
2
(x 1)y + y
2
] = 3y
2
(x + y 1)
(x + y 1)(2x 2 y)
2
= 0
Vi y = 1 x thay vo (1) ta c x
2
x + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Vi y = 2x 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x
2
5x + 1 = 0
_
_
x =
5
17
4
x =
5 +
17
4
_
5
17
4
;
1
17
2
_
,
_
5 +
17
4
;
1 +
17
2
_
Cu 158
_
xy x + 2y = 4
4x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 45x = y
3
+ 6y 20
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
6y 3x + 3xy 12 = 0
4x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 45x = y
3
+ 6y 20
4x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 48x + 32 = y
3
+ 3xy + 12y
4(x + 2)
3
+ 4y
3
= 3y
3
+ 3xy + 12y
4(x +y + 2)
_
(x + 2)
2
(x + 2)y +y
2
= 3y(y
2
+ x + 4)
Th x = xy + 2y 4 vo v phi ta c
4(x +y + 2)
_
(x + 2)
2
(x + 2)y +y
2
= 3y(y
2
+ 2y +xy 4 + 4) = 3y
2
(x + y + 2)
(x +y + 2)
_
4(x + 2)
2
4(x + 2)y +y
2
_
= 0
Vi y = x 2 thay vo (1) ta c x
2
5x + 8 = 0 (V nghim)
Vi y = 2x + 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x
2
7x + 4 = 0
_
_
x =
17 7
4
x =
17 + 7
4
_
17 7
4
;
1 +
17
2
_
,
_
17 + 7
4
;
1
17
2
_
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 87
Cu 159
_
(y 1)
x + 1 = 3 y
(4x + 13)
x + 1 = y
3
6(2x y) 7
Gi : t
x + 1 = a s a v cu 156
Cu 160
_
x
4
2x = y
4
y
(x
2
y
2
)
3
= 3
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong mt thi chn i tuyn ca trng THPT Chuyn - i Hc S
Phm H Ni. Thot nhn qua hnh thc ca h ny kh gn nh. Tuy nhin y l mt cu
thuc loi rt kh, yu cu kh nng bin i cao, c bit l s xut hin kh b n ca con
s 3 phng trnh (2).
t x +y = a, x y = b ta suy ra (ab)
3
= 3
Phng trnh (1) tng ng : (x
2
y
2
)(x
2
+y
2
) = 2x y
Gi hy a ht v a v b. Th ta c
x
2
+y
2
=
_
a +b
2
_
2
+
_
a b
2
_
2
, 2x y =
a + 3b
2
Thay tt c vo (1) v ta c
ab
_
_
a +b
2
_
2
+
_
a b
2
_
2
_
=
a + 3b
2
ab(a
2
+b
2
) = a + 3b
n y c v cha sng sa g hn ? Th nhng, con s 3 b n kia xut hin. Ta th thay
3 = (ab)
3
vo xem sao. Khi (1) tr thnh
ab(a
2
+b
2
) = a + (ab)
3
b a(a
2
b +b
3
1 a
2
b
4
) = 0 a(b
3
1)(1 a
2
b) = 0
Thnh qu n. Gi n gin hn rt nhiu ri
Vi a = 0 hin nhin v l
Vi b = 1 a =
3
3
_
x y = 1
x +y =
3
3

_
_
x =
1 +
3
3
2
y =
3
3 1
2
Vi a
2
b = 1 (ab)a = 1 a =
1
3
3
b = (
3
3)
2
_
_
_
x +y =
1
3
3
x y = (
3
3)
2
_
x =
2
3
3
y =
1
3
3
_
1 +
3
3
2
;
3
3 1
2
_
,
_
2
3
3
;
1
3
3
_
Ti s a thm mt cu tng tng t nhng mc kh hn mt to.

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Cu 161
_
_
_
x
4
y
4
=
3
4y

1
2x
(x
2
y
2
)
5
+ 5 = 0
Gii
t x +y = a, x y = b th (ab)
5
= 5. Phng trnh u tng ng
4xy(x
4
y
4
) = 3x 2y 4xy(x
2
y
2
)(x
2
+y
2
) = 3x 2y
Ta c
4xy = (a +b)(a b), x
2
+y
2
=
1
2
_
(x +y)
2
+ (x y)
2
_
=
1
2
(a
2
+b
2
), 3x 2y =
a + 5b
2
Thay tt c vo (1) ta c
(a +b)(a b).ab.
1
2
(a
2
+b
2
) =
a + 5b
2
ab(a
4
b
4
) = a + 5b ab(a
4
b
4
) = a (ab)
5
b
a(a
4
b b
5
1 + a
4
b
6
) = 0 a(b
5
+ 1)(a
4
b 1) = 0
TH1 : a = 0 hin nhin v l
TH2 : b = 1 a =
5
5
_
x + y =
5
5
x y = 1

_
_
x =
5
5 1
2
y =
5
5 + 1
2
TH3 : a
4
b = 1 (ab) .a
3
= 1
5
5a
3
= 1 a =
1
15
5
, b =
15
5
4
_
_
_
x + y =
1
15
5
x y =
15
5
4
_
x =
15
5
5
1
2
15
5
y =
15
5
5
+ 1
2
15
5
_
5
5 1
2
;
5
5 + 1
2
_
,
_
15
5
5
1
2
15
5
;
15
5
5
+ 1
2
15
5
_
Cu 162
_
x
4
y
4
= 240
x
3
2y
3
= 3(x
2
4y
2
) 4(x 8y) = 0
Gii
y l cu VMO-2010. Li gii ngn gn ca n s l
PT(1) 8.PT(2) (x 2)
4
= (y 4)
4
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 89
n y d dng tm nghim : (x; y) = (4; 2), (4; 2)
Cu hi t ra y l s dng UCT. Ti xin trnh by 2 cch sau y.
Cch 1 : Tm quan h tuyn tnh da vo nghim
D thy cp nghim ca h l (4,2) v (-4,-2) nn ta ngh quan h y l x = 2y. Thay vo
h v ta rt ra
5
_
y
2
+ 4
_
.PT(1) 2y.PT(2)
Tuy nhin, nhn vo y d dng thy y l mt cch kh tru b. y ta t x = y + t
gim bc ca (1) xung bc 3 ng thi (2) vn l bc 3.
V cp nghim l (4,2) v (-4,-2) nn ta ngh n x = 6 y hoc x = 6 y Vi x = 6 y th
h tr thnh
_
24 (y 2) (y
2
7y + 22) = 0
3 (y 2) (y
2
7y + 22) = 0
PT(1) 8PT(2) (x +y 6) (x y + 2)
_
(x 2)
2
+ (y 4)
2
_
Vi x = 6 y ta khng tm ra k l hng s nn loi.
Cch 2 : Nhn xt cc bin x, y c lp vi nhau nn ta hi vong a v c hng
ng thc
Nh vy ta s tm s k sao cho
PT(1) + k.PT(2) (x +)
4
(y +)
4
= 0
Cn bng h s ta c
_
_
_
k = 8
= 2
= 4
Vy PT(1) 8PT(2) (x 2)
4
= (y 4)
4
.
OK ri ch ? Ti li a thm mt v d na cho bn c
Cu 163
_
x
4
y
4
= 1215
2x
3
4y
3
= 9(x
2
4y
2
) 18(x 8y)
Gi : PT(1) 6.PT(2) (x 3)
4
= (y 6)
4
Nghim : (x; y) = (6; 3), (6; 3)
Cu 164
_
xy x +y = 2
x
3
4x
2
+x + 18 = 2y
3
+ 5y
2
y
Gii
mi m mt cht ti xin dng phng php chn qu nht c th, l th tru b.
T (1) thy ngay x = 1 khng l nghim v ta suy ra y =
x + 2
x + 1
th xung (2) ta c
x
3
4x
2
+ x + 18 = 2
_
x + 2
x + 1
_
3
+ 5
_
x + 2
x + 1
_
2
x + 2
x + 1
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Rt gn ta a v mt phng trnh bc 6 nh sau
x
6
x
5
8x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 20x
2
4x 16 = 0
Mt phng trnh bc 6 y . Ch t ta mong rng s tm ra t nht 2 nghim c th rt
gn xung bc 4. y dng Casio s rt ra c 2 nghim x =
2. Vy c nhn t l
x
2
2 ri. Phng trnh tr thnh
(x
2
2)(x
4
x
3
6x
2
+ 2x + 8) = 0
Gi ta xt phng trnh x
4
x
3
6x
2
+ 2x + 8 = 0. Ti s trnh by coi nh l phng php
gii phng trnh bc 4 tng qut lun cho bn c.
Trc ht hy a cc phn t x
4
x
3
tng ht vo trong mt bnh phng, phn cn li y
sang phi. Tc l
x
4
x
3
+
x
2
4
=
25x
2
4
2x 8
_
x
2
x
2
_
2
=
25x
2
4
2x 8
_
x
2
x
2
+k
_
2
= k
2
+ 2k
_
x
2
x
2
_
+
25x
2
4
2x 8
_
x
2
x
2
+k
_
2
=
_
2k +
25
4
_
x
2
(k + 2)x +k
2
8
Ta phi tm k v phi tr thnh bnh phng. Tc l
x
0
(k + 2)
2
= 4
_
2k +
25
4
_
(k
2
8) k = 3, k =
_
17
2
Tt nhin ta chn gi tr p nht l k = 3. Thay vo phng trnh ta c
_
x
2
x
2
3
_
2
=
x
2
4
x + 1
_
x
2
x
2
3
_
2
=
_
x
2
1
_
2
n y d dng tm ra x = {
2;
1
17
2
}
2;
2),
_
1
17
2
;
1
17
4
_
Cu 165
_
_
_
x y 1 = 2
x +
y =
(2x 5y)
2
x y
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0, x = y
T (1) ta c x =
_
y + 1
_
2
thay vo (2) tng ng
y + 1 +
y =
_
2
_
y + 1
_
2
5y
_
2
_
y + 1
_
2
y
(2
y + 1)
2
= (4
y + 2 3y)
2
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 91
t 2
y + 1 = a, 3y = b th phng trnh cho tng ng

a
2
= (2a b)
2
3a
2
4ab + b
2
_
a = b
3a = b
Vi a = b 3y = 2
y + 1 y = 1 x = 4
Vi 3a = b y = 2
y + 1 y = 3 + 2
2 x = 6 + 4
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (4; 1), (6 + 4
2; 3 + 2
2)
Cu 166
_
16x
2
y
2
17y
2
= 1
4xy + 2x 7y = 1
Gii
Ta thc hien bin i (2) nh sau
(2) 4xy + 1 = 7y 2x 16x
2
y
2
+ 8xy + 1 = 4x
2
28xy + 49y
2
17y
2
+ 8xy = 4x
2
28xy + 49y
2
4(x
2
9xy + 8y
2
)
_
x = y
x = 8y
Vi x = y thay vo (2) ta c 4x
2
5x + 1 = 0
_
x = 1 y = 1(TM)
x =
1
4
y =
1
4
(TM)
Vi x = 8y thay vo (2) ta c 32y
2
9y + 1 = 0(V L)
_
1
4
;
1
4
_
Cu 167
_
2
_
x
2
y
4
+ 2xy
2
y
4
+ 1 = 2(3
2 x)y
2
_
x y
2
+x = 3
Gii
iu kin : x y
2
, x
2
y
4
+ 2xy
2
y
4
+ 1 0
R rng khng lm n c g t (2). Cng lm khai thc c ci iu kin. Ta s khai thc
(1). Bin i ta s c
_
(xy
2
+ 1)
2
y
4
= 2[xy
2
+ 1 (3
2)y
2
]
(xy
2
+ 1)
2
y
4
1 = 2
_
xy
2
+ 1
y
2
(3
2)
_
t
xy
2
+ 1
y
2
= t > 0. Phng trnh cho tr thnh
t
2
1 = 2t 2(3
2) t = 3 xy
2
+ 1 = 3y
2
y
2
=
1
3 x
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Thay xung (2) ta c
_
x
1
3 x
+ x = 3
_
x = 2 y = 1
x = 4
2 y =
_
2 + 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1),
_
4
2;
_
2 + 1
_
,
_
4
2;
_
2 + 1
_
Cu 168
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
17(x
4
+ y
4
14y
2
+ 49) (x + 2y)
4
= 8(xy + 7)(x
2
+ 2xy + 4y
2
14)
Gii
Hnh thc ca bi h qu khng b. Thot nhn ta thy h c 1 phng trnh l tam thc bc
2. Vy ta th xem liu c th phn tch thnh nhn t c khng ? y khng c,
x
qu xu. Vy phi quay sang (2)
17
_
x
4
+ (y
2
7)
2
_
= (x + 2y)
4
8(xy + 7)
_
(x + 2y)
2
2(xy + 7)
_
17
_
x
4
+ (y
2
7)
2
_
= (x + 2y)
4
8(xy + 7)(x + 2y)
2
+ 16(xy + 7)
2
17
_
x
4
+ (y
2
7)
2
_
=
_
(x + 2y)
2
4(xy + 7)
2
_
17
_
x
4
+ (y
2
7)
2
_
= (x
2
+ 4y
2
28)
2
V T = (1
2
+ 4
2
)
_
x
4
+ (y
2
7)
2
_
(x
2
+ 4(y
2
7)
2
) = V P
ng thc xy ra khi 4x
2
= y
2
7 kt hp vi (1) ta lp mt h mi
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
4x
2
= y
2
7
Thot nhn y ng l h gm 2 tam thc bc 2 v ta s gii bng h s bt nh. Tuy nhin,
hng s k y tm c qu l, v ta s xoay sang hng khc l nh gi.
Vit li phng trnh u nh sau
_
x
2
+x(y 3) + y + (y 2)
2
= 0
y
2
+ (x 4)y +x
2
3x + 4 = 0

_

x
0
y
0

_
_
0 x
4
3
1 y
7
3
Vi iu kin kia th r rng y
2
7
_
7
3
_
2
7 < 0 4x
2
Vy h cho v nghim
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 93
Cu 169
_
_
2xy + y
_
x
2
y
2
14
=
_
x +y
2
+
_
x y
2
_
x +y
2
_
3
+
_
x y
2
_
3
= 9
Gii
iu kin : y min{x}
Vi hnh thc bi h nh ny ta thy ngay cn phi t n ph
t
_
x + y
2
= a 0,
_
x y
2
= b 0
_
x = a
2
+ b
2
y = a
2
b
2
Nh vy thay vo (1) ta c
(1)
2 (a
2
+b
2
) (a
2
b
2
) + 2 (a
2
b
2
) ab
14
= a +b
7 (a + b) =
_
a
2
+b
2
_ _
a
2
b
2
_
+
_
a
2
b
2
_
ab
7 = (a b)
_
a
2
+ab +b
2
_
_
a
3
b
3
= 7
a
3
+ b
3
= 9

_
a = 2
b = 1

_
x = 5
y = 3
Cu 170
_
x
3
y +x
3
+xy +x = 1
4x
3
y
2
+ 4x
3
8xy 17x = 8
Gii
Mt bi h yu cu kh nng rt th tng i tt.
H cho tng ng
_
x
3
(y + 1) + x(y + 1) = 1
4x
3
(y
2
+ 1) 8x(y + 1) = 9x 8
T PT(1) ta th x(y + 1) = 1 x
3
(y + 1) vo PT(2) v ta c
(2) 4x
3
(y
2
+ 1) 8[1 x
3
(y + 1)] = 9x 8
4x
3
(y
2
+ 1 + 2y + 2) = 9x 4x
2
[(y + 1)
2
+ 2] = 9()
V d thy x = 0 khng l nghim nn ta rt gn ra (*)
M t phng trnh (1) ta li rt ra c y + 1 =
1
x
2
(x
2
+ 1)
. Vy (*) tr thnh
4x
2
_
1
x
2
(x
2
+ 1)
2
+ 2
_
= 9
4
(x
2
+ 1)
2
+ 8x
2
= 9 x
2
= 1
_
_
x = 1 y =
1
2
x = 1 y =
3
2
_
1;
1
2
_
,
_
1;
3
2
_
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Cu 171
_
_
_
1 x
2
x
2
_
3
+ xy +
3
2
= y
3
(xy + 2)
2
+
1
x
2
= 2y +
4
x
Gii
iu kin : x = 0
_
xy + 2
1
x
_
2
= 0
_
_
xy =
1
x
2
y =
1
x
2

2
x
_
1
x
2
1
_
3
+
1
x

1
2
=
_
1
x
2

2
x
_
3
_
t
2
1
_
3
+t
1
2
= (t
2
2t)
3
(2t 1)
_
6t
4
12t
3
+ 2t
2
+ 4t + 3
_
= 0
TH1 : t =
1
2
x = 2 y =
3
4
TH2 :
6t
4
12t
3
+ 2t
2
+ 4t + 3 = 0
S dng phng php ti nu cu 164 s a v
6
_
t
2
t
2
3
_
2
=
1
3
(V L)
_
2;
3
4
_
Cu 172
_
x(x
2
y
2
) + x
2
= 2
_
(x y
2
)
3
76x
2
20y
2
+ 2 =
3
_
4x(8x + 1)
Gii
iu kin : x y
2
0
x
3
+ x(x y
2
) 2
_
(x y
2
)
3
= 0
t
_
x y
2
= u th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x
3
+xu
2
2u
3
= 0 x = u y
2
= x x
2
Thay xung (2) ta c
96x
2
20x + 2 =
3
32x
2
+ 4x
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 95
Nu i vi nhng ai gii tt phng trnh v t th s nhn ra ngay dng bi ny thng s
dng phng php nh gi. Nhn thy x =
1
8
l nghim v ch x 0 . Ta c hng tch
nh sau.
96x
2
20x + 2 =
3
32x
2
+ 4x =
3
_
1.1.(32x
2
+ 4x)
32x
2
+ 4x + 2
3
3(96x
2
20x + 2) 32x
2
+ 4x + 2 (16x 2)
2
0 x =
1
8
y =
7
8
_
1
8
;
7
8
_
Ti gii thiu thm mt cu gn tng t nhng kh hn.

Cu 173
_
y
2
+ (4x 1)
2
=
3
_
4x(8x + 1)
40x
2
+x = y
14x 1
Gii
iu kin : x
1
14
Vi iu kin nh th th t (2) hin nhin y > 0. Ta c nh gi sau y
40x
2
+ x = y
14x 1
y
2
+ 14x 1
2
y
2
80x
2
12x + 1
T (1) ta li c
3
_
4x(8x + 1) = y
2
+ (4x 1)
2
80x
2
12x + 1 + (4x 1)
2
= 2(48x
2
10x + 1)
ng thi
3
_
4x(8x + 1) =
3
_
1.1.(32x
2
+ 4x)
1 + 1 + 32x
2
+ 4x
3
T suy ra
2(48x
2
10x + 1)
32x
2
+ 4x + 2
3
2(8x 1)
2
0 x =
1
8
y =
3
2
_
1
8
;
3
2
_
Cu 174
_
x
x y 1 = 1
y
2
+x + 2y
x y
2
x = 0
Gii
iu kin : x 0, x y + 1
x 1 =
_
x y 1 x 2
x + 1 = x y 1 y = 2
x 2
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Thay vo (2) tng ng
4(
x 1)
2
+ x + 4(
x 1)
x 4(
x 1)
2
.x = 0
_
_
x =
1
4
x = 4 y = 2
x =
9
17
8
Nghim x =
1
4
, x =
9
17
8
khng tha mn iu kin bnh phng (1).
Cu 175
_ _
x
2
+ 2y + 3 + 2y 3 = 0
2(2y
3
+x
3
) + 3y(x + 1)
2
+ 6x(x + 1) + 2 = 0
Gii
iu kin : x
2
+ 2y + 3 0
2(2y
3
+ x
3
) + 3y(x + 1)
2
+ 6x
2
+ 6x + 2 = 0 2(x + 1)
3
+ 3y(x + 1)
2
+ 4y
3
= 0
R rng y l mt phng trnh thun nht gia y v x +1. y ta s rt ra 2y = (x +1)
thay vo (1) ta c
x
2
x + 2 = x + 4 x =
14
9
y =
5
18
_
14
9
;
5
18
_
Cu 176
_
2x
3
4x
2
+ 3x 1 = 2x
3
(2 y)
3 2y
x + 2 =
3
_
14 x
3 2y + 1
Gii
iu kin : x 2, y
3
2
Hnh thc bi h qu tht khng n gin. phng trnh (1) chia c 2 v cho x
2
= 0 s
c lp c x v y, ta hi vng s ra c iu g
(1) 2
4
x
+
3
x
2

1
x
3
= (4 2y)
_
3 2y
_
1
1
x
_
3
+
_
1
1
x
_
=
_
_
3 2y
_
3
+
_
3 2y
D dng thy 2 v c dng f(t) = t
3
+t l hm n iu tng. T suy ra

3 2y = 1
1
x
thay vo (2) ta c
x + 2
3
15 x = 1
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2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180 97
R rng v tri n iu tng nn phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht x = 7 y =
111
98
_
7;
111
98
_
Cu 177
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
8xy
x +y
= 16
x
2
8y
+
2x
3
=
x
3
3y
+
x
2
4

y
2
Gii
iu kin : y = 0, x +y = 0,
x
3
3y
+
x
2
4
0
x
2
8y
+
4x + 3y
6
= 2
x
3
12y
+
x
2
16

x
2
8y
+
4x + 3y
6
= 2
x
2
8y
.
4x
6
+
x
2
8y
.
3y
6
Nhn vo biu thc trn ta thy c nghim th
x
2
8y
0,
4x + 3y
6
0. Vy ta c
a +b = 2
ab a = b
x
2
8y
=
4x + 3y
6

_
x = 6y
x =
2
3
.y
TH1 : x = 6y thay vo (1) ta c
37y
2
+
48
7
y = 16
_
_
y =
28
37
x =
168
37
(L)
y =
4
7
x =
24
7
TH2 : x =
2
3
y thay vo (1) ta c
4
9
y
2
+ y
2
16y = 16
_
y =
12
13
(L)
y = 12 x = 8(TM)
Vic loi nghim ny da vo iu kin (2) c nghim m ti nu on trn.
_
24
7
;
4
7
_
, (8; 12)
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Cu 178
_
x
3
(3y + 55) = 64
xy(y
2
+ 3y + 3) = 12 + 51x
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
_
3y + 55 =
64
x
3
12
x
+ 51 = y
3
+ 3y
2
+ 3y
_
3 (y + 1) + 52 =
_
4
x
_
3
3.
4
x
+ 52 = (y + 1)
3
R rng l mt h i xng. T ta suy ra y + 1 =
4
x
y =
4
x
1 thay vo (1) ta c
x
3
_
12
x
+ 52
_
= 64 x = 1 y = 3
Cu 179
_
_
x
4
+ 2y
3
x =
1
4
+ 3
3
y
4
+ 2x
3
y =
1
4
3
3
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong 1 hc sinh gii Thi Nguyn. Thot nhn c v kh i xng nhng
khng d nh vy. Cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
x
4
+ 2x
3
x + y
4
+ 2y
3
y =
1
2
(x
2
+x)
2
(x
2
+ x) +
1
4
+ (y
2
+y)
2
(y
2
+ y) +
1
4
= 0
_
x
2
+x
1
2
_
2
+
_
y
2
+y
1
2
_
2
= 0
_
x
2
+x
1
2
= 0
y
2
+y
1
2
= 0
_
x =
1
3
2
y =
1
3
2
Th li v ta tm c nghim tha mn l (x; y) =
_
1
3
2
;
1 +
3
2
_
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 99
Cu 180
_
_
_
x + 6
xy y = 6
x +
6(x
3
+y
3
)
x
2
+xy +y
2

_
2(x
2
+y
2
) = 3
Gii
y l mt bi ton tng xut hin trn bo THTT. tng ca n l nh gi. Sau ny n
xut hin kh nhiu trn din n v c nhiu li gii khc. Ti xin trch dn 1 phn li gii
trong t bo.
iu kin : xy 0, x
2
+y
2
= 0
Nu x, y < 0 th r rng v tri ca (2) s < 0 v bi ton v nghim.
Vy x, y > 0.
Xt (1) ta c nh gi sau
6 = x +
_
6xy y x + 3(x +y) y = 2(2x + y) 2x +y 3()
Ta li c cc nh gi sau
xy
x
2
+y
2
2
x
2
+xy + y
2
3(x
2
+y
2
)
2

3(x
3
+y
3
)
x
2
+ xy +y
2

2(x
3
+y
3
)
x
2
+ y
2
Gi ta li chng minh
2(x
3
+ y
3
)
x
2
+y
2

_
2(x
2
+y
2
) 2(x
3
+y
3
)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c
2(x
3
+ y
3
)
2
= (1
3
+ 1
3
)(x
3
+ y
3
)(x
3
+ y
3
) (x
2
+ y
2
)
3
Vy ta c :
3(x
3
+y
3
)
x
2
+xy +y
2

2(x
3
+ y
3
)
x
2
+y
2

_
2(x
2
+ y
2
)
Gi xt phng trnh (2) ta c
3 = x +
6(x
3
+y
3
x
2
+xy +y
2

_
2(x
2
+y
2
x + 2
_
2(x
2
+y
2
)
_
2(x
2
+y
2
)
= x +
_
2(x
2
+y
2
) x +x +y = 2x +y
Vy ta li c 2x +y 3()
T (*),(**) ta c
_
2x +y = 3
x = y
x = y = 1
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
Cu 181
_
2y
2
9y
4
x
= 2
4
x + 1 + xy
_
y
2
+ 4 = 0
Gii
y l 1 bi ton m tng xt hm c giu kh kn.
iu kin : 1 x = 0
Nhn thy x = 1 hoc y = 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh. Phng trnh (2) tng
ng
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x
x + 1
=
4
y
_
y
2
+ 4
x + 1 1
x + 1
=
y
2
(y
2
+ 4)
y
_
y
2
+ 4
x + 1
1
x + 1
=
y
_
y
2
+ 4
_
y
2
+ 4
y
n y ta thy ngay hm cn xt l f(t) = t
1
t
v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra
x + 1 =
y
_
y
2
+ 4
x + 1 =
y
2
y
2
+ 4
x =
4
y
2
+ 4

4
x
= y
2
+ 4
Thay li vo (1) ta c
3y
2
9y + 6 = 0
_
_
y = 1 x =
4
5
(TM)
y = 2 x =
1
2
(TM)
_
4
5
; 1
_
,
_
1
2
; 2
_
Cu 182
_
3
_
y
3
1 +
x = 3
x
2
+y
3
= 82
Gii
iu kin : y 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
3
_
y
3
1 =
9 x
3 +
x
y
3
1 = (9 x)(9 + x)
(9 x) (9 +x).
3
_
y
3
1 = (y
3
1)
(9 x)
3 +
x
TH1 : y = 1 x = 9
TH2 : x = 9 y = 1
TH3 : (9 + x)(3 +
x) =
_
3
_
y
3
1
_
2
R rng v nghim v V T 27 cn
3
_
y
3
1 3
Cu 183
_
_
_
x + 2(y
x 1) =
19
5
+
1
y
2
+ 1
2x +y 2 +
y x + 1 = 3
Gii
iu kin : 2x +y 2 0, y x + 1 0, x 1
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 101
_
x 1 1
_
2
+ 2y =
19
5
+
1
y
2
+ 1
Nu y > 2 th ta c V T > 4 > V P. Vy y 2
Ta nh gi phng trnh (2) nh sau
V T =
_
2x + y 2 +
1
2
_
2y 2x + 2
_
1 +
1
2
_
3y 3
ng thc xy ra khi y = 2 x = 2
Tri qua kh nhiu nhng cu h s dng nh gi, ta mi thy phng php ny kh v cn
k nng bin i tt nh th no.
Cu 184
_
_
_
2x
2
+ xy = 1
9x
2
2(1 x)
4
= 1 +
3xy
2(1 x)
2
Gii
iu kin : x = 1
Mt bi ton kh c sc v li gii cng sng to.
t
3x
2(1 x)
2
= u ta lp thnh mt h mi nh sau
_
2x
2
+yx 1 = 0
2u
2
+yu 1 = 0
n y c v i xng ri. Nhng ta khng tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau m c nh gi nh
sau
R rng x v u l 2 nghim phn bit ca phng trnh X
2
+ yX 1 = 0. Hin nhin v tch
c.a l tri du. Theo h thc V i et ta c
xu =
c
a
x.
3x
2(1 x)
2
=
1
2
x =
1
3
2
y = 2
_
1 +
3
2
; 2
_
,
_
1
3
2
; 2
_
Cu 185
_
4x
2
y
2
+xy
2
+ 4xy 3y
3
+ 1 = 7y
2
3xy 3y
2
y + 1 = 0
Gii
Mt cht bin i ta a h cho v thnh
_
(2xy + 1)
2
= 7y
2
+ 3y
3
xy
2
2xy + 1 = y + 3y
2
xy
(y + 3y
2
xy)
2
= 7y
2
+ 3y
3
xy
2
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_
y
2
= 0
(1 + 3y x)
2
= 7 + 3y x
TH1 : y
2
= 0 v nghim
TH2 : (1 + 3y x)
2
= 7 + 3y x
_
3y x = 3
3y x = 2

_
x = 3y + 3
x = 3y 2
Vi mi trng hp ny thay vo (2) v ta d dng tm ra nghim
_
3
2
;
1
6
_
,
_
1
_
5
2
;
4
10
6
_
Cu 186
_
x
x
2
+ 6 + y
x
2
+ 3 = 7xy
x
x
2
+ 3 + y
_
y
2
+ 6 = x
2
+y
2
+ 2
Gii
y l mt bi ton tng hp kh nhiu cc k nng vo lm mt.
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x
_
_
y
2
+ 6 + y
_
+y
_
x
2
+ 3 + x
_
= 9xy
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
+ y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
= 2
_
_
y
2
+ 6 + y
y
+
x
2
+ 3 + x
x
= 9
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
+ y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
= 2
_
6
y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_ +
3
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_ = 9
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
+y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
= 2
t x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
= a, y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
= b. H tr thnh
_
6
b
+
3
a
= 9
a +b = 1
_
a = 1, b = 1
a =
2
3
, b =
4
3
TH1 :
_
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
= 1
y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
= 1

