C

m
=

1000

i vi dung dch to thnh t hai cht A, B vi s mol tng ng l nA, nB , ta c




Chng 5. DUNG DCH


5.1. Nng v tan ca dung dch
5.1.1. Nng
biu th thnh phn ca mt dung dch, ngi ta dng nng dung dch.
Vy nng dung dch l lng cht tan c trong mt lng xc nh dung dch hoc
dung mi, lng cht tan ln to dung dch c, ngc li l dung dch long.
a. Nng phn trm khi lng (%)
S gam cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch:

C% =
m
Ct
m
dd
100

V d: Dung dch NaOH 20% ngha l c 100g dung dch th c 20g NaOH tan
trong .

| Nng % theo th tch
Biu th s ml cht tan c trong 100ml dung dch.
V d: ancol etylic 70
o
ngha l trong 100ml dung dch ru ny cn c 70ml
C2H5OH nguyn cht v 30ml H2O.
b. Nng mol
S mol cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch:

C
M
=

n
ct
V
dd
(l)


c. Nng molan (Cm)
S mol ca cht tan c trong 1kg hoc 1000g dung mi:
n
ct
m
dm
Vi nct l s mol cht tan c trong lng dung mi l mdm.
V d: dung dch NaCl 0,2 molan: dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaCl trong 1000
gam nc.
d. Nng Phn mol
L t l gia s mol cht no vi tng s mol ca cc cht trong dung dch.
B
biu thc phn mol nh sau:

| A
=

n
A
n
A
+

n
B
;
| B
=

n
B
n
A
+

n
B

* Ch : Tng nng phn mol ca cc cht c trong dung dch bng 1.



74
Gi: NA, NB : Nng ng lng gam ca 2 dung dch A v B
VA VB: Th tch ca 2 dung dch A v B phn ng va vi nhau
NA .VA = NB .VB



e. Nng ng lng
Mt loi nng khc thng c s dng tnh ton trong cc phng
php phn tch th tch l nng ng lng c nh ngha l s ng lng
gam ca cht tan trong mt lt dung dch.


C
N
=

n'
V
n: s ng lng gam cht tan c trong dung dch.

V: th tch (l)

V d: dung dch HCl 2N l dung dch c cha 2 ng lng gam hoc
2 36,5g HCl nguyn cht.
* p dng nh lut ng lng cho cc phn ng trong dung dch.
Gi s phn ng : A + B C

B

B
Theo nh lut ng lng ta c:

B
y l biu thc ton hc p dng nh lut ng lng cho dung dch.

f. Mi quan h gia cc nng

* Gia nng phn t gam v nng %:

M : khi lng phn t cht tan


C
M
=

10dC%
M
CM : nng mol ca dung dch

d : khi lng ring ca dung dch

C%: nng % ca dung dch

* Gia nng ng lng v nng % ca dung dch:

C
N
=

10dC%
D
D: ng lng gam

* Gia CM v CN:


CN = n.CM


n = S in tch m 1 ptg cht trao i

hoc n = S e m 1 ptg cht trao i

V d 1: Ta c dung dch 0,5M H2SO4. 1 mol H2SO4 ng vi s ng lng
gam l 2. Do CN = 2. 0,5 = 1N.
V d 2: Dung dch s dng bnh acqui l dung dch H2SO4 3,75M, c khi
lng ring l: 1,230 g/ml. Tnh nng %, nng molan v nng ng lng
ca H2SO4 trong dung dch trn.


75
C
m
=

=

4,35m

Am nB
=

[

A
n+

]

[B
m

]
n

2



Gii:
Khi lng ca 1 lt dung dch: 1000 x 1,230 = 1230g
Khi lng ca H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch: 3,75 x 98 = 368g
Khi lng ca H2O trong 1 lt dung dch: 1230 - 368 = 862g
Do :

C% =
368
1230
100 = 29,9%

C
N
=

3,75

2

=

7,5N

3, 75.1000
862
5.1.2. tan v cc yu t nh hng n tan
a. Khi nim v tan
tan l nng ca cht tan c vo dung dch to ra mt dung dch bo
ha mt nhit xc nh.
mt nhit nht nh tan ca mt cht trong mt dung mi c xc
nh bng nng ca dung dch bo ha ca cht .
Thng thng tan ca cht rn trong mt cht lng c biu th bng s
mol cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch.
i vi cht kh tan trong cht lng th tan c biu din bng th tch cht
kh bo ha trong mt th tch xc nh ca dung mi.
tan thng c k hiu l S
- Khi dung dch c nng nh hn tan ta c dung dch cha bo ha, cht
tan c th tan thm.
- Khi dung dch c nng ln hn tan cng nhit th ta c dung dch
qu bo ha.
Cc dung dch qu bo ha khng bn, nu khuy, lc hoc thm vo dung
dch mt vi tinh th cht rn s c s kt tinh cht tan t dung dch v dung dch
s tr v trng thi bo ha.
Tch s tan
L tch s nng ca cc ion ca n trong dung dch bo ha cht vi s
m bng h s t lng trong phn thc:
AmBn mA
n+
+ nB
m-

m

V d, tch s tan BaSO4 l 1,1.10
-10
( 25
o
C)
Nu gi S l tan ca BaSO4, lc ta c:
[Ba

2+

][SO
4

]

=

S.S

=

T
BaSO
4




76




S = T = 1,1.10
10
= 1,05.10
5
mol / L

Mt cht s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion ca n trong dung dch ln hn
tch s tan v ngc li.n s cn tan khi tch s nng ion ca n cha t n tch
s tan.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n tan
* Bn cht cht tan v bn cht dung mi
Qui lut kinh nghim v tan: < Cc cht c cng tnh phn cc th ha tan
tt vo nhau >.
V d: Khi ha tan NaCl vo nc, qu trnh ha tan c th chia lm 3 bc:
- Bc 1 Ph v cu trc tinh th ca cht tan to thnh tiu phn ring bit.
- Bc 2 Ph v lc lin kt lin phn t gia cc phn t dung mi to ra cc
khong trng cho cc tiu phn ca cc cht tan xm nhp.
- Bc 3 Xy ra tng tc gia cc tiu phn ca cht tan v cc phn t ca dung mi
to thnh dung dch, tc xy ra qu trnh solvat ha.
* Nhit
- tan ca mt cht tng khi nhit tng, nu qu trnh ha tan thu nhit.
V d: NH4Cl, KNO3 tan nhiu khi un nng.
Vic ha tan cc cht rn vo nc, v d ha tan ng hay mui vo nc, m
ta gp hng ngy c th i n kt lun rng tan ca cc cht tng theo nhit .
Tuy nhin, iu thc s khng phi nh vy. Khi nhit tng gip qu trnh ha tan
xy ra nhanh hn nhng lng cht tan c th gim i theo nhit .
- tan ca cht kh gim khi nhit tng v qu trnh ha tan ca cc cht kh pht
nhit.
nh hng ca nhit i vi tan ca cc cht kh c ngha quan trng v
mt mi trng. Vn ny c thy r khi mt lng ln nc c s dng
lm ngui trong cc qui trnh cng nghip, sau khi s dng s b nng ln v c thi
tr li sng h. Do nng hn nn nc s cha t lng O2 ha tan hn, iu ny lm
ph v cn bng hp ph O2, lm gim lng O2 ha tan trong nc v do vy s nh
hng n hot ng sng ca cc sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc.
* p sut
p sut nh hng khng ng k n tan ca cht rn hoc lng, nhng c
tc ng ln n tan ca cht kh. Cc loi nc gii kht cha ga khi ng chai
phi p sut CO2 cao nhm bo m t c mt nng ln ca CO2 trong dung
dch. Khi m np, do p sut ca CO2 trong kh quyn b nn xy ra s thot CO2 khi
dung dch to nn si bt v c trng.
S gia tng tan ca cht kh trong cht lng c th c minh ha trong v d
sau: gi s ang xy ra cn bng gia cht kh v cht lng, ngha l s phn t kh
thot ra hoc tan vo dung dch vi tc bng nhau. Nu ta lm tng p sut th s
phn t kh trong mt n v th tch s gia tng, kh s tan vo dung dch vi tc
ln hn tc thot ra, lc ny nng kh tan trong dung dch s tng cho n khi



77
Bng 9. S ph thuc ca hng s Henry (k) vo nhit .
Ch l nh lut Henry ch ng trong trng hp cc cht kh tan khng phn



mt cn bng mi c thit lp, v d nhin lc ny dung dch s cha mt lng kh
tan nhiu hn.
nh lut Henry v tan ca cht kh trong cht lng: tan ca cc cht kh
t l vi p sut ring phn ca cht kh .

