Overview of The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

1. 3G Systems
3G Systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services including
telephony, paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data. International Telecommunication
Union (ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred to
as International !obile Telecommunications "### (I!T$"###. In %urope %uropean
Telecommunications Standards Institute (%TSI was responsible of U!TS standardisation
process. In &''( Third Generation )artnership )ro*ect (3G)) was formed to continue the
technical specification wor+. 3G)) has five main U!TS standardisation areas, -adio .ccess
/etwor+, 0ore /etwor+, Terminals, Services and System .spects and G%-./.
3G)) -adio .ccess group is responsible of,
-adio 1ayer &, " and 3 -- specification
Iub, Iur and Iu Interfaces
UT-./ 2peration and !aintenance re3uirements
4TS radio performance specification
0onformance test specification for testing of radio aspects of base stations
Specifications for radio performance aspects from the system point of view
3G)) 0ore /etwor+ group is responsible of,
!obility management, call connection control signaling between the user e3uipment and the
core networ+.
0ore networ+ signaling between the core networ+ nodes.
5efinition of interwor+ing functions between the core networ+ and e6ternal networ+s.
)ac+et related issues.
0ore networ+ aspects of the lu interface and 2peration and !aintenance re3uirements
3G)) Terminal group is responsible of,
Service capability protocols
!essaging
Services end$to$end interwor+ing
USI! to !obile Terminal interface
!odel7framewor+ for terminal interfaces and services (application e6ecution
0onformance test specifications of terminals, including radio aspects
3G)) Services and System .spects group is responsible of,
5efinition of services and feature re3uirements.
5evelopment of service capabilities and service architecture for cellular, fi6ed and cordless
applications.
0harging and .ccounting
/etwor+ !anagement and Security .spects
5efinition, evolution, and maintenance of overall architecture.
Third Generation )artnership )ro*ect " (3G)) was formed for technical development of
cdma"### technology which is a member of I!T$"### family.
In 8ebruary &''" 9orld -adio 0onference allocated fre3uencies for U!TS use. 8re3uencies
&((: $ "#": and "&&# $ ""## !;< were identified for I!T$"### use. See the U!TS 8re3uency
page for more details. .ll 3G standards are still under constant development. In &''' %TSI
Standardisation finished for U!TS )hase & (-elease ='', version 3 and ne6t release is due
5ecember "##&. U!TS ;istory page has a list of all ma*or 3G and U!TS milestones. !ost of
the %uropean countries and some countries round the world have already issued U!TS licenses
either by beauty contest or auctions.
2. UMTS Services
U!TS offers Teleservices (li+e speech or S!S and bearer services, which provide the
capability for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and
renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and
during ongoing session or connection. 4oth connection oriented and connectionless services are
offered for )oint$to$)oint and )oint$to$!ultipoint communication.
4earer services have different >oS parameters for ma6imum transfer delay, delay variation and
bit error rate. 2ffered data rate targets are,
&?? +bits7s satellite and rural outdoor
3(? +bits7s urban outdoor
"#?( +bits7s indoor and low range outdoor
U!TS networ+ services have different >oS classes for four types of traffic,
0onversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming
Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast
Interactive class (web browsing, networ+ gaming, database access
4ac+ground class (email, S!S, downloading
U!TS will also have a @irtual ;ome %nvironment (@;%. It is a concept for personal service
environment portability across networ+ boundaries and between terminals. )ersonal service
environment means that users are consistently presented with the same personalised features,
User Interface customisation and services in whatever networ+ or terminal, wherever the user
may be located. U!TS also has improved networ+ security and location based services.
3. UMTS Architecture
. U!TS networ+ consist of three interacting domainsA 0ore /etwor+ (0/, U!TS Terrestrial
-adio .ccess /etwor+ (UT-./ and User %3uipment (U%. The main function of the core
networ+ is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. 0ore networ+ also contains
the databases and networ+ management functions.
The basic 0ore /etwor+ architecture for U!TS is based on GS! networ+ with G)-S. .ll
e3uipment has to be modified for U!TS operation and services. The UT-./ provides the air
interface access method for User %3uipment. 4ase Station is referred as /ode$4 and control
e3uipment for /ode$4=s is called -adio /etwor+ 0ontroller (-/0. U!TS system page has an
e6ample, how U!TS networ+ could be build.
It is necessary for a networ+ to +now the appro6imate location in order to be able to page user
e3uipment. ;ere is the list of system areas from largest to smallest.
U!TS systems (including satellite
)ublic 1and !obile /etwor+ ()1!/
!S07@1- or SGS/
1ocation .rea
-outing .rea ()S domain
UT-./ -egistration .rea ()S domain
0ell
Sub cell
4. ore !etwor"
The 0ore /etwor+ is divided in circuit switched and pac+et switched domains. Some of the
circuit switched elements are !obile services Switching 0entre (!S0, @isitor location register
(@1- and Gateway !S0. )ac+et switched elements are Serving G)-S Support /ode (SGS/
and Gateway G)-S Support /ode (GGS/. Some networ+ elements, li+e %I-, ;1-, @1- and
.U0 are shared by both domains.
The .synchronous Transfer !ode (.T! is defined for U!TS core transmission. .T!
.daptation 1ayer type " (..1" handles circuit switched connection and pac+et connection
protocol ..1: is designed for data delivery.
The architecture of the 0ore /etwor+ may change when new services and features are
introduced. /umber )ortability 5ata4ase (/)54 will be used to enable user to change the
networ+ while +eeping their old phone number. Gateway 1ocation -egister (G1- may be used
to optimise the subscriber handling between networ+ boundaries. !S0, @1- and SGS/ can
merge to become a U!TS !S0.
#. $a%io Access
9ide band 05!. technology was selected to for UT-./ air interface. U!TS 905!. is a
5irect Se3uence 05!. system where user data is multiplied with 3uasi$random bits derived
from 905!. Spreading codes. In U!TS, in addition to channelisation, 0odes are used for
synchronisation and scrambling. 905!. has two basic modes of operation, 8re3uency
5ivision 5uple6 (855 and Time 5ivision 5uple6 (T55. UT-./ interfaces are shown on
U!TS /etwor+ page.
The functions of /ode$4 are,
.ir interface Transmission 7 -eception
!odulation 7 5emodulation
05!. )hysical 0hannel coding
!icro 5iversity
%rror ;anding
0losed loop power control
The functions of -/0 are,
-adio -esource 0ontrol
.dmission 0ontrol
0hannel .llocation
)ower 0ontrol Settings
;andover 0ontrol
!acro 5iversity
0iphering
Segmentation 