_
x = 1
y =
1
2
TH2 :
_
_
x
_
x
2
+ 3 x
_
=
2
3
y
_
_
y
2
+ 6 y
_
=
4
3
_
x =
2
15
y = 2
_
2
15
_
1;
1
2
_
,
_
2
15
; 2
_
2
15
_
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 103
Cu 187
_
(x +y)
2
+ 3x + 2y + 4 = 3
3
4x 4
2(y + 1)
2
_
y + 1
3
18x x
3
_
= 17
_
x 2
_
2
35 10x
2
Gii
iu kin : x 2
Nhn vo ta thy phng trnh (2) qu khng b, gn nh khng th lm n c mt cht
no. Nhng hy mt cht, c mt phn t kh c bit l 17
_
x 2
_
2
. cn li
cn bnh phng !! Phi chng tc gi c vy nhm to iu kin cho x nh gi mt
ci g chng ? C l l t phng trnh (1).
Ta thc hin nh gi phng trnh (1) nh sau
(x + y)
2
+ 3x + 2y + 4 = 3
3
_
2.2.(x 1) 2 + 2 +x 1 = x + 3
(x + y)
2
+ 2x + 2y + 1 0 (x +y + 1)
2
0
ng thc xy ra khi x = 3 v y = 4. Thay li vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn
Cu 188
_
_
_
x
2
(y + 3)x +y
2
+ 2 = 0
_
x
y
_
4
2
_
x
y
_
3
+
_
x
y
_
2
4 3x
y
2
1
4 6x
y
4
= 0
Gii
Hng gii ca n kh ging cu 185.
iu kin : y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
x
2
xy = 3x y
2
2
x
4
2x
3
y +x
2
y
2
= (4 3x)y
2
+y
4
+ 4 6x

_
x
2
xy = 3x y
2
2
(x
2
xy)
2
= (4 3x)y
2
+y
4
+ 4 6x()
()
_
3x y
2
2
_
2
= (4 3x)y
2
+y
4
+ 4 6x
9x
2
+ y
4
+ 4 6xy
2
12x + 4y
2
= (4 3x)y
2
+y
4
+ 4 6x
9x
2
3xy
2
6x = 0 3x(3x y
2
2) = 0
n y ta th li 3x y
2
2 = x
2
xy t (1) vo phng trnh trn s c :
3x
2
(x y) = 0
_
_
x = 0 y
2
+ 2 = 0(V L)
x = y y
2
3y + 2 = 0
_
y = x = 1
y = x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (2; 2)
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Cu 189
_
x
2
+xy +x + 3 = 0
(x + 1)
2
+ 3(y + 1) + 2
_
xy
_
x
2
y + 2y
_
= 0
Gii
iu kin : y 0
PT(2) 2.PT(1) (x
2
+ 2) + 3y = 2
_
(x
2
+ 2)y
t
x
2
+ 2 = a > 0,
y = b 0. Phng trnh tr thnh

a
2
+ 3b
2
= 2ab
_
a = b y = x
2
+ 2
a = 3b(L)
Thay tr li (1) ta d dng tm ra c nghim.
Cu 190
_
x
3
y = 9
3x +y = 6
Gii
Hnh thc bi h qu n gin. Ta c th chn cch th t (2) ln (1) gii phng trnh bc
4. Tuy nhin, ch vi nh gi kh n gin, ta c th gii quyt nhanh bi ny.
Nhn thy gi s h c nghim th x, y > 0. p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho phng trnh
(2) ta c
3x + y = x + x + x + y 4
4
_
x
3
y = 4
3 > 6
Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 191
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)(x +y + 1) = 25(y + 1)
x
2
+xy + 2y
2
+x 8y = 9
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
y + 1
(x + y + 1) = 25
x
2
+ y
2
+ x(y + 1) + (y + 1)
2
= 10 (y + 1)
_
x
2
+y
2
y + 1
(x + y + 1) = 25
x
2
+y
2
y + 1
+ (x +y + 1) = 10
t
x
2
+ y
2
y + 1
= a, x + y + 1 = b ta c
_
ab = 25
a +b = 10
a = b = 5
_
x
2
+y
2
= 5 (y + 1)
x + y = 4

_
x = 3, y = 1
x =
3
2
, y =
11
2
_
3
2
;
11
2
_
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 105
Cu 192
_
4x
3
+ 4y
3
= 3x
2
y + 2
3xy + 2x
x
2
= y
2
+ 1
Gii
y l mt cu thuc loi kh. Mang tnh nh mt cht. mt cht phng trnh
(2) nhn kh ging mt hng ng thc lng gic l 1 + tan
2
x =
1
cos
2
x
. Vy ta t
x =
1
cosa
y = tana vi a [0; ]. Thay tt c vo phng trnh (1) ta c
4
cos
3
a
+ 4tan
3
a =
3
cos
2
a
tan a + 2
3
1
cos a
. tan a +
2
cos a
4 + 4sin
3
a = 3 sin a + 2
3 sin a cos a + 2cos

2
a
3 = sin 3a +
3 sin 2a + cos 2a 3 = sin 3a + 2 sin

_
2a +

6
_
R rng V T V P v ng thc xy ra khi a =

6
x =
2
3
, y =
1
3
_
2
3
;
1
3
_
Cu 193
_
y
3
+ 3xy 17x + 18 = x
3
3x
2
+ 13y 9
x
2
+y
2
+xy 6y 5x + 10 = 0
Gii
S dng phng php h s bt nh ta s rt ra
PT(1) 3.PT(2) (y 1)
2
+ 2(y 1) = x
3
+ 2x x = y 1
n y d ri !
P/S : Thc ra vi bi ny ta nhn 3 vo PT(2) ri tr i c th do 1 cht kinh nghim nhm
loi b xy i ch khng nht thit phi s dng n h s bt nh.
_
5
3
;
8
2
_
Cu 194
_
_
_
(x + y 3)
3
= 4y
3
_
x
2
y
2
+xy +
45
4
_
x + 4y 3 = 2xy
2
Gii
T phng trnh (2) ta rt ra : x +y 3 = 2xy
2
3y
y
3
(2xy 3)
3
= 4y
3
_
x
2
y
2
+xy +
45
4
_
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TH1 : y = 0 x = 3
TH2 : (2xy 3)
3
= 4
_
x
2
y
2
+xy +
45
4
_
xy = 4 x =
4
y
n y thay li vo (2) d dng tm ra nghim.
_
3
73
2
;
3
73
8
_
,
_
3 +
73
2
;
3 +
73
8
_
Cu 195
_
2x +
_
2 x +y x
2
y
2
= 1
2x
3
= 2y
3
+ 1
Gii
Chuyn v v bnh phng (1) ta suy ra h mi sau
_
5x
2
3x 1 = y y
2
2x
3
2y
3
= 1
2x
3
2y
3
= 5x
2
3x +y
2
y
(x y 1)(2x
2
3x + 2xy + 2y
2
y) = 0
TH1 : x = y + 1 thay vo (2) d dng tm c nghim.
TH2 : Kt hp vi phng trnh (1) sau khi bnh phng ta lp mt h mi
_
2x
2
3x + 2xy + 2y
2
y = 0
5x
2
3x +y
2
y = 1
y l h gm 2 tam thc v ta bit cch gii bng phng php UCT.
_
3
3
6
;
3
3
6
_
Cu 196
_
_
_
1 +
1 x
2
= x
_
1 + 2
_
1 y
2
_
1
1 + x
+
1
1 + y
=
2
_
1 +
xy
Gii
iu kin : |x| 1, |y| 1, xy 0
Vi iu kin trn ta tin hnh nh gi
V T
2
_
1
1 + x
+
1
1 + y
_
2
_
1 +
xy
ng thc xy ra khi x = y. Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
_
1 +
1 x
2
= x
_
1 + 2
1 x
2
_
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 107
Vi loi phng trnh v t ny lng gic ha l cch tt nht.
t x = sint, t
_
0;

2
_
. Phng trnh tr thnh
1 + cos t = sin t(1 + 2 cos t)
2 cos
t
2
= 2 sin
t
2
cos
t
2
_
3 4sin
2
t
2
_
3 sin
t
2
4sin
3
t
2
=
2
2

_
_
sin
3t
2
=
2
2
t
_
0;

2
_
_
_
t =

6
x =
1
2
t =

2
x = 1
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 197
_
2y
3
+ 2x
1 x = 3
1 x y
y = 2x
2
1 + 2xy
1 + x
Gii
iu kin 1 x 1
k th phng trnh (1) c dng f(
1 x) = f(y) vi f(t) = t
3
+ t n iu tng. Tuy
nhin, n y cha phi l ht. Nh ti ni trc, nhng h kiu ny thng kh nng
v gii phng trnh v t pha sau.
Thay y =
1 x t (1) xung (2) v ta thu c
1 x = 2x
2
1 + 2x
1 x
2
t x = cost, t [0; ] phng trnh cho tng ng
1 cos t = 2cos
2
t 1 + 2 cos t
1 cos t
2 sin
t
2
= cos 2t + sin 2t
_
sin
t
2
= sin
_
2t +

4
_
t [0; ]
t =
3
10

_
_
x = cos
3
10
y =
2 sin
3
20
_
cos
3
10
;
2 sin
3
20
_
Cu 198
_
3(x
3
y
3
) = 4xy
x
2
y
2
= 9
Gii
Mt bi h khng qu kh khn, ch cn ch mt cht trong php th
T (2) suy ra xy = 3 hoc xy = 3.
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Vi xy = 3 y =
3
x
, thay tt c vo (1) ta c
x
3
_
3
x
_
3
= 4
_
_
x
3
= 2
31 x =
3
_
2
31 y =
3
3
_
2
31
x
3
= 2 +
31 x =
3
_
2 +
31 y =
3
3
_
2 +
31
Tng t vi trng hp xy = 3. Tuy nhin trng hp ny v nghim.
_
3
_
2
31;
3
3
_
2
31
_
,
_
3
_
2 +
31;
3
3
_
2 +
31
_
Cu 199
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1
2(x y)(1 + 4xy) =
3
Gii
Phng trnh u khin ta lin tng n phng php lng gic ha.
t x = sin t, y = cos t, t [0; 2]. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
(sin t cos t)(1 + 2 sin 2t) =
6
2
sin t cos t + 2 sin 2t sin t 2 sin 2t cos t =
6
2
sin t cos t + cos t cos 3t sin 3t sin t =
6
2
_
_
_
cos 3t + sin 3t =
6
2
t [0; 2]
t
_
7
36
;
31
36
;
55
36
;
11
36
;
35
36
;
39
36
_
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (sin t; cos t) vi t
_
7
36
;
31
36
;
55
36
;
11
36
;
35
36
;
39
36
_
Cu 200
_
_
5y
4
x
4
6(x
2
y
2
) 2xy = 0
1
2
(5y
2
+x
2
)
2
18 =

xy(6 5y
2
x
2
)
Gii
iu kin : xy 0, 5y
4
x
4
0
Mt h kh hay. y xt phng trnh (2) ta coi x
2
+ 5y
2
l n chnh.
H cho tng ng
(5y
2
+ x
2
)
2
+ 2
xy(5y
2
+x
2
) 12
xy 36 = 0
5y
2
+x
2 = xy + 12
xy + 36 = (
xy + 6)
2
www.VNMATH.com
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 109
Qu tuyt vi khi n chnh phng. T ta s tnh c
_
x
2
+ 5y
2
= 6
x
2
+ 5y
2
= 2
xy 6(L)
n y thay 6 = x
2
+ 5y
2
vo (1) ta c
_
5y
4
x
4
(x
2
+ 5y
2
)(x
2
y
2
) = 2xy
_
5y
4
x
4
+ (5y
4
x
4
) = 4x
2
y
2
+ 2xy
R rng 2 v u c dng f(t) = t
2
+t, t 0 v hm ny n iu tng. T rt ra
_
5y
4
x
4
= 2xy x = y
Thay vo x
2
+ 5y
2
= 6 ta s gii ra x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 201
_
(x 1)
y + (y 1)
x =

2xy
x
2y 2 + y
2x 2 =
2xy
Gii
Mt h kh i xng nhng khin nhiu ngi lng tng v cn thc.
iu kin : x, y 1
x 1
x
+
y 1
y
= 1
R rng
_
1.(x 1)
x

1 + x 1
2x
=
1
2
, tng t vi y. Vy v tri 1. ng thc xy ra khi
x = y = 2 thay vo (1) tha mn.
Tip theo chng ta s n mt chm h s dng cc php bin i ng thc. y l mt
k thut kh kh tuy nhin n rt hu dng gii mt s loi h phng trnh. Ch bng
mt vi php bin i xut pht t nhng ng thc quen thuc m ta c th qut dn c
bi h. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh kh bi n yu cu kh nng hiu bit v ng thc
tng i tt ng thi cn kinh nghim v 1 cht tinh qui. Bi vit ny ti trch mt phn
trong cun "Tuyn Tp Phng trnh - H phng trnh" do din n Mathscope bin son.
Cu 202
_
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 +xy
_
x
y + 1
_
2
+
_
y
x + 1
_
2
= 1
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 1
Ta s dng kt qu sau : Nu x
2
xy +y
2
= 1 th
x
y + 1
+
y
x + 1
= 1
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Chng minh :
x
2
xy +y
2
= 1 x(x+1) +y(y +1) = xy +x+y +1 = (x+1)(y +1)
x
y + 1
+
y
x + 1
= 1
p dng vo bi ton trn . t
x
y + 1
= a,
y
x + 1
= b ta c h mi
_
a +b = 1
a
2
+ b
2
= 1

_
a = 0, b = 1
a = 1, b = 0

_
x = 1, y = 0
x = 0, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (0; 1)
Cu 203
_
_
x
y
+
y
x

1
xy
=
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
1
x
x + 1
+
y
y + 1
=
x
2
xy + y
2
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0, 1
S dng kt qu sau : Nu xy = 1 th
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1
= 1.
Chng minh:
xy = 1 xy+x+y+1 = (x+1)+(y+1) (x+1)(y+1) = (x+1)+(y+1)
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1
= 1
Ta s dng kt qu ny vo bi ton trn.
Phng trnh u tng ng
(xy 1)(x
2
+xy +y
2
) = 0 xy = 1
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1
= 1
Phng trnh (2) khi s tng ng
1
1
x + 1
+ 1
1
y + 1
=
x
2
xy + y
2
xy
1 =
(x y)
2
+xy
xy
=
(x y)
2
xy
+ 1
Vy suy ra x = y kt hp xy = 1 suy ra x = y = 1
Cu 204
_
_
1
y
2 =
2
xy
2
xy
1
(x + 1)
2
+
4
(y + 2)
2
= 1
Gii
Ta s dng kt qu sau : Nu xy = 2
1
x + 1
+
2
y + 2
= 1
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 111
Chng minh :
xy = 2 xy+2x+y+2 = 2(x+1)+(y+2) (x+1)(y+2) = 2(x+1)+(y+2)
1
x + 1
+
2
y + 2
= 1
Phng trnh th nht tng ng
(xy 2)
_
1
y
2
+ 1
_
= 1 xy = 2
1
x + 1
+
2
y + 2
= 1
Vy t
1
x + 1
= a,
2
y + 2
= b ta c
_
a +b = 1
a
2
+ b
2
= 1

_
a = 0, b = 1
a = 1, b = 0
Ta loi c 2 trng hp v a, b = 0
Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 205
_
_
_
xy +x +y = 3
4
5y + 9
+
4
x + 6
+
1
(x + 1)(y + 2)
=
x + 1
2
Gii
Ta s dng kt qu sau
abc = 1
1
1 + a + ab
+
1
1 + b + bc
+
1
1 + c + ca
= 1
Chng minh
V T =
1
1 + a +ab
+
a
a +ab +abc
+
ab
ab +abc +a
2
bc
=
1
1 + a + ab
+
a
a +ab + 1
+
ab
a +ab + 1
= 1
iu kin : y =
9
6
, x = 6, (x + 1)(y + 2) = 1
t a = x + 1, b = y + 1, c =
1
4
th h cho tng ng
_
abc = 1
1
1 + b +bc
+
1
1 + a +ac
+
1
1 + a + ab
=
x + 1
2
x + 1
2
= 1 x = 1, y = 1
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Cu 206
_
x
2
+xy +y
2
= 3
x
5
+y
5
+ 15xy(x +y) = 32
Gii
Ta s dng ng thc : (x + y)
5
= x
5
+ y
5
+ 5xy(x + y)(x
2
+xy +y
2
)
S dng ng thc trn vi (2) ta c
x
5
+ y
5
+ 5xy(x + y)(x
2
+xy +y
2
) = 32 (x +y)
5
= 32 x +y = 2
Kt hp vi phng trnh (1) ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1)
Ta s s dng ng thc ny i vi mt bi sau y.
Cu 207
_
_
_
x
2
+ xy +y
2
= 3
x
5
+y
5
x
3
+y
3
=
31
7
Gii
Bi ny hon ton c th a v dng thun nht bc 5 c. Tuy nhin, gii mt phng
trnh bc 5 thi nghe thy khin nhiu ngi ngn ngm. Ta s dng mt s kt qu sau
x
3
+y
3
= (x + y)
3
3xy(x +y)
x
5
+ y
5
= (x +y)
5
5xy(x + y)(x
2
+xy +y
2
)
iu kin : x = y
S dng kt qu trn vo (2) ta c
(x +y)
4
15xy
(x +y)
2
3xy
=
31
7
Tip theo t (1) ta th (x +y)
2
= 3 +xy vo (2) ta c
(3 + xy)
2
15xy
3 2xy
=
31
7

_
xy = 2
xy =
15
7
Vi xy = 2 x +y = 1
_
_
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
Vi xy =
15
7
(x + y)
2
=
36
7
(Loi v S
2
< 4P)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 2), (2; 1), (1; 2)
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2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210 113
Cu 208
_
_
_
xy x = 2
1
(x + 1)
4
+
16
(y + 1)
4
= 1
Gii
Ta s dng kt qu : xy = x + 2
1
x + 1
+
2
y + 1
= 1
Chng minh
xy = x + 2 xy +x +y + 1 = 2(x + 1) + (y + 1)
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 2(x + 1) + (y + 1)
1
x + 1
+
2
y + 1
= 1
p dng i vi bi ton trn ta t
1
x + 1
= a = 0,
2
y + 1
= b = 0. H tr thnh
_
a +b = 1
a
4
+b
4

_
a = 1, b = 0(L)
a = 0, b = 1(L)
Vy h cho v nghim
Tip theo im qua mt vi v d v php th hng s a v phng trnh ng bc.
Loi ny thc ra ti c nu mt v d l cu 17. Gi ta nghin cu mt cht v k thut ny.
Cu 209
_
x
2
+y
2
= 2
(x +y)(1 + xy)
4
= 32
Gii
1 + xy =
2 + 2xy
2
=
(x +y)
2
2
. n y bi ton kh n gin.
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh (x + y)
9
= 2
9
x +y = 2
n y kt hp vi (1) d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 210
_
x
2
+y
2
= 2
(x +y)(4 x
2
y
2
2xy) = 2y
5
Gii
Nhn xt phng trnh (2) c v tri l bc 5. V phi gm bc 1 v trong ngoc cao nht bc
4 nhng khng phi hng t no cng c bc 4. Vy ta tin hnh th hng s bng biu thc
t (1) xung di to nn s thun nht.
Th 2 = x
2
+y
2
v 4 = (x
2
+y
2
)
2
. V sao khng th 4 = 2(x
2
+y
2
). n gin ti mun tt c
u l bc 4. Thay tt c vo (2) ta c
(x +y)
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
x
2
y
2
xy(x
2
+y
2
)
_
= 2y
5
x
5
+y
5
= 2y
5
x = y
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n y kt hp vi (1) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
Cu 211
_
_
_
3x
3
y
3
=
1
x +y
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
Gii
iu kin : x = y
Phng trnh (1) quy ng s l bc 4. Vy ta ngh cc kt hp vi phng trnh (2) to
thnh mt phng trnh thun nht xem, nh th phng trnh (2) s phi l bc 4 v lm
c iu ta bnh phng 2 v ln. Nh vy ta s c
(3x
3
y
3
)(x + y) = (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2x
4
+ 3x
3
y 2x
2
y
2
xy
3
2y
4
= 0 (x y)(x + 2y)(2x
2
+xy + y
2
) = 0
TH1 : 2x
2
+ xy +y
2
= 0 x = y = 0(L)
TH2 : x = y thay vo (2) ta c
2y
2
= 1 x = y =
1
2
TH3 : x = 2y thay vo (2) ta c
5y
2
= 1 y =
1
5
x =
2
5
_
2
5
;
1
5
_
,
_
5
;
1
5
_
,
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
,
_
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 212
_
81x
3
y
2
81x
2
y
2
+ 33xy
2
29y
2
= 4
25y
3
+ 9x
2
y
3
6xy
3
4y
2
= 24
Gii
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho tng ng
_
_
81x
3
81x
2
+ 33x 29 =
4
y
2
25 + 9x
2
6x =
24
y
3
+
4
y
_
3(3x 1)
3
+ 2 (3x 1) = 24 +
4
y
2
3.
_
2
y
_
3
+ 2.
2
y
= 24 + (3x 1)
2
t 3x 1 = a,
2
y
= b. H cho tr thnh
_
3a
3
+ 2a = 24 +b
2
3b
3
+ 2b = 24 +a
2
a = b
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2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 115
Thay vo mt trong 2 phng trnh ta c
3a
3
a
2
+ 2a 24 = 0 a = 2 x = 1, y = 1
Cu 213
_
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x = 3
2(x
3
+ y
3
) + 6x
2
= 3(x
2
+y
2
) + 5
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x = 3
2(x
3
+ y
3
) + 6x
2
= 3(3 2x) + 5

_
(x + 1)
2
+y
2
= 4
(x + 1)
3
+y
3
= 8
t x + 1 = a, y = b h cho tng ng
_
a
2
+b
2
= 4
a
3
+b
3
= 8

_
a = 2, b = 0 x = 1, y = 0
a = 0, b = 2 x = 1, y = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (1; 2)
Cu 214
_
x
2
+y
4
+xy = 2xy
2
+ 7
x
2
y + 4xy +xy
3
+ 11(x y
2
) = 28
Gii
Hnh thc bi h gm 2 a thc thuc loi khng b. Vi kinh nghim gp loi ny, th thng
ch c 2 hng chnh l phn tch nhn t hoc t n ph. Hng th 2 c v ng khi m
phng trnh (1) chuyn v xut hin (y
2
x)
2
m n c phng trnh (2). H cho tng
ng.
_
(y
2
x)
2
= 7 xy
11(x y
2
) + xy(y
2
x) = 28 4xy
t y
2
x = a, xy = b ta lp h mi nh sau
_
a
2
= 7 b
ab 11a = 28 4b

_
a = 2, b = 3
a = 0, b = 7

_
_
_
y
2
x = 0
xy = 7
_
y
2
x = 2
xy = 3
_
y =
3
7, x =
3
49
y = 1, x = 3
_
3
49;
3
7
_
cu tip theo ti s ci thm mt bi vit ngn kh hay.

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Cu 215
_
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2 = y +
3
y
x
3
3x
2
+ 3
3
y 3
3 = 0
Gii
Bi ny ch c g c bit nu nghim ca n khng l toc.
T PT(1) ta rt ra ngay
3
y = x + 1 do hm f(t) = t
3
+t n iu tng. Thay vo (2) ta thu
c phng trnh sau :
x
3
3x
2
+ 3x
3 = 0
Th bng Casio ta s thy phng trnh ny c 1 nghim rt xu. Vy phi lm nh th no
by gi. Trn thc th ta c th gii phng trnh ny bng cng thc Cardano. Tuy nhin y
l cng thc kh kh nh v cng khng ph hp cho lm. Vy cn cng c no khc khng
? Vn cn, l t n bng hm lng gic Hypebolic. Yu im ca n l ch gii c
nhng phng trnh bc 3 c nghim duy nht. Ta s t x = k
_
a
1
a
_
ri sau thay li
ra phng trnh trng phng. Gi th p dng vi bi ny.
Trc ht hy a n v dng khuyt thiu bc 2 bng cch i bin z = x +
b
3a
= x
1
x = z +
1
3
. Thay vo phng trnh ta thu c
z
3
+ 2z
2
3
3
= 0
gia bc 3 v bc 1 l du cng nn ta s t z = k
_
a
1
a
_
. Thay vo phng trnh ta
c
k
3
a
3
3k
3
a +
3k
3
a

k
3
a
3
+ 2k
_
a
1
a
_
= 0
Gi ta tm k sao cho a c v dng trng phng. Tc l phi lm mt phn a v
1
a
. Vy
suy ra 3k
3
= 2k k =
_
2
3
.
Vy t z =
_
2
3
_
a
1
a
_
thay vo phng trnh ta c
2
3
_
2
3
_
a
1
a
_
3
+ 2
_
2
3
_
a
1
a
_
2
3
3
= 0
2
_
a
3
1
a
3
_
= 1
_
_
a
3
=
2
a
3
=
1
2
_
_
a =
6
2
a =
1
6
2
z =
_
2
3
_
a
1
a
_
=
_
2
3
_
6
2
1
6
2
_
=
3
4
3
3
x =
1
3
2 +
3
3
_
_
1
3
2 +
3
3
;
_
1
3
2 +
3
4 +
3
3
_
3
_
_
Phng php t ny c th gii c mt s phng trnh bc 5 c bit. Ti s nu mt v

d cho bn c.
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u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 117
Gii phng trnh : x
5
+ 10x
3
+ 20x 18 = 0
Nghim : x =
2
_
5
9 +
113
4
2
9 +
113
_
Cu 216
_

x +
_
x
2
+y + 3
2
x + 4 + 3
y + 8 = 13
Gii
nhanh l h ny c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1). Nu nh th th
x + 4
2
=
y + 8
3
. R rng
c mt cht t tng nh gi y l dng Cauchy Schwarz
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho phng trnh (2) ta c
2
x + 4 + 3
_
y + 8
_
(2
2
+ 3
2
)(x +y + 12) 13
_
13(x +y + 8) x +y 1
n y cha th ra c g. Ta hi vong t (1) s cho ta rng buc tri ngc l x +y 1.
Bnh phng (1) ta c
x +x
2
+y + 3 + 2
_
x(x
2
+y + 3) = 4 x +y = 1 x
2
2
_
x(x
2
+y + 3 1
Vy l c thnh qu. Gi ch vic cho cc ng thc xy ra.
Cu 217
_
x
11
+xy
10
= y
22
+y
12
7y
4
+ 13x + 8 = 2y
4
.
3
_
x(3x
2
+ 3y
2
1)
Gii
C v bi ny hng i rt r rng khi m phng trnh u cho dng kh quen thuc. Tuy
nhin nhn vo s khng khip ca phng trnh (2) ta s thy h ny hay .
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim. Chia c 2 v ca phng trnh (1) cho y
11
ta c
_
x
y
_
11
+
_
x
y
_
= y
11
+y
Hai v u c dng f(t) = t
1
1 + t v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra x = y
2
> 0 thay
vo (2) ta c
7x
2
+ 13x + 8 = 2x
2 3
_
x(3x
2
+ 3x 1)
y l mt phng trnh v t khng tm thng mt cht no.
Chia c 2 v cho x
3
> 0 v t t =
1
x
> 0 ta s a n v phng trnh
8t
3
+ 13t
2
+ 7t = 2
3
3 + 3t t
2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
y l dng phng trnh v t kh quen thuc m cch ti u vn l s dng tnh n iu
ca hm s. Mt cht kho lo ta a v
8t
3
+ 12t
2
+ 10t + 3 = 3 + 3t t
2
+ 2
3
3 + 3t t
2
(2x + 1)
3
+ 2(2x + 1) = 3 + 3t t
2
+ 2
3
3 + 3t t
2
3
+ 2t v hm ny n iu tng. T ta c
2t + 1 =
3
3 + 3t t
2
_
t = 1(L)
t =
5
89
6
(L)
t =
89 5
6
(TM)
x =
6
89 5
y =
_
6
89 5
_
6
89 5
;
_
6
89 5
_
Cu 218
_
_
(1 + x
2
)
2
_
1 +
1
y
4
_
= 8
(1 + y
2
)
2
_
1 +
1
x
4
_
= 8
Gii
Mt h i xng. C l khi gp bi ny ta thng c nhng hng sau : Cho 2 phng trnh
bng nhau, hoc l tin hnh chia 2 phng trnh cho nhau. Tuy nhin, vi bi ny, mt cht
tinh qui ta s c mt li gii ngn gn v p .
iu kin : x, y = 0
Nhn 2 phng trnh vi nhau ta c
_
1 + x
2
_
2
_
1 + y
2
_
2
_
1 +
1
y
4
__
1 +
1
x
4
_
= 64
n y ta s dng mt h qu ca Bt ng thc Holder nh sau:
Vi dy s dng a
1
, a
2
, . . . a
n
ta c bt ng thc
(1 + a
1
)(1 + a
2
) . . . (1 + a
n
) (1 +
n
a
1
a
2
. . . a
n
)
n
p dng vo bi ton trn vi v tri ta c
(1 + x
2
)(1 + x
2
)
_
1 +
1
x
4
_
(1 + y
2
)(1 + y
2
)
_
1 +
1
y
4
_
_
1 +
6
_
x
2
.x
2
.
1
x
4
.y
2
.y
2
.
1
y
4
_
6
= 64
ng thc xy ra khi x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (1; 1), (1; 1)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 119
Cu 219
_
_
_
3x
6
+ 7x
4
y
2
7x
2
y
4
3y
6
=
2
y

3
2x
(x
2
y
2
)
7
+ 7 = 0
Gii
y l bi ton ti sng tc hon ton da vo tng ca cu 160 v 161. Nu 2 cu trn
phng trnh (2) ln lt l m 3 v 5 th cu ny ti nng n thnh m 7. y l mt bi
h thuc loi cc mnh v y tnh nh .
iu kin : x, y = 0. Phng trnh u tng ng
3(x
6
y
6
) + 7x
2
y
2
(x
2
y
2
) =
4x 3y
2xy
(x
2
y
2
)(3x
4
+ 3x
2
y
2
+ 3y
4
) + 7x
2
y
2
(x
2
y
2
) =
4x 3y
2xy
2xy(x
2
y
2
)(3x
2
+ 10x
2
y
2
+ 3y
4
) = 4x 3y
2xy(x
2
y
2
)(3x
2
+y
2
)(3y
2
+x
2
) = 4x 3y
t x +y = a, x y = b x =
a + b
2
, y =
a b
2
th (ab)
7
= 7 . Khi s c
2xy =
a
2
b
2
2
, x
2
+ 3y
2
=
_
a +b
2
_
2
+ 3
_
a b
2
_
2
= a
2
ab +b
2
3x
2
+y
2
= 3
_
a +b
2
_
2
+
_
a b
2
_
2
= a
2
+ ab + b
2
, 4x 3y =
x +y
2
+ 7.
x y
2
=
a + 7b
2
a
2
b
2
2
.ab.(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)(a
2
ab +b
2
) =
a + 7b
2
ab(a
2
b
2
)
_
_
a
2
+ b
2
_
2
a
2
b
2
_
= a + 7b
ab(a
6
b
6
) = a + 7b ab(a
6
b
6
) = a (ab)
7
.b
a
7
b ab
7
= a a
7
b
8
a(b
7
+ 1)(a
6
b 1) = 0
TH1 : a = 0 hin nhin v l
TH2 : b = 1 a =
7
7
_
x + y =
7
7
x y = 1