K : hng s t l (c trng cho mi loi dung dch)

S = K.Pi Pi : p sut ring phn ca cht kh

S : tan ca cht kh trong cht lng ( g/100g dung mi)

V d: ha tan ca O2 s gim 25% khi tng lng mui ha tan trong nc
ti 40 gam.

















ng vi dung mi, v d: ng vi trng hp kh O2 tan trong nc, nhng khng
ng vi trng hp HCl tan trong nc v y xy ra s phn ly ca HCl.

5.2. Tnh cht ca dung dch khng in ly
5.2.1. p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch cha cht tan khng in li v khng
bay hi.
p sut hi ca mt cht lng l p sut gy nn bi nhng phn t ca n trn
mt thong cht lng.
p sut hi bo ha l p sut to ra trn mt thong khi qu trnh bay hi t
ti trng thi cn bng.
Gii thch: do chuyn ng nhit nn cc phn t cht lng tinh khit ng
trong bnh kn s tch khi b mt cht lng v bin thnh hi. Qu trnh ny gi l
qu trnh ha hi. Mt khc, cc phn t cht lng tinh khit trng thi hi cng
chuyn ng hn lon, va vo b mt cht lng v mt s phn t c th ngng t tr
li, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh ngng t. Khi vn tc hai qu trnh ny bng nhau th
tn ti cn bng:
Lng Hi ; H > 0
Lc ny, trng thi hi nm cn bng vi trng thi lng gi l hi bo ha, n
gy nn p sut hi bo ha ca cht nguyn cht.


78

o
Nhit ( K)
k
-5
O2 ( 10 )
-5
CO2 ( 10 )
-5
H2S ( 10 )
273 67,45 3349,51 6825,24
275 63,48 3000,97 6397,08
277 60,52 2788,34 5998,05
298 38,76 1407,76 3332,03



Th nghim v p sut hi bo ha: C hai cc, mt cc ng nc nguyn cht v
mt cc ng dung dch nc ng v c t trong mt chu thy tinh nh hnh 33.
Sau mt thi gian th nghim ta thy th tch ca cc cha nc gim cn th tch ca cc
cha dung dch nc ng tng.
iu ny c th c gii thch khi p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht ln
hn p sut hi ca dung dch cha cht tan khng bay hi, ngha l nu hai bnh c
lp nhau th khi cn bng lng hi c thit lp p sut hi to ra trn b mt dung
mi nguyn cht phi ln hn p sut hi to ra trn b mt dung dch.









Hnh 33. Th nghim nh hng ca cht tan n tnh cht ca dung mi
Do trong mt h kn, s ha hi mnh ca dung mi nguyn cht lm cn
bng lng hi ca dung dch b dch chuyn theo chiu dung dch phi hp th hi
lm gim p sut hi trn b mt dung dch. S hp th hi ca dung mi trn b mt
dung dch s lm gim p sut hi ca dung mi trong h. t cn bng lng hi
tr li, dung mi nguyn cht phi bc hi thm, kt qu l xy ra s chuyn dung mi
nguyn cht sang dung dch.
S hin din ca cht tan trong dung dch lm gim s phn t dung mi t do
trong mt n v th tch, do lm gim s phn t dung mi trn b mt v do
lm gim kh nng ha hi ca dung mi.
Khi ho tan mt cht tan khng in li v khng bay hi vo mt dung mi th cc
phn t cht tan s phn b u trong ton b th tch ca dung mi. Mt s phn t dung
mi c trn mt thong c thay th bi cc phn t cht tan khng bay hi, mt s phn
t dung mi bay hi gim v do p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi trong dung dch b
hn so vi p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi nguyn cht. S phn t cht tan cng tng
th s phn t dung mi thot ra cng t, do p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch (P1) lun
lun nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi nguyn cht (P0).
S gim p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch tun theo nh lut Raoult I.
p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch bng p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi
nguyn cht nhn vi phn mol ca dung mi trong dung dch.

V
l
=

V
0|dm
=

V
0
n
dm
n
dm
+

n
ct

P1 : p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch;
P0 : p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi nguyn cht
|dm : phn mol ca dung mi trong dung dch
Nu gi |cht tan l nng phn mol ca cht tan trong dung dch th:
|dm + |ct = 1


79
V
0
V
1
V

Bng 10. Gi tr KS v K ca mt s dung mi khc nhau



P : gim p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch
P/P0 : gim tng i p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch

|ct
=

=
V
0
V
0
nh lut Raoult I c th pht biu cch khc: "Ti mt nhit xc nh,
gim tng i p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch cha cht tan khng bay hi v
khng in li bng nng phn mol ca cht tan trong dung dch".
Trong trng hp dung dch long v l tng, nh lut Raoult I ng vi mi
cht tan khng in li, khng bay hi.
5.2.2. tng nhit si
Nhit ca cht lng l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha ca cht lng
bng p sut hi bo ho ca kh quyn.
Do dung dch c p sut hi bo ha nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi
nguyn cht nn mun cho p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch bng p sut kh quyn
cn phi tng nhit ca dung dch ln nn nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit
si ca dung mi nguyn cht.
Nhit si bnh thng ca mt cht lng c nh ngha l nhit lc p
sut hi ca cht lng t c 1 atm. Cc cht tan khng bay hi lm gim p sut hi
ca dung dch, do dung dch phi c un nng n nhit cao hn nhit si
ca dung mi tinh cht mi c th t c p sut 1atm. iu ny c ngha l cht tan
khng bay hi lm tng nhit si ca dung mi. Mc gia tng nhit si ph
thuc vo nng ca cht tan trong dung dch. i vi cc dung dch long mi quan
h c biu din bng phng trnh:

S
=

_
S
.C
m
Vi: T: tng nhit si so vi dung mi tinh cht.
ks :gi l hng s nghim si ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi.
Cm: nng molan ca cht tan trong dung dch.
Da vo tng nhit si so vi dung mi nguyn cht ta c th xc nh
c phn t lng ca cht tan trong dung dch.



















