May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

CHNG 1
T ONG HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT S RA I
CUA MAY CNC
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Trong na thap ky qua, the gii a chng kien s ra i va

phat trien nh vu bao cua KTK t ong. Va nhanh chong
KTK t ong a c ng dung vao cong nghe che tao
san pham c kh. S phat trien cua t ong hoa QTSX co
the c tom lc nh sau.
1.1/ NC (Numerical Control)
1.1.1/ Lch s ra i cua NC.
Cung nh cac ky thuat tien tien khac, NC ra i vao au
thap nien 50 tai phong th nghiem cua hoc vien
Massachusetts. Khi mi ra i, may NC ch co the cat c
nhng ng thang chnh xac va hieu qua. ieu nay gay
ra rat nhieu kho khan v may phai thc hien vo so cac
ng thang ngang, doc e gia cong cac bien dang cong (Hnh
1.1)

Hnh 1.1
Van e nay dan en s ra i cua APT (Automatically
Programme Tools). ay la loai ngon ng lap trnh au tien cho
NC, dung cac cau lenh tieng Anh e nh ngha ng di
chuyen hnh hoc, dung cu va cac ch th can thiet khac. ay
cung la tien e c ban cho s phat trien cua NC. Ban au
chng trnh NC c ma hoa tren cac bang uc lo, sau o
dung cac bang t. Sau khi may tnh ra i, cac bang uc lo,
bang t c thay the bi thiet b x ly d lieu cua may
tnh.
1.1.2/ May NC (NC machine)
May NC bao gom 2 bo phan chnh: Bo ieu khien may va
may cong cu c ban.
a) Bo ieu khien may (Machine Control Unit : MCU)
La bo phan thc hien cac chc nang sau:
- oc va giai ma chng trnh
- a ra cac lenh ieu khien
- Nhan cac tn hieu phan hoi va x ly.
MCU bao gom 2 bo phan sau:
DPU (Data processing Unit): Bo x ly d lieu
CLU (Control Loop Unit) : Bo thc hien ieu khien

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC
DPU oc cac d lieu t chng trnh tren bang uc lo, a
t,va giai ma cac tn hieu nay thanh cac d lieu so.
Sau o gi tn hieu en CLU.
CLU nhan cac d lieu c giai ma t DPU, a ra cac lenh
ieu khien may, nhan cac tn hieu phan hoi so sanh va x
ly cho en khi at o chnh xac yeu cau. DPU sau o se oc
khoi lenh tiep theo.
b) May cong cu (Machine Tool):
Tng t nh cac may cong cu thong thng, nhng cac
chuyen ong cua cac truc c thc hien bi ong c servo
hoac ong c bc thong qua truyen ong vt me ai oc bi
(se trnh bay chng sau). Tren hnh 1.2 la s o cac thanh
phan cau tao cua may NC

Hnh 1.2. Thanh phan cua may NC

May NC a khac phuc c nhng han che ma cac may
cong cu truyen thong khong thc hien c. Vi may NC, o
chnh xac gia cong cao hn, tiet kiem dung cu hn, de t ong
hoa hn. S ra i cua NC cung a a en s ra i cua
hang loat cac phng phap gia cong hien ai, tien tien khac
nh: May gia cong bang phong ien (EDM), may cat bang tia
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May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC
laser (Laser Cutting), May han CNC dung chum tia electron
(Electron Beam welding), May gia cong bang tia nc (Water jet)
1.2/ DNC (Direct Numerical Control):
Vao gia thap nien 60, vi s ra i cua may tnh, ngi ta
a ngh en viec thay oi viec ma hoa d lieu tren bang
uc lo, bang t bang may tnh nham giam bt cac yeu cau
ve phan cng, lap trnh n gian hn, nhanh chong va linh
hoat hn. Vao thi iem nay, may tnh rat at tien nen
ngi ta dung mot may chu (host) e ieu khien chung
nhieu may NC qua mang ket noi. He thong tren goi la DNC
(Hnh1.3).

Hnh 1.3. He thong DNC

1.3/. CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
Vao cuoi thap nien 60, s ra i cua cong nghe vi x ly
a a en s xuat hien cua PLC, may vi tnh (microcomputer).
Cac thiet b nay ngay sau khi ra i a c ng dung tren
cac may NC, va the he may CNC a ra i. Vi CNC, moi
may NC c phuc vu bi 1 PLC hoac Computer rieng. ieu
nay cho phep chng trnh co the nhap va lu tr rieng tren
moi may CNC. Cc thnh phn c ban cua may CNC bao gom:
Hnh 1.4
1/. Chng trnh gia cong (Part program )
2/. Thiet b oc chng trnh (Program input device )
3/. Machine control unit (MCU)
4/. He thong truyen ong (Drive system )
5/. May cong cu (Machine tool)
6/. He thong phan hoi (Feedback system)
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May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh 1.4. Cau truc cua may CNC