_
_
x =
7
7 1
2
y =
7
7 + 1
2
TH3 : a
6
b = 1 (ab)a
5
= 1 a
5
=
1
7
7
a =
1
35
7
b =
35
7
6
_
_
_
x +y =
1
35
7
x y =
35
7
6
x =
35
7
7
1
2
35
7
, y =
35
7
7
+ 1
2
35
7
_
7
7 1
2
;
7
7 + 1
2
_
,
_
35
7
7
1
2
35
7
;
35
7
7
+ 1
2
35
7
_
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 220
_
_
_
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 2
72xy
x y
+ 29.
3
_
x
2
y
2
= 4
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y 1, x = y
R rng kh lm n c g t phng trnh (2). Ta s xut pht t phng trnh (1). Bnh
phng 2 v ta c
x + y + 2
_
xy +x +y + 1 = 2 4(xy +x +y + 1) = (x + y)
2
4(x +y) + 4
(x y)
2
= 8(x +y)
n y tng gn nh sng t. Ch khi bnh phng ln 2 th iu kin l x+y 2.
Lt ta s dng iu kin ny loi nghim.
Gi ta bin i (2), a n v n tng v hiu. phng trnh (2) tng ng
18 [(x +y)
2
(x y)
2
]
x y
+ 29
3
_
(x y)(x +y) = 4
18
_
(x y)
4
64
(x y)
2
_
x y
+
29
2
(x y) = 4
t x y = t. Phng trnh chuyn v
9t
3
112t 108 = 0
_
_
t = 4
_
x y = 4
x +y = 2

_
x = 3
y = 1
(TM)
t =
8
3

_
_
x y =
8
3
x +y =
8
9
_
x =
8
9
y =
16
9
(TM)
t =
4
3

_
_
x y =
4
3
x +y =
2
9
_
x =
5
9
y =
7
9
(TM)
_
8
9
;
16
9
_
,
_
5
9
;
7
9
_
Cu 221
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy + 2x = 7y
x
3
+x
2
y x
2
+ 2xy 6x + 3y = 0
Gii
Xt y = 0 th h c nghim x = 0 hoc x = 2
Vi y = 0. H cho tng ng
_
x
2
+ 2x = y(7 x y)
x
3
+ x
2
y + 2x
2
+ 2xy 3(x
2
+ 2x) = 3y

_
_
x
2
+ 2x
y
+ (x +y) = 7
(x
2
+ 2x) (x + y)
y
3
x
2
+ 2x
y
= 3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 121
t a =
x
2
+ 2x
y
, b = x +y. H cho tng ng
_
a + b = 7
ab 3a = 3

_
a = 2
7, b = 5 +
7
a = 2 +
7, b = 5
7

_
_
_
_
_
x
2
+ 2x
y
= 2
7
x +y = 5 +
7
(V N)
_
_
_
x
2
+ 2x
y
= 2
7
x +y = 5
_
_
_
x =
4
7
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
y =
14
7 +
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
_
_
x =
4
7 +
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
y =
14
7
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) =
_
_
4
7
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
;
14
7 +
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
_
_
_
_
4
7 +
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
;
14
7
_
5(7 + 4
7)
2
_
_
(0; 0), (2; 0)
Cu 222
_
y
2
+x +xy 6y + 1 = 0
y
3
x 8y
2
+ x
2
y + x = 0
Gii
y l mt bi ton kh th v. Hng rt quen thuc l t n ph tng tch. Tuy nhin
ci hay ca n l v phi khng phi l hng s m l mt biu thc theo n. Nhn nhn
loi h ny kh kh, cn mt cht tinh qui v may mn.
H cho tng ng
_
y
2
+x +xy + 1 = 6y
y
3
x +y
2
+x
2
y +x = 9y
2

_
(xy + 1) + (y
2
+x) = 6y
(y
2
+x)(xy + 1) = 9y
2
R rng y
2
+ x v xy + 1 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh X
2
6yX + 9y
2
= 0 X = 3y. T
ta c :
_
y
2
+x = 3y
xy + 1 = 3y

_
x = 3y y
2
(3y y
2
) y + 1 = 3y

_
y = 1
x = 2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 223
_
x
2
+xy +y
2
= 3y 1
x
3
+x
2
y = x
2
x + 1
Gii
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho vit li :
_
x
2
+ 1 + y(x +y 1) = 2y
(x
2
+ 1).y(x +y 1) = y
2

_
x
2
+ 1 = y
y(x +y 1) = y

_
_
x =
1
5
2
, y =
5 +
5
2
x =
1 +
5
2
, y =
5
5
2
_
1
5
2
;
5 +
5
2
_
,
_
1 +
5
2
;
5
5
2
_
Cu 224
_
_
1
x

1
2y
= 2(y
4
x
4
)
1
x
+
1
2y
= (x
2
+ 3y
2
)(3x
2
+y
2
)
Gii
Dng ny ging vi cu 138.
iu kin : x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
2
x
= 2y
4
2x
4
+ 3x
4
+ 3y
4
+ 10x
2
y
2
1
y
= 3x
4
+ 3y
4
+ 10x
2
y
2
2y
4
+ 2x
4
_
2 = 5y
4
x + x
5
+ 10x
3
y
2
1 = 5x
4
y + y
5
+ 10x
2
y
3
Ln lt cng tr hai phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
_
(x +y)
5
= 3
(x y)
5
= 1

_
x +y =
5
3
x y = 1

_
_
x =
5
3 + 1
2
y =
5
3 1
2
_
5
3 + 1
2
;
5
3 1
2
_
Cu 225
_
x
2
+ 2xy +y = 0
x
3
+ 3xy + 2
y + 1
_
x +
_
x
2
y + 2
_
= 4
Gii
y l mt bi h kh kh v nh .
iu kin : y 1, x
2
y 2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 123
T phng trnh (1) ta c x
2
+y = 2xy. Gi hy kho lo s dng n.
x
3
+ xy + 2xy + 2x
y + 1 + 2
y + 1
_
x
2
y + 2 4 = 0
x(x
2
+ y) (x
2
+y) + 2x
y + 1 + 2
y + 1
_
x
2
y + 2 4 = 0
x.(2xy) x
2
y + 2x
y + 1 + 2
y + 1
_
x
2
y + 2 4 = 0
(x
2
y + 2 + y + 1 2
y + 1
_
x
2
y + 2)
_
x
2
(y + 1) 2x
y + 1 + 1
= 0

_
_
x
2
y + 2
y + 1
_
2
_
x
y + 1 1
_
2
= 0
ng thc xy ra th
_
x
y + 1 = 1
x
2
y + 2 = y + 1

_
_
_
x
2
(y + 1) = 1
x
2
y = y 1
x > 0
x
2
(y + 1)(y 1) = x
2
y
TH1 : x = 0 y = 0 (V l)
TH2 : y
2
y 1 = 0
_
_
y =
1 +
5
2
x =
1
y + 1
=
5 1
2
y =
1
5
2
x =
1
y + 1
=
5 + 1
2
Ta phi thay li vo phng trnh (1) v ch c cp s 2 l tha.
_
5 + 1
2
;
1
5
2
_
Cu 226
_
x
3
+ 3xy
2
= x
2
+y
2
+ 2
x
4
+y
4
+ 6x
2
y
2
= 8
Gii
Phng trnh (1) tng ng x(x
2
+ 3y
2
) = x
2
+y
2
+ 2 c nghim th x > 0 H cho
tng ng
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
+ (2xy)
2
= 8
x
2
+y
2
+ 2 = x(x
2
+y
2
) + (2xy).y
Ta c
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2
_
2
=
_
x(x
2
+ y
2
) + y(2xy)
(x
2
+y
2
)
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
+ (2xy)
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ 2)
2
8(x
2
+y
2
) (x
2
+y
2
2)
2
0
Du bng xy ra khi
_
_
x
2
+y
2
= 2
x
2
+ y
2
x
=
2xy
y
x > 0
2
x
= 2x x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 227
_
_
2x + 1
2y
=
x
2
+ x + 1
y
2
+ 3
x +
y + 1 = 3
Gii
iu kin : 1 y = 0
Nhn vo phng trnh (1) ta thy c nghim th 2x + 1 v 2y cng du.
x
2
+x + 1
2x + 1
+
_
y
2
+ 3
2y

x
2
+x + 1
4x
2
+ 4x + 1
+
y
2
+ 3
4y
2
_
x
2
+ x +
1
4
4
_
x
2
+x +
1
4
_ =
_
1
4
+
3
4y
2

1
4
+
3
4(2x + 1)
2
=
_
1
4
+
3
4y
2
y
2
= (2x + 1)
2
y = 2x + 1
x +
2x + 2 = 3 x = 1 y = 3
Cu 228
_
x + 3y
2
2y = 0
36 (x
x + 3y
3
) 27(4y
2
y) +
_
2
3 9
_
x 1 = 0
Gii
y l mt cu trong Olympic 30/4 nm 2013. Tt nhin l mt cu rt kh nu khng tinh
nhn ra.
iu kin :x 0
Phng trnh (1) tng ng : 3x + (3y 1)
2
= 1
_
3x
_
2
+ (3y 1)
2
= 1
Vy ta t 3y 1 = cos t,
3x = sin t, t [0; ]
Thay ht vo phng trnh (2) ta c
36x
x + (2
3 9)
x + 4(3y 1)
3
3(3y 1) = 0
36sin
3
t
3
3
+ (2
3 9)
sin t
3
+ 4cos
3
t 3 cos t = 0
4
3sin
3
t 3
3 sin t + cos 3t = 2 sin t
3 sin 3t cos 3t = 2 sin t sin

_
3t

6
_
= sin t
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 125
_
_
_
_
t =

12
+k
t =
7
24
+
k
2
t [0; ]
t
_
12
;
7
24
;
19
24
_
_
sin
2
t
3
;
1 + cos t
3
_
vi t
_
12
;
7
24
;
19
24
_
Cu 229
_
x
2
+ 4y
2
= 1
16x
5
20x
3
+ 5x + 512y
5
160y
3
+ 10y +
2 = 0
Gii
mt phn ca phng trnh (2) biu thc rt ging cng thc nhn 5. V biu thc u
cng khin ta c c s lng gic ha cho bi ny.
t x = sin t, 2y = cos t, t [0; 2]. Thay tt c vo (2) ta c
16sin
5
t 20sin
3
t + 5 sin t + (16cos
5
t 20cos
3
t + 5 cos t) +
2 = 0
sin 5t + cos 5t =
2 sin
_
5t +

4
_
= 1
_
t =
3
20
+
k2
5
t [0; 2]
t
_
4
;
13
20
;
21
20
;
29
20
;
37
20
_
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y)
_
sin t;
cos t
2
_
vi t
_
4
;
13
20
;
21
20
;
29
20
;
37
20
_
Cu 230
_
2(x +y)
3
+ 4xy 3 = 0
(x +y)
4
2x
2
4xy + 2y
2
+x 3y + 1 = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
2(x +y)
3
+ 4xy 3 = 0
(x +y)
4
2(x +y)
2
+ (x + y) + (2y 1)
2
= 0
t x + y = t ta c
0 = 2t
3
+ 4xy 3 2t
2
+ t 3 t 1
t
4
2t
2
+ t + (2y 1)
2
= 0
Ta c : t
4
2t
2
+t = t(t 1)(t
2
+t 1) 0 vi t 1 v (2y 1)
2
0
Vy v tri ca phng trnh (2) lun khng m.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
ng thc xy ra khi
_
2y 1 = 0
x + y = 1
x = y =
1
2
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 231
_
(2x y + 2)(2x +y) + 6x 3y = 6
2x + 1 +
y 1 = 4
Gii
iu kin : x
1
2
, y 1
t a =
2x + 1 0, b =

y 1 0 ta c h
_
a + b = 4
(a
2
b
2
) (a
2
+b
2
) + 3 (a
2
b
2
2) = 6

_
a +b = 4
(a
2
b
2
) (a
2
+ b
2
+ 3) = 0
a = b = 2
_
x =
3
2
y = 5
_
3
2
; 5
_
Cu 232
_ _
4x
2
+ (4x 9)(x y) +
xy = 3y
4
_
(x + 2)(y + 2x) = 3(x + 3)
Gii
y l mt loi h kh th v. Bn s cn gp khong 2,3 cu nh ny na trong cun sch.
t iu kin cho h phng trnh.
D thy 2 iu kin ni bt nht h c nghim l x, y 0
_
_
4x
2
+ (4x 9)(x y) 2y
_
+ (
xy y) = 0
4x
2
+ (4x 9)(x y) 4y
2
_
4x
2
+ (4x 9)(x y) + 2y
+
xy y
2
xy +y
= 0
(x y)
_
8x + 4y 9
_
4x
2
+ (4x 9)(x y) + 2y
+
y
xy +y
_
= 0
n y bn mong i nht iu g ? By gi ch c sao 8x + 4y 9 na thi l xong trn
ri nh ? Vy chng minh kiu g ? Ly u ra ? phng trnh (2) ch u na ! mt
N
g
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y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 127
to l s lm xut hin 8x + 4y. T phng trnh (2) ta rt ra 8x + 4y =
9(x + 3)
2
4(x + 2)
. Gi cng
vic ca ta l phi chng minh
9(x + 3)
2
4(x + 2)
9 (x 1)
2
0
Nh vy ta c thnh qu. T rt ra x = y thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
4
_
3x(x + 2) = 3(x + 3)
_
x =
27
13
(L)
x = 1 y = 1(TM)
Tip sau y chng ta n vi mt chm h s dng phng php nhn 2 phng trnh
vi nhau i n. Tc l ta s kho lo sp xp li h mt cht ri nhn 2 phng trnh
vi nhau to thnh mt phng trnh n mi (thng l n xy). y l mt hng lm
kh, n yu cu s tinh t v tinh qui trong vic nhn bao qut h v sp xp cc phng trnh.
Cu 233
_
y(xy 2) = 3x
2
y
2
+x
2
y + 2x = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
y(xy 2) = 3x
2
x(xy + 2) = y
2
3x
2
y
2
= xy(xy 2)(xy + 2)
TH1 : x = y = 0
TH2 : 3xy = (xy)
2
4
_
xy = 1
xy = 4

_
_
x =
1
y
x =
4
y
Vi x =
1
y
thay (2) ta c y
2
+
3
y
= 0 y =
3
3 x =
1
3
3
Vi x =
4
y
tng t v ta tm ra y = 2 x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 2),
_
1
3
3
;
3
3
_
Loi h ny hnh thc cho thng kh gin n nh vy. Mt li khuyn nh ca ti l hy

a nhng phn t n c nh x, x
2
, x
3
, y, y
2
... sang mt v, nhng phn t kt dnh vi nhau
nh xy, x
2
y, y
2
x, ... sang mt v. Tt nhin n s c nhiu yu t khc, cn phi ng no
tm hng gii quyt. Gi tip tc n mt s cu cng tng.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 234
_
x
3
+xy 2 = 0
y
3
+ 3xy + 3 = 0
Gii
y l mt cu trong thi th ca trng THPT Chuyn - HSPHN. tng ca n cng
nh trn.
H vit li nh sau
_
x
3
= 2 xy
y
3
= 3xy 3
(xy)
3
= (2 xy). 3(xy + 1) = 0
(xy)
3
3(xy)
2
+ 3xy 1 = 7 (xy 1)
3
= 7 xy = 1
3
7
Tt nhin n y ch ai in m rt x theo y v thay vo phng trnh (2). T 2 phng
trnh u ta hon ton c th tnh c x, y ri. T (1) ta c
x
3
= 2 xy = 1 +
3
7 x =
3
_
1 +
3
7
T (2) ta c
y
3
= 3xy 3 = 3
3
7 6 y =
3
_
3
3
7 6
_
3
_
1 +
3
7;
3
_
3
3
7 6
_
Cu 235
_
5x
3
+ 3y
3
2xy = 6
3x
3
+ 2y
3
+ 3xy = 8
Gii
y l mt h rt hay l pht trin hn ca cu 234. y l khng th p dng nhn to n
mi ngay c. Mun c th phi a n v dng ging nh trn, tc l mi phng trnh
khng tn ti c 2 phn t x
3
v y
3
. Lm cch no ? Rt n gin l coi x
3
, y
3
l n chnh
cn xy l hng s. Nh th ta c mt h ca lp 9, rt n gin ta rt c x
3
, y
3
theo xy.
y s l
_
5x
3
+ 3y
3
= 6 + 2xy
3x
3
+ 2y
3
= 8 3xy

_
x
3
= 13xy 12 (3)
y
3
= 21xy + 22 (4)
x
3
y
3
= (13xy 12)(21xy + 22)
_
xy = 1
xy = 137
19033
Vi xy = 1 t (3) v (4) d dng gii ra x = y = 1
Vi xy = 137 +
19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x =

3
_
13(137 +
19033) 12 =
3
_
13
19033 1793 v y =
3
_
21(137 +
19033) + 22 =
3
_
2899 21
19033
Vi xy = 137
19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x =

3
_
13
19033 1793, y =
3
_
2899 + 21
19033
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240 129
_
3
_
13
19033 1793;
3
_
2899 21
19033
_
_
3
_
13
19033 1793;
3
_
2899 + 21
19033
_
Cu 236
_
x
3
8y
3
= 1 + 3xy 3x
2
y
2
8y
3
3x
3
= 1 3xy + 9x
2
y
2
Gii
Tc gi bi ton l thy L Trung Tn bn BoxMath. Nhn th c v kh ging cu trn nhng
thc ra bi ny level cao hn rt nhiu. Trc ht ta hy c lm quen thuc
H tng ng
_
x
3
= 3x
2
y
2
+ 1 (1)
8y
3
= 3xy + 2 (2)
Ly (1) nhn (2) v theo v, ta c
x
3
y
3
+ 6x
2
y
2
+ 3xy + 2 = 0 (3)
y l mt phng trnh bc 3 n xy tuy nhin nghim kh xu. Hy th kt hp vi cc
phng trnh khc xem.
Ly (3) tr (1) v theo v, ta c
(xy + 1)
3
= x
3
xy = x 1 (4)
Th (4) vo (1), ta c
x
3
+ 3(x 1)
2
+ 1 = 0
3x
3
= (x 2)
3
3x = x 2
x = 1
3
3
3
9
Thay li vo (4) v ta tm ra y =
1 +
3
3
2
_
1
3
3
3
9;
1 +
3
3
2
_
Cu 237
_
(x y)
4
= 13x 4
x + y +
3x y =
2
Gii
iu kin : y min{x; 3x}
x + y + 3x y + 2
_
(x +y)(3x y) = 2
1 2x = 2
_
(x +y)(3x y)
_
_
_
x
1
2
(2x 1)
2
= 3x
2
+ 2xy y
2
(x y)
2
= 4x 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Thay vo (1) ta c
(4x 1)
2
= 13x 4 x =
5
16

_
_
y =
3
16
y =
13
16
_
5
16
;
3
16
_
,
_
5
16
;
13
16
_
Cu 238
_
x
2
y
2
9x + 4y
2
= 0
x
3
+ 3x
2
24x + 2y + 31 = 0
Gii
y
2
=
9x
x
2
+ 4

_
x 0
y
2
9x
4x
=
9
4

3
2
y
3
2
S dng kt qu ny kt hp vi phng trnh (2) ta c
x
3
+ 3x
2
24x + 31 = 2y 3 (x 2)
2
(x + 7) 0
x0
x = 2
_
2;
3
2
_
Ti a thm 1 v d na cho cc bn lm. V t rt ra nhn xt v hnh thc ca chng.

Cu 239
_
x
2
y
2
2x +y
2
= 0
2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6y 12x + 13 = 0
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 240
_
x
3
3xy
2
x + 1 = y
2
2xy x
2
y
3
3yx
2
+ y 1 = y
2
+ 2xy x
2
Gii
H kh i xng. Tuy nhin y m mt bi ton kh kh chi.
H cho tng ng
_
x(x
2
y
2
) 2xy
2
+ (x
2
y
2
) + 2xy x + 1 = 0
y(y
2
x
2
) 2x
2
y + (x
2
y
2
) 2xy + y 1 = 0
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 131
Ly PT(1) i.PT(2) ta c
(x
2
y
2
)(x + yi) 2xy(xi y) + (x
2
y
2
)(1 i) + 2xy(1 + i) (x +yi) + 1 +i = 0
(x + yi)(x
2
y
2
) + 2xyi(x +yi) + (x
2
y
2
)(1 i) 2xyi(i 1) (x + yi) + 1 i = 0
(x + yi)(x
2
+ 2xyi y
2
) + (1 i)(x
2
+ 2xyi y
2
) (x +yi) + 1 +i = 0
(x + yi)
3
+ (1 i)(x + yi)
2
(x + yi) + 1 +i = 0
z
3
+ (1 i)z z + 1 + i = 0 (z = x + yi)
(z i)(z
2
+z 1 + i) = 0
TH1 : z = i (x; y) = (0; 1)
TH2 : z
2
+z 1 + i = 0
= 5 4i = (a +bi)
2
_
a
2
b
2
= 5
2ab = 4
_
a =
_
1
2
(5 +
41)
b =
1
4
(
41 5)
_
1
2
(5 +
41)
n y ta tm c z =
2
_
2(5 +
41)
4
+ i.
1
8
(
41 5)
_
1
2
(5 +
41) hoc
z =
2 +
_
2(5 +
41)
4
i.
1
8
(
41 5)
_
1
2
(5 +
41)
_
_
2
_
2(5 +
41)
4
;
1
8
(
41 5)
_
1
2
(5 +
41)
_
_
,
_
_
2 +
_
2(5 +
41)
4
;
1
8
(
41 5)
_
1
2
(5 +
41)
_
_
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270

Cu 241
_
_
x
y + 1
+
y
x + 1
=
2
xy
xy + 1
5
x 1
+
3
y 1
= 4
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 1
Chnh v iu kin ny m ta c bt ng thc kh quen thuc sau
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1

2
xy + 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
x
y + 1
+ 1 +
y
x + 1
+ 1 =
2
xy
xy + 1
+ 2
(x +y + 1)
_
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1
_
=
2(2
xy + 1)
xy + 1
()
M ta c
_
_
_
x +y + 1 2
xy + 1
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1

2
xy + 1
Vy (*) suy ra V T V P
ng thc xy ra khi x = y thay vo (2) ta c
8
x 1
= 4 x = y = 5
Cu 242
_
x
2
+ 2x 2 =
_
y
2
4y 2
6x y 11 +
10 4x 2x
2
= 0
Gii
iu kin : y
2
+ 4y + 2 0, 10 4x 2x
2
0
Mt h kh kh chu. Khng lm n g ni t 2 phng trnh. nh gi c l l gii php cui.
y c cn nn c l s dng AM GM. Ta li m ra c nghim (x; y) = (1; 3). y l c
s ta nhn chia hng s ph hp. Ta c
(1) x
2
+ 2x 2 =
_
1(y
2
4y 2)
y
2
4y 1
2
2x
2
+ 4x +y
2
+ 4y 3 0 ()
Tng t vi (2) ta c
(2) y 6x + 11 =
10 4x 2x
2
=
1
2
_
4(10 4x 2x
2
)
14 4x 2x
2
4
x
2
10x + 2y + 2y + 15 0 ()
Cng (*) vi (**) ta c
3x
2
6x +y
2
+ 6y + 12 0 3(x 1)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
0
_
x = 1
y = 3
Thay li vo h thy tha mn.
N
g
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n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 133
Cu 243
_
y
3
+x
2
=
_
64 x
2
y
(x
2
+ 3)
3
= y + 6
Gii
Ta c
y + 6 =
_
x
2
+ 2
_
3
2
3
= 8 y 2
Xt (1) ta c
y
3
+x
2
8
_
64 x
2
y
ng thc xy ra khi y = 2, x = 0 th li thy tha mn.
Cu 244
_
2
x 4
y 1 = 2
x +
_
12x +y
2
= 19
Gii
iu kin : x 4, y 1
2
x 4 4 =

y 1 2
2(x 8)
2
x 4 + 4
=
y 5
y 1 + 2
Xt x > 8 y > 5 . Khi V T = x +
_
12x +y
2
> 8 +
121 = 19 = V P
Xt x < 8 y < 5 . Khi V T < V P
Vy x = 8, y = 5. Th li thy tha mn.
Cu 245
_
_
_
x + 2
y = 1
1
x

1
_
4x +y
2
=
1
6
Gii
iu kin : x 2, y 0
V y = 0 khng l nghim y > 0. Vy ta suy ra
_
_
_
x + 2 > 1
1
x
<
1
6
+
1
4x
_
_
_
x >
3(7
33)
2
y > 0
Gi s y < x 1 th
(1) ta c
_
_
_
x >
3(7
33)
2
x + 2 < 1 +
x 1
x > 2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
(2) ta c
_
_
x >
3(7
33)
2
1
x
>
1
6
+
1
x + 1
3(7
33)
2
< x < 2
R rng l v l. Tng t vi y > x 1
Vy y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c
1
x
=
1
6
+
1
x + 1
x = 2 y = 1 (TM)
Cu 246
_
x 5 +
2y 4 = x y + 1
8
_
y(x 2) + 4 8y = (y x)
2
Gii
iu kin : x 5, y 2
(2) 8
yx 2y + 4 8y = x
2
2xy +y
2
4(xy 2y) + 8
xy 2y + 4 = x
2
+ 2xy +y
2
_
2
xy 2y + 2
2
= (x +y)
2
_
2
xy 2y + 2 = x +y (3)
2
xy 2y + 2 = (x +y) (4)
(4) loi v V T > 0 > V P
(3) 2
_
y(x 2) = (x 2) + y
_
x 2
y
_
2
= 0 x = y + 2
Thay ln (1) ta c
_
y 3 +
_
2y 4 = 3 y = 4 x = 6 (TM)
Cu 247
_
y +
_
3y
2
2y + 6 + 3x
2
= 3x +
7x
2
+ 7 + 2
3y
2
4x
2
3y + 3x + 1 = 0
Gii
iu kin : 3y
2
2y + 6 + 3x
2
0
Thy h ny cha mt tam thc bc 2. Vy th tnh xem sao. Khng c ri ! Qu xu.
Ngh hng khc. Nhn thy phng trnh (1) cha mt cn thc kh bt n. C l n lin
quan n phng trnh th (2). Th dng php th xem sao.
T (2) ta rt ra
3y
2
2y + 6 + 3x
2
= 7x
2
+y 3x + 5
N
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n
M
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h
T
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n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 135
Thay ln (1) ta c
y 3x 2 +
_
7x
2
+y 3x + 5 =
7x
2
+ 7
n y liu i tip c ch ? t
7x
2
+ 7 = u > 0, y 3x 2 = v ta c phng trnh
v +
u
2
+v = u
u
2
+ v = u v
u
2
2uv +v
2
= u
2
+v v(2u v + 1) = 0
Ta c : 2u v + 1 = u + (u v) + 1 > 0
Vy suy ra v = 0 y = 3x + 2 thay vo (2) ta c
3(3x + 2)
2
4x
2
3(3x + 2) + 3x + 1 = 0
_
x = 1 y = 1 (TM)
x =
7
23
y =
25
23
(TM)
_
7
23
;
25
23
_
Cu 248
_
_
x
_
(1 y)(1 x
2
)
+
y
_
(1 x)(1 y
2
)
=
2 +
2
(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
)
x
1 x
2
+
y
_
1 y
2
=
_
1
(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
)
Gii
iu kin : 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1
x
_
1 y
2
+y
1 x
2
= 1
Ta c :
x
_
1 y
2
+y
1 x
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)(2 x
2
y
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2 x
2
y
2
2
= 1
ng thc xy ra khi
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1
y
_
1 y
2
= x
1 x
2
x = y =
2
2
Thay vo (2) ch c x = y =
2
2
tha mn.
_
2
2
;
2
2
_
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 249
_
2
_
x +y
2
+y + 3 3
y =
x + 2
y
3
+y
2
3y 5 = 3x
3
x + 2
Gii
iu kin : y 0, x 2
Chc chn s xut pht t (1). Tng ng
2
_
x +y
2
+y + 3 = 3
y +
x + 2
Ta c
3
y +
x + 2 =
3.
_
3y + 1.
x + 2 2
_
3y + x + 2
Gi ta chng minh
2
_
3y + x + 2 2
_
x +y
2
+y + 3 (y 1)
2
0 (Right)
ng thc xy ra khi y = 1 v

y =
x + 2 x = 1
Thay vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.
Cu 250
_
x(x
2
+ 1) + xy(2x 3y) + y(x 2) = 2y
2
(1 + 5y)
(x
2
+ 17y + 12)
2
= 4(x + y + 7)(x
2
+ 3x + 8y + 5)
Gii
Vn gi nguyn t tng khi gp loi h ny. Hoc nhm nhn t c hoc t n ph. Nu
nhm nhn t c l s xut pht t (1) v (2) qu s.
(x 2y) + (x
3
+ 2x
2
y 3xy
2
10y
3
) + xy 2y
2
= 0
(x 2y) + (x 2y)(x
2
+ 4xy + 5y
2
) + y(x 2y) = 0
(x 2y)(x
2
+ 4xy + 5y
2
+ y + 1) = 0
Hin nhin x
2
+ 4xy + 5y
2
+ y + 1 = (x + 2y)
2
+
_
y +
1
2
_
2
+
3
4
> 0. Vy ta rt c x = 2y
thay vo (2) ta c
(4y
2
+ 17y + 12)
2
= 4(3y + 7)(4y
2
+ 14y + 5)
Ta c th nhn tung n ra ri gii phng trnh bc 4, tuy nhin mt cht th bi ton
gii quyt nhanh hn kh nhiu.
t 4y
2
+ 14y + 5 = a, 3y + 7 = b. Phng trnh tng ng
(a+b)
2
= 4ab (ab)
2
= 0 4y
2
+11y2 = 0
_
_
y =
11 3
17
8
x =
11 3
17
4
y =
11 + 3
17
8
x =
11 + 3
17
4
_
11 3
17
4
;
11 3
17
8
_
,
_
11 + 3
17
4
;
11 + 3
17
8
_
N
g
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M
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h
T
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2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 137
Cu 251
_
_
_
y
2
x
_
y
2
+ 2
x
= 2x 2
_
y
2
+ 1 +
3
2x 1 = 1
Gii
iu kin : x > 0
y
2
+ 2 x
_
y
2
+ 2
x
= 2x
y
2
x