80
Dung mi Nhit si (C) Ks0C.Kg/mol Nhit
0
K C.Kg/mol
Nc 100,0 0,51 0 1,86
CCl4 76,5 5,03 -22,99 3,00
CHCl3 61,2 3,63 -63,5 4,70
C6H6 80,1 2,53 5,5 5,12
CS2 46,2 2,34 -111,5 3,83
te etylic 34,5 2,02 -116,2 1,79
Camphor 208,0 5,95 179,8 40



V d 1: Mt dung dch c iu ch bng cch ha tan 18,00g Gluc trong
150,00g nc. Dung dch c nhit si l 100,34
0
C. xc nh phn t lng ca
Gluc, bit hng s nghim si ca nc l 0,51
0
C.Kg/mol.
Gii:

S
=

_
S
.C
m
;

= 0,34
0
C ; Ks = 0,51

Cm =
0,34
0,51
= 0,67 mol/kg =
n
gluco
0,1500

Do : ngluco = 0,15. 0,67 = 0,1 mol;

M
gluco
=

18
0,1
= 180

5.2.3. h nhit ng c
Nhit ng c (kt tinh) ca cht lng l nhit m ti p sut hi bo
ho ca pha lng bng p sut hi bo ho ca pha rn.
Do p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung
mi nguyn cht nn cho p sut hi bo ho trn pha rn bng p sut hi bo ho
trn pha lng (ca dung dch) cn phi h nhit ng ca dung dch xung, ngha
l: nhit ng ca dung dch nh hn nhit ng ca dung mi nguyn cht.
V d: Vi nc nguyn cht c nhit ng c l 0
0
C (chnh xc l
0,0099
0
C) ng vi p sut hi bo ha ca nc v nc lng l 0,006atm. Vic
ha tan cht tan vo nc s lm cho dung dch c nhit ng c thp hn nc
nguyn cht, bi v s hin din ca cht tan trong nc s lm cho p sut hi ca
nc trong dung dch thp hn p sut hi ca nc , do ti nhit ny dung
dch khng th ng c v khng c s cn bng ca p sut hi gia pha lng v pha
rn. Nu ta h nhit , p sut hi ca pha rn gim nhanh hn pha lng, kt qu s
dn n s cn bng p sut hi ca 2 pha lng v rn v lc ny dung dch s ng
c.
Do cht tan lm h nhit ng c ca nc, nn cc cht nh NaCl, CaCl2
thng c ri trn cc va h hoc ng l trnh s ng bng trong ma ng
cc nc vng lnh gi, d nhin vi iu kin nhit bn ngoi khng qu thp.














Hnh 34. Gin pha ca cn bng lng / hi v lng / rn ca dd nc cha cht
tan khng bay hi




81



T gin ta c th kt lun: s hin din ca cht tan khng bay hi lm m
rng khong nhit m dung dch tn ti trng thi lng. Cng ging nh tng
nhit si, h nhit ng c ca dung dch so vi dung mi nguyn cht ph
thuc vo nng ca cht tan. Phng trnh biu din s lin h, i vi dung dch
long, cng c dng tng t v cng c dng xc nh phn t lng ca cc
cht tan.
T = K.Cm
T: h nhit ng c ca dung dch so vi dung mi tinh cht.
K : hng s nghim ng ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi.
Cm : nng molan ca cht tan.
V d: Tnh gn ng khi lng ca etylen glycol cn thm vo 10 lt nc
thu c mt dung dch c nhit ng c l 23,3
0
C. Bit Mtylenglicol = 62,1. Khi
lng ring ca nc 1g/ml, hng s nghim ng ca nc 1,86
0
C kg/mol.
Gii
T = K.Cm;

Cm =
23,3
1,86
= 12,5 mol/kg

Do 10 lt nc c khi lng 10 Kg, nn
Khi lng etylenglycol cn : 12,5 6,2110
3
= 7,8Kg
Di p sut bnh thng nc c khi lng ring (t trng) cao nht l
4C: 1 g/cm l v nc vn tip tc gin n khi nhit gim xung di 4C.
Hin tng ny khng c quan st bt k mt cht no khc. iu ny c ngha
l: Vi nhit trn 4C, nc c c tnh ging mi vt khc l nng n, lnh co;
nhng vi nhit di 4C, nc li lnh n, nng co. Do hnh th c bit ca phn
t nc (vi gc lin kt 104,45), khi b lm lnh cc phn t phi di xa ra to
lin kt tinh th lc gic m. V vy m t trng ca nc nh hn nc th lng.
















Hnh 35. Cc tinh th nc trng thi ng lnh < 4
0
C
Khi ng lnh di 4C, cc phn t nc phi di xa ra to lin kt tinh th lc
gic m.



82



5.2.4. p sut thm thu ca dung dch
p sut thm thu l p sut cn phi tc dng ln mt dung dch th nhit
ng ca n ly li gi tr m n c i vi dung mi tinh khit.
V d 1: Khi th vo nc tinh khit, nc thm nhp nhanh chng vo dung
dch ng qua mng v ngi thy nc dng ln trong ng. ng thi, nhng vi
tc nh hn nhiu, ng cng khuch tn vo trong nc tinh khit. Cui cng
nng hai bn mng cn bng nhau, cc mc cng vy, cc hin tng khuch tn t
nhiu c tnh chn lc qua cc mng gi l s thm thu. Cch phn tch mt hn hp
nh s dng cc hin tng thm thu gi l php thm tch.
V d 2: Mt ng thy tinh c ngn cch bi mt mng bn thm gia
(mng bn thm c tnh cht c bit l ch cho cc phn t dung mi thm qua nhng
khng cho cc phn t cht tan thm qua). Cho vo hai bn ng cng th tch dung
mi nguyn cht v dung dch cha cht tan. Sau mt thi gian th tch ca dung dch
tng cn th tch ca dung mi nguyn cht gim. Qu trnh di chuyn dung mi
nguyn cht sang dung dch thng qua mng bn thm c gi s thm thu. n
mt lc no mc cht lng bn phn ng ng dung dch khng dng cao ln na,
qu trnh thm thu t n cn bng. Kt qu l mc cht lng trong ng ng dung
dch cao hn trong phn ng ng dung mi nguyn cht, iu ny c ngha l p
sut tnh ca dung dch ln hn ca dung mi tinh cht. Phn p sut chnh lch c
gi l p sut thm thu.










Hnh 36. Th nghim xc nh p sut thm thu
p sut thm thu cng c s dng xc nh phn t lng ca cht tan
v c dng nhiu hn cc phng php khc bi v ch cn mt nng nh ca
cht tan cng to nn c mt p sut thm thu c gi tr ng k.
Lc cn tc dng ln mt n v din tch ca mng bn thm lm trit tiu
hin tng thm thu gi l p sut thm thu (k hiu ). p sut ny bng p sut
thy tnh ca ct cht lng c chiu cao h gy ra.
| nh lut Vant Hoff v p sut thm thu
Nm 1887 Van't Hoff xc nh p sut thm thu ca dung dch lng cha cht
tan khng in li tha mn phng trnh:
= CRT
C: nng mol ca dung dch
R: hng s kh
T: nhit tuyt i (
0
K)
: p sut thm thu ca dung dch (atm)


83
C = =
6,0210



Thay
n m
V MV

ta c: V =
m
M
RT

V: th tch dung dch (lt) cha m gam cht tan.
M: Khi lng phn t ca cht tan
p sut thm thu ca dung dch bng p sut gy bi cht tan, nu nh cng
nhit cht tan nm trng thi kh v chim mt th tch bng th tch dung dch.
nh lut ny ch p dng cho dung dch long cha cht tan khng bay hi v
khi khng c s tng tc gia cc cht. p sut thm thu ch ph thuc vo nhit
v nng cht tan.
Vic o p sut thm thu cng c s dng xc nh khi lng phn t
cht tan.
V d 3: Ha tan 1. 10
-3
g mt protein vo nc v chnh n th tch 1ml. Dung
dch thu c c p sut thm thu l 1,12mmHg 25
0
C. Tnh khi lng phn t ca
protein.
Gii:

= 1,12

1
160
= 1,47 10
3
atm ;