1.4/ DNC II (Distributed Numerical Control)
Khi the he may CNC c a vao ng dung trong cac day
chuyen san xuat, lai xuat hien cac van e mi o la
quan ly d lieu (gia cac may khong co s lien he chat
che vi nhau). e viec quan ly d lieu gia cac CNC tot
hn, he thong DNCII a c a vao ng dung trong san
xuat, la s ket hp gia DNC va CNC. He thong DNC II bao
gom cac may tnh chu (Host Computer) va cac may tnh cuc
bo (Local computer) ket noi vi nhau. No cho phep cac chng
trnh gia cong c lu tren may chu nen viec quan ly tot
hn. Cac chng trnh nay co the c download xuong cac
local computer hoac PLC. Va ta cung co nhap chng trnh va
dao dien trc tiep t cac may cuc bo (local). Va neu may
chu b ngng th cac may CNC van co the hoat ong bnh
thng. ay la u iem c ban cua DNC II so vi DNC.
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May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC
1.5. He thong san xuat linh hoat (FMS: Flexible Manufacturing
System)
Vao gia thap nien 60, cong ty Molins Ltd. (Anh) a phat
trien he thong 24, la tien than cua he thong FMS. Tuy
nhien do han che ve ky thuat nen he thong san xuat linh
hoat van ch dng lai mc o ly thuyet, y tng trong
suot nhng nam 60, 70. Vao cuoi thap nien 1970 au thap

Hnh 1.5. He thong DNCII

nien 1980s, vi s phat trien manh cua cong nghe ieu
khien bang may tnh, he thong FMS a c ng dung thanh
cong. He thong FMS dc ng dung chu yeu My trong
cac lnh vc che tao o to, xe c gii, may bayHe thong
FMS ien hnh bao gom:
Thiet b x ly: May cong cu, he thong lap rap, Robot.
Thiet b x ly phoi: Robot, bang tai, He thong van chuyen
t ong (AGV : Automated guided vehicles) he thong lu kho t
ong (AS:Automated storage) va he thong truy xuat (RS:
Retrieval System).
He thong trao oi thong tin.
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May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC
He thong ieu khien bang may tnh (Computer controlled
system)
He thong thay dao t ong (automated tool changers).
Con ngi van hanh ( Human operator).
FMS tao nen mot bc tien mi hng en viec tch hp
hoan toan qua trnh san xut, da tren cac he thong, quan
iem t ong hoa sau: CNC, DNC II, he thong x ly phoi lieu
t ong (Automated material handling system) va cong nghe gia
cong nhom (Group Technology)
Mot so mo hnh FMS ien hnh

Hnh 1.6. Single machine cell

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh 1.7. Multiple workstation Cell

Hnh.8. FMS vi he thong lu, xuat kho t ong AS/RS

May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC

Hnh 1.9. FMS hang san xuat Vought Aircraft

1.6/ He thong san xuat tch hp (CIM: Computer Intergated
Manufacturing = flexible design and manufacturing)
Y tng ve he thong san xuat tch hp c Josheph
Harington e cap en vao nam 1974, nhng phai qua hang
chuc nam en au thap nien 1990s, he thong nay mi c
ng dung thanh cong My. CIM la he thong tch hp toan
bo cac thanh phan cua qua trnh san xuat, c x ly va
ieu khien bi may tnh. T viec phan tch th trng,thiet
ke, chuan b phoi lieu, chuan b va to chc san xuat,
kiem tra chat lng san pham cho en ca viec phan phoi ra
th trng. Vi s ra i cua cong nghe CIM, lch s phat
trien cua san xuat xa hoi a trai qua cac giai oan sau:
San xuat thu cong
San xuat c kh hoa, chuyen mon hoa
T ong hoa san xuat.
Tch hp san xuat
Cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong CIM bao gom: CAD/CAM
(Computer-aided design/ Computer-aided manufacturing), CAPP
(Computer-aided process planning), ERP (Enterprise resource
planning), CNC machine tools, DNC II, FMS, ASRS ( automated storage
and retrieval systems ), AGV ( automated guided vehicles ), Robotics,
ACS (Automated conveyance systems), Computerized scheduling and
production control, CAQ (Computer-aided quality assurance), A
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May CNC & Cong Nghe Gia Cong Tren May CNC
business system integrated by a common database and Lean
Manufacturing.
Vi viec tch hp qua trnh san xuat, nang xuat tang len
nhieu lan, giam chi ph lao ong, giam thi gian thiet ke va
phat trien san pham, chat lng thiet ke cao hn, tnh linh
hoat cua he thong rat cao giup ap ng nhanh nhu cau cua
th trng, tang li the canh tranh. Trong he thong CIM, can
co s chia se thong tin gia cac bo phan e tang tnh linh
hoat va hoat ong cua cac khau hieu qua hn.

Hnh 1.10 Cac thanh phan cua he thong CIM.