_
y
2
+ 2
x
= 2 t
2
t 2 = 0
t = 2 y
2
= 4x 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
4x 1 +
3
2x 1 = 1
Ta t 2 cn v dng mt h tm sau
_
a + b = 1
a
2
2b
3
= 1

_
a = 1
b = 0

4x 1 = 1 x =
1
2
y = 0
_
1
2
; 0
_
Cu 252
_
x
2
4
3x 2 + 10 = 2y
y
2
6
4y 3 + 11 = x
Gii
iu kin : x
2
3
, y
3
4
Cng 2 phng trnh vi nhau ta c
x
2
4
3x 2 + 10 +y
2
6
4y 3 + 11 = 2y + x
(3x 2 4
3x 2 + 4) + (x
2
4x + 4) + (4y 3 6
4y 3 + 9) + (y
2
6y + 9) = 0
_
3x 2 2
_
2
+ (x 2)
2
+
_
4y 3 3
_
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 0
_
x = 2
y = 3
Thay li vo h thy tha mn.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 253
_
2(x 2)
x + 6 = 6 y
(x 2)
y + 2 =

y + 1
x
2
4x + 5
Gii
iu kin : x 6, y 1
x 2
x
2
4x + 5
=
y + 1
y + 2

x 2
_
(x 2)
2
+ 1
=
y + 1
_
_
y + 1
_
2
+ 1
Xt f(t) =
t
t
2
+ 1
. Ta c f
(t) =
1
t
2
+ 1(t
2
+ 1)
> 0. Vy f(t) n iu tng v t rt ra
x 2 =

y + 1
_
x 2
y = x
2
4x + 3
. Thay ln (1) ta c
2(x 2)
x + 6 = x
2
+ 4x + 3
2(x 2)
_
x + 6 3
_
= x
2
2x + 15
2(x 2)
x 3
x + 6 + 3
= (x 3)(x + 5)
R rng vi iu kin khi rt th phng trnh ny ch c nghim x = 3 y = 0.
Cu 254
_
x
3
y
3
+ 3xy
2
7y
3
= 1
x
2
+ 2x + (xy 1)
2
= 2x
2
y
Gii
x
2
+ 2x + x
2
y
2
2xy + 1 2x
2
y = 0 (xy x 1)
2
= 0
xy x 1 = 0
_
_
_
xy = x + 1
y =
x + 1
x
Thay ht ln (1) ta c
(x + 1)
3
+ 3(x + 1)
x + 1
x
7
_
x + 1
x
_
3
= 1
x
3
(x + 1)
3
+ 3x
2
(x + 1)
2
7(x + 1)
3
= x
3
x
3
(x + 1)
3
+ 3x
2
(x + 1)
2
+ 3x(x + 1) + 1 = x
3
+ 3x(x + 1) + 1 + 7(x + 1)
3
(x
2
+x + 1)
3
= 8(x + 1)
3
= (2x + 2)
3
x
2
x 1 = 0
_
_
x =
1
5
2
y =
1
5
2
x =
1 +
5
2
y =
1 +
5
2
N
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n
M
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n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 139
_
1
5
2
;
1
5
2
_
,
_
1 +
5
2
;
1 +
5
2
_
Cu 255
_
_
2x
2
2
y
2
(
2 + 1)(x
2 1)
xy
2
x
2
y
2
+ 1
= 0
4x +
y
2
x
2
y
2
+ 1
= 2 +
2
Gii
Tc gi bi ton l anh Nguyn Bnh. y tt nhin l mt bi ton rt kh, i hi ngh
thut bin i kh tt.
iu kin : y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
2x
2
2
y
2

_
2 + 1
_
x
2.x
2
2x
2
+
2
y
2
=
_
2 + 1
_
2.
2x
y
+
2.
2
y
2x
2
+
2
y
2
_
2 + 1
_
2
y
= 0
t
2x = a,
2
y
= b. H cho tng ng
_
_
a
2
b
2
_
2 + 1
_
a
2a
a
2
+b
2
= (
2 + 1)
2ab (
2 + 1)b +
2b
a
2
+b
2
= 0
Ly PT(1) i.PT(2) ta c
(a
2
b
2
+ 2abi) (
2 + 1)(a +bi)
2(a bi)
a
2
+ b
2
+ (
2 + 1) = 0
t z = a + bi. Th phng trnh cho tng ng
z
2
_
2 + 1
_
z
2z
z.z
+
2 + 1 = 0 z
2
_
2 + 1
_
z
2
z
+
_
2 + 1
_
= 0

_
z
2
_
(z
2
z + 1)
z
= 0
_
_
z =
2
z =
1
2
+
3
2
i
z =
1
2

3
2
i
Vi z =
2 a =
2, b = 0 (L)
Vi z =
1
2
+
3
2
i
_
_
a =
1
2
b =
3
2
_
x =
1
2
2
y =
2
3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Vi z =
1
2

3
2
i
_
_
x =
1
2
2
y =
2
3
_
1
2
2
;
2
3
_
,
_
1
2
2
;
2
3
_
Cu 256
_
x y = 2y
2
+ 1
x + y +
x 2y = 3y
Gii
iu kin : x +y 0, 2x y 0
R rng c nghim th y 0
x + y +
_
x 2y =
_
x + y
_
2
_
_
x 2y
_
2

x +y =
_
x 2y + 1
X l ci ny tt nht ta s s dng h tm. t

x +y = a,
x 2y = b. Ta c :
_
a b = 1
a
2
b
2
= 3y
_
a b = 1
a + b = 3y
2a = 3y + 1 2
x + y = 3y + 1 4x = 9y
2
+ 2y + 1
Thay ln (1) ta c
9y
2
+ 2y + 1
4
= 2y
2
+y + 1
_
y = 3 x = 22
y = 1 (L)
Cu 257
_
_
x
4
+y
4
(x +y)
4
=
xy
x +y

3
8
1
x
+
3
y
= 4
Gii
iu kin x, y > 0.
Thot nhn thy phng trnh (1) kh thun nht. t x = ty chng. Tuy nhin khi ta s
ra mt phng trnh n t khng d chi mt cht no. : du bng xy ra ti x = y. Vy
phi chng l dng bt ng thc ?
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ca (1) ta c
x
4
+ y
4
(x + y)
4

(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2(x +y)
4

(x +y)
4
8(x +y)
4
=
1
8
N
g
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n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 141
p dng bt ng thc AM GM cho v phi ta c
xy
x + y

3
8

xy
2
xy

3
8
=
1
8
ng thc xy ra khi x = y. Thay vo (2) d dng gii ra x = y = 1
Cu 258
_ _
xy (x y)(
xy 2) +
x = y +
y
(x + 1)
_
y +
xy + x(1 x)
_
= 4
Gii
c hng gii v th xem loi h ny ri vo cu no ri nh !
xy + (x y)
_
xy 2
_
y
2
_
xy + (x y)
_
xy 2
_
+ y
+
x y
x +
y
= 0
(x y)
_
_
y +
xy 2
_
xy + (x y)
_
xy 2
_
+ y
+
1
x +
y
_
_
= 0 ()
Gi ta mong rng y +
xy 2. Tht vy, t (2) ta c

y +
xy =
4
x + 1
+x
2
x
Gi phi chng minh
4
x + 1
+x
2
x 2 (x 1)
2
(x + 2) 0 (Right)
Vy t (*) suy ra x = y thay vo (2) ta c
(x + 1)
_
3x x
2
_
= 4
_
_
x = 1
x =
1 +
17
4
x =
1
17
4
(L)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1) ,
_
1 +
17
4
;
1 +
17
4
_
Mt cu gn tng t
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 259
_
x 3
x + 3 = 3
y 5 y
_
x
2
+ 16(y x) + y = 2
xy
Gii
(x y)
_
x 16
_
x
2
+ 16(y x) +
xy
xy +y
_
= 0 ()
Gi ta mong rng x 16.
y 5 3
_
y 5 + x + 3 3
x + 3 + 2 = 0
y5
0 9 4(x + 3 3
x + 3 + 2) 0
4(x + 3) 12
x + 3 1 0
x + 3
6 + 2
10
4
x < 16
Vy t (*) suy ra x = y thay li vo (1) ta c
2x = 3
_
x + 3 +
x 5
_
x
4
9x
3
+ 9x
2
+ 324 = 0
(x 6)
2
(x
2
+ 3x + 9) x = y = 6 (TM)
Cu 260
_
(xy + 1)
3
+ x(y 1) = x
3
1
x
3
4xy 4 = 0
Gii
(xy + 1)
3
+ (xy + 1) = x
3
+x xy + 1 = x
Thay xung (2) ta c
x
3
4x = 0
_
_
x = 0 (L)
x = 2 y =
3
2
x = 2 y =
1
2
_
2;
3
2
_
,
_
2;
1
2
_
N
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M
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n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 143
Cu 261
_
(x + 6y + 3)
xy + 3y = (8y + 3x + 9)y
_
x
2
+ 8x 24y + 417 = (y + 3)
y 1 + 3y + 17
Gii
iu kin : y 1, x 3, x
2
+ 8x 24y + 417 0
t
x + 3 = a 0,
y = b > 0 th (1) tng ng

(a
2
+ 6b
2
)ab = b
2
(8b
2
+ 3a
2
) a
3
3a
2
b + 6ab
2
8b
3
= 0
(a 2b)(a
2
ab + 4b
2
) = 0 a = 2b
x + 3 = 4y
Thay xung (2) ta c
4
_
(y + 4)(6 y) = (y + 3)
_
y 1 + 3y + 17
Ta c :
4
_
(y + 4)(6 y 2(y + 4 + 6 y) = 20
(y + 3)
y 1 + 3y + 17 3y + 17 3.1 + 17 = 20
ng thc xy ra khi y = 1 x = 1
Cu 262
_
_
x +y
xy
+xy =
2(x y)
x +
y
+
2
xy
1
y

1
x
+x +y = 4
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 0
1
x
+
1
y

2
xy
2
_
y
_
+ xy = 0
_
1
x

1
y
_
2
+ 2
xy
_
1
x

1
y
_
+xy = 0
_
1
x

1
y
+xy
_
2
= 0
y

1
x
=

xy
y = xy x +y = x
2
y
2
+ 2
xy
xy + 2
xy (xy)
2
4 = 0 xy = 1
_
_
xy = 1
x +y = 3
x > y > 0
_
x =
3 +
5
2
y =
3
5
2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
C v bn khun v sao x > y nh ? Nh li php bin i trn (1) c mt ng thc l
y = xy. V xy > 0 x > y

_
3 +
5
2
;
3
5
2
_
Cu 263
_
y
3
+ 3y
2
+ y + 4x
2
22x + 21 = (2x + 1)
2x 1
2x
2
11x + 9 = 2y
Gii
iu kin : x
1
2
y
3
+ 3y +y + 2(2y 9) + 21 = (2x + 1)
2x 1
(y + 1)
3
+ 2(y + 1) = (2x 1)
2x 1 +
2x 1
3
+ 2t v hm ny n iu tng. T ta c y + 1 =
2x 1
thay xung (2) ta c
2x
2
11x + 11 = 2
2x 1 (2x 5)
2
=
_
2x 1 + 2
_
2
_
x = 1 y = 0
x = 5 y = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (5; 2)
Cu 264
_
_
x y
_
x
2
y
2
_
1 x
2
+y
2
= 2
y x
_
x
2
y
2
_
1 x
2
+y
2
=
7
4
Gii
iu kin : 0 x
2
y
2
< 1
Ly (1)+(2) v (1)-(2) ta c
_
_
_
1
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x +y)
_
1 x
2
+y
2
=
15
4
(3)
_
1 +
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x y)
_
1 x
2
+y
2
=
1
4
(4)
Ly (3).(4) ta c
(x
2
y
2
)(1 x
2
+y
2
)
1 x
2
+ y
2
=
15
16
x
2
y
2
=
15
16
N
g
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n
M
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n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 145
Thay li vo (1) v (2) ta thu c h mi sau
_
_
x
y
15
4
=
1
2
y
x
15
4
=
7
16
_
_
_
x = 8 +
7
15
4
y = 7 + 2
15
(TM)
_
8 +
7
15
4
; 7 + 2
15
_
Cu 265
_
9xy
3
24y
2
+ (27x
2
+ 40)y + 3x 16 = 0
y
2
+ (9x 10)y + 3(x + 3) = 0
Gii
tng bi ton ging cu 222 nhng hnh thc cng knh hn.
H cho vit li
_
9xy
3
+ 27x
2
y + 3x +y
2
= 25y
2
40y + 16
y
2
+ 9xy + 3x + 1 = 10y 8
_
(9xy + 1)(y
2
+ 3x) = (5y 4)
2
(9xy + 1) + (y
2
+ 3x) = 2(5y 4)
R rng 2 s 9xy + 1 v y
2
+ 3x l nghim ca phng trnh
X
2
2(5y 4)X + (5y 4)
2
= 0 X = 5y 4
T suy ra
_
9xy + 1 = 5y 4
y
2
+ 3x = 5y 4
_
3x = 5y y
2
4
3y(5y y
2
4) + 1 = 5y 4
_
y = 1 x = 0
y = 2
_
7
3
x =
1
21
9
y = 2 +
_
7
3
x =
1 +
21
9
_
1
21
9
; 2
_
7
3
_
,
_
1 +
21
9
; 2 +
_
7
3
_
, (0; 1)
Cu 266
_
_
_
x +
x
3
x + 1
= (y + 2)
_
(x + 1) (y + 1)
4x
y + 1 + 8x = (4x
2
4x 3)
x + 1
Gii
iu kin : x > 1, y 1
khi chia 2 v ca (1) cho
x + 1 ta s c lp c 2 n v hi vng n s c g c bit.
Thc hin php chia v ta thu c
x
2
x + 1
+
x
(x + 1)
x + 1
= (y + 2)
_
y + 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
M ta c
x
2
x + 1
+
x
(x + 1)
x + 1
=
x
3
+ x
2
+x
(x + 1)
x + 1
=
x
3
+ x(x + 1)
(x + 1)
x + 1
=
x
3
(x + 1)
x + 1
+
x
x + 1
Nh vy phng trnh (1) s l
_
x
x + 1
_
3
+
x
x + 1
=
_
_
y + 1
_
3
+
_
y + 1
_
y + 1 =
x
x + 1
Hin nhin v f(t) = t
3
+t n iu tng. Thay xung (2) v ta c
4x
2
x + 1
+ 8x =
_
4x
2
4x 3
_
x + 1 4x
2
+ 8x
x + 1 =
_
4x
2
4x 3
_
(x + 1)
4x
2
+ 8x
x + 1 + 4 (x + 1) = (2x 1)
2
(x + 1)
_
2x + 2
x + 1 = (2x 1)
x + 1
2x + 2
x + 1 = (1 2x)
x + 1
TH1 :
2x = (2x 3)
x + 1
_
_
x = 3 y =
5
4
x =
3
2
y =
4 + 3
3
2
TH2 :
2x = (1 2x)
x + 1 4x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 5x + 1 = 0
Phng trnh bc 3 ny c nghim duy nht nhng kh l. Cch gii loi ny ti nu cu
215.
i n x = z
1
3
. Thay vo phng trnh v ta a n v
108z
3
+ 99z 10 = 0
t z =
11
6
_
a
1
a
_
thay vo phng trnh ta c
11
11
2
_
a
3
1
a
3
_
= 10
_
_
a
3
=
10 3
159
11
11
a
3
=
10 + 3
159
11
11
_
a =
3
10 3
159
11
11
a =
3
10 + 3
159
11
11
2 nghim ny lun c c im l tch ca chng bng 1. Vy nn 2 trng hp thay vo z
u ra mt kt qu. T suy ra
z =
11
6
_
a
1
a
_
=
11
6
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
10 + 3
159
11
11
1
3
10 + 3
159
11
11
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
6
_
3
_
10 + 3
159
11
3
_
10 + 3
159
_
N
g
u
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n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270 147
T suy ra
x =
1
6
_
3
_
10 + 3
159
11
3
_
10 + 3
159
_
1
3
_
3;
5
4
_
,
_
3
2
;
4 + 3
3
2
_
,
_
a;
a
2
a + 1
1
_
vi
a =
1
6
_
3
_
10 + 3
159
11
3
_
10 + 3
159
_
1
3
Cu 267
_
x +y
2
+ 9 = 6
x + 5y
(2y
x 4)
x = y + 4
Gii
iu kin : x 0
H cho tng ng
_
(
x 3)
2
= y(5 y) (3)
x 2(y 2)
x +y + 4 (4)
T (3) ta c ngay y(5 y) 0
T (4) ta c
x
= y
2
5y 0 y(5 y) 0
T 2 iu trn ta thy ngay iu kin rng buc tri ngc nhau. Vy ng thc xy ra khi
_
y = 0 x = 9 (L)
y = 5 x = 9 (TM)
Cu 268
_
x + 2y + 3 +
9x + 10y + 11 = 10
12x + 13y + 14 +
28x + 29y + 30 = 20
Gii
y l mt loi h cc k kh chu ch tng khng kh my. Xut hin kh nhiu cn thc
v iu kin khng th gi gn c. Vy tm thi b qua bc ny.
Vi loi ny thng ta s t n c gng a n v thun nht. Tc l ngh cch t sao
cho hng s mt ht i.
t u = x + y + 1, v = y + 2. Ta c h mi nh sau
_
u +v +
9u +v = 10
12u +v +
28u +v = 20
12u +v +
28u + v = 2
_
u + v +
9u +v
_
Cn thc vn kh nhiu. Tuy nhin n ang thun nht. T ta c
12t + 1 +
28t + 1 = 2
_
t + 1 +
9t + 1
_
t =
5
4
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
T rt ra u =
5
4
v. Thay vo (1) v ta tm c
_
u = 5
v = 4
_
x +y + 1 = 5
y + 2 = 4
_
x = 2
y = 2
Cu 269
_
y
1 x +x
1 y = 1
_
1
y
_
(1 +
x) = 2
Gii
iu kin : 0 x, y 1
T (2) ta suy ra
1 +
x =
2
1
y
2 x 1
M t iu kin : x 1. T suy ra x = 1 y = 0 (TM)
Cu 270:
_
_
_
x + 3 = 2
_
(3y x)(y + 1)
3y 2
_
x + 5
2
= xy 2y 2
Gii
iu kin : y
2
3
, x 5, 3y x
(1) 4(y + 1) = 3y x + y + 1 + 2
_
(3y x) (y + 1)
_
2
y + 1
_
2
=
_
3y x +
y + 1
_
2
_
y + 1 =

3y x
3
y + 1 =
3y x (L)
x = 2y 1
Thay xung (2) ta c
3y 2
y + 2 = 2y
2
3y 2
2 (y 2)
3y 2 +
y + 2
= (2y + 1) (y 2)
Ta c
2
3y 2 +
y + 2

2
, 2y + 1
7
3
Tc l V P > V T , vy t suy ra y = 2 x = 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 149
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
Cu 271
_
_
_
6
x
3
6x + 5 =
_
x + 2
6
x
__
x
2
+
4
x
_
x +
10 x = y
2
Gii
iu kin : 0 < x 10 , x
3
6x + 5 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
6x
2
.
x
3
6x + 5 = (x
2
+ 2x 6)(x
3
+ 4)
x
3
6x + 5 = (x 1)(x
2
+x 5) v x
2
+ 2x 6 = (x 1) + (x
2
+x 5). Da vo iu
kin th hin nhin x 1 v x
2
+ x 5 cng du. Kt hp thm phng trnh (1) 2 i tng
trn phi > 0. M nh trn ta tch c v tng-tch. C v s dng AM GM. Nhn thy
x = 2 l nghim, ta da vo tch cho ph hp. Ta c
(x
2
+ 2x 6)(x
3
+ 4) =
_
(x
2
+x 5) + (x 1)
_
_
x
3
2
+
x
3
2
+ 4
_
2.
_
(x 1)(x
2
+x 5).3x
2
= 6x
2
.
x
3
6x + 5
ng thc xy ra khi x = 2 y =
_
3
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2;
_
3
2), (2;
_
3
2)
Cu 272
_
x
3
y +xy = 5 +x
x
2
(x
4
y
2
y
2
+ 2y) = 5 +x
2
Gii
t x
3
y = a, x xy = b . H tng ng
_
x
3
y (x xy) = 5
x
6
y
2
(x xy)
2
= 5
_
a b = 5
a
2
b
2
= 5
_
a = 3
b = 2
_
x
3
y = 3
x xy = 2
_
x = 1
y = 3
Cu 273
_
_
(x
2
1)
2
+ 3 =
6x
5
y
x
2
+ 2
3y x =
4x 3x
2
y 9xy
2
x + 3y
Gii
Hnh thc bi h kh cng knh, iu kin li rc ri nn tm thi ta b qua bc ny.
Vi 3y x. H cho tng ng
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
_
_
_
(x
4
2x
2
+ 4)(x
2
+ 2) = 6x
5
y
(3y x)
2
+ =
4x
x + 3y
3xy

_
x
6
+ 8 = 6x
5
y (3)
x
3
+ 27y
3
= 4x
_
1 +
8
x
6
=
6y
x
1 +
27y
3
x
3
=
4
x
2
t
3y
x
= a,
2
x
2
= b ta thu c h mi
_
1 + a
3
= 2b
1 + b
3
= 2a
a = b
3y
x
=
2
x
2
y =
2
3x
Thay vo (3) ta c
x
6
4x
4
+ 8 = 0
_
x
2
= 2
x
2
= 1 +
5

_
_
x =
2 y =
2
3
x =
2 y =
2
3
x =
_
1 +
5 y =
2
3
_
1 +
5
x =
_
1 +
5 y =
2
3
_
1 +
5
Ch cc iu kin ban u loi nghim.
TH3 loi v 3y < x
TH2 loi v khng tha cn
Ch c TH4 tha.
_
_
1 +
5;
2
3
_
1 +
5
_
Cu 274
_
(x y + 2)
2
+ (x
2
+ 4x + 3)(y
2
1) = 81
x +
y 2 =
_
(x + 1)(y 1)
Gii
iu kin : x 0, y 2
x +y 2 + 2
_
x(y 2) = xy x +y 1
(xy 2x) 2
xy 2x + 1 = 0
_
xy 2x 1
_
2
= 0 xy 2x = 1 y =
1
x
+ 2
Thay ln (1) ta c
_
x
1
x
_
2
+ (x
2
+ 4x + 3)
_
_
1
x
+ 2
_
2
1
_
= 81 4(x + 1)
4
= 81x
2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 151
_
x =
1
2
y = 4
x = 2 y =
5
2
x =
13 3
17
4
(L)
_
1
2
; 4
_
,
_
2;
5
2
_
Cu 275
_
_
_
9x +
y
x
+ 2
_
y +
2x
y
= 4
_
2x
y
2
1
_
_
y
x
2
9
_
= 18
Gii
Mu cht y c l l tm cch bin i kho lo phng trnh (2) bi (1) cho nh kia c l
ch gi cho chng ta hng t n ph.
(2x y
2
)(y 9x
2
) = 18x
2
y
2
9x
2
y
2
+ 18x
3
+y
3
= 2xy
9x
2
y
2
+ 18x
3
+ y
3
xy
= 2 9xy +
18x
2
y
+
y
2
x
+ 2 = 4
9x
_
y +
2x
y
_
+
y
x
_
y +
2x
y
_
= 4
_
9x +
y
x
_
_
y +
2x
y
_
= 4
Nh vy t
_
9x +
y
x
= a,
_
y +
2x
y
= b ta c h
_
a + 2b = 4
ab = 2
a = 2, b = 1
_
_
_
9x +
y
x
= 4
y +
2x
y
= 1
_
9x
2
+y = 4x
y
2
+ 2x = y
_
y = 4x 9x
2
(4x 9x
2
)
2
+ 2x = 4x 9x
2

_
x = 0 (L)
x =
1
9
y =
1
3
_
1
9
;
1
3
_
Cu 276
_
_
x
x
2
y
+
5y
x + y
2
= 4
5x +y +
x
2
5y
2
xy
= 5
Gii
Thot nhn c v n gin nhng y l mt bi tng i. Cn ch tht tt trong bin i
ng thc t c mc ch.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
iu kin : x, y = 0, x = y
2
, y = x
2
y +
x
y
+ 5x
5y
x
= 5
x +y
2
x
+ 5.
x
2
y
x
= 5
n y t
x
2
y
x
= a,
x +y
2
y
= b ta c h mi
_
_
_
1
a
+
5
b
= 4
b + 5a = 5
a =
1
2
, b =
5
2

_
2(x
2
y) = x
2(x +y
2
) = 5y
_
x =
3
2
, y = 3
x = 1, y =
1
2
x =
3
2
, y =
3
2
_
3
2
; 3
_
,
_
1;
1
2
_
,
_
3
2
;
3
2
_
Cu 277
_
_
_
1
(x +y + 1)
+
1
(x y + 1)
2
= 2
x
2
+ 2x = y
2
Gii
iu kin : y = (x + 1)
T phng trnh (2) ta c
(x + 1)
2
y
2
= 1 (x y + 1)(x +y + 1) = 1
t
1
x +y + 1
= a,
1
x y + 1
= b ta c h mi
_
a
3
+b
3
= 2
ab = 1
_
a = 1
b = 1
_
x + y + 1 = 1
x y + 1 = 1
_
x = 0
y = 0
Cu 278
_
_
_
2x y xy
2
= 2xy(1 x)
(x
2
+ 2y
2
)
_
1 +
1
xy
_
2
= 12
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
(2x
2
y xy
2
) + 2x y = 2xy
(x
2
+ 2y
2
)
_
1
x
2
y
2
+
2
xy
+ 1
_
= 12

_
_
_
2x(xy + 1) y(xy + 1) = 2xy
1
y
2
+
2x
y
+x
2
+ 2
_
1
x
2
+
2y
x
+y
2
_
= 12
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 153
_
2
_
xy + 1
y
_
_
xy + 1
x
_
= 2
_
x +
1
y
_
2
+ 2
_
y +
1
x
_
2
= 12
_
2
_
1
y
+ x
_
_
1
x
+y
_
= 2
_
x +
1
y
_
2
+ 2
_
y +
1
x
_
2
= 12
t
1
y
+x = a,
1
x
+y = b ta c h mi
_
2a b = 2
a
2
+ 2b
2
= 12
_
a = 2, b = 2
a =
2
9
, b =
22
9
_
_
_
1
y
+x = 2
1
x
+y = 2
_
_
1
y
+x =
2
9
1
x
+y =
22
9
TH1 : D dng gii ra x = y = 1
TH2 : H cho tng ng
_
_
xy + 1 =
2
9
y
xy + 1 =
22
9
x
_
y = 11x
1
x
+ 11x =
22
9
(V N)
Cu 279
_
x
5
+ 10x
4
+ 42x
3
12x 56 = y
5
2y
3
23x
2
+ 29x + 26 = y
3
Gii
Trc ht nhn vo phng trnh (1) thy s m kh cao. C l n gn l mt hng ng thc
no . Ta s phi thm mt lng ph hp t (2) vo. Tip tc v tri phng trnh (1)
c x
5
+10x
4
. C v s l (x +2)
5
. V phi c y
5
vy ta th cho y = x +2 thay vo h xem. Ta
s c
_
4x
3
+ 68x
2
+ 68x + 72 = 0
x
3
17x
2
17x 18 = 0
Vy ta ly PT(1) + 4.PT(2) v vi v v ta thu c
(x + 2)
5
+ 2(x + 2)
3
= y
5
+ 2y
3
y = x + 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
x
3
17x
2
17x 18 = 0 x = 18 y = 20
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (18; 20)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 280
_
49152x
8
+ 16394y
8
= 1
3x +y = 1
Gii
Th y = 1 3x ln (1) ta thu c
3x
8
+ 3(1 3x)
8
=
1
2
14
Mt phng trnh bc kh cao. Loi ny c l ch nh gi mi dit c. Nhn hnh thc c
l s dng Cauchy Schwarz nh gi.
Ta c
V T =
1
4
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)(x
8
+x
8
+x
8
+ (1 3x)
8
)
1
4
_
x
4
+x
4
+ x
4
+ (1 3x)
4
_
2
=
1
64
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
2
_
x
4
+ x
4
+x
4
+ (1 3x)
4
_
2
. . .
1
2
14
ng thc xy ra khi x =
1
4
y =
1
4
.
_
1
4
;
1
4
_
Cu 281
_
_
_
(x 1)
2
.
y +x(y 1) = 0
_
x +
y
x
_
_
xy +
1
x
_
= 4y
Gii
iu kin : x = 0, y 0
Xt phng trnh (2) gi s c nghim th hin nhin x > 0. Ta c
_
x +
y
x
_
_
xy +
1
x
_
2
_
x.
y
x
.2
_
xy
x
= 4y
Du bng xy ra khi
_
_
_
x =
y
x
xy =
1
x
x = y = 1
Thay vo (1) thy tha mn.
Cu 282
_ _
_
x
2
+ y +
x
2
+ 3
_
x = y 3
_
x
2
+ y +
x = x + 3
Gii
iu kin : x 0, x
2
+ y 0
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 155
(y 3)x
_
x
2
+y
x
2
+ 3
= y 3
TH1 : y = 3 thay vo (2) ta c
x
2
+ 3 +
x = x + 3
Tin hnh bnh phng 2 ln ta thu c phng trnh sau :
4x
3
25x
2
48x 36 = 0
Phng trnh bc 3 ny c nghim duy nht l. Phng php ti nu cu 215. Coi nh
mt bi tp cho bn c.
Nghim : x =
1
12
_
25 +
3
_
45001 1080
251 +
3
_
45001 + 1080
251
_
TH2 :
_
x
2
+ y
x
2
+ 3 = x thay xung (2) ta c
x
2
+ 3 +
x = 3 x = 1 y = 8
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) = (1; 8),
_
1
12
_
25 +
3
_
45001 1080
251 +
3
_
45001 + 1080
251
_
; 3
_
Cu 283
_
x
2
+ 2x
y = y
2
.
y
(4x
3
+ y
3
+ 3x
2
.
x)(15
x + y) = 3
x(y
y +x
y + 4x
x)
2
Gii
Tc gi bi ton l Hoanghai1195, mt Smod trn din n k2pi. Nhng bi h ca anh thng
l cc mnh, tng y tnh nh v thch thc.
iu kin : x, y 0
t

x = a,
y = b h vit li thnh
_
a
4
+ 2a
3
b = b
5
(4a
6
+ b
6
+ 3a
5
)(15a +b
2
) = 3a (b
4
+a
2
b + 4a
3
)
2
Ta c : a = b = 0 l mt nghim ca h.
Gi xt a, b > 0. t b = ka. Phng trnh (1) khi tr thnh
1 + 2k = ak
5
a =
1 + 2k
k
5
()
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh
_
4a
6
+a
6
k
6
+ 3a
5
_ _
15a
2
+k
2
a
2
_
= 3a
_
k
3
a
3
+a
3
k + 4a
3
_
2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Th a t (*) vo ta c
_
4 + k
6
+
3k
5
1 + 2k
__
5 +
1 + 2k
3k
3
_
= (k
3
+ k + 4)
2
V T
_
_
_
5(4 + k
6
) +
3k
5
1 + 2k
.
1 + 2k
3k
3
_
_
2
=
_
_
(2
2
+ 1
2
)(4 + k
6
) + k
_
2
(4+k
3
+k)
2
= V P
ng thc xy ra khi k = 1 a = b = 3 x = y = 9.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (9; 9)
Cu 284
_
_
9
41
2
_
x
2
+
1
2x +y
_
= 3 + 40x
x
2
+ 5xy + 6y = 4y
2
+ 9x + 9
x, y > 0
Gii
Tip tc l mt cu cc mnh v hi no ca Hoanghai1195.
82
_
x
2
+
1
2x +y
_
=
6 + 80x
9
Ta c
V T =
(1
2
+ 9
2
)
_
x
2
+
1
2x +y
_
9x +
1
2x +y
9x +
3
_
9(2x +y)
9x +
6
2x + y + 9
6 + 80x
9