R = 0,082atm/
0
K.mol ;
T = 25 + 273 = 298
0
K

C =
1,47 10
3

0,082 298
= 6,02 10
5
mol / l ;

Khi lng phn t =
1,0010
3

5
= 1,66 10
4


| ng dng:
Hin tng thm thu c ngha sinh hc rt quan trng v mng ca cc t bo
l mng thm thu. Thm thu l nguyn nhn trc tip ca qu trnh ht nc t mi
trng v qu trnh vn chuyn nc trong c th sinh vt. Tuy nhin, Mi sinh vt ch
pht trin bnh thng trong mi trng c p sut thm thu thch hp. Do nu
bn phn vi nng qu ln c th lm cy cht v mt nc.
Dch t bo ca mi c th sng c nng cc cht dinh dng xc nh nn
c p sut thm thu xc dnh. Khi p sut thm thu ca dch t bo ln hn ca mi
trng s gy ra s thm thu nc mi trng vo t bo v lm cho nc di
chuyn t t bo n sang t bo kia.
Qu trnh thm thu c nghin cu th nghim sau: Khi cy ho t trong
nc th ti li. Khi nc thm vo t bo, n s to ra p sut d trong p sut
ny cng tng nh v t bo v gi n trng thi cng. Nu ct t cy, do nc
bay hi nn th tch ca cht lng bn trong gim xung v v t bo xp i, cy s




84
phn bit mc mnh - yu ca cht in li, ngi ta qui c:



ho. Nu nh t cy va mi ho vo nc th s thm thu li bt u, t bo li
cng ra v cy ti li.
Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca s thm thu l to ra my lc mu
cho nhng bnh nhn b bnh thn. Mu c cho chy qua mt ng lm bng
cellophane, ng vai tr mng bn thm, ng c t trong dung dch ra (dialyzing).
Dung dch ny cha cc ion cng nh cha cc cht tan c nng bng nng ca
chng trong mu, do s thm thu cc cht ny s thm qua mng i vo dung dch v
do mu c lc sch.
Dung dch c p sut thm thu nh nhau gi l dung dch ng trng. Cc
cht lng bm vo mu phi ng trng vi cht lng trong mu.
By gi nu chng ta cho nc nguyn cht tip xc vi dung dch nc mui
thng qua mt mng bn thm v tc ng ln dung dch nc mui mt p sut ln
hn p sut thm thu ca dung dch nc mui th s xy ra qu trnh thm thu
ngc ngha l nc s chuyn t dung dch vo nc nguyn cht. ng dng ny c
ngha thc tin ln. Cc my kh mui xch tay ng dng nguyn tc trn cho php
lc c 5 lt nc t nc bin trong 1 gi.
5.3. Dung dch in ly
5.3.1. Thuyt in ly
a. Thuyt Arrhenius
Axt l hp cht cha hiro khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H
+
.
Baz l hp cht cha OH khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH
-
.
b. Thuyt Bronsted Lowry
Axt l tiu phn (phn t, ion) c kh nng nhng proton (H
+
).
Baz l tiu phn (phn t, ion) c kh nng nhn proton.
V d, khi ho tan NaCl vo nc:
NaCl + (x + y)H2O Na
+
.xH2O + Cl
-
.yH2O
Cc cht khc nhau c mc phn li khc nhau nn ta c cht in li mnh v
cht in li yu.
c. in li:
in li ( ca mt cht in li l t s s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s
phn t ho tan (n0).

( =
n
n
o

Vy in li ca cht in li mnh ( = 0; ca cht in li yu: 0 < ( < 1.










85
Cht in li Yu Trung bnh Mnh
in li 0 < ( o 0,03 0,03 < ( < 0,3 0,3 < ( o 1
S phn li ion rt t Mt phn Gn hon ton
3



d. Phn loi cht in li: Cht in li mnh, cht in li yu, cht khng in li.
Cht in li mnh: l cht c kh nng cht in li hon ton thnh cc ion
ngha l trong dung dch khng cn phn t cha in li; gm: axit mnh, baz mnh
v mui ca chng.
Cht in li yu: l cht ch in li mt phn thnh ion (hoc ch c mt s phn
t in li ra ion); gm: axit yu, baz yu, mui ca baz yu v axit yu.
5.3.2. Cn bng trong dung dch cht in li yu
a. Hng s in li
S in li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch nn ta c th p
dng nh lut tc dng khi lng.
Gi s c cn bng: HA H
+
+ A
-



Ta c:

_ =
[H
+
] [ A

]
[HA]

[H
+
], [A
-
]: nng mol
Hng s cn bng K gi l hng s in li hoc hng s ion ho, c trng cho
kh nng in li ca mt cht K; cng ln th s in li cng mnh, cht in li phn li
ra cc ion cng nhiu v ngc li. K ph thuc bn cht ca cht in li, dung mi v
nhit .
b. Mi lin h gia hng s in li v in li
nh lut pha long Otswald
AB A
+
+ B
-

Nng ban u: C 0 0
Nng cn bng: C - C( C( C(

_=
C(.C(
C C(
_=
(
2

1(
C

y l biu thc nh lut pha long OstWald.

Nu ( o 0,05 c th coi 1- ( H 1. T : ( =

_
C

Biu thc ny cho thy: in li t l nghch vi cn bc 2 ca nng cht
in li. l ni dng ca nh lut pha long Ostwald. Khi nng gim ngha l khi
pha long th in li ca dung dch tng ln.
5.3.3. c im in li ca axit v baz
a. Axit v s in li
- Axit l cht trong dung dch in li ra ion H
+
(H3O
+
) v anion gc axit.
HnA nH
+
+ A
n-


V d: _e
3

+
+ _e

86
Bng 11. Hng s in li (Ka) v pKa ca mt s axit yu
b. Baz v s in li
4



Tnh axit ca dung dch l do tnh cht ca ion H
+
quyt nh, cht no in li
cho cng nhiu ion H
+
th tnh axit cng mnh.
- Axit mnh l axt in li gn nh hon ton, axit yu in li khng hon ton.
- i vi axit yu: HA H
+
+ A
-


_
A
=

[H
+
][ A

]
[HA]

KA gi l hng s cn bng axit (hng s in li), cc axit a chc yu s in li
thnh nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s axit ring. Hng s axit chung ca ton b
phn t bng tch cc hng s axit ring.


































Baz l cht trong dung dch in li ra anion OH
-
v cation kim loi (hoc _
+
)
M(OH)n M
n+
+ nOH
-

Tnh baz do ion OH
-
quyt nh, cht in li cng nhiu ion OH
-
th tnh baz
cng mnh.
Baz mnh l baz in li hon ton, baz yu in li khng hon ton.