6
2x + y + 9
3x 2x
2
xy + 6y 0 ()
Ly (*) cng vi PT(2) ta thu c
x
2
+ 4xy 4y
2
+ 12y 6x 9 = 0 0 (x 2y + 3)
2
0 x + 3 = 2y
cc du bng trn xy ra th x = y = 3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 157
Cu 285
_
_
x +
y
1 + x
2
+x
+ y
2
= 0
x
2
y
2
+ 2
x
2
+ 1 + y
2
= 3
Gii
iu kin : y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
x +y
_
1 + x
2
x
_
+y
2
= 0
_
x
y
+ y
_
2
+ 2
_
x
2
+ 1 x
_
= 3
_
_
x
y
+ y
_
+
_
1 + x
2
x
_
= 0
_
x
y
+ y
_
2
+ 2
_
x
2
+ 1 x
_
= 3
t
x
y
+y = a,
1 + x
2
x = b > 0. H cho tng ng
_
a +b = 0
a
2
+ 2b = 3
_
a = 1, b = 1
a = 3, b = 3 (L)
_
_
_
x
y
+y = 1
x
2
+ 1 = x + 1
_
x = 0
y = 1
Cu 286
_
(x y)
2
_
_
3x
2
xy + 2y
2
+ 2 + 1
_
= 3
2x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1
Gii
Mt kinh nghim nh : khi nhn thy mt cn thc vi biu thc kh di nh kia, thng th
tc gi c vy nhm khin chng ta s dng php th t phng trnh cn li.
3x
2
xy + 2y
2
= 1 + (x y)
2
Thay ln (1) ta c
(x y)
2
_
_
(x y)
2
+ 3 + 1
_
= 3 t
_
t + 3 + 1
_
= 3 t = (x y)
2
0
t = 1
_
(x y)
2
= 1
2x
2
+ y
2
+xy = 1
y l mt h ng cp bc 2 kh n gin, vic gii n xin nhng li bn c.
_
3
4
;
1
4
_
,
_
3
4
;
1
4
_
, (0; 1), (0; 1)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 287
_
_
x(y
2
+ 1)
x
2
+y
2
=
3
5
y(x
2
1)
x
2
+y
2
=
4
5
Gii
iu kin : x
2
+y
2
= 0
Mt bi ton kh hay v c sc v mt tng.
H cho tng ng
_
_
x
2
y
2
+ x
2
x
2
+y
2
=
3x
5
(3)
y
2
x
2
y
2
x
2
+y
2
=
4y
5
(4)
Ly (3)-(4) ta c
3x
5

4y
5
=
x
2
+y
2
x
2
+y
2
= 1 3x 4y = 5
n y rt x =
5 + 4y
3
thay vo (1) ta c
5.
5 + 4y
3
.(y
2
+ 1) = 3
_
5 + 4y
3
_
2
+ 3y
2
_
y = 1 x =
1
3
y = 1 x = 3
_
1
3
; 1
_
, (3; 1)
Cu 288
_
_
2x
2
+ 3 = (4x
2
2yx
2
)
3 2y +
4x
2
+ 1
x
_
2
3 2y =
3
2x
2
+x
3
+ x + 2
2x + 1
Gii
iu kin : x = 0, x =
1
2
,
1
2
y
3
2
Chia 2 v ca (1) cho x
2
ta c
1
x
3

4
x
2
+
3
x
+ 2 = (4 2y)
3 2y
_
1
1
x
_
3
+
_
1
1
x
_
= (3 2y)
3 2y +
3 2y
1
1
x
=

3 2y
Thay vo (2) ta c
_
1 +
1
x
=
3
2x
2
+x
3
+x + 2
2x + 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 159
(2x + 1)
_
1 +
1
x
= (x + 2) +
3
2x
2
+ x
3
_
2 +
1
x
_
_
1 +
1
x
=
_
2
x
+ 1
_
+
3
_
2
x
+ 1
_
1 +
1
x
=
3
_
2
x
+ 1
t + 1 =
3
2t + 1
_
1
x
= t
_
_
_
_
0 = t
1
2
(t + 1)
3
= (2t + 1)
2
t =
1 +
5
2
x =
5 1
2
y =
3 +
5
4
_
5 1
2
;
3 +
5
4
_
Cu 289
_
_
_
x +
1
y
=
6y
x
x
3
y
3
4x
2
y
2
+ 2xy + 5y
3
= 1
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
x
2
y +x = 6y
2
(xy 1)
3
= 5y
3
+x
2
y
2
+ xy
Ta c : 5y
3
+x
2
y
2
+xy = 5y
3
+ (6y
2
x)y +xy = y
3
Vy (2) tng ng
xy 1 = y y =
1
x 1
Thay ln (1) ta c
x +x 1 =
6
x(x 1)
x = 2 y = 1
Cu 290
_
_
x +y
1 + xy
=
1 2y
2 y
x y
1 xy
=
1 3x
3 x
Gii
Thot nhn th hnh thc ca bi h ch c g to tt c. Tuy nhin, y l mt h cc
mnh, mt siu h ch thc. Tc gi ca n hn sng tc da vo cc php ton ca hm
Hypebolic. Ti s gii thiu cho bn c 2 cch ca bi ny. Mt cch hc c cn mt cch
l lm c.
iu kin : xy = 1, x = 3, y = 2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cch 1 :
t x =
u 1
u + 1
, y =
v 1
v + 1
. H cho tng ng
_
_
u v
u +v
=
2 u
2 + u
uv 1
uv + 1
=
3 v
3 + v
p dng tnh cht t l thc cho phng trnh (1) ta c
u v
u + v
=
2 u
2 + u
=
2 v
2u +v + 2
=
2 + v 2u
2 v
(2 v)
2
+ (2 + v)
2
4u
2
u
2
= 2v ()
Tng t p dng cho (2) ta c
uv 1
uv + 1
=
3 v
3 + v
=
3u uv
3u +uv
=
3u 1
3u + 1 + 2uv
=
3u + 1 2uv
3u 1
(3u 1)
2
= (3u + 1)
2
4u
2
v
2
3u = u
2
v
2
()
T (*) v (**) ta c h mi
_
u
2
= 2v
u
2
v
2
= 3u
u
6
= 12u u =
5
12, v =
5
_
9
2
x =
5
12 1
5
12 + 1
, y =
5
_
9
2
1
5
_
9
2
+ 1
Cch 2:
_
_
x +y
1 + xy
+ 1 =
1 2y
2 y
+ 1
x +y
1 + xy
1 =
1 2y
2 y
1
_
(x + 1) (y + 1)
1 + xy
=
3 (y 1)
2 y
(x 1) (y 1)
1 + xy
=
(y + 1)
2 y
_
(x + 1) (y + 1)
3 (y 1)
=
1 + xy
2 y
(x 1) (y 1)
y + 1
=
1 + xy
2 y
3 (x 1) (y 1)
2
= (x + 1) (y + 1)
2
()
Tng t vi phng trnh (2) ta cng c
_
_
x y
1 xy
+ 1 =
1 3x
3 x
+ 1
x y
1 xy
1 =
1 3x
3 x
1
_
(x + 1) (y 1)
1 xy
=
4 (x 1)
3 x
(x 1) (y + 1)
1 xy
=
2 (x + 1)
3 x
2(x 1)
2
(y + 1) = (x + 1)
2
(y 1) ()
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 161
T (*) v (**) ta t a =
x 1
x + 1
, b =
y + 1
y 1
v ta lp mt h mi
_
3a = b
2
2a
2
=
1
b
_
b =
5
_
9
2
a =
5
_
1
12
_
x 1
x + 1
=
5
_
1
12
y + 1
y 1
=
5
_
9
2
_
y =
5
_
9
2
1
5
_
9
2
+ 1
x =
5
12 1
5
12 + 1
_
_
_
_
5
12 1
5
12 + 1
,
5
_
9
2
1
5
_
9
2
+ 1
_
_
_
_
Cu 291
_
x
2
(y
2
+ 1) + 2y(x
2
+x + 1) = 3
(x
2
+ x)(y
2
+y) = 1
Gii
Phng trnh (2) khng t nhin khi v tri khng y nhn t chung ra ngoi. C l nu
nh vy c kh nng s l tng t n ph. Ta mng tng ra mt phn tng, gi
ch cn bin i na thi.
H cho tng ng
_
(xy +x)
2
+ 2(xy +y) = 3
xy(x + 1)(y + 1) = 1
_
(xy +x)
2
+ 2(xy +y) = 3
(xy +y)(xy +x) = 1
_
a
2
+ 2b = 3
ab = 1
_
a = 1, b = 1
a = 2, b =
1
2
_
_
xy +x = 1
xy +y = 1
_
_
_
xy +x = 2
xy +y =
1
2
_
x = y =
1
5
2
x = y =
5 1
2
_
1
5
2
;
1
5
2
_
,
_
5 1
2
;
5 1
2
_
Cu 292
_
_
_
2y
3
+ (x + y + 7)
3
y + 7 + x
2
+ 7x = 0
3x
2
+ 35x + 98
3
x + 7
+ 3(x + 7) = y
_
3
x + 7 2y
_
Gii
Hnh thc ca bi h kh cng knh. Nn t n gim bt cng knh.
iu kin : x = 7
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
t
3
x + 7 = a, y = b. H cho tng ng
_
2a
5
+ a
6
7a
3
+ 2a
2
b + 2b
3
= 0
3a
6
7a
3
+ 3a
4
2ab
2
a
2
b = 0 ()
H ny bc kh cao. Tuy nhin mt cch hi bn nng l ta tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau,
l do kh hi hc v hin nhin l lm mt 7a
3
i. Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
a
6
2a
5
+ 3a
4
+ 2ab
2
3a
2
b 2b
3
= 0 2(a
6
b
3
) 2a(a
4
b
2
) + 3a
2
(a
2
b) = 0
(a
2
b) (2(a
4
+a
2
b + b
2
) 2a(a
2
+ b) + 3a
2
) = 0
(a
2
b) ((a
4
2a
3
+a
2
) + (a
4
+ 2a
2
b + b
2
) + (a
2
2ab +b
2
) + a
2
) = 0
(a
2
b) ((a
2
a)
2
+ (a
2
+b)
2
+ (a b)
2
+ a
2
) = 0 b = a
2
Thay ln (*) ta thu c
3a
6
7a
3
+ 3a
4
2a
5
a
4
= 0 3a
3
+ 2a
2
+ 2a 7 = 0
a = 1 b = 1 x = 6, y = 1
Cu 293
_
(x y)
2
+ 4(x + 3y) = 28 + 8
_
y(x 2) + 8
_
(y 2)(x 4)
_
(y 2)(x 4) + 2
_
(y 3)(x 5) = (y x)
2
Gii
Bn c c nhn xt thy rng nhng hng t trong cn c v rt khiu khch ngi lm khng
? Chng khc nhau nhng u tun theo 1 quy lut. C v nh l x = y +2. Vy c kh nng
s rt c bng cch lin hp hoc nh gi mt phng trnh no . Nu lin hp th chc
chn phi xut pht t (1). Ta chuyn 28 sang ri lin hp 2 cn xem c g khng? C v
khng ra. Vy phi dng nh gi dit, tt nhin bi ny nh gi kh kh.
Phng trnh (1)
x
2
+ y
2
2xy + 4x + 12y + 4 = 32 + 8
_
y(x 2) + 8
_
(y 2)(x 4)
x
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 2
_
xy 2x 4y + 16 + 4
_
y(x 2) + 4
_
(y 2)(x 4)
_
x
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 2
_
(y 2)(x 4) + 4
_
(y 2)(x 4) + 8 + 4
_
y(x 2)
_
x
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 2
_
_
_
(y 2)(x 4) + 2
_
2
+ 4
_
y(x 2) + 4
_
Ta thc hin cc nh gi sau
x
2
+ (y + 2)
2
2x(y + 2) = 2[x 2 + 2](y + 2)
2
_
_
y(x 2) + 2
_
2
= 2
_
(y 2 + 2)(x 4 + 2) + 4
_
y(x 2) + 4
_
2
_
_
_
(y 2)(x 4) + 2
_
2
+ 4
_
y(x 2) + 4
_
= V P
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 163
ng thc xy ra khi
_
_
x = y + 2
x 2
y
=
2
2
x 4
y 2
=
2
2
x = y + 2
Thay xung (2) v ta thu c
|y 2| + 2|y 3| = 4
_
y = 4 x = 6
y =
4
3
x =
10
3
_
10
3
;
4
3
_
Cu 294
_
_
(x 2)
_
1 +
3x
y
= 2x y
y
2
_
1 +
3x
y
= 2x
2
+y
2
4x
Gii
iu kin : y = 0,
3x
y
+ 1 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x
y

2
y
__
1 +
3x
y
=
2x
y
1
_
1 +
3x
y
= 2
_
x
y
_
2
+ 1
4x
y
t
x
y
= a,
1
y
= b. H cho tr thnh
_
(a 2b)
1 + 3a = 2a 1
1 + 3a = 2a
2
4ab + 1
1 + 3a(a 2b + 1) = 2a(a 2b + 1)
TH1 : 2a =
1 + 3a a = 1 x = y. Thay vo (1) ta c
2(x 2) = x x = y = 4
TH2 : a + 1 = 2b
x
y
+ 1 =
2
y
x +y = 2. Thay ln (1) ta c
y
1 +
3(2 y)
y
= 2(2 y) y y = 2 x = 0
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (4; 4), (2; 0)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 295
_
y
6
+y
3
+ 2x
2
=
_
xy x
2
y
2
8xy
3
+ 2y
2
+
1
2
= 4x
4
+ 3x
2
+x + 2
_
1 + (2x y)
2
Gii
iu kin : 0 xy 1
Ta c cc nh gi sau
y
6
+y
3
+ 2x
2
=
_
xy(1 xy)
xy + 1 xy
2
=
1
2
2y
6
+ 2y
3
+ 4x
2
1 1 2y
6
+ 2y
3
+ 4x
2
()
8xy
3
+ 2y
3
+
1
2
4x
4
+ 3x
2
+x + 2 ()
Cng (*) vi (**) v vi v ta c
8xy
3
+ 2y
3
+
3
2
2y
6
+ 2y
3
+ 4x
2
+ 4x
4
+ 3x
2
+x + 2
2y
6
8xy
3
+ 4x
4
+ 7x
2
+ x +
1
2
0
2(y
6
4xy
3
+ 4x
2
) +
_
4x
4
2x
2
+
1
4
_
+
_
x
2
+x +
1
4
_
0
2(y
3
2x)
2
+
_
2x
2
1
2
_
2
+
_
x +
1
2
_
2
0
_
x =
1
2
y = 1
(TM)
_
1
2
; 1
_
Trc khi n cu tip theo ta cng xem xt bi ton sau :

Xt s phc
z = a +bi = (x + yi)
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
yi + 3xy
2
i
2
+y
3
i
2
= (x
3
3xy
2
) + (3x
2
y y
3
)i
Cn bng phn thc v o ta c h sau
_
x
3
3xy
2
= a
3x
2
y y
3
= b
Chn a, b v ta c nhng h ng cp bc 3 v cng nh . Ti s nu mt vi v d cho
bn c.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 165
Cu 296
_
_
x
3
3xy
2
=
5
2
3x
2
y y
3
=
5
3
2
Gii
R rng l mt h ng cp bc 3 tuy nhin nghim thuc loi siu xu, n gin v n ch t
bi ton kia ra. Ta s suy ngc li gii n.
Nhn phng trnh (2) vi i ta c
3x
2
yi 2y
3
i =
5
3
2
i
Bin i mt cht ng thi cng vi phng trnh (1) ta c
x
3
+ 3xy
2
i
2
+ 3x
2
yi +y
3
i
3
=
5
2
+
5
3
2
z = 5
_
1
2
+ i.
3
2
_
= 5
_
cos

3
+i sin

3
_
(z = x + yi)
Theo cng thc Moivre ta thu c cc nghim sau
_
_
z =
3
5
_
cos

9
+ i sin

9
_
z =
3
5
_
cos
7
9
+i sin
7
9
_
z =
3
5
_
cos
13
9
+i sin
13
9
_
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) =
_
3
5 cos

9
;
3
5 sin

9
_
,
_
3
5 cos
7
9
;
3
5 sin
7
9
_
,
_
3
5 cos
13
9
;
3
5 sin
13
9
_
Cu 297
_
x
3
3xy
2
= 1
3x
2
y y
3
= 1
Gii
Lm tng t ta s c
(x + yi)
3
= 1 +i =
2
_
cos

4
+i sin

4
_
T ta tm c nghim :
(x; y) =
_
6
2 cos

12
;
6
2 sin

12
_
,
_
6
2 cos
3
4
;
6
2 sin
3
4
_
,
_
6
2 cos
17
12
;
6
2 sin
17
12
_
Mt v d na l bi tp cho bn c
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 298
_
x
3
3xy
2
= 1
3x
2
y y
3
=
3
Nu bi ton gc pha trn ta nng thnh bc 4,5 th ta s c nhng h ng cp bc 4,5
kh nh . Mt li khuyn nh cho cc bn : khi gp nhng h ng cp nghim qu l, hy
nh n bi ton trn, rt c th tng ca n l th.
Cu 299
_
4(x +y)(x + 1)(y + 1) = 5xy + (x + y + 1)
3
_
(2 x)(x 1) =
_
(3 y)(y 1)
Gii
Mt bi ton hp dn. Hy cng ti phn tch n.
Trc ht nhn thy s bt n trong phng trnh (2). Ti sao li l
_
(2 x)(x 1) =
_
(3 y)(y 1) ch khng phi l (2 x)(x 1) = (3 y)(y 1). Phi chng tc gi c
nh vy hng to iu kin ca n nh gi mt ci g ?
Tip theo chng ta phng trnh (1). Nu tinh ta s nhn ra s thun nht ca 3 bin
x, y, 1. c bit nghim ca h li l x = y = 1. Phi chng l 3 bin bng nhau ? C v mi
bt ng thc thoang thong u y. a v 3 bin ta khng ngi t thm n.
iu kin : 1 x 2, 1 y 3
t z = 1 th x z, y z
(x +y + z)
3
+ 5xyz = 4(x +y)(x +z)(y +z)
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+ 5xyz = (x +y)(y +z)(x +z)
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+ 5xyz = xy(x + y) + yz(y +z) + xz(x +z) + 2xyz
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+ 3xyz = xy(x +y) + yz(y +z) + xz(x +z)
n y nhng ai yu mn bt ng thc khng th khng nhn ra y l mt dng ca bt
ng thc Schur. Ta c V T V P. ng thc xy ra khi 3 bin bng nhau hoc 2 bin bng
nhau, bin cn li bng 0. Tt nhin trng hp (2) khng xy ra do iu kin.
Cu 300
_
x +
y +
2x y =
3
2
(x + y +xy + 1)(2x y + 1) =
125
64
Gii
Tip tc n mt bi h thuc loi kh d.
mt cht th phng trnh (2) s l
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 167
(x + 1)(y + 1)(2x y + 1) =
125
64
Nh vy phng trnh (2) xut hin bnh phng 3 ci cn ca phng trnh (1). Vy ta th
t

x = a,
y = b,
2x y = c a, b, c 0. H khi s l
_
_
a + b + c =
3
2
(a
2
+ 1)(b
2
+ 1)(c
2
+ 1) =
125
64
nhng c im sau :
Ba bin khng m
H ny li c nghim khi a = b = c =
1
2
C v nh li l mt bi bt ng thc na ri. Vy ra bi h ny ch l hnh thc che giu
mt bi bt ng thc thc s.
Ta s chng minh. Nu a, b, c 0 v a +b +c =
3
2
th
(a
2
+ 1)(b
2
+ 1)(c
2
+ 1)
125
64
Cch chng minh "chn qu" nht vn l dn bin.
t v tri l f(a, b, c). Trc ht ta s chng minh
f(a, b, c) f(a, t, t)
_
t =
b + c
2
_
Ta c
f(a, b, c) f(a, t, t) = (a
2
+ 1)(b c)
2
_
8 (b + c)
2
4bc
0 ()
V (b + c)
2
+ 4bc 2(b +c)
2
< 8 nn (*) l ng.
Gi ta phi chng minh
f(a, t, t)
125
64
f
_
_
_
a,
3
2
a
2
,
3
2
a
2
_
_
_
125
64
(a + 2t =
3
2
)
(a
2
+ 1)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
2
a
2
_
_
_
2
+ 1
_
_
_
_
2
125
64
(a
2
+ 1)(4a
2
12a + 25)
2
500 (2a 1)
2
(4a
4
20a
3
+ 69a
2
100a + 125) 0
Bt ng thc cui ng v 4a
4
20a
3
+69a
2
100a+125 = (2a
2
5a)
2
+34a
2
100a+125 > 0
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
2
x = y =
1
4
_
1
4
;
1
4
_
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
Cu 301
_
_
2x
2
+ 4y
2
xy
= 4
_
2
y

3
x
_
(x +y) 1
_
(x + 1)
2
+ xy + 3x + 2y + 5 2x
_
x(y + 3) =

x +
y + 3
Gii
Hnh thc bi h qu khng b, iu kin cng kh nhiu.
Nhn xt thy s thun nht t phng trnh th nht. Mc d n phc tp nhng chc chn
khai thc tt ta s rt ra c x = ty no .
2x
2
+ xy + 4y
2
= 4
_
(2x 3y) x (x + y) y
(4y
2
+ 4xy) + (2x
2
3xy) = 2
_
(2x
2
3xy) (4xy + 4y
2
)
2x
2
3xy = 4y
2
+ 4xy
_
x = 4y
y = 2x
()
Thnh qu c cht t, th nhng thay vo phng trnh (2) vn kh phc tp. Hn n phi
rt gn c.
_
x
2
2x
_
x (y + 3) + x (y + 3) + 2 (x + y + 3) =

x +
y + 3
_
_
x
_
x (y + 3)
_
2
+ 2 (x + y + 3) =

x +
y + 3
_
2 (x +y + 3)
x +y + 3 + 2
_
x (y + 3) 2 (x +y + 3)
_
y + 3
_
2
0 x = y + 3 ()
Kt hp (*) vi (**) d dng ra nghim y = 1, x = 4 l tha.
Cu 302
_
x + 2y + 2
4x +y = 1
2(x + 3) =
_
46 2y(3 + 8x + 8y)
Gii
iu kin 4x +y 0, y(3 + 8x + 8y) 23
4x
2
+ 24x + 36 = 46 6y 16y(x +y)
4x
2
+ 16xy + 16y
2
+ 24x + 6y = 10
4(x + 2y)
2
+ 6(4x +y) = 10
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 169
n y t x + 2y = a,
4x +y = b 0. H cho tng ng
_
4a
2
+ 6b
2
= 10
a + 2b = 1
_
a = 1
b = 1
_
x + 2y = 1
4x +y = 1
_
x =
3
7
y =
5
7
_
3
7
;
5
7
_
Cu 303
_
_
x
2
+ 1 3x
2
y + 2
_
_
_
4y
2
+ 1 + 1
_
= 8x
2
y
3
x
2
y x + 2 = 0
Gii
H ny gm mt phng trnh kh phc tp v mt phng trnh li kh gn nh. cht
_
4y
2
+ 1 + 1 lin hp s c 4y
2
rt gn c vi bn phi. Phn di mu ta nhn cho ln
ng thi th th con s 2 = x x
2
y ln (1) xem. Bi v n hin kh b n phng trnh (1).
Nh vy ta s c phng trnh (1) l
_
x
2
+ 1 3x
2
y +x x
2
y
_
.4y
2
= 8x
2
y
3
_
_
4y
2
+ 1 1
_
TH1 : y = 0 khng l nghim.
TH2 : Do x = 0 khng l nghim nn ta c bin i sau
x
2
+ 1 + x 4x
2
y = 2x
2
y
_
_
4y
2
+ 1 1
_
x
2
+ 1 + x = 2x
2
y
_
_
4y
2
+ 1 + 1
_
1
x
+
1
x
_
1
x
2
+ 1 = 2y + 2y
_
4y
2
+ 1 y =
1
2x
Thay tr li (2) ta c
x
2
x + 2 = 0 x = 4, y =
1
8
_
4;
1
8
_
Cu 304
_
_
xy
2
.
_
1 x
2
y
2
+ x
x
2
+ y
2
=
3
5
x
2
y.
_
1 x
2
y
2
y
x
2
+ y
2
=
4
5
Gii
iu kin : 0 < x
2
+ y
2
1
H cho tng ng
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
_
_
x
_
y
2
_
1 x
2
y
2
+ 1
_
x
2
+ y
2
=
3
5
x > 0
y
_
x
2
_
1 x
2
y
2
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
=
4
5
y < 0
_
x
2
y
2
_
1 x
2
y
2
+ x
2
x
2
+y
2
=
3x
5
(3)
x
2
y
2
_
1 x
2
y
2
y
2
x
2
+y
2
=
4y
5
(4)
Ly (3) (4)
3x
5

4y
5
= 1
M ta li c
3x
5

4y
5

_
_
_
3
5
_
2
+
_
4
5
_
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
) 1
ng thc xy ra khi
_
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1
y =
4
3
x
x > 0, y < 0
_
x =
3
5
y =
4
5
_
3
5
;
4
5
_
Cu 305
_
_
_
x +y =
3
24
(
x +
y)
_
1
x + 3y
+
1
y + 3x
_
= 2
Gii
Nhn xt mt cht h ny. Phng trnh (2) l dng thun nht ri. Phng trnh (1) cho s
xu th kia c l ch lm n c g. phng trnh (2) biu thc v tri kh i xng. M
x = y li tha mn. Vy c l dng bt ng thc.
Ta c

x
x + 3y

1
2
_
x
x +y
+
x +y
x + 3y
_
y
x + 3y

1
2
_
1
2
+
2y
x + 3y
_
x +
x + 3y

1
2
_
x
x +y
+
3
2
_
Tng t ta c
x +
3x + y

1
2
_
y
x +y
+
3
2
_
Cng 2 bt ng thc li th ta c V T 2
ng thc xy ra khi x = y =
3
24
2
_
3
24
2
;
3
24
2
_
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 171
Cu 306
_
_
1
1 x
2
+
1
_
1 y
2
=
35
12
x
1 x
2
y
_
1 y
2
=
7
12
Gii
iu kin : 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta c
_
_
_
1 + x
1 x
+
_
1 y
1 + y
=
7
2
_
1 x
1 + x
+
_
1 + y
1 y
=
7
3
t
_
1 + x
1 x
= a,
_
1 + y
1 y
= b a, b > 0 ta c
_
_
a +
1
b
=
7
2
1
a
+b =
7
3
_
a = 3, b = 2
a =
1
2
, b =
1
3
_
_
_
_
1 + x
1 x
= 3
_
1 + y
1 y
= 2
_
_
_
1 + x
1 x
=
1
2
_
1 + y
1 y
=
1
3
_
_
_
x =
1
2
y =
1
3
_
_
x =
1
3
y =
1
2
_
1
2
;
1
3
_
,
_
1
3
;
1
2
_
Cu 307
_
(5 x)(1 + x
4
y
4
) = (1 +x
2
y
2
)
3
x
2
y
2
+x
2
+ x + y
2
= 4
Gii
y l bi ton ti sng tc ra. Thc ra cng ch kh lm nu mt cht.
x
2
y
2
+x
2
+ y
2
+ 1 = 5 x 5 x = (x
2
+ 1)(y
2
+ 1)
Thay ln (1) ta c
(1 + x
2
)(1 + y
2
)(1 + x
4
y
4
) =
_
1 + x
2
y
2
_
3
n y ta s dng mt bt ng thc quen thuc.
Vi a, b, c > 0 ta lun c bt ng thc
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)
_
1 +
3
abc
_
3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
p dng vo bi trn ta c
(1 + x
2
)(1 + y
2
)(1 + x
4
y
4
)
_
1 +
3
_
x
6
y
6
_
3
=
_
1 + x
2
y
2
_
3
ng thc xy ra khi x
2
= y
2
= x
4
y
4
x = 1, y = 1. Khi thay li xung (2) ch c x = 1
l tha.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 308
_
_
_
x
3
+y
6
_
2 +
x
4
x
3
+ 5y
6
_
=
22x
2
5
2y
3
x
4

y
3
x
3
+ 5y
6
=
9
10x
2
Gii
y l mt bi kh kh chi bi hnh thc cng knh ca n che giu i tng ca bi
ton. Mt ln tnh c xem li cu VM0 95-96. Ti v tnh pht hin ra s tng ng gia
n v bi ny, t gii thnh cng n. Hin nhin bi ny level cao hn.
iu kin : x
3
+y
6
0, x = 0, x
3
+ 5y
6
= 0
Ta chia phng trnh (2) cho
y
3
x
4
v lp mt h mi sau y
_
_
2 +
x
4
x
3
+ 5y
6
=
22x
2
5
_
x
3
+ y
6
2
x
4
x
3
+ 5y
6
=
9x
2
10y
3
n y hn cng c ngi nhn ra tng quen thuc ca VMO. H cho tng ng
_
_
2 =
11x
2
5
_
x
3
+y
6
+
9x
2
20y
3
x
4
x
3
+ 5y
6
=
11x
2
5
_
x
3
+y
6
9x
2
20y
3
Nhn 2 phng trnh v vi v v ta suy ra
2x
4
x
3
+ 5y
6
=
121x
4
25 (x
3
+y
6
)

81x
4
400y
6
Hin nhin rt gn c x
4
= 0. Cn li mt phng trnh thun nht gia 2 bin x
3
v y
6
.
Nh vy ta nn chia c 2 v cho x
3
= 0. Phng trnh tr thnh
2
1 + 5t
=
121
25(1 + t)

81
400t
_
t =
y
6
x
3
_
_
t =
1
15
t =
81
565
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 173
Nghim t th hai loi do iu kin cn thc. T suy ra y
6
=
x
3
15
thay ln (1) ta c
_
x
3
+
x
3
15
_
_
_
2 +
x
4
x
3
+
x
3
3
_
_
_
=
22x
2
5

4
15
_
2 +
3x
4
_
=
22x
5
Phng trnh ny khng kh. Bnh phng gii bc 3 thi. Ta s gii ra
_
_
x =
4
15
y =
6
_
64
50625
x =
80
3
y =
6
_
102400
81
_
4
15
;
6
_
64
50625
_
,
_
80
3
;
6
_
102400
81
_
Cu 309
_
(x +y)
2
+
2y
x
+
1
x
2
+ 2y = 5 + 4x
x
2
+x
_
y
2x y
_
= 2x 1
Gii
iu kin : x = 0, 2x y 0.
H cho tng ng
_
_
(x +y)
2
+
2(x +y)
x
+
1
x
2
2(2x y) = 7
x + y
2x y = 2
1
x
_
_
x +y +
1
x
_
2
2(2x y) = 7
x +y +
1
x

2x y = 2
t x +y +
1
x
= a,
2x y = b 0. Ta c
_
a b = 2
a
2
2b
2
= 7
_
a = 3, b = 1
a = 5, b = 3
TH1 : a = 3, b = 1 ta c
_
_
_
x +y +
1
x
= 3
2x y = 1
_
x =
1
3
, y =
1
3
x = 1, y = 1
TH2 : a = 5, b = 3 ta c
_
_
_
x +y +
1
x
= 5
2x y = 9
_
x =
7
46
3
, y =
13 + 2
46
3
x =
7 +
46
3
, y =
2
46 13
3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) = (1; 1),
_
1
3
;
1
3
_
,
_
7
46
3
;
13 + 2
46
3
_
,
_
7 +
46
3
;
2
46 13
3
_
Cu 310
_
2x
3
+ 3x
2
y = 5 3x
2
y(y + 12x + 3) + 3y(1 + 2x) = 6(1 x)

Gii
iu kin : y 0
H cho tng ng
_
8x
3
+ 12x
2
_
y + 1
_
= 20
_
y + 1
_
3
+ 6x
_
y + 1
_
2
= 7
(2x +
y + 1)
3
= 27

y + 1 = 3 2x
Thay ln (1) ta c
2x
3
+ 3x
2
(3 2x) = 5
_
x = 1
x =
1
8
_
5
105
_
Tuy nhin php rt

y = 2 2x th x 1. Vy ta loi bt x =
1
8
_
5 +
105
_
.
Vi x = 1 y = 0
Vi x =
1
8
_
5
105
_
y =
3
8
_
19 +
105
_
_
1
8
_
5
105
_
;
3
8
_
19 +
105
_
_
Cu 311
_
_
_
x
1
x
_
2
+x
_
1
x
3
+
1
y
_
= 0
3x
2
+
1
y
2
= 4
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
_
x
2
+
2
x
2
+
x
y
= 2
3x
2
+
1
y
2
= 4
_
2x
2
+
4
x
2
+
2x
y
= 4
3x
2
+
1
y
2
= 4
Tr v vi v 2 phng trnh trn ta c
_
x
1
y
_
2
=
4
x
2

_
_
1
y
= x
2
x
(3)
1
y
= x +
2
x
(4)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 175
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c
3x
2
+
_
x
2
x
_
2
= 4
_
x = 1 y = 1
x = 1 y = 1
3x
2
+
_
x +
2
x
_
2
= 4 (V N)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 312
_
_
_
(4x
2
+y)
_
x
2
+ y + 3x
2
(x 1) = 3x(1 y) + 1
__
y
1 x
+ 1
_
2
=
3
_
x(1 y) + 2
Gii
iu kin : x = 1,
y
1 x
0, x(1 y) 2, x
2
+y 0
(x
2
+y)
_
x
2
+ y + 3x
2
_
x
2
+y + 3x(x
2
+ y) + x
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1
_
_
x
2
+y + x
_
3
= (x + 1)
3
_
x
2
+ y = 1 y = 1 x
2
Thay vo (2) ta c
_
1 + x + 1
_
2
=
3
x
3
+ 2 x + 2 + 2
x + 1 =
3
x
3
+ 2 x + 2
6(x + 1)
2
0 x = 1
Cu 313
_
_
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
+
_
y
2
+
1
y
2
= 2
7
6
x +y
+
1
xy
= 1
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
+
_
y
2
+
1
y
2
= 2
7
6 +
x +y
xy
= x +y
_
x
1
x
_
2
+ 2 +
_
y
1
y
_
2
+ 2 = 2
7
_
x
1
x
_
+
_
y
1
y
_
= 6
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
_
a +b = 6
a
2
+ 2 +
b
2
+ 2 = 2
7
(V N)
Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 314
_ _
5x
2
+ 2xy + 2y
2
+
_
5y
2
+ 2xy + 2x
2
= 3(x +y)
2x + y + 1 + 2.
3
7x + 12y + 8 = 2xy +y + 5
Gii
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh (1) v d thy x = y th phng trnh (1)
ng, vy ta tin hnh tch cho ph hp. Ta c
V T =
_
(x y)
2
+ (2x +y)
2
+
_
(x y)
2
+ (2y + x)
2
|2x + y| +|2y + x| 3 (x + y)
ng thc xy ra khi x = y 0. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
3x + 1 + 2
3
19x + 8 = 2x
2
+x + 5
Ta tm c 2 nghim l 0, 1. T c hng thm bt lng lin hp cho tt. Phng trnh
tng ng
_
3x + 1 (x + 1)
_
+ 2
_
3
19x + 8 (x + 2)
_
= 2x
2
2x
(x x
2
)
_
_
1
3x + 1 + x + 1
+ 2.
x + 7
3
_
(19x + 8)
2
+ (x + 2)
3
19x + 8 + (x + 2)
2
+ 2
_
_
= 0
Hin nhin em trong ngoc lun dng do iu kin ca (1).
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1)
Cu 315
_
5x
2
+ 6x + 3xy +y + 5 = 0
9x
3
+ 21x
2
+ 27x + 2y
3
+ 7 = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
4(x + 1)
2
+ (x 1)
2
+y (3x + 1) = 0
8(x + 1)
3
+ (x 1)
3
+ 2y
3
= 0
t 2(x + 1) = a, x 1 = b. H cho tng ng
_
a
2
+b
2
+ y (a +b) = 0
a
3
+b
3
+ 2y
3
= 0

_
(a +b)
2
2ab +y (a +b) = 0 ()
(a +b)
3
3ab (a + b) + 2y
3
= 0 ()
N
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2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 177
Th ab t (*) xung (**) ta c
1
2
(a +b)
3
3
2
(a +b)
2
y + 2y
3
= 0 ( )
D dng nhn ra y l mt phng trnh thun nht. Set
a +b
y
= t (y = 0). Khi (***)
tng ng
1
2
t
3
3
2
t
2
+ 2 = 0
_
t = 1 y = a +b = 3x + 1
t = 2 2y = 3x + 1
Thay tng trng hp vo (1) v ta d dng tm ra nghim.
Cu 316
_
_
x
2
3
2
y +
y
2
x
2
=
7x
2y
y
2
3
2
x +
x
2
y
2
=
7y
2x
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0 Hnh thc h l i xng. Tuy nhin vi hnh thc nh th ny tr (2)
phng trnh cho nhau l khng nn. Ta s bin i kho lo nh sau. H cho tng ng
_
_
_
x +
y
x
_
2
=
7
2
_
x
y
+y
_
_
y +
x
y
_
2
=
7
2
_
x +
y
x
_
t x +
y
x
= a, y +
x
y
= b. H cho tng ng
_
_
a
2
=
7
2
b
b
2
=
7
2
a
_
a = b = 0
a = b =
7
2
TH1 :
_
_
x +
y
x
= 0
y +
x
y
= 0
x = y = 1
TH2 :
_
_
x +
y
x
=
7
2
y +
x
y
=
7
2
_
x = 3, y =
3
2
x =
5
2
, y =
5
2
x =
3
2
, y = 3
_
5
2
;
5
2
_
,
_
3;
3
2
_
,
_
3
2
; 3
_
N
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T
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Cu 317
_
4 +
x +y 1 =
x + 1 +
3y + 6
x
3
+ x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 8
x
2
+ 4.
3y + 6
Gii
x
2
+ 4
_
x + 1 +
_
3y + 6
_
= 8
M theo (1) ta c
x + 1 +
_
3y + 6 4 ,
x
2
+ 4 2
Vy V T 8
ng thc xy ra khi
_
x = 0
x + y 1 = 0
_
x = 0
y = 1
Cu 318
_
_
_
2
_
x + 1 + 1
_
2
=
3
_
x
2
+ 4y + 16
x
2
+
4y
x
= 2(9x 1)
_
2x
3
y
Gii
y l mt loi h cng kh kh chu nu khng tht tinh nhn ra.
iu kin : 2x
3
y 0, 1 x = 0
Phng trnh th 2 tng ng
x
3
+ 4y = 2x(9x 1)
_
2x
3
y
t t =
_
2x
3
y 0 y = 2x
3
t
2
thay vo phng trnh trn ta c
x
3
+ 4(2x
3
t
2
) = (18x
2
2x)t 9x
3
18x
2
t + 2xt 4t
2
= 0
(9x
2
+ 2t)(x 2t) = 0 x = 2t 0 4y = 8x
3
x
2
Thay vo (1) v ta c
_
x + 1 + 1
_
2
=
3
x
3
+ 2
Phng trnh ny ti gii cu 312. Ra x = 1 (L)
Vy h cho v nghim
Ti s gii thiu thm cho bn c mt cu hnh thc kh tng t.
N
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2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 179
Cu 319
_
_
_
x
3
y =
2y
x(4x 1)
3
_
2x
2
+ 8y =
7 4y
x(x + 1)
Gii
iu kin : x
3
y, x = 1, 0,
1
4
(4x
2
2x)
_
x
3
y = 2y
t
_
x
3
y = t 0 y = x
3
t
2
thay li vo ta c
(4x
2
x)t = 2(x
3
t
2
) 2x
3
4x
2
t +xt 2t
2
= 0
(x 2t)(2x
2
+t) = 0 x = 2t 0 4y = 4x
3
x
2
Thay xung (2) ta c
3
8x
3
=
7 4x
3
+x
2
x(x + 1)
2x
2
(x + 1) = 7 4x
3
+ x
2
x = 1 y =
3
4
_
1;
3
4
_
Cu 320
_
_
5(x
2
+y
2
)
_
1 +
1
(x
2
y
2
)
2
_
+ 2xy
_
1
1
(x
2
y
2
)
2
_
= 35
3x y
x
2
y
2
+ 3x + y = 9
Gii
y l bi ton ti sng tc. Hnh thc c v hi cng knh. Mun gii c bi ny cn k
nng bin i tng i tt.
iu kin : x
2
y
2
H cho tng ng
_
_
5(x
2
+ y
2
) + 2xy +
5(x
2
+ y
2
) 2xy
(x y)
2
(x + y)
2
= 35
2(x y) + x +y
(x y)(x +y)
+ 2(x +y) + x y = 9
_
3(x +y)
2
+ 2(x y)
2
+
3(x y)
2
+ 2(x + y)
2
(x y)
2
(x + y)
2
= 35
2
_
x +y +
1
x +y
_
+
_
x y +
1
x y
_
= 9
N
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M
i
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h
T
u
n
_
3
_
(x +y)
2
+
1
(x +y)
2
_
+ 2
_
(x y)
2
+
1
(x y)
2
_
= 35
2
_
x +y +
1
x +y
_
+
_
x y +
1
x y
_
= 9
_
3
_
x +y +
1
x +y
_
2
+ 2
_
x y +
1
x y
_
2
= 45
2
_
x +y +
1
x +y
_
+
_
x y +
1
x y
_
= 9
t a = x +y +
1
x +y
, b = x y +
1
x y
, |a|, |b| 2. H cho tng ng
_
3a
2
+ 2b
2
= 45
2a +b = 9
_
a = 3, b = 3
a =
39
11
, b =
21
11
(L)
_
x + y +
1
x +y
= 3
x y +
1
x y
= 3
_
_
_
x +y =
3 +
5
2
x +y =
3
5
2
_
_
x y =
3 +
5
2
x y =
3
5
2
Nh vy s xy ra 4 trng hp. Vi mi trng hp s ra mt nghim. Xin nhng li cho
bn c.
_
3
2
;
5
2
_
,
_
3
2
;
5
2
_
,
_
3
5
2
; 0
_
,
_
3 +
5
2
; 0
_
Cu 321
_
7x + y
2x +y = 4
2
2x + y
5x + 8 = 2
Gii
Hnh thc bi h kh ging cu 87, tc l cu VMO 2000-2001. Tuy nhin, bi ny level cao
hn.
iu kin : y min{2x, 7x}, x
8
5
7x +y = 4 +
2x + y
7x +y = 2x +y + 8
2x + y + 16
5x + 8 = 8
2x +y + 24
N
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T
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2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 181
n y kt hp vi (2) ta t

2x +y = a 0,
5x + 8 = b 0. H cho tng ng
_
2a b = 2
b
2
= 8a + 24
_
a = 5
b = 8
_
2x +y = 25
5x + 8 = 64
_
x =
56
5
y =
13
5
_
56
5
;
13
5
_
Cu 322
_
(x +y)(3xy 4
x) = 2
(x +y)(3xy + 4
y) = 2
Gii
i vi loi h "sut sot" i xng th ny. Ta thng cng hoc tr hai phng trnh cho
nhau.
iu kin : x, y 0
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta c h mi
_
(x +y)(3xy 2
x + 2
y) = 0
(x +y)(
x +
y) = 1
_
3xy = 2(
y) ()
1 = (x + y)(
x +
y)
n y tinh ta hon ton a n v thun nht c. Nhn v vi v ta c
3xy = 2(x + y)(x y) (x 2y)(2x +y) = 0 x = 2y
Thay ln () ta c
6y
2
= 2
y
_
2 1
_
_
y = 0 (L)
3
_
y
_
3
=
2 1
y =
3
_
_
2 1
3
_
2
_
_
2
3
_
_
2 1
3
_
2
;
3
_
_
2 1
3
_
2
_
_
Cu 323
_
_
4
_
1 +
1
x
2
+
1
(x + 1)
2
+ 5y =
_
y + 2
y + 1
_
2
4
_
1 +
1
y
2
+
1
(y + 1)
2
+ 5x =
_
x + 2
y + 1
_
2
Gii
Hnh thc bi h r rng l i xng. Tuy nhin vi hnh thc nh th ny cc phng php
thng thng kh c th chi c. Tuy nhin nu ai ch th ng thc trong cn thc kh
quen thuc.
N
g
u
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n
M
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n
h
T
u
n
iu kin : x, y > 0
Trc ht ta bin i biu thc trong cn
1 +
1
x
2
+
1
(x + 1)
2
=
x
2
(x + 1)
2
+ (x + 1)
2
+x
2
x
2
(x + 1)
2
=
x
2
(x + 1)
2
+ 2x(x + 1) + 1
x
2
(x + 1)
2
=
(x(x + 1) + 1)
x
2
(x + 1)
2
=
_
1 +
1
x(x + 1)
_
2
Vy h cho tng ng
_
_
4
_
1 +
1
x(x + 1)
_
+ 5y = 5y + 4 + 4
_
y(y + 1)
4
_
1 +
1
y(y + 1)
_
+ 5x = 5x + 4 + 4
_
x(x + 1)
_
1
x(x + 1)
=
_
y(y + 1)
1
y(y + 1)
=
_
x(x + 1)
t
_
x(x + 1) = a,
_
y(y + 1) = b, a, b > 0. H cho tr thnh
_
_
a =
1
b
2
b =
1
a
2
a = b = 1
_
x(x + 1) = 1
y(y + 1) = 1
_
x =
1 +
5
2
y =
1 +
5
2
_
1 +
5
2
;
1 +
5
2
_
Cu 324
_
_
_
_
11
3

2y
2
3
+
1 + 2x = y
4
10x
2
24x 14
2y
3x + 4(2x + 3) = 2xy
2
+ 3y
2
+ 6x
2
+ 17x + 12
Gii
Vi hnh thc bi h th ny, gn nh phng trnh (1) ch lm n c g. Ta s khai thc t
phng trnh (2).
iu kin x
1
2
, y
2
11
2
2y
3x + 4(2x + 3) = y
2
(2x + 3) + (2x + 3)(3x + 4) (2x + 3)(y
3x + 4)
2
= 0
n y rt ra y
2
= 3x + 4 thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
1 2x +
1 + 2x = 2 x
2
2 + 2
1 4x
4
= x
4
4x
2
+ 4
x
4
(x
4
8x
2
+ 20) = 0 x = 0 y = 2
N
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2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 183
Cu 325
_
1 +
4
_
_
xy
9
y
4
= y(1 x)
4
_
x
2
y
3
+
4
xy y + 1 =
4
y
Gii
Tc gi bi ton l mt ngi bn ca ti trn facebook : H Lan Tm Nh - Lp 12C1 THPT
ng Thc Ha, Thanh Chng, Ngh An.
Vi hnh thc h nh ny c l ch c nh gi mi dit c
H ny c nhiu iu kin, trong c mt iu kin l y xy 1.
y xy = 1 +
4
_
_
xy
9
y
4
1
ng thc xy ra khi
_
y xy = 1
_
xy
9
y
4
= 0
_
_
_
x =
1
2
y = 2
(TM)
_
1
2
; 1
_
Cu 326
_
(2x +y 1)
_
x + 3 +
xy +
x
_
= 8
x
_
x + 3 +
xy
_
2
+xy = 2x(6 x)
Gii
Nhn xt x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng
_
_
(2x +y 1)
_
x + 3
x
+
y + 1
_
= 8
_
_
x + 3
x
+
y
_
2
+y = 2(6 x)
t 2x +y = a,
_
x + 3
x
+
y = b > 0 ta c h mi
_
(a 1)(b + 1) = 8
a = 12 b
2

_
a = 3
b = 3
_
x = 1
y = 1
Cu 327
_
4x
2
3y = 0
(2x
2
+ y)[4x
4
3x
2
+ y(4x
2
+y + 6)] = 8
Gii
Bi ny tt nhin c th gii bng cch rt y t (1) xung (2) to phng trnh n x
2
c th
gii c. Tuy nhin nu bin i tinh t mt cht th bi ton s p hn nh sau.
N
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H cho tng ng vi
_
2x
2
+y + 2(x
2
2y) = 2
(2x
2
+y) [(2x
2
+y)
2
3(x
2
2y)] = 8
t 2x
2
+y = a, x
2
2y = b ta c h mi
_
a + 2b = 2
a(a
2
3b) = 8
_
a = 2
b = 0
_
2x
2
+ y = 2
x
2
2y = 0
_
x =
_
4
5
y =
2
5
_
_
4
5
;
2
5
_
,
_
_
4
5
;
2
5
_
Cu 328
_
x +
x + 2y = y
2
+ y + 2
y
2
+ 3xy + x + y 10 = 0
Gii
iu kin : x + 2y 0
x + 2y +
_
x + 2y y
2
3y 2 = 0
Ta c :
x+2y
= 1 + 4(y
2
+ 3y + 2) = (2y + 3)
2
Qu tuyt vi khi n chnh phng. T ta c
_
x + 2y = y + 1
x + 2y = y 2
TH1 :

x + 2y = y + 1 x = y
2
+ 1 thay vo (2) ta c
4y
3
+y
2
+ 4y 9 = 0 y = 1 x = 2
TH2 :

x + 2y = y 2 x = y
2
+ 2y + 4 thay vo (2) ta c
3y
3
+ 8y
2
+ 15y 6 = 0 y =
1
3
(L)
Cu 329
_
10x
2
+ 5y
2
2xy 38x 6y + 41 = 0
_
x
3
+xy + 6y
_
y
3
+ x
2
1 = 2
Gii
Phng trnh (2) kh c th lm n c g. Nhn thy phng trnh th nht ang l tam
thc nn th khai thc n xem.
Phng trnh (1) vit li nh sau
N
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 185
10x
2
2x(y + 19) + 5y
2
6y + 41 = 0
Ta c :
x
= 49(y 1)
2
.
Gi s h ny c nghim th suy ra y = 1. Thay ln (1) ta c
10x
2
40x + 40 = 0 x = 2
Thay vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.
Cu 330
_
3x
2
+ 4x 5 =
_
y
2
6y 1
x + 1 =

17 4y 16x
Gii
Vi kiu h kh chu th ny c l nh gi s l n nh tt nht.
T phng trnh th nht ta c
3x
2
+ 4x 5 =
_
y
2
6y 1
1 y
2
6y 1
2
6x
2
+ 8x 10 + y
2
+ 6y 0 ()
T phng trnh th hai ta li c
x + 1 =
_
17 4y + 16x x
2
+ 18x + 4y 16 = 0 ()
Ly () () ta c
5(x 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
0
_
x = 1
y = 1
Thay li h thy khng tha mn.
Vy h cho v nghim
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360
Cu 331
_
12x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 367x 54y
3
54y
2
18y = 144
x
2
+y
2
+xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
Nhn xt phng trnh (2) l tam thc, phng trnh (1) l hai hm ring bit ca n. Chc
nhn ra loi ny ri ch ? Mi bn c xem li t cu 77.
Ta vit li phng trnh th hai nh sau
_
x
2
+x(y 7) + y
2
6y + 14 = 0
y
2
+ y(x 6) + x
2
7x + 14 = 0
y
0
x
0
_
1 y
7
3
2 x
10
3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
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h
T
u
n
Gi quay ln xt phng trnh th nht. N c dng
f(x) g(y) = 144
Vi f(x) = 12x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 367x n iu tng, v g(y) = 54y
3
+ 54y
2
+ 18y n iu tng. T
ta c
f(x) f(2) = 878, g(y) g
_
7
3
_
= 1022
f(x) g(y) 878 1022 = 144
ng thc xy ra khi
_
_
_
x = 2
y =
7
3
. Thay li vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.
_
2;
7
3
_
Cu 332
_
x
3
y
3
+
5
3
(x + y)
2
5x
2
8
3
xy + 13x =
100
3
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
Gii
Dng rt ging cu trn, tuy nhin phng trnh u cc bin x, y khng hon ton ri nhau
na m b rng buc bi xy. Vy c cch no dt c bn ny ra khng ? Xin tha l c.
Tht kho lo ta th xy t (2) ln (1) l ta s tch hon ton c x, y. Nh vy th xy t (2)
ln (1) v ta dng mt h mi sau y
_
3x
3
+ 18x
2
+ 45x + 2y
2
3y
3
+ 8y = 108
x
2
+y
2
+xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
n y qu quen thuc ngay trn ri. Xin nhng li cho bn c gii nt. Bi ny lu hn
bi trn ch ta phi lp bng bin thin hm g(y) v n khng n iu.
H cho c nghim : (x; y) =
_
4
3
;
4
3
_
Cu 333
_
_
y(xy 1)
y
2
+ 1
=
2
5
x(xy 1)
x
2
+ 1
=
1
2
Gii
Da vo phng trnh ta thy c nghim th xy(xy 1) = 0.
H cho tng ng
N
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 187
_
_
x
1
y
1 +
1
y
2
=
2
5
y
1
x
1 +
1
x
2
=
1
2
t
1
x
= a,
1
y
= b ta c h mi
_
_
1 ab
a(b
2
+ 1)
=
2
5
1 ab
b(a
2
+ 1)
=
1
2
_
a(b
2
+ 1)
1 ab
=
5
2
b(a
2
+ 1)
1 ab
=
1
2
a b =
1
2
a =
1
2
+b
Thay li v ta d dng tm c
_
_
_
a = 1
b =
1
2
_
x = 1
y = 2
Cu 334
_
x +y = 4xy
(2x + 3)
4x 1 + (2y + 3)
4y 1 = 2
_
(2x + 3)(2y + 3)
Gii
iu kin : x
1
4
; y
1
4
Ch ng thc sau
x +y = kxy (kx 1)(ky 1) = 1
p dng vo phng trnh (1) ta c : (4x 1)(4y 1) = 1
p dng AM GM vo phng trnh (2) ta c
(2x+3)
4x 1+(2y+3)
_
4y 1 2
_
(2x + 3)(2y + 3)
_
(4x 1)(4y 1) = 2
_
(2x + 3)(2y + 3)
ng thc xy ra khi (2x + 3)
4x + 1 = (2y + 3)
4y 1 x = y
2x = 4x
2
x =
1
2
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Cu 335
_
x +y + 1 + 1 = 4(x +y)
2
+
_
3(x +y)
2x y =
3
2
Gii
iu kin : x +y 0 Phng trnh th nht tng ng
4(x + y)
2
1 +
_
3(x +y)
_
x +y + 1 = 0
(2x + 2y + 1)(2x + 2y 1) +
2x + 2y 1
_
3(x +y) +
x + y + 1
= 0
2x + 2y = 1
Kt hp phng trnh (2) qu d dng.
_
2
3
;
1
6
_
Cu 336
_
x
4
3
y = 3x + y
x
y(y 1) = 3(x +
y)
Gii
t t =

y 0. H cho tng ng
_
x
4
t
2
= 3x + 3t
xt
3
xt = 3x + 3t
x
4
t
2
= xt
3
xt (x t)
_
x(x
2
+xt +t
2
) + t
= 0 ()
Gi ta tm thi xt phn kh trc. Kt hp vi (2) ta c h mi sau
_
x(x
2
+xt + t
2
) + t = 0 (3)
xt
3
xt 3x 3t = 0 (4)
Ta c
x(x
2
+xt + t
2
) + t =
xt(x
2
+xt + t
2
) + t
2
t
=
xt(x
2
+xt +t
2
) + t
2
(xt
3
xt 3x 3t)
t
=
(x +t)(x
2
t +t + 3
t
Vy (*) c th vit li l
(x
2
t
2
)(x
2
t + t + 3) = 0 x = t (Dot 0)
n y gii ra x, t v tr li bin y
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1), (2; 4)
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 189
Cu 337
_
x
3
6x
2
y = 8y
3
6
4xy
2
+x = 2y +
2y x + 1 + 1
Gii
iu kin : 2y x + 1 0
H cho tng ng
_
x
3
6x
2
y 8y
3
= 6
12xy
2
= 3(2y + 1 x) + 3
2y + 1 x
Cng 2 phng trnh v vi v ta c
(2y x)
3
= 3(2y x) + 3
_
2y x + 1 3
t 2y x = t phng trnh cho tng ng
t
3
= 3t + 3
t + 1 3 t
_
t
2
+ 3 +
3
t + 1 + 1
_
= 0
T suy ra x = 2y thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
y
3
=
1
4
y =
1
3
4
x =
3
2
_
1
3
4
;
3
2
_
Cu 338
_
_
_
x
4
+ 2x
3
5x
2
+y
2
6x 11 = 0
x
2
+ x =
3
_
y
2
7 6
_
y
2
7
Gii
iu kin : y
2
7
(x
2
+x 6)(x
2
+x) + (y
2
7) = 4
Vy t x
2
+x = a,
_
y
2
7 = b 0. H cho tng ng
_
_
_
a(a 6) + b
2
= 4
a =
3b 6
b
_
a = 0, b = 2
a = 1, b = 3
TH1 :
_
x
2
+x = 0
_
y
2
7 = 2
_
x = 0, x = 1
y =
11
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TH2 :
_
x
2
+ x = 1
_
y
2
7 = 3
_
_
_
x =
1
5
2
y = 4
T kt lun nghim (nhiu cp qu !)
Cu 339
_
(x
2
+ 1)y
4
+ 1 = 2xy
2
(y
3
1)
xy
2
(3xy
4
2) = xy
4
(x + 2y) + 1
Gii
Ly (1) (2) ta c
y
4
(1 2xy) = xy
5
(2 3xy)
V y = 0 khng l nghim. T suy ra
3(xy)
2
4xy + 1 = 0
_
xy = 1
xy =
1
3
TH1 : xy = 1 x =
1
y
thay vo (1) ta c
y
4
= (y + 1)
2
y =
1
5
2
x =
1
5
2
TH2 : xy =
1
3
x =
1
3y
thay vo (1) ta c
3y
4
= (y + 3)
2
(L)
_
1
5
2
;
1
5
2
_
Cu 340
_
2x y +
x 1 =
_
2x 2 + 2(2x y)
2
y
2
+ 4x
x 1 = 17
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong thi th ca Chuyn Nguyn Hu. Mt bi ton kh c sc.
iu kin x 1
t 2x y = a,
x 1 = b phng trnh (1) tng ng

a +b =
_
2(a
2
+ b
2
) a = b
2x
x 1 = y 4x
2
+x 1 = y
2
+ 4x
x 1
T suy ra
4x
2
+x 1 = 17 x = 2 y = 3
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 191
Cu 341
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 3x 2
(x
2
+ xy)
4
+ (y
2
+ 2)
4
= 17x
4
Gii
Phng trnh (2) kh phc tp khi hng ng thc bc 4. T tng vn gi nguyn khi gp
loi ny : phn tch nhn t hoc t n ph.
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca h.
H cho tng ng
_
x
2
+xy +y
2
+ 2 = 3x
(x
2
+ xy)
4
+ (y
2
+ 2)
4
= 17x
4