87
Tn axit Cng thc phn t Ka pKa
A. Oxalic HOOC-COOH
-2
7,5.10
-5
5,4.10
1,27
4,27
A. Photphoric H3PO4
-3
7,5.10
-8
6,2.10
-2
2,2.10
2,13
7,21
11,66
A. Xucxinic HOOC(CH2)2-COOH
-5
6,3.10
-6
2,4.10
4,20
5,63
A. Acrilic CH2=CH-COOH
-5
5,5.10
4,26
A. Fomic HCOOH
-4
1,8.10
3,74
A. Axetic CH3-COOH
-5
1,8.10
4,76
A. Lactic CH3CH(OH)-COOH
-4
1,4.10
3,86
A. Benzoic C6H5-COOH
-5
6,5.10
4,19
A. Malonic HOOC-CH2-COOH
-3
1,5.10
-6
2,0.10
2,83
5,70
4
Bng 12. Hng s in li (Kb) v pKb ca mt s baz yu
5.3.4. Tch s ion ca nc - pH ca mt s dung dch



i vi baz yu: qu trnh in li thun nghch; hng s cn bng in li ca
baz gi l hng s baz.
NH4OH NH4+ + OH
-



_
9
=

[_
+
][e

]
[_
4
e]


Cc baz a chc yu s in li thnh nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s baz
ring. Hng s baz chung ca ton b phn t bng tch cc hng s baz ring.




















a. Tch s ion ca nc
Nc nguyn cht tuy vi mc rt nh, cng c kh nng dn in, trong
nc tn ti cn bng:
H2O H
+
+ OH
-

Vy nc l cht in li yu:
H2O + H2O H3O
+
+ OH
-

Tch s nng cc ion H
+
v OH
-
trong nc nguyn cht hoc trong dung dch
khng qu c mi nhit l mt hng s gi l tch s ion ca nc, k hiu Kw:

Kw = [H
+
][OH
-
]
25
0
C ta c Kw =[H
+
][OH
-
] = 10
-14

Mi trng axt: [H
+
] > [OH
-
] v [H
+
] > 10
-7

Mi trng baz: [H
+
] < [OH
-
] v [H
+
] < 10
-7

b. pH
c trng cho axit, baz hay trung tnh ca mt dung dch, ngi ta s
dng mt i lng gi l pH.
pH = - lg[H
+
].



88
Tn baz Cng thc phn t Kb pKb
Dietylamin (C2H5)2NH
-4
9,6.10
3,00
Etylamin CH3NH2
-4
5,6.10
2,13
Amoniac NH3
-5
1,8.10
4,74
Hidroxilamin NH2OH
-8
1,1.10
7,97
Anilin C6H5NH2
-10
3,8.10
9,42
Ur (NH2)2CO
-14
1,5.10
13,82
[Ind ]
Bng 13. Khong i mu ca mt s cht ch th
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng cht ch th vn nng l hn hp gm nhiu cht ch



pH c gi l ch s hyr hay pH.
Dung dch c pH cng nh [H
+
] cng ln dung dch c tnh axt cng
mnh.
Dung dch c pH cng ln [H
+
] cng nh [OH
-
] cng ln dung dch c
tnh axt cng yu (tnh baz cng mnh).
c. Cht ch th v pH
Nhiu phn ng ch xy ra mt pH xc nh. bit pH s b ca dung
dch nghin cu, ngi ta thng dng cc cht ch th mu hay cht ch th v pH.
| nh ngha
Cht ch th v pH l nhng cht c mu sc thay i ph thuc vo pH, chng
thng l axit hay baz hu c yu m dng phn t v dng ion c mu khc nhau.
V d: Mt cht ch th pH l axit th trong dung dch tn ti cn bng phn li:
HInd H
+
+ Ind
-

Dng axit Dng baz
- Nu mi trng axit th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, cho n khi
[HInd ]
[Ind

]
c 10 th dung dch c mu dng axit.

- Nu mi trng baz th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun, cho n khi

[HInd ]

c 10 th dung dch c mu dng baz.

| Khong i mu ca cht ch th
L khong pH t khi ch th bt u chuyn mu n chuyn mu hon ton.


















th khc nhau (phenolftalein, metyl , metyl vng, timolftalein,...).
i lng c trng i vi mi cht ch th pH l khong i mu ca cht ch
th. l khong pH m cht ch th bt u chuyn t mt mu ny sang hon ton
mt mu khc.



89
Cht ch th Khong i mu Mu dng axit Mu dng baz
Metyl da cam 3,1 - 4,4 cam Vng
Metyl 4,4 - 6,2 Vng
Qu tm 5-8 Hng Xanh
Phenolftalein 8 - 10 Khng mu Hng
Timolftalein 9,4 - 10,6 Khng mu Xanh
_
a
=

x
2

+

_
a
x

_
a
C
a
=

0

_
b
=

x
2

+

_
b
x

_
b
C
b
=

0

vi

0

<

x

<

C
b
.




d. pH ca mt s dung dch
* pH ca dung dch axt mnh mt nc
Axt mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhng mt H
+

pH = - lgCa
* pH ca dung dch baz mnh mt nc
Baz mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhn mt H
+

pH = 14 + lgCb
* pH ca dung dch axt yu mt nc
Xt dung dch axt yu CH3COOH nng Ca mol/l:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO
-
+ H3O
+

nng ban u Ca 0 0
nng cn bng Ca x x x
x.x
C
a

x

Khi bit Ka, Ca s tm c x = [H3O
+
] vi 0 < x < Ca.
Nu x qu nh so vi Ca ( x o 5%Ca ) th c th coi Ca - x H Ca.

T ta c: x

=

K
a
C
a

* pH ca dung dch baz yu mt nc
Xt dung dch baz yu NH3 nng Cb mol/l :
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
-

nng ban u Cb 0 0
nng cn bng Cb x x x
x.x
C
b

x

Nu x qu nh so vi Cb ( x o 5%Cb ) th c th coi Cb - x H Cb.

T ta c: x

=

K
b
C
b

5.3.5. S thy phn ca mui
nh ngha: Phn ng thu phn l phn ng trao i cc ion ca mui vi cc
ion ca nc to axt v baz.
iu kin xy ra: Phn ng thu phn xy ra khi c s to thnh axt yu hoc
baz yu., do pH ca mui s ph thuc vo tnh cht ca axt hoc baz to
thnh.
c im ca phn ng thy phn mui
+ C tnh cht thun nghch nn c th p dng nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng.




90
pH

=

7

(

pK
b
+

lg

C
m
)




+ Ch c gc axt yu v baz yu trong mui mi b thy phn. Axt cng yu, baz
cng yu th gc ca n trong mui mi b thu phn cng mnh.
+ Khi tng nhit th thu phn cng mnh.
+ Nu ho tan mt mui c gc axt yu v mt mui cp gc baz yu vo cng mt
dung dch th s thy phn mui tng cng ln nhau v c th b thy phn hon
ton.
Cc loi mui thy phn
- Mui ca baz yu vi axt mnh: Thu phn to baz yu v pH < 7.
1
2
- Mui ca baz mnh vi axt yu: Thu phn to axt yu v pH > 7.

pH = 7 +
1
2
(

pK
a
+

lg

C
m
)


- Mui ca baz yu vi axt yu: Thu phn to axt yu v baz yu.
Mt s nhn xt
- Nu ion ca mui l nhng cation trung tnh th qu trnh phn li ch dng li cc
ion b hirt ho v c pH ca dung dch khng thay i (pH = 7).
- Nu ion ca nhng anion v cation axt , baz hoc lng tnh th chng s tng tc
vi dung mi nc to ra sn phm c cha cht kt ta, bay hi hoc in li yu.
Qu trnh ny gi l s thy phn ca mui. Trong cc trng hp ny pH ca dung
dch s thay i

5.4. Dung dch keo
5.4.1. Khi qut v phn loi
a. Khi qut
Trng thi keo ca vt cht l trng thi phn tn d th, trong tng ht ring
l khng phi l mt phn t m l mt tp hp nhiu phn t. C th ng vt v
thc vt gm nhng dung dch v gel ca cc cht cao phn t. V th sinh ho hc
gn lin vi ho hc cht keo.
Cc ht c kch thc hn phn t v ion nhng khng ln c th quan
st c bng knh hin vi quang hc c gi l cc ht keo.
Ht keo l mt h phc tp to nn bi mt s lng ln khong t 10
3
- 10
5

nguyn t, c khi lng khong 10
4
- 10
9
n v nguyn t, vi kch thc t 10
-5

n 10
-7
cm.
Cu to ht keo: Trung tm ca ht keo c th l tinh th ion rt nh, hoc c
th l mt nhm phn t, hoc ch c th l mt phn t kch thc ln. Chng hp th
mt lp ion c cng in tch t mi trng, lp ion ny n lt n li hp th mt
lp ion c in tch tri du bao quanh, kt qu dn n cc ht keo phn bn ngoi
u c cng in tch.