_
_
x
2
+xy
x
+
y
2
+ 2
x
= 3
_
x
2
+xy
x
_
4
+
_
y
2
+ 2
x
_
4
= 17
_
a +b = 3
a
4
+ b
4
= 17
_
a = 1, b = 2
a = 2, b = 1
TH1 :
_
x
2
+xy = x
y
2
+ 2 = 2x
_
x = 1, y = 0
x = 3, y = 2
TH2 :
_
x
2
+xy = 2x
y
2
+ 2 = x
_
x = 2, y = 0
x = 3, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (3; 2), (2; 0), (3; 1)
Cu 342
_
3x
2
2x 5 + 2x
x
2
+ 1 = 2(y + 1)
_
y
2
+ 2y + 2
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 2x 4y + 3
Gii
Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau v vi v ta c
x
2
+x
x
2
+ 1 = (y + 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
_
(y + 1)
2
+ 1
Cng vic ca ta l xt hm f(t) = t
2
+t
t
2
+ 1 v chng minh n n iu tng, xin nhng
li cho bn c.
T ta c x = y + 1 thay vo (2) d dng tm ra nghim.
_
2
3
;
5
3
_
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Cu 343
_
x
2
+y
2
=
1
2
4x(x
3
x
2
+x 1) = y
2
+ 2xy 2
Gii
Thay y
2
=
1
2
x
2
t (1) xung (2) ta c
4x
4
4x
3
+ 5x
2
4x = 2xy
3
2
()
Ta c 2xy x
2
+y
2
=
1
2
. Nh vy (*) suy ra
4x
4
4x
3
+ 5x
2
4x + 1 0 (2x 1)
2
(x
2
+ 1) 0 x =
1
2
y =
1
2
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 344
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1
(3x 4x
3
)(3y 4y
3
) =
1
2
Gii
Nhn tng quan h ta thy cc biu thc kh ging cc cng thc lng gic. Vy ta t
x = cost, y = sint vi t [
2
; ].
2 sin 3t cos 3t = 1 sin 6t = 1
_
_
_
t =

3
+
k
12
t [
2
; ]
k = 0, 1, 2
_
cos

12
; sin

12
_
,
_
cos
5
12
; sin
5
12
_
,
_
cos
3
4
; sin
3
4
_
Cu 345
_
x y +
x 2 = 2
_
x
2
+y
2
xy(x y) +
_
xy y
2
= 2
2(x y 1)
Gii
H cho tng ng
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 193
_
(x y)
x y + (x y)
x 2 = 2x 2y
_
2x
2
+ 2y
2
2xy (x y) +
_
2xy 2y
2
= 4 (x y 1)
_ _
(x y)
3
+
_
(x y)
2
(x 2) = 2x 2y
_
2x
2
+ 2y
2
2xy (x y) +
_
2xy 2y
2
= 4 (x y 1)
_
(x y)
3
_
2x
2
+ 2y
2
2xy (x y) +
_
(x y)
2
(x 2)
_
2xy 2y
2
= 4 2x + 2y
(x y 2)
_
x
2
+y
2
(xy)
3
+
2x
2
+2y
2
2xy(xy)
+
x
2
xy
(xy)
2
(x2)+
2xy2y
2
+ 2
_
= 0
x y 2 = 0
2 +
x 2 = 2 x = 8 4
2 y = 6 4
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (8 4
2; 6 4
2)
Cu 346
_
x
4
+ 8y = 4(x
3
1) 16
3
y
4
+ 8x = 4(y
3
1) + 16
3
Gii
Bi ton ny c cng 1 tng vi 1 bi ton khc ti nu phn gia cun sch H phng
trnh cho tng ng vi:
_
x
4
4x
3
+ 8y = 4 16
3
y
4
4y
3
+ 8x = 4 + 16
3
Cng hai phng trnh ca h, ta c:
_
x
4
4x
3
+ 8x
_
+
_
y
4
4y
3
+ 8y
_
= 8
_
x
2
2x 2
_
2
+
_
y
2
2y 2
_
2
= 0
_
x = 1
3
y = 1
3
Thay li vo h th.
_
1 +
3; 1
3
_
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Cu 347
_
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 3
x
y + 1 + y
x + 1 +
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 6
Gii
Ly PT(2) 2PT(1) ta c
(
x + 1 +
_
y + 1)(
x + 1
_
y + 1 2) = 0
x + 1
y + 1 = 2
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 3
_
_
x + 1 = 1
y + 1 = 2
_
x + 1 = 2
y + 1 = 1
_
x = 0, y = 3
x = 3, y = 0
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 3), (3; 0)
Cu 348
_
_
_
3
_
x
9
18y 27x 29
3

x y 1 = 2x +
x
2
+x 2
x(x
3
+ 2xy 2x + 2) + (y 2)
2
+ 7 = 6
3
_
4(x y + 1)
Gii
Mt bi ton tng xut hin trn diendantoanhoc.net . Hnh thc kh khng b.
Vi loi h kiu ny hng i thng l t, phng trnh (1) chc ch khai thc c g. Th
xt phng trnh (2) xem no.
iu kin
_
x y 1 0
x
2
+ x 2 0

_
x y + 1
x
2
+x 2 0
Phng trnh th (2) tng ng
x
4
+ 2x
2
y 2x
2
+ 2x +y
2
4y + 11 = 6
3
_
4(x y + 1)
(x
2
+y)
2
2(x
2
+y) + 2(x y + 1) + 8 = 6
3
_
4(x y + 1)
(x
2
+y 1)
2
+ 2(x y + 1) + 8 = 6
3
_
4(x y + 1)
Ta c
6
3
_
4(x y + 1) = 3
3
_
2(x y + 1).4.4 2(x y + 1) + 4 + 4
T suy ra
(x
2
+y 1)
2
+ 2(x y + 1) + 8 2(x y + 1) + 4 + 4 (x
2
+y 1)
2
0
ng thc xy ra khi
_
x
2
+y 1 = 0
2.(x y + 1) = 4

_
x = 1, y = 0
x = 2, y = 3
Sau thay 2 cp va ri vo (1). Lm nt i nh ! Lc vit khng c Casio :sad:
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 195
Cu 349
_
x
3
+xy 2y
3
= 0
3y
3
+ 3xy + 1 = 0
Gii
Liu ban c cn nh y l loi h no khng ? Chc ch nh, y cng chng loi vi nhng
bi h s dng phng php nhn 2 phng trnh vi nhau to n mi.
Thay y
3
t phng trnh (2) ln (1) ta c h mi sau y
_
_
_
x
3
+xy 2
_
3xy 1
3
_
= 0
3y
3
= 3xy 1
_
3x
3
= 9xy 2 (3)
3y
3
= 3xy 1 (4)
Nhn (3) vi (4) v vi v ng thi t xy = t ta c
9t
3
= (9t + 2)(3t + 1) 9t
3
27t
2
15t 2 = 0
Phng trnh ny c 1 nghim duy nht l, cch gii bn c xem li cu 215. T y ta s
gii ra
t =
3 + 3
3
7 +
3
49
3
n y ta thay li (3) v (4) tr li x, y (kh l khng khip)
_
9a 2
3
;
3a 1
3
_
vi a =
3 + 3
3
7 +
3
49
3

Cu 350
_
_
_
x + 3y + 1 = y
2
1
y
+
3x + 4
x + 1
9y 2 +
3
7x + 2y + 2 = 2y + 3
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y
2
9
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng:
x + 3y + 1 = y
2
1
y
+ 3
x + 1 +
1
x + 1
x + 1 3
x + 1
1
x + 1
= y
2
3y
1
y
()
Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
3t
1
t
trn (0; ) ta c
f
(t) = 2t 3 +
1
t
2
=
2t
3
3t
2
+ 1
t
2
=
(t 1)
2
(2t + 1)
t
2
0
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Vy hm ng bin trn (0; ) suy ra phng trnh () tng ng y =
x + 1 x = y
2
1
Th vo phng trnh (2) ca h, ta c:
9y 2 +
3
_
7y
2
+ 2y 5 = 2y + 3
_
y + 2
9y 2
_
+
_
y + 1
3
_
7y
2
+ 2y 5
_
= 0
y
2
5y + 6
y + 2 +
9y 2
+
y
3
4y
2
+y + 6
A
= 0
(y
2
5y + 6)
_
1
y + 2 +
9y 2
+
y + 1
A
_
= 0
Vi A = (y + 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
3
_
7y
2
+ 2y 5 +
3
_
(7y
2
+ 2y 5)
2
> 0
Do y
2
9
nn
1
y + 2 +
9y 2
+
y + 1
A
> 0 T suy ra
y
2
5y + 6 = 0
_
y = 2 x = 3
y = 3 x = 8
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 2), (8; 3)
Cu 351
_
x
_
1 y
2
+y
1 x
2
= 1
3x
2
xy
2
+ 4x = 1
Gii
Nu tinh th dng ca phng trnh th nht kh quen thuc.
V T
_
(x
2
+ 1 x
2
)(y
2
+ 1 y
2
) = 1
ng thc xy ra khi x
2
+y
2
= 1 thay vo phng trnh th 2 ta c
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x 1 = 0 (x + 1)
3
= 2 x =
3
2 1
T tm nt y
3
2 1; 1
_
3
2 1
_
2
)
Cu 352
_
2x
2
2y = xy 4x
_
12x
2
+ 3y + 84 = 2x + 2
x + 2 +
20 y
Gii
Bi ny nu nhn qua th ch c g c bit khi m phng trnh (1) l
(2x y)(x + 2) = 0
_
y = 2x
x = 2
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 197
Nhng kch hay pha sau, c lm i .
TH1 : x = 2 thay vo phng trnh th 2 ta c
_
132 + 3y = 4 +
_
20 y y = 26 6
5
TH2 : y = 2x khi (2) s l
12x
2
+ 6x + 84 = 2x + 2
x + 2 +
20 2x (3)
Phng trnh ny ta nhm c nghim x = 2 t c th c hng nhn lin hp. Tuy nhin,
gii quyt phn cn li kh kh khn. Mt cch tinh t ta tin hnh nh gi phng trnh
ny.
Ta c
V P = 2x +
_
4(x + 2) +
1
2
_
16(20 2x) x +
1
4
(6 + x) +
1
8
(36 2x)
Nh vy
12x
2
+ 6x + 84 2x +
1
4
(6 + x) +
1
8
(36 2x)
12x
2
+ 6x + 84 (
15
2
+
9
4
x)
2
111
16
(x 2)
2
0 x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 26 6
5), (2; 4)
Cu 353
_
(x
2
1)
2
+ 1 = 2y(2x + 1)
x
2
y
2
= 3
Gii
Mt bi ton kh hay. Ta c nh gi sau
(1) (x
2
1)
2
+ 9 = 4xy + 2y + 8
p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
x
2
+4y
2
+2y +8 4xy +2y +8 = (x
2
1)
2
+9 6(x
2
1) x
2
+4y
2
+2y +8 6(x
2
1) ()
Thay x
2
= 3 +y
2
t (2) vo (*) ta c
5(3 + y
2
) 4y
2
2y 14 0 (y 1)
2
0 y = 1
Thay vo h ta c x = 2
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Cu 354
_
_
_
3
y
= (x 1)
_
x
3
+ 2 + 1
_
y = x
2
+ x + 1
Gii
Mt bi ton mang tnh "la tnh" kh cao c xut bi thy L Trung Tn. k khi
nhn 2 phng trnh v vi v s ch cn li x. Ta thc hin bin i nh trn thu c
3 =
_
x
3
1
_
_
x
3
+ 2 + 1
_
t t =
x
3
+ 2 x
3
= t
2
2, t > 0
Khi phng trnh tr thnh
3 = (t + 1)
_
t
2
3
_
(t 2)
_
t
2
+ 3t + 3
_
= 0 t = 2 x =
3
2
3
2;
3
4 +
3
2 + 1)
Cu 355
_
x(x
2
+ y
2
) = 42
2x
2
+x y
2
+ 2y + xy = 11
Gii
Lu lm khng lm h s bt nh nh ? Quay li 1 bi cho vui.
Vit li h cho theo bin y (v bc ca n thp hn)
_
xy
2
+x
3
+ 42 = 0
y
2
+y(x + 2) + 2x
2
+ x + 11 = 0
Nu h ny c nghim x l s no th khi thay vo h ta phi thu c 2 phng trnh
tng ng n y.
Mt s tinh qui ta ngh n ngay x = 2 v khi thay vo (2) s mt y, nh th mi mong 2
phng trnh tng ng c. Thay th vo ta thu c
_
2y
2
+ 34 = 0
y
2
+ 17 = 0
i gii i tng ng ri. Tri thng ta ! Nh vy hng s cn nhn y l 2. Vy
PT(1) 2PT(2) (x + 2)
_
(x 3)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 0
TH1 : x = 2 y =
17
TH2 : x = 3; y = 1 thay li h thy khng tha.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2;
17)
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2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 199
Cu 356
_
x
4
2x
3
11y
2
+ 12y + 41 = 0
y
4
2y
3
11x
2
+ 12x + 31 = 0
Gii
Tr tru thay ! Hnh thc kh i xng th m hng s cht tit kia khin hi vng tr thnh
tht vng. Khi bn c nhng cu c hnh thc kiu na n i xng th ny th li gii thng
lm g. Cn g na ! Cng 2 phng trnh li cho ti.
Ly PT(1) + PT(2) ta c
(x
4
2x
3
11x
2
+ 12x +y
4
2y
3
11y
2
+ 12y + 72 = 0 (x
2
x 6)
2
+ (y
2
y 6)
2
= 0
Nh vy tc l
_
x
2
x 6 = 0
y
2
y 6 = 0
_
x = 3, x = 2
y = 3, y = 2
Tt nhin ta phi thay li h xem cp no tha mn
Cu 357
_
x
2
y +y = 2x
y
4
x
2
= 2(1 x)
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
y =
2x
1 + x
2
y
4
= (x 1)
2
+ 1
Hy k n dng buc ca y.
T phng trnh (2) ta c ngay y
4
1 y
2
1
T phng trnh (1 d chng minh 1
2x
1 + x
2
1 1 y 1 Vy rng buc ca y tri
ngc. N tha mn khi y = 1, x = 1
Cu 358
_
1 + 4
_
y(x 1) = 4y + (x y)
2
y +x 3 = 0
Gii
iu kin : y 0, x 1
(xy)
2
2(xy) +1 +2(x1 +2
_
y(x 1) +y) = 0 (xy 1)
2
+2
_
x 1
_
2
= 0
N
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T
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Nh vy tc l suy ra x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c
y +
y 2 = 0 y = 1 x = 2
Cu 359
_
x
4
= 2x
2
y + 3xy
y
2
= 4x
2
3x
3
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
(x
2
y)
2
= y
2
+ 3xy
y
2
= 4x
2
3x
3
Cng 2 phng trnh v vi v ta suy ra
(x
2
y)
2
+ 3x(x
2
y) 4x
2
= 0
R rng l phng trnh thun nht gia 2 n x
2
y v x. T ta c
_
x
2
y = x y = x
2
x
x
2
y = 4x y = x
2
+ 4x
Vi mi trng hp trn thay li vo phng trnh th nht.
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) = (0; 0),
_
1
13
2
; 4 +
13
_
,
_
13 1
2
; 4 s
13
_
,
_
11
73
2
;
53 + 7
73
2
_
,
_
73 11
2
;
53 7
73
2
_
Cu 360
_
x
_
4 y
2
= y
4 x
2
y
2
x
3
+ 3x = 2
Gii
iu kin : 2 x, y 2
Phng trnh th nht ta suy ra
4x
2
x
2
y
2
= 4y
2
x
2
y
2
y
2
= x
2
Thay vo (2) ta c
x
3
x
2
3x + 2 = 0
_
_
x = 2
x =
1
5
2
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 201
Vi x = 2 y = 2
Vi x =
1 +
5
2
y =
1 +
5
2
Vi x =
1
5
2
y =
1
5
2
Tt nhin phi loi nghim ngoi lai do php bnh phng (1)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 2), (2; 2),
_
1 +
5
2
;
1 +
5
2
_
,
_
1
5
2
;
1
5
2
_
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390

Cu 361
_
9y
3
x
3
= 8
y
2
xy + 8x = 8
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
x
3
y
3
+ 8(x
3
+ 1) = 0 (1)
y
2
xy + 8(x + 1) = 0 (2)
(x
3
y
3
) + (xy y
2
)(x
2
x + 1) = 0 (x y)(y + 1)(x
2
+ y) = 0
TH1 : x = y 8x
3
= 8 x = y = 1
TH2 : y = 1 x = 1
TH3 : y = x
2
thay xung (2) ta c
x
4
+x
3
+ 8x + 8 = 0 x = 2, y = 4
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (2; 4)
Cu 362
_
4x
3
+y
3
3xy
2
= 8
3x
2
+ 24x + 3xy = 24
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
4x
3
+ y
3
3xy
2
= 8
3x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 3x
2
y = 24x
Cng 2 phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
7x
3
+ y
3
3xy
2
+ 3x
2
y + 24x
2
= 24x 8 (x y)
3
= 8(x + 1)
3
y = x 2
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Thay xung (2) ta c
3x
2
24x 3x(x + 2) = 24 x =
4
3
y =
2
3
_
4
3
;
2
3
_
Cu 363
_
_
x
2
y
+
y
2
x
x y = 1
(x y)
4
=
x + y
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
Phng trnh (1) suy ra
(x +y)(x
2
xy +y
2
xy)
xy
= 1 (x +y)(x y)
2
= xy
Thay vo (2) ta c
(x +y)
3
= x
3
y
3
x +y = xy ()
Nh vy (2) s l
(x y)
4
= 1 x y = 1
Thay vo () d dng tm c nghim
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) =
_
1
5
2
;
3
5
2
_
,
_
3
5
2
;
1
5
2
_
,
_
1 +
5
2
;
3 +
5
2
_
,
_
3 +
5
2
;
1 +
5
2
_
Cu 364
_
_
_
x +y +
1
x
+
1
y
= 2
_
1 2x +
2y + 1
_
x
2
7xy +y
2
+ 1 = 0
Gii
Mt bi ton kh hc ba ca thy L Trung Tn.
iu kin :
_
_
x
1
2
; x = 0
y
1
2
; y = 0
Phng trnh (2) khng th lm n c g. Mu cht c l l t (1). Nhn thy biu thc
cha 2 bin ri nhau hon ton, nh vy c th s xt hm s hoc nhm chng li ra ci
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 203
g c bit.
Thc hin php bin i (1) ta c
x +
1
x
2
1 2x +y +
1
y
2
2y + 1 = 0
1
x
_
x
2
2x
1 2x + 1 2x
_
+
1
y
_
y
2
2y
2y + 1 + 2y + 1
_
= 0
1
x
_
x
1 2x
_
2
+
1
y
_
y
2y + 1
_
2
= 0
Nhng mt iu cha lm ta tha mn l cha bit x, y c cng du hay khng ? Nu n cng
du th tt qu, khi (1) s l tng ca cc i lng khng m hoc khng dng, cn tri
du th....C cch no bit n cng hay tri du khng ? Cng du hn l xy > 0, vy phng
trnh (2) lm g ? Dng n vo lc ny thi.
Xt (2) nu xy < 0 th v tri lun dng (v l). Vy x, y cng du. Tc l du bng (1)
xy ra khi
_
x =
1 2x
y =

2y + 1
_
x = 1
2
y = 1
2
So vi iu kin th ta suy ra
_
x = 1 +
2
y = 1 +
2
hoc
_
x = 1
2
y = 1
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1 +
2; 1 +
2), (1
2; 1
2)
Cu 365
_
(x +y)(x
2
+y
2
) = 15
y
4
+y = x
Gii
y l mt dng quen thuc nhng kh p mt nn ti vn mun gii thiu cho bn c.
Vit li h nh sau
_
(x +y)(x
2
+y
2
) = 15
y
4
= x y
Hn l nhn ra c th a v dng ng cp ri phi khng ? Nhn cho ln ta c
(x y)(x +y)(x
2
+y
2
) = 15y
4
x
4
y
4
= 15y
4
x = 2y
Vi x = 2y, PT(2) y(y
3
1) = 0 y = 1 x = 2
Vi x = 2y, PT(2) y(y
3
+ 3) = 0 y =
3
3 x = 2
3
3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (2
3
3;
3
3)
N
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Cu 366
_
x
3
+
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 = x
2
y + y + 1
(x +y 1)
y + 1 = 10
Gii
iu kin : y 1, x
2
+ 2y + 1 0
x
2
(x y) +
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 (y + 1) = 0
x
2
(x y) +
x
2
y
2
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 + y + 1
= 0
(x y)
_
x
2
+
x +y
_
x
2
+ 2y + 1 + y + 1
_
= 0
D thy y + 1 0 ng thi (2) c nghim th x +y 1
Vy suy ra x = y thay vo (2) ta c
(2y 1)
_
y + 1 = 10 y = 3
Cu 367
_
4x
2
y
2
+ 8xy 3y
2
= 1
6xy + 4x + y = 3
Gii
y l bi ton do thy L Trung Tn tng ng trn Boxmath. y l mt dng cng kh
quen thuc trong cun sch ti c gii thiu 1 cu nhng qun khuy mt ch no ri :sad:.
Bi ton ny thy L nh Mn c mt hng gii kh hay. l
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h.
Vi y = 0 chia PT(1) cho y
2
v PT(2) cho y ri tr v vi v ta c
_
2x +
1
y

3
2
_
2
=
25
4
Tt nhin y l mt hng kh p mt nhng khng phi d ngh, hon ton da vo kinh
nghim. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn c mt tng khc ca ti cho bi ny.
H vit li
_
4x
2
y
2
+ 1 = 3y
2
8xy
3(2xy + 1) = y 4x
Bnh phng phng trnh (2) ta suy ra 9(4x
2
y
2
+ 1) + 36xy = y
2
+ 8xy + 16x
2
Th lng 4x
2
y
2
+ 1 = 3y
2
8xy t trn xung ta c
9(3y
2
8xy) + 36xy = y
2
+ 8xy + 16x
2
N
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 205
y l phng trnh thun nht bc 2 kh n gin. Ta rt c x theo y. Vic gii n xin
nhng cho bn c.
_
4
42
4
;
42 4
13
_
,
_
4 +
42
4
;
4
42
13
_
Cu 368
_
5x y
2y x = 1
2
2y x + 3xy = 2x
2
+y
2
+ 3x 1
Gii
iu kin :
x
2
y 5x
H cha 2 cn thc. Bn c xem 2
2y x n sinh ra t u ? l chuyn v v bnh phng

(1).Nh vy phng trnh (1) tng ng
_
5x y = 1 +
_
2y x 5x y = 1 + 2y x + 2
_
2y x 2
_
2y x = 6x 2y 1
Thay xung (2) rt gn ta c
2x
2
3(y + 1)x +y
2
+ 3y = 0 (x y)(2x y 3) = 0
Vi x = y thay (1) ta c
4x
x = 1 x = 1
Vi y = 2x 3 thay (1) ta c
3x + 3
3x 6 = 1 x =
22
3
_
22
3
;
35
3
_
Cu 369
_
x 2
y 1 = 1
x +
_
8x +y
2
= 8
Gii
Mt li gii p cho bi ny.
iu kin : y 1, x 2
T (1) ta c
x 2 = 1 +
y 1 1 x 3
T (2) ta c V T 3 +
8.3 + 1 = 8
ng thc xy ra khi x = 3, y = 1
N
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Cu 370
_
(x
2
+ 9)(x
2
+ 9y) = 22(y 1)
2
x
2
2 4y
y + 1 = 0
Gii
iu kin : y 1
t x
2
+ 9 = a, y 1 = b. Phng trnh th nht tng ng
a(a + 9b) = 22b
2
_
a = 11b
a = 2b

_
x
2
= 11y + 2
x
2
= 2y 11
Thay vo phng trnh th (2) d dng tm ra nghim.
2; 0), (
2; 0)
Cu 371
_
_
_
(x 2y)
_
3x + 8y + 4
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16
_
= 6
(y 4x)
_
3y + 2x + 2
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16
_
= 10
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong 1 thi th ca page Hi nhng ngi n thi i hc trn
facebook. Khng hiu tn no ngh ra th loi h ny ?
(x 2y)(3x + 8y) + (y 4x)(3y + 2x) 2(2x + 3y)
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16 = 16
5x
2
10xy 13y
2
2(2x + 3y)
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16 = 16
(x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16) + 2(2x + 3y)
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16 + (2x + 3y)
2
= 0
_
2x + 3y +
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16
_
2
= 0
_
x
2
4xy + 4y
2
16 = (2x + 3y)
Thay li vo c 2 phng trnh ta c
_
(x 2y)(5x + 4y) = 6
(y 4x)(3y + 2x) = 10
H ng cp r rng ri nh. T gii nt nh !
2;
2), (
2;
2)
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 207
Cu 372
_
_
x
4
y
4
=
121x 122y
4xy
x
4
+ 14x
2
y
2
+y
4
=
122x + 121y
x
2
+y
2
Gii
iu kin : x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
4xy(x
2
y
2
) =
121x 122y
x
2
+ y
2
(1)
x
4
+ 14x
2
y
2
+y
4
=
122x + 121y
x
2
+y
2
(2)
Dng ny nu ai ch th ti nu 1,2 cu kiu ny ri. Ta thc hin
_
(1).x + (2).y
(2).x (1).y

_
y
5
+ 10x
2
y
3
+ 5x
4
y = 121
x
5
+ 10x
3
y
2
+ 5xy
4
= 122

_
(x + y)
5
= 3
5
(x y)
5
= 1
_
x +y = 3
x y = 1
x = 2, y = 1
Cu 373
_
x
2
y
2
= 1
2011
x
2011
y = (
2013
y
2013
x)(x +y +xy + 2014)

Gii
T phng trnh (1) ta c 1 x, y 1
Th th x + y +xy + 2014 = (1 +x)(1 + y) + 2013 > 0
R rng nh th t phng trnh (2) ta phi suy ra x = y thay vo (1) v ta tm c
_
_
x = y =
1
2
x = y =
1
2
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
,
_
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 374
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1
x
10
+ y
10
=
1
8
Gii
Liu c thm no chi m 5 phng trnh th nht ri a v dng ng cp bc 10 khng ?
Chc ch ai in. Ta bin i phng trnh (1) thnh
N
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x
2
1
2
=
1
2
y
2
= a
T suy ra x
2
=
1
2
+a, y
2
=
1
2
a thay ht vo (2) ta c
_
1
2
+a
_
5
+
_
1
2
a
_
5
=
1
8
5a
4
+
5
2
a
2
1
16
= 0
a =
1
2
_
1
5
_
30 5
_
n y thay tr li d dng tm c x, y
_
1
10
_
5
_
5(
30 5)
_
;
1
10
_
5 +
_
5(
30 5)
_
_
_
1
10
_
5
_
5(
30 5)
_
;
1
10
_
5 +
_
5(
30 5)
_
_
_
1
10
_
5
_
5(
30 5)
_
;
1
10
_
5 +
_
5(
30 5)
_
_
_
1
10
_
5
_
5(
30 5)
_
;
1
10
_
5 +
_
5(
30 5)
_
_
_
1
10
_
5 +
_
5(
30 5)
_
;
1
10
_
5
_
5(
30 5)
_
_
Cu 375
_
2x
2
+xy +y = 5
x
4
+x
3
y +x
2
(y + 1) + xy + y = 9
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
(x
2
+ 1) + (x
2
+xy + y) = 6
(x
2
+ 1) (x
2
+xy +y) = 9

_
x
2
+ 1 = 3
x
2
+xy +y = 3

_
x =
2 y = 1
2
x =
2 y =
2 1
2; 1
2), (
2;
2 1)
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 209
Cu 376
_
x
2
y
2
+ 4x
2
y 3xy
2
+x
2
+y
2
= 12xy + 3x 4y + 1
3x
2
2y
2
= 9x + 8y + 3
Gii
Ta s dng phng php h s bt nh cho bi ny. Vit li h cho theo n x
_
x
2
(y
2
+ 4y + 1) 3x(y
2
+ 4y + 1) + y
2
+ 4y 1 = 0
3x
2
9x 2y
2
8y 3 = 0
Th cho cc h s t l vi nhau. Tc l
y
2
+ 4y + 1
3
=
y
2
+ 4y + 1
3
=
y
2
+ 4y 1
2y
2
y 3
y = 2, 0, 4
Thay y = 2 li vo h c
_
3x
2
+ 9x 5 = 0
3x
2
9x + 5 = 0
Nh vy ta cn lm l ly PT(1) + PT(2). S c
x
2
y
2
+ 4x
2
y 3xy
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
= 12xy + 12x + 4y + 4
(x
2
3x 1)(y + 2)
2
= 0
n gin nhiu ri.
_
9
21
6
; 2
_
,
_
3
13
2
; 0
_
,
_
3
13
2
; 4
_
P/S : Thay y = 0, y = 4 ta cng c nhng cch khc p mt tng t. Him lm ti mi

thy mt bi h nghim ng nhiu nh ny.
Cu 377
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy + 2x = 5y
x
3
+x
2
y x
2
+ 2xy 6x + 3y = 0
Gii
PT(1) + PT(2) (x
3
+xy + 2x
2
) + (y
2
+x
2
y + 2xy) (2y + 2x
2
+ 4x) = 0
(x +y 2)(x
2
+ 2x + y) = 0
TH1 : y = 2 x
PT(1) x
2
+ (2 x)
2
+x(2 x) + 2x 5(2 x) = 0 (x 1)(x + 6) = 0
_
x = 1; y = 1
x = 6; y = 8
N
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T
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TH2 : y = x
2
2x
PT(1) x
2
+ (x
2
2x)
2
+ x(x
2
2x) + 2x 5(x
2
2x) = 0 x(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
_
_
x = 0; y = 0
x = 2; y = 0
x = 4; y = 8
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (6; 8), (0; 0), (2; 0), (4; 8)
Cu 378
_
2x
2
xy + x
3
+y
3
= 4x
2
y
y +
x =
_
2x
2
+ 14y 9
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 0
Ta c nh gi sau
x
2
xy +x
2
xy +x
3
+y
3
4
4
_
x
2
xyx
2
xyx
3
y
3
= 4x
2
y
Tc l V T V P ng thc xy ra khi x = y
x +
x =
2x
2
+ 14x 9 x
2
+2x
x +x = 2x
2
+14x 9 3x
2
+2x
x 13x +9 = 0
t t =

x > 0 nh vy ta c
3t
4
+ 2t
3
13t
2
+ 9 = 0
_
3t
2
t 3
_ _
t
2
+t 3
_
= 0
_
t =
1 +
37
6
x =
19 +
37
18
t =
1 +
13
2
x =
7
13
2
_
19 +
37
18
;
19 +
37
18
_
,
_
7
13
2
;
7
13
2
_
Cu 379
_
_
1
x