91









Hnh 37. Cu to ht keo
Do c cng in tch nn cc ht keo s y nhau, khng th kt hp li c
thnh ht c kch thc ln tch ra khi h. Chnh lc y tnh in ny lm cho h
keo bn trong mt khong thi gian di.
H keo bao gm: Nhn, lp hp ph, lp ion i to thnh ht. Ht mang du
in tch ca lp hp ph.
- Nhn: Trung ha v in, gm mt s ln nguyn t hay kt phn t hp li.
- Lp hp ph (hay lp ion cng du b hp ph): nhn l mt tp hp phn t c b
mt ln nn c kh nng hp ph mt loi ion ca dung dch c trong thnh phn ca
nhn v tr thnh b mt mang in, cc ion ny phn b quanh nhn to thnh lp
hp ph.
- Lp ion i (hay lp ion b hp ph): lp hp ph c kh nng ht mt s ion ngc
du vi n. Cc ion ny phn b gn nhn to lp ion i.
- Lp khuych tn (hay lp ion khuch tn): mt s ion i cn li trong mi trng
phn tn to lp khuych tn. Lp ny b ht keo ht yu nn chuyn ng tng i
t do.
Ht + lp khuych tn = mixen
Mixen trung ho v in. D tc dng ca in trng, ht chuyn v mt in
cc, cn lp khuych tn chuyn v in cc kia. Nu lp hp ph mang in (+) ta c
keo (+) v ngc li.
b. Phn loi
C hai cch phn loi h keo:
Cch 1:
- Keo thn dch: tiu phn keo lin kt cht ch vi mi trng phn tn nh lp v
solvat, khi lm ng t dung dch keo ny ta thu c mt khi c gi l gel.
V d: Keo protein
- Keo s dch: tiu phn keo khng to c lp v solvat vi mi trng phn tn
nn khng gn cht vi mi trng. Khi lm ng t, keo ny s kt ta v tch khi
mi trng phn tn di dng bt.
V d: Keo hydroxit, oxit kim loi.
Khi mi trng phn tn l H2O, ta c keo thn nc v keo s nc, keo thn
dch bn hn keo s dch. Tnh cht thn dch hoc s dch ca keo cn ph thuc mi
trng phn tn.
V d: Keo Ca3(PO4)2
Cch 2: Keo dng v keo m.
- Keo dng gm: Hiroxit kim loi, phm nhum hu c, hmgrobin,


92
Nhn
Lp

ion

cng




- Keo m gm: Keo lu hunh, keo sunfua, gm rp,
| Keo dng Fe(OH)3
- Thy phn FeCl3 trong nc si ta c dung dch keo st (III) hiroxt:
FeCl3 = Fe
3+
+ 3Cl
-

Sau :
Fe
3+
+ H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H
+

Fe(OH)
2+
+ H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H
+

Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)3 + H
+


Fe
3+
+ 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H
+

Tng qut: FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H
+
+ 3Cl
-


- Cc phn t Fe(OH)3 to thnh dnh kt li thnh tp hp: [Fe(OH)3]m.
- B mt ca tp hp hp th ion Fe
3+
to thnh nhn ht keo:
[Fe(OH)3]m + nFe
3+
[Fe(OH)3]m . nFe
3+

- Nhn ht keo tch in dng: (3n)+ s ht cc ion Cl
-
thnh lp ion b hp ph:
[Fe(OH)3]m . nFe
3+
+ xCl
-
{ [Fe(OH)3]m . nFe
3+
.xCl
-
}
(3n

-

x)+

- Ton b ht keo tch in dng: (3n - x)+
- Mt phn cc ion Cl
-
khc xa ht nhn to thnh lp ion khuych tn.
- Cu to ht keo c biu din:
{ [Fe(OH)3]m ; nFe
3+
; xCl
-
}
(3n

-

x)
; (3n - x) Cl
-



du b hp ph
Lp ion b
hp ph
Lp ion
khuych tn

Ht nhn keo

| Keo m sunfua: As2S3
- Phn ng to keo: 2H3AsO3 + 3H2S As2S3 + 6H2O
Trong dung dch: H2S H
+
+ HS
-

- Trng hp ny nhn keo l As2S3: Lp ion cng du b hp ph: HS
-

- Lp ion b hp ph: H
+
; lp ion khuych tn H
+
.
- B mt ca tp hp hp th ion HS
-
to thnh nhn ht keo:
[As2S3]m + nHS
-
{ [As2S3]m . nHS
-
}
- Nhn ht keo tch in dng: (n)- s ht cc ion H
+
thnh lp ion b hp ph:
{ [As2S3]m . nHS
-
} + xH
+
{ [As2S3]m . nHS
-
. xH
+
}
(n

-

x)-

- Ton b ht keo tch in m: (n - x)-


93
Nhn
Lp

ion

cng

H
+
H
H
+
+
Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

H
+

Bng 14. Phn loi h keo



- Mt phn cc ion H
+
khc xa ht nhn to thnh lp ion khuych tn.
- Cu to ht keo c biu din:
{ [As2S3]m ; nHS
-
; xH
+
}
(n

-

x)
; (n - x) H
+



du b hp

Ht nhn keo
Lp ion b
hp ph
Lp ion
khuych tn






Cl
-






Cl
-


Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

Fe
3+


Fe(OH)
3


-
Cl
-

Cl


Cl
-

Nhan keo
Lp ion cung dau b hap phu

Lp ion b hap phu

H
+

H
+


+
H
+

H
+

HS
-


As
2
S
3


H
+

H

H
+
H
+



Cl
-

Cl
-

Cl
-

S

o

cau

tao

misen

keo

Fe(OH)
3
Lp ion khuech tan H
+
H
+

H
+

H
+

H
+

S o cau tao misen keo
As
2
S
3

Hnh 38. S cu to misen keo
* Lp ion cng du b hp ph quyt nh keo dng hay keo m:
V d: iu ch keo AgI t AgNO3 v KI:
- Phng trnh: AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3
- Nu dung dch tha AgNO3: AgNO3 Ag
+
+ NO3-
Khi , lp ion cng du b hp ph l ion Ag
+
Keo dng.
- Nu dung dch tha KI: KI K
+
+ I
-

Khi , lp ion cng du b hp ph l I
-
Keo m.

Mt phng php phn loi cc h keo rt thng c s dng l da trn
trng thi vt l ca ht keo v mi trng phn tn.



