3
7x y
=
1
2
1
y
+
6
7x y
= 2
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 0
Ta thc hin php bin i sau a v h mi
N
g
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n
M
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n
h
T
u
n
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 211
_
2.PT(1) + PT(2)
PT(2) 4.PT(1)
_
2
x
+
1
y
= 3
18
7x y
+
1
y

4
x
= 0
_
3 =
2
x
+
1
y
18
7x y
=
4
x

1
y
Nhn v vi v ta c
54
7x y
=
_
2
x
+
1
y
__
4
x

1
y
_
R rng l mt phng trnh thun nht, t x = ty, t > 0. Phng trnh tr thnh
54
7t 1
=
8
t
+
2
t
1
_
t = 1 x = y
t = 4 x = 4y
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c
1
y

1
2y
=
1
2
y = 1 x = 1
Vi x = 4y thay vo (1) ta c
1
2
y

1
9y
=
1
2
y =
4
9
x =
16
9
_
16
9
;
4
9
_
Cu 380
_
_
3x
y
2
+
4x
2
+ 12y
2
x
3
+y
3
=
11
_
xy
3
4
x
3y
x
2
+
4y
2
+ 12x
2
x
3
+ y
3
=
11
_
x
3
y 4
y
Gii
y l mt bi ton kh kh v mang tnh nh v mt tng. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn
c mt cch gii tt trn Boxmath.
iu kin : x
3
y 4
T iu kin suy ra x, y cng du, nn nu (x; y) l nghim th (x, y) cng l nghim. Vy
nn ta ch cn xt i din trng hp y x < 0 . t t =
y
x
1. T (2) suy ra
3t
2
+
4t + 12
t
3
+ 1
11 (t 1)(3t
4
+ 3t
3
8t
2
t 1) 0
T y suy ra t < 2. V nu t 2 suy ra
(t 1)(3t
4
+ 3t
3
8t
2
t 1) = (t 1)(2t
2
(t
2
4) + (t
4
1) + (t
3
t)) > 0. (V L)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Nh vy ta c
3
_
x
y
2
+
y
x
2
_
+
12(x
2
+y
2
)
x
3
+y
3

11
x
+
11
y
(x y)
2
(3x
4
5x
3
y 8x
2
y
2
5xy
3
+ 3y
4
) 0
(x y)
2
.x
4
.(3t
4
5t
3
8t
2
5t + 3) 0
3
_
x
y
2
+
y
x
2
_
+
12(x
2
+y
2
)
x
3
+y
3
=
11
x
+
11
y

_
_
xy
3
x
+
_
yx
3
y
_
(3).
Nh vy ta c V T(3)
11
x
+
11
y
trong khi V P(3)
11
x
+
11
y
(do x, y > 0). Du bng xy ra
khi
_
x
3
y = 4 = y
3
x
x = y
x = y =
4
4
4
4;
4
4), (
4
4;
4
4)
Cu 381
_
_
_
xy + x + y = 3
1
x
2
+ 2x
+
1
y
2
+ 2y
=
2
3
Gii
y l mt bi ton khng kh nh p mt.
iu kin :x, y = 0, 2
H cho tng ng
_
_
_
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 4
1
(x + 1)
2
1
+
1
(y + 1)
2
1
=
2
3
_
_
_
ab = 4
1
a
2
1
+
1
b
2
1
=
2
3
_
a = 2, b = 2
a = 2, b = 2
_
x = y = 1
x = y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (3; 3)
Cu 382
_
[(x + 1)(y + 1)]
2
= 9xy
(x
2
+ 1)(y
2
+ 1) = 10xy
Gii
H cho tng ng
N
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n
M
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h
T
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n
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 213
_
(x
2
+ 1 + 2x)(y
2
+ 1 + 2y) = 9xy
(x
2
+ 1)(y
2
+ 1) = 10xy
V x, y = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn tng ng
_
_
_
x
2
+ 1
x
+ 2
__
y
2
+ 1
y
+ 2
_
= 9
_
x
2
+ 1
x
__
y
2
+ 1
y
_
= 10
t
x
2
+ 1
x
= a,
y
2
+ 1
y
= b ta c h mi
_
(a + 2)(b + 2) = 9
ab = 10
_
a = 4, b =
5
2
a =
5
2
, b = 4
TH1 :
_
_
_
x
2
+ 1 = 4x
y
2
+ 1 =
5
2
y
_
_
_
x = 2
3
y = 2 y =
1
2
Trng hp 2 tng t ch l hon i gi tr nghim.
Nh vy h c tt c 8 cp nghim
Cu 383
_
x +
x
2
+ 1 = y +
_
y
2
1
x
2
+y
2
xy = 1
Gii
iu kin :|y| 1
Phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li nh sau:
x
_
y
2
1 = y
x
2
+ 1
Bnh phng 2 v ta thu c:
1 2x
_
y
2
1 = 1 2y
x
2
+ 1 y
x
2
+ 1 = 1 +x
_
y
2
1
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
= 1 +x
2
y
2
x
2
+ 2x
_
y
2
1
(x
_
y
2
1)
2
= 0 x
2
y
2
= 1
Ch x
2
xy + y
2
=
3(x y)
2
4
+
(x +y)
2
4
Nh vy h s l
_
_
_
(x y)(x + y) = 1
3(x y)
2
4
+
(x +y)
2
4
= 1
_
ab = 1
3a
2
+b
2
= 4
_
a = 1, b = 1
a = 1, b = 1
a =
1
3
, b =
3
a =
1
3
, b =
3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
_
_
x y = 1
x +y = 1
_
x y = 1
x +y = 1
_
_
_
x y =
1
3
x + y =
3
_
_
_
x y =
1
3
x + y =
_
x = 0, y = 1
x = 0, y = 1
x =
2
3
, y =
2
3
x =
1
3
, y =
2
3
Tt nhin ta phi i chiu iu kin bnh phng na.
_
1
3
;
2
3
_
Cu 384
_
x
3
+y
2
x + 3x
2
+ y
2
= 2y 3x 1
2y
3
+xy
2
+y
2
3x 3 = 0
Gii
H cho bin i thnh
_
(x + 1)
3
+y
2
(x + 1) = 2y
2y
3
+y
2
(x + 1) = 3 (x + 1)
k hon ton a v ng cp c. Nhn cho pht ta c
3 (x + 1)
4
+ 3 (x + 1)
2
y
2
= 4y
4
+ 2y
3
(x + 1)
3 (x + 1)
4
+ 3 (x + 1)
2
y
2
2 (x + 1) y
3
4y
4
= 0
Xt y = 0 x = 1 l mt nghim ca h.
Xt y = 0, chia c 2 v cho y
4
ta c
3
_
x + 1
y
_
4
+ 3
_
x + 1
y
_
2
2
x + 1
y
4 = 0
_
x + 1
y
= 1
x + 1
y
= 1
_
y = x + 1
x = y(1
3) 1
n y vic thay li xin nhng c cho bn c :brick:
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 0), (0; 1)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 215
Cu 385
_
(x y)(x
2
+ y
2
) = x
4
1
(x +y)(x
4
+ y
4
) = x
4
+ 1
Gii
k khi nhn v vi v s rt gn hng lot.
Nh vy nhn v vi v suy ra
x
8
y
8
= x
8
1 y = 1 y = 1
Vi y = 1. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
(x + 1)(x
4
+ 1) = x
4
+ 1 x = 0
Vi y = 1. Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1) = x
4
1 x = 1 x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 1), (2; 1)
Cu 386
_
x
2
y
2
+ 2y
2
+ 16 = 11xy
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 12y = 3xy
2
Gii
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia phng trnh (1) cho y
2
, phng trnh (2) cho
y
2
ta c.
_
_
x
2
+
16
y
2
+ 2 =
11x
y
_
x
y
_
2
+ 2 +
12
y
= 3x
_
_
x
4
y
_
2
+ 2 = 3
x
y
_
x
y
_
2
+ 2 = 3
_
x
4
y
_
_
a
2
3b = 2
b
2
3a = 2
_
a = b = 1
a = b = 2
n y d dng thay li tm nghim.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (4; 2),
_
1
17
2
;
1
17
2
_
,
_
1 +
17
2
;
1 +
17
2
_
Cu 387
_
_
_
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3xy + 3 = 0
x y + 18
(x + y)
2
= 9
x y
Gii
Nhn hnh thc c l bi ny a v t n tng hiu l tt nht.
iu kin : x y 0, x +y = 0
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
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h
T
u
n
t

x y = a (a 0) ; b = x +y(b = 0)
_
x y = a
2
x +y = b

_
2x = a
2
+b
2y = b a
2
Suy ra :
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3xy =
_
a
2
+b
2
_
2
+ 2
_
b a
2
2
_
2
+ 3
_
a
2
+b
2
__
b a
2
2
_
=
a
4
+ 2a
2
b +b
2
+ 2 (b
2
2ba
2
+a
4
) + 3 (b
2
a
4
)
4
=
6b
2
2ba
2
4
T ta c h phng trnh :
_
3b
2
ba
2
+ 6 = 0
a
2
+ 18 = 9b
2
a

_
9b
2
3ba
2
+ 18 = 0 (1)
a
2
9b
2
a + 18 = 0 (2)
Tr (1) cho (2) theo tng v s c :
_
9b
2
a
2
_
+ 3ba (3b a) = 0 (3b a) (3b +a + 3ba) = 0
_
3b a = 0
3b + a + 3ba = 0
Ta xt trng hp kh trc, mong cho n v l.
Vi 3b + a + 3ba = 0 thay vo (1) ta c
9b
2
+ 3a (3b +a) + 18 = 0 3b
2
+ 3ba +a
2
+ 6 = 0
R rng v tri lun dng. Vy ch cn a = 3b thay vo (1) s tm c
_
a = 3
b = 1
_
x y = 9
x + y = 1
x = 5, y = 4
Cu 388
_
x
3
y
3
+xy
3
+y
2
= 4xy
2
1
x
2
y
2
+x
2
+y
2
= 4xy 1
Gii
Phng trnh th (2) bin i s thnh
x
2
y
2
+x
2
+ y
2
= 4xy 1 (xy 1)
2
+ (x y)
2
= 0
_
x = y = 1
x = y = 1
Thay ln phng trnh (1) ch c cp th nht l tha mn.
N
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M
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T
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2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 217
Cu 389
_
x
2
1 +
_
y
2
1 =

xy + 2
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
= 1
Gii
iu kin : |x|, |y| 1
x
2
+y
2
4 xy + 2
_
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
) + 1 = 0
t a = xy, b = x
2
+ y
2
ta thu c h mi
_
b 4 a + 2
a
2
b + 1 = 0
b = a
2

_
a = 1, b = 1
a = 2, b = 4
_
_
xy = 1
x
2
+y
2
= 1
_
xy = 2
x
2
+y
2
= 4
_
x = y =
2
x = y =
2
_
2;
2
_
,
_
2;
2
_
Cu 390
_
x(y 9) +
y 1 + 1 = 0
y(18x
2
+ 1) = 3x + 22 + (xy + 1)
2
Gii
iu kin y 1
Phng trnh th nht suy ra
(x(y 9) + 1)
2
y + 1 = 0 x
2
y
2
18yx
2
+ 2xy + 81x
2
18x + 2 y = 0
Phng trnh th hai th :
18yx
2
+ y 3x 23 x
2
y
2
2xy = 0
Cng 2 ch li ta c
81x
2
21x 21 = 0 x =
7
805
54
Thay li tm y (kh l)
_
7 +
805
54
;
327 3
805
_
36782 842
805
28
_
_
7
805
54
;
327 + 3
805 +
_
36782 + 842
805
28
_
N
g
u
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n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
Cu 391
_
x = (y
2
1) (y + 2) + 1
xy (xy 1)
2
+x
2
y
2
= (x + 1) (x
2
+x + 1)
Gii
Bin i phng trnh (2) tr thnh
xy(x
2
y
2
xy + 1) = (x + 1)[(x + 1)
2
(x + 1) + 1] f(xy) = f(x + 1)
Vi f(t) = t
3
t
2
+t n iu tng, t ta c ngay xy = x + 1 x =
1
y 1
thay ln (1) ta
c.
1
y 1
= (y
2
1)(y + 2) + 1
_
_
y = 0
y =
1
13
2
T tr li bin x
_
3
13
2
;
1
13
2
;
_
,
_
3 +
13
2
;
13 1
2
_
Cu 392
_
x
3
x
2
y = x
2
x + y + 1
x
3
9y
2
+ 6(x 3y) 15 = 3
3
6x
2
+ 2
Gii
(x
2
+ 1)(x y 1) = 0 y = x 1
Thay vo (2) ta s c
(x 1)
3
+ 3(x 1) = 6x
2
+ 2 + 3
3
6x
2
+ 2
Do f(t) = t
3
+ 3t n iu tng nn suy ra
x 1 =
3
6x
2
+ 2 x
3
9x + 3 3 = 0
Phng trnh ny nghim duy nht kh l, ta c th lm bng t n kiu Hypebolic ti
gii thiu cu 215. Tuy nhin, tinh t ta s bin i n v
(x + 1)
3
= 2(x 1)
3
x + 1 =
3
2(x 1) x =
3
2 + 1
3
2 1
_
3
2 + 1
3
2 1
;
2
3
2 1
_
N
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u
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n
M
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h
T
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n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 219
Cu 393
_
_
y
2
+ 3x =
2y
x
x
2
+y =
2x
y
Gii
iu kin :x, y = 0
H cho tng ng
_
_
y(y
2
x
) = 3x (1)
x(x +
2
y
) = y (2)
Nhn (1) vi (2) v vi v ta c
(y
2
x
)(x +
2
y
) = 3 xy
4
xy
= 3
_
xy = 4
xy = 1
n y n gin ri !
_
2
3
3
; 2
3
3
_
Cu 394
_
_
_
4 + (5x
2
+ 2y 1) x
y = 5x
2
+y (2 + 3x
2
)
4x + 5
y +
2 (3x
2
+ 5)
y
=
5x
y
Gii
iu kin :y > 0
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng
3x
2
y (5x
2
+ 2y 1)x
y + 5x
2
+ 2y 4 = 0, (1)
y
= (5x
2
+ 2y 1)
2
12(5x
2
+2y4) = (5x
2
+ 2y 1)
2
12(5x
2
+2y1)+36 = (5x
2
+ 2y 7)
2
Do (1)
_
3x
y 5x
2
2y + 4
_ _
x
y 1
_
= 0
_
3x
y 5x
2
2y + 4 = 0 (2)
x
y 1 = 0 (3)
Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng
4x
y + 5y + 6x
2
+ 10 = 5x, (4)
Thc hin 4.(2) 3.(4) c 38x
2
+ 15x 14 = 23y > 0 v l v
x
= 1903 < 0
Xt (3)

y =
1
x
thay vo (4), c f(x) = 6x
4
5x
3
+ 14x
2
+ 5 = 0
D thy phng trnh ny v nghim.
Vy h cho v nghim
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 395
_
2x + 1
2y + 1 = y x
16x
2
y
2
+ 5 = 6
3
_
4x
2
y +x
Gii
Nhiu ngi nhn xt cu ny chng c g c bit khi t phng trnh (1) rt ra c
x = y ri. Tuy nhin ci hay sau
iu kin : x, y
1
2
(1) (x y)
_
2
2x + 1 +
2y + 1
+ 1
_
= 0 x = y
Thay vo (2) ta c
16x
4
+ 5 = 6
3
4x
3
+x
i vi hnh thc h ny nh gi l cng c tt nht. Nhm c nghim x =
1
2
v ta tin
hnh tch ghp ph hp.
phng trnh c nghim hin nhin x > 0
Ta c
6
3
4x
3
+x = 3
3
_
2.4x. (4x
2
+ 1) 2 + 4x + 4x
2
+ 1
16x
4
+ 5 4x
2
+ 4x + 3
(2x 1)
2
(2x
2
+ 2x + 1) 0 x =
1
2
_
1
2
;
1
2
_
Cu 396
_
3x
2
2x 5 + 2x
x
2
+ 1 = 2(y + 1)
_
y
2
+ 2y + 2
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 2x 4y + 3
Gii
Tr hai phng trnh v vi v ta c
_
x
2
+ 1 + x
_
2
=
_
_
(y + 1)
2
+ 1 + y + 1
_
2
D thy hm s cn xt l f(t) =
_
t
2
+ 1 + t
_
2
v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra
x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c
(y + 1)
2
+ 2y
2
= 2(y + 1) 4y + 3
_
y = 2 x = 1
y =
2
3
x =
5
3
_
5
3
;
2
3
_
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 221
Cu 397
_
7
_
16 y
2
= (x 1)(x + 6)
(x + 2)
2
+ 2(y 4)
2
= 9
Gii
T phng trnh u ta c (x 1)(x + 6) 0
_
x 1
x 6
T phng trnh (2) ta li c
(x + 2)
2
9 5 x 1
Vy suy ra x = 1 v y = 4
Cu 398
_
x + 2y
x 2y = 2
3
x + 3 +
_
x
2
4y
2
= 5
Gii
iu kin : x 3, x 2y
phng trnh (2) c lng
_
x
2
4y
2
sinh ra t vic bnh phng (1). Vy bnh phng
(1) suy ra
x 2 =
_
x
2
4y
2
Thay xung di ta c
3
x + 3 + x 7 = 0 x = 5 y = 2
Ch n iu kin bnh phng (1) ta loi y = 2
Cu 399
_
_
x
2
+ xy +y
2
+x +
y
3
x + 1
= 2
2x +y +
y
2
x + 1
= 2
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
_
(x + y + 1)(
y
2
x + 1
+x) = 2
(x + y + 1) + (
y
2
x + 1
+x) = 3
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
t x +y + 1 = a,
y
2
x + 1
+x = b ta c h mi
_
ab = 2
a +b = 3
_
a = 1, b = 2
a = 2, b = 1

_
_
_
_
_
x +y = 0
y
2
x + 1
+x = 2
_
_
_
x +y = 1
y
2
x + 1
+x = 1
_
x = 0, y = 1
x = 1, y = 0
x =
1
17
4
, y =
17 1
4
x =
1 +
17
4
, y =
1
17
4
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0),
_
1
17
4
;
17 1
4
_
,
_
1 +
17
4
;
1
17
4
_
Cu 400
_
_
_
2y + 2 + x (y
2
+ 2y) = 0
y + 1
x
3
3x
3x
2
1
= 0
Gii
iu kin : x =
1
3
t y + 1 = a th h cho tr thnh
_
_
_
2a +x(a
2
1)
a =
x
3
3x
3x
2
1
_
x =
2a
1 a
2
a =
x
3
3x
3x
2
1
n y hn phi nhn thy t tng lng gic ha ri nh ? Xin nhng li cho bn c lm
nt.
_
_
5 2
5; 1
_
2
_
5 2
5 +
_
5(5 2
5)
__
_
_
5 2
5; 1
_
2
_
5 2
5
_
5(5 2
5)
__
Cu 401
_
x
2
+ 1 y
x +y = y
x
2
(x +y 2) + x 2 = 5y
Gii
iu kin : x +y 0
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho vit li thnh
_
_
x
2
+ 1
y

x +y = 1
x
2
+ 1
y
(x + y 2) = 6
_
a b = 1
a(b
2
2) = 6
_
a = 3
b = 2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 223
_
x + y = 4
x
2
+ 1 = 3y
_
x =
3
53
2
, y =
11 +
53
2
x =
53 3
2
, y =
11
53
2
_
3
53
2
;
11 +
53
2
_
,
_
53 3
2
;
11
53
2
_
Cu 402
_
x
2
+y
2
= 3x 4y + 1
3x
2
(x
2
+ 9) 2y
2
(y
2
+ 9) = 18(x
3
+ y
3
) + 2y
2
(7 y) + 3
Gii
H cho tng ng
_
x(x 3) + y(y + 4) = 1
3x
2
(x 3)
2
2y
2
(y + 4)
2
= 3
_
a +b = 1
3a
2
2b
2
= 3
_
a = 1, b = 0
a = 5, b = 6

_
_
x =
3
13
2
, y = 0 4
V N
_
3
13
2
; 0
_
,
_
3
13
2
; 4
_
Cu 403
_
_
_
8
3y + 4 = x +
85
2
16(x
3
y) + 6x(3 4x) = 16y + 21 + 6
3
y + 1
Gii
iu kin : y
4
3
Phng trnh th 2 tng ng
16x
3
24x
2
+ 18x = 16y + 6
3
_
y + 1 16x
3
24x
2
+ 18x + 16 = 16(x + 1) + 6
3
_
y + 1
Nhn vo hnh thc ny c l s xt hm. Tuy nhin v phi c dng khuyt thiu bc 2 trong
khi v tri li c. Vy ta i bin x = u
b
3a
= u +
1
2
, t =
3
y + 1. Nh vy phng trnh
(2) s l
16u
3
+ 16u = 16t
3
+ 16t u = t x =
1
2
+
3
_
y + 1
Thay ln (1) ta c
8
_
3y + 4 +
3
_
y + 1 = 42 y = 7 x =
5
2
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
_
5
2
; 7
_
Cu 404
_
2x 1 y
_
1 + 2
2x 1
_
= 8
y
2
+ y
2y 1 4x 2x +y = 13
Gii
y l mt bi h kh kh, tuy nhin anh Nguyn Xun Nam, mt ngi bn ca ti trn
facebook chi n bng 5 cch khc nhau. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn c cch l d hiu nht
i vi bi ny. ng nh li nh nhn xt : y l mt v d cho cu ni "Cn c b thng
minh"
iu kin : x
1
2
, y
3
2
t
2x 1 = a 0. T phng trnh (1) ta rt ra

y =
a + 8
1 + 2a
_
a + 8
1 + 2a
_
2
+
_
a + 8
1 + 2a
_
4a
3
2a
2
4a + 13
1 + 2a
2a
2
+
a + 8
1 + 2a
= 14
t v tri l f(a). Ta c
f
(a) =
30(a+8)(2a+1)
(2a+1)
4

15
(1+2a)
2
.
_
4a
3
2a
2
4a+13
1+2a
+
_
a+8
1+2a
_
.
16a
3
16a
2
4a30
(1+2a)
2
2.
4a
3
2a
2
4a+13
1+2a
4a
15
(1+2a)
2
< 0
Vy phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht a = 1 x = 1, y = 2
Cu 405
_
2
2x 3y +
5 x +y = 7
3
5 x +y
2x y 3 = 1
Gii
Bi ton trn xut hin 3 cn thc kh chu. Nu ta t chng ln lt l a, b, c > 0 th c
2 phng trnh, cn tm thm mt phng trnh na biu din mi quan h gia 3 n.
t

2x 3y = a,
2x y 3 = b,
5 x +y = c, a, b, c > 0 h cho tng ng

_
_
2a + c = 7
3c b = 1
a
2
+b
2
+ 4c
2
= 17
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1
_
_
2x 3y = 9
2x y 3 = 4
5 x +y = 1
x = 3, y = 1
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 225
Cu 406
_
_
_
y
2
=
x
5
+x
4
+ 1
x
2
+x + 1
x
2
+y
2
3xy x + 3y 1 = 0
Gii
Phng trnh (2) khng p. S phi khai thc t (1). Vi hnh thc th kia c l v phi s
rt gn c. V mu khng th phn tch c nn d on trn t s c nhn t x
2
+x +1.
Tin hnh nhm ta s c x
5
+ x
4
+ 1 = (x
3
x + 1)(x
2
+x + 1)
Nh vy h s l
_
y
2
= x
3
x + 1
x
2
+y
2
3xy x + 3y 1 = 0
Thay y
2
t (1) xung di ta c
(x 1)(x
2
+ 2x 3y) = 0
Vi x = 1 y = 1 Vi y =
x
2
+ 2x
3
thay vo (1) ta gii ra
_
_
x = 3 y = 5
x =
1
13
2
y =
3
13
2
x =
1 +
13
2
y =
3 +
13
2
Vy h cho c nghim :
(x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (3; 5),
_
1
13
2
;
3
13
2
_
,
_
1 +
13
2
;
3 +
13
2
_
Cu 407
_
x
2
2x + 2 +
4
_
y
2
2y + 2 = 2
4
x +
y + 3 = 3
Gii
_
(x 1)
2
+ 1 +
4
_
(y 1)
2
+ 1 = 2
D thy V T V P.
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 1 thay vo (1) tha mn.
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
Cu 408
_
3
2x y +
3
3x 2y = 2
2
3
3x 2y + 5x +y = 8
Gii
t a =
3
2x y, b =
3
3x 2y
S dng ng nht sau
5x +y = 13(2x y) 7(3x 2y)
Vy h cho tng ng
_
a +b = 2
2b 7b
3
+ 13a
3
= 8
a = b = 1
_
2x y = 1
3x 2y = 1
x = y = 1
Cu 409
_
(2x + 1)
_
2 +
4x
2
+ 4x + 4
_
+ 3y
_
2 +
_
9y
2
+ 3
_
= 0
4x
3
3y + 3
1 3y = 5
Gii
phng trnh (1) 2 bin x, y hon ton tch ri nhau v ta hi vng n s ra c iu g
, vi hnh thc ny c l l hm s. Phng trnh (1) vit li thnh
(2x + 1)(2 +
_
(2x + 1)
2
+ 3 = 3y(2 +
_
9y
2
+ 3)
Cha phi cng 1 dng hm. Nhng 9y
2
= (3y)
2
. Khi 2 v u c dng
f(t) = 2t +t
t
2
+ 3
Hm ny n iu tng, t ta suy ra 2x + 1 = 3y thay vo (2) ta c
4x
3
+ 2x + 3
2x + 2 = 6 x = 1
V v tri ng bin nn phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht.
_
1;
1
3
_
Cu 410
_
_
27y
3
3x
2
+ 9y = 1
x +
3y =
4
72
_
x
2
9
+y
2
_
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0
phng trnh th (2)
N
g
u
y
n
M
i
n
h
T
u
n
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 227
(
x +
_
3y)
4
4(x + 3y)
2
8(x
2
+ 9y
2
) = V P
ng thc xy ra khi
x =
_
3y x = 3y.
Thay ln (1) ta c
x
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 = 0 x = 1 y =
1
3
_
1;
1
3
_
R ca s hc tp th ng, qu ca s hc tp th ngt.

Tuyen Tap 410 Cau He Phuong Trinh

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Tuyen Tap 410 Cau He Phuong Trinh

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Nguyn Minh Tun

Sinh vin K62CLC - Khoa Ton Tin HSPHN

II. Cch gii:

S dng cch ny chng ta thy, mt h phng trnh hu t ch cn tm c mt cp

V y l tng gc ca n. Hnh thc n gin hn mt cht

S dng tnh n iu ca hm s cng l mt hng kh ph bin trong gii h phng trnh.

(x) = 4x 3 > 0 vi x nh trn

Mt cch khc cng kh tt. t

Bi h ny c kh nhiu d bn phong ph. Ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn

Tc gi ca n rt kho lo trn nhiu ln cch t n tng tch vo mt h, gy nhiu kh

10 tc l phi chng minh

10. Tng t vi bin y v ta c iu phi chng minh

Hy k mi tng quan gia cc biu thc trong mt phng trnh va ta s t mc ch

t + 4 l hm n iu tng. T ta c y = x + 6 thay vo (2) ta

y ti a ra mt s cu h s dng tnh n iu ca hm s kh n gin. Ni l n

Ti s a thm 2 cu na cho bn c luyn tp

x y phi cng du.

y 1 = b 0 . Phng trnh (2) s tng ng

2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180

Vy V T |x +y| x + y. ng thc xy ra khi x = y 0 thay vo (2) ta c

Tht kh ngh c mt php th kh o nh th kia phi khng ? Bi ton ny c kh

Ti s a thm mt cu tng tng t nhng mc kh hn mt to.

y + 1 = a, 3y = b th phng trnh cho tng ng

Ti gii thiu thm mt cu gn tng t nhng kh hn.

y = b 0. Phng trnh tr thnh

3 sin a cos a + 2cos

3 sin 2a + cos 2a 3 = sin 3a + 2 sin

1 + cos t = sin t(1 + 2 cos t)

1 x t (1) xung (2) v ta thu c

2(x y)(1 + 4xy) =

cu tip theo ti s ci thm mt bi vit ngn kh hay.

Phng php t ny c th gii c mt s phng trnh bc 5 c bit. Ti s nu mt v

3 sin t + cos 3t = 2 sin t

3 sin 3t cos 3t = 2 sin t sin

Loi h ny hnh thc cho thng kh gin n nh vy. Mt li khuyn nh ca ti l hy

19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x =

19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x =

Ti a thm 1 v d na cho cc bn lm. V t rt ra nhn xt v hnh thc ca chng.

2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270

xy 2. Tht vy, t (2) ta c

y = b > 0 th (1) tng ng

y = xy. V xy > 0 x > y

Trc khi n cu tip theo ta cng xem xt bi ton sau :

y(y + 12x + 3) + 3y(1 + 2x) = 6(1 x)

x 1 = b phng trnh (1) tng ng

2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390

2y x n sinh ra t u ? l chuyn v v bnh phng

x)(x +y +xy + 2014)

P/S : Thay y = 0, y = 4 ta cng c nhng cch khc p mt tng t. Him lm ti mi

2x 1 = a 0. T phng trnh (1) ta rt ra

5 x +y = c, a, b, c > 0 h cho tng ng

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