94
V d Mi trng phn tn Cht phn tn Loi h
Sng m Kh Lng aerosol lng
Khi Kh Rn aerosol rn
Sa Lng Lng Nh tng
Sn Lng Rn Dung dch keo
Hp kim Rn Rn Dung dch keo rn
Kem Lng Kh Bt



5.4.2. Cc phng php iu ch v tinh ch
a. iu ch keo
* Phng php phn tn
Trong phng php ny ngi ta p dng bin php c hc chia nh cc ht
th ca h huyn ph, nh tng, bt thnh cc ht c kch thc ng quy nh h
keo. S phn tn c hc ca cht rn vo cht lng bao gi cng c hiu qu hn.
Cc qu trnh thng p dng:
- Nghin, xay cc ht rn bng ci xay keo cho n khi c kch thc bng ht keo.
- Phn tn bng siu m: dao ng siu m c tn s cao hn dao ng m thng,
di tc dung ca siu m, tiu phn th b gin v nn lin tcv b gy thnh cc tiu
phn c kch thc bng tiu phn keo.
* Phng php ngng t
Thy phn, oxi ha kh, ngng t,...l c s ca phng php iu ch h keo.
Khi c mt cht bn ha trong nhng iu kin xc nh v nhit , nng , ta c th
iu ch nhng h keo vi phn tn cao.
Cc qu trnh thng p dng:
- Ngng t bng phn ng ho hc:
V d:

FeCl
3
3H
2
O

t
0

Fe(OH)
3
3HCl

FeCl3 thu c khng tan trong nc nhng khng b lng xung thnh kt ta,
trong dung dch di dng keo trong sut c dng mu nu .
- Ngng t bng cch thay th dung mi: v d: dung dch keo S
S tan trong ancol nhng khng tan trong nc. Ly mt t dung dch S trong
ancol, cho vo bnh ng nc, lc u, do ancol t, nc nhiu nn nc l dung mi,
cc phn t S khng tan trong nc, kt hp li vi nhau to thnh keo S.
b. Tinh ch keo
Trong dung dch keo mi iu ch c ln tiu phn dung dch tht hoc tiu
phn th lm cho dung dch km bn nn phi tin hnh tinh ch, tc l loi b cc
tiu phn ni trn.
Loi tiu phn th: Do kch thc tiu phn th ln hn tiu phn keo nn
loi tiu phn th, phi dng giy lc hoc phu lc xp c kch thc khong 10-5cm.
Khi tiu phn keo v dung dch tht i qua, cn tiu phn th b gi li.
Loi tiu phn dung dch tht (phn t hoc ion): Dng phng php thm tch.
Cho dung dch keo vo ti thm tch (thng l ti bng giy bng knh), nhng
ti vo cc nc ct, cc tiu phn dung dch tht s i ra khi ti(do ti c kch thc
l nh), cc tiu phn keo b gi li. C nh vy, thay nc ct trong cc cho n khi
dung dch trong ti tinh khit.





95



5.4.3. Tnh cht ng hc ca h keo
a. Chuyn ng Brown
Nm 1827 Brown, nh sinh vt ngi Anh quan st bng knh hin vi s
chuyn ng hn lon v khng ngng ca cc ht rt nh trong cht lng, qu trnh
ny gi l chuyn ng Brown.
Trong dung dch keo, cc ht keo lun b cc phn t ca mi trng khuch tn
va chm, x y t cc hng khc nhau vi cc vn tc khc nhau, lm cho cc ht
chuyn ng hn lon khng ngng. l chuyn ng Brown. Do chuyn ng hn
lon ca cc phn t, tng xung lc (lc tc dng trong thi gian ngn) tc ng ln ht
keo thay i tc thi theo thi gian, lm cho qu o chuyn ng c ng gp khc.
Thc t i vi ht c kch thc c 5 ( 5.10
-4
cm) chuyn ng Brown
chuyn ng gn nh dao ng mt v tr no . Khi kch thc ht ln hn 5.10
-4

cm th chuyn ng Brown ca ht thc t dng hn. Trong mt giy, hng va chm
ca tiu phn keo thay i 106 ln.
Nguyn nhn chuyn ng Brown ca cc ht keo l do chuyn ng nhit ca
cc phn t dung mi gy nn chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht keo. Chuyn ng ca
cc phn t mi trng l hn lon dn n chuyn ng cc ht keo cng lun lun
thay i vn tc v c hng. di trung bnh ca ht keo l d. Chuyn ng ht keo
lm cho ht keo phn b ng u trong th tch.






d

Hnh 39. Chuyn ng Brown ca ht keo
b. ng dng ca hin tng khuych tn
Khi dung dch tht v dung dch keo c nng khi lng cht tan nh nhau
th trong cng mt n v th tch s phn t tht ln hn s phn t keo rt nhiu, nn
p sut thm thu dung dch tht > p sut thm thu dung dch keo.
Hin tng khuych tn v p sut thm thu c ngha ln trong s trao i
cht in li qua mng sinh vt . Donan chng minh rng s trao i cht in li qua
mng sinh vt cng ph thuc vo loi ion khng i qua mng, l cc ht keo
protein.
Gi thit mng mao mch (mng sinh vt) l mng thm tch ngn i bnh, mt
bn l dung dch nc ca keo protein RNa, bn kia l dung dch in li NaCl.
I.

DD

R

NaCl
Mang sinh vat
II.

DD

NaCl

(C
2
)

R
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-

Ban

au:

C
1
C
1
O

C
2
C
2
Can bang:
C
1
C
1
x

x

C
2
x

C
2
x


(x - lng ion chy t II sang I).


96



C hai trng hp xy ra:
- Khi C2<< C1 (nng cht in li << nng cht keo) : Hu nh khng c
cht in li i qua mng.
- Khi C2 >> C1 (nng cht in li >> nng cht keo): Cht in li hu
nh phn b u hai bn mng (khng i qua mng).
5.4.4. Tnh cht quang hc ca h keo
* Th nghim Tyndall
Khi chiu chm tia sng vo dung dch keo ta thy xut hin chm nh sng m
c trong dung dch keo c dng hnh nn. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng Tyndall.







Rayleigh gii thch hin tng nh sau: nh sng l nhng sng in t, c
trng bi bc sng xc nh. C hai trng hp xy ra khi xt bc sng ca nh
sng ti v kch thc ca tiu phn m nh sng gp trn ng i:
- Khi kch thc ca tiu phn ln hn bc sng ca nh sng ti th nh sng
s phn x trn b mt ca tiu phn nhng gc xc nh. iu ny xy ra vi cc tiu
phn th.
- Khi kch thc tiu phn nh hn bc sng nh sng ti th cc tia ng b tn
x khp mi pha khi gp tiu phn. Bc sng ngn nht ca chm tia sng nhn thy
l 400mm, tiu phn keo c kch thc ln nht l 100mm, tc l nh hn bc sng
nh sng ti nn khi c nh sng chiu vo, tiu phn keo lun lun trong trng
in t ca sng nh sng, di tc dung ca in trng ny, cc tiu phn keo bc
x sng in: S bc x ny gi l s tn x nh sng ca h keo.
i vi dung dch tht, kch thc phn t hay ion b nn khng xy ra hin
tng tn x.
Da vo hin tng Tyndall, ngi ta lm knh siu hin vi. L dng c dng
quan st tiu phn keo m mt thng khng nhn thy c. Trong knh siu hin
vi, nh sng chiu t bn cnh qua. Nu cht nghin cu l dung dch tht th th trng
hon ton tt, nu cht nghin cu l dung dch keo th c s tn x nh sng: Trn nn
ti l cc im sng chuyn ng hn lon. Dng knh ny ta m c s ht trong mt
th tch nht nh tc l xc nh c nng keo. Bit nng khi lng ca dung
dch keo, ta s bit c khi lng tiu phn v th tch ca tiu phn.
5.4.5. Tnh cht in ca h keo
Dung dch keo c th hng nm m khng b bin i, chng t cc ht keo
c mang in ngn cn khng cho cc tiu phn keo to thnh nhng ht ln hn
lm ph v dung dch keo.
Nu a h keo v mt in trng th cc ht keo s chuyn ng vi tc
khng i v cc in cc. Chng hn, cho dng in 1 chiu i qua dung dch keo,
cc ht keo dng i v cc m v cc ht keo m i v cc dng. Hin tng ny



97



gi l hin tng in di hay in chuyn v c F.F.ReiSS quan st c ln u
tin nm 1807.
Hin tng in chuyn cng ging hin tng in phn nhng khc ch ht
keo c kch thc ln nn chuyn ng chm.
Hin tng in chuyn c ng dng ln trong thc t. Trong cc nh my s,
ngi ta ng dng hin tng ny tch Fe2O3 ra khi t st. Khi khuy t st vi
nc, cc ht keo t st tch in m cn cc ht keo oxyt st tch in dng nn khi
cho dng in i qua, t st nguyn cht s thot cc dng.
S chuyn ng ca pha lng (mi trng phn tn) di tc dng ca in
trng trong iu kin pha phn tn ng yn, c gi l in thm. Ngy nay ngi
ta gi hin tng in ng hc l in di v in thm.
5.4.6. c tnh b mt v s hp ph ca dung dch keo
Hp ph l l hin tng b mt m h keo l h c b mt ln, c kh nng hp
ph. Qu trnh hp ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hp ph v cht b hp ph, vo
nhit v quan trng nht l nng .
Hp ph ho hc: Xy ra khi cht b hp ph to vi cht hp ph hp cht ho
hc trn b mt pha hp ph. V mt bn cht lc lin kt, hp th ho hc c hnh
thnh nh lc lin kt ho hc. V lc lin kt ho hc ch c bn knh tc dng c
kch thc phn t nn trong hp ph ha hc thng ch hnh thnh lp hp ph n
phn t, l hp cht b mt.
Hp ph vt l: Cc phn t ca cht b hp ph ch nh b ngng t trn b
mt cht hp ph v b gi trn b mt ny bng cc lin kt yu. Hp ph vt l c th
dn n s to thnh cc lp a phn t.
Tuy nhin do ht keo tch in nn hin tng hp ph ca dung dch keo c
nhng c im khc vi hp ph thng thng, l s hp ph chn lc v s hp
ph trao i trong dung dch cht in li.
Hp ph chn lc: nu ht keo tch in m th s hp ph cc ion dng v
ngc li. Ion c ho tr cng cao, bn knh hydrat ho cng b th b hp ph cng mnh.
Hp ph trao i: xy ra s trao i ion cng du vi mi trng, ht keo trao
i ion H
+
(hoc OH
-
) vi mi trng v do pH mi trng s thay i.
Hin tng hp ph c ng dng rng ri trong thc t, v d kh cc kh
c trong khng kh, tinh ch cc cht lng, rt cc cht qu phn tn trong mi
trng lng,...
5.4.7. Tnh cht bn vng v tnh ng t keo
a. bn ca dung dch keo
Tnh bn ca dung dch keo do cc yu t sau quyt nh:
Do chuyn ng Brown nn h keo duy tr c trng thi phn b u ca cc
ht trong ton b th tch h v chng li khuynh hng sa lng.
Cc tiu phn keo tch in cng du th y nhau nn kh xy ra kh nng kt
hp vi nhau.





98



Ring keo thn dch, nh lp v solvat ngn cn khng cho cc ht keo tip
xc trc tip vi nhau khi va chm v do cng c tc dng chng li s keo t.
b. S ng t keo
L qu trnh cc ht keo kt hp li thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng xung
thnh kt ta.
Cc phng php lm ng t:
- Dng cht in li: Khi thm mt cht in li vo dung dch keo, cc tiu phn keo
hp ph cc ion tri du ca cht in li lm cho cc tiu phn keo trung ho hoc
gim in tch n mc ti thiu, lc y tnh in gia cc ht keo gn nh mt hn
nn khi va chm chng d xy ra qu trnh cng kt thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng
xung.
- Trn ln hai dung dch keo mang in tch tri du cng gy nn hin tng cc ht
keo trung ho hoc gim in tch v do cng xy ra qu trnh ng t .
- un nng: Khi nhit tng s tng tc chuyn ng nhit ca cc tiu phn do
lm gim kh nng hp ph ca lp hp ph v lm ht keo tch in km nn khi
va chm chng d kt hp v gy ng t.
c. S pepti ho
Cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc t chuyn thnh dung dch keo gi l cc
keo thun nghch. Ngc li, cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc khng th chuyn
li thnh dung dch keo gi l cc keo bt thun nghch, v d: keo axitsalycilyc,
Fe(OH)3. Tuy nhin, i khi thm vo mt lng nh cht in li, kt ta bt thun
nghch c th chuyn thnh dung dch keo, hin tng ny gi l s pepti ho.
Hin tng pepti ho c gii thch nh sau: Kt ta hp ph chn lc mt
loi ion ca cht in li, do chng tr nn tch in cng du, cc ht in tch cng
du ny y nhau v i vo dung dch.



























99





Cu hi v bi tp
1. nh ngha cc loi nng ?
2. Trnh by khi nim v tan. Gii thch cc yu t nh hng n tan. ngha
ca tch s tan.
3. Trnh by hin tng thm thu. V sao c th ni: hin tng thm thu c ngha
sinh hc rt quan trng?
4. p sut hi trn dung dch. Nhit si v nhit ng c ca dung dch.
5. nh ngha axit baz theo Bronsted. Xc nh cht no l axt, baz. Vit cc dng
axit hay baz lin hp ca chng: NH4Cl, NH3, NaHCO3, CH3COONa, H2O, NaNO2.
6. Tnh in li ca cc dung dch sau:
a. CH3COOH 0,02M;
b. CH3COOH 0,02M + CH3COONa 0,02M
7. Tch s ion ca nc l g? pH l g? N cho bit iu g?
8. Tnh pH ca dung dch c cc nng ion [H
+
] bng 10
-2
; 10
-3
; 5.10
-4
; 3,1.10
-3

mol/lt.
9. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: H2SO4 0,05M; Ca(OH)2 0,02M.
10. A, B l hai cht in ly mnh. Trn 200 ml dung dch A (pH = a) vi 300 ml dung
dch B (pH =3), thu c dung dch C (pH = 5). Tnh a. Gii thit th tch dung dch
khng i.
11. S in li ca mt axit yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu, bit nng
Ca, pKa. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH c nng 0,01M.
12. S in li ca mt baz yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu, bit nng
Cb, pKb. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: NH3, CH3NH2 c nng 0,01M.
13. Gii thch s thy phn ca cc dung dch mui sau: Na2CO3, AlCl3, NH4AlO2.
14. Gii thch c ch ca keo dng, keo m c to thnh khi cho dung dch AgNO3
tc dng vi dung dch KI.
15. Tnh cht ca h keo? ng dng ca h keo trong x l mi trng?


















100





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Quc gia H ni, 2008.
4. o nh Thc. Ha hc i cng. NXB i hc Quc gia H ni, 2005.
5. Nguyn nh Chi. C s l thuyt ha hc. NXB gio dc. 2001.
6. Chu Phm Ngc Sn. C s l thuyt Ha hc i cng. NXB i hc v
trung hc chuyn nghip. Thnh ph H Ch Minh,1983.
7. Hong Nhm. Ho hc v c (tp 1, tp 3). NXB gio dc, 2003.
8. Mai Hu Khim. Ha keo. NXB i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh,
2004.
9. Trnh Hn. Tinh th hc v Ha hc tinh th. NXB i hc Quc gia H ni,
2003.
10. L Mu Quyn. Bi tp Ha hc i cng. NXB gio dc, 2008.
11. Dng Vn m. Bi tp Ha hc i cng. NXB gio dc, 2006.
12. Nguyn c Chung. Bi tp Ha i cng. NXB tr, Thnh ph H Ch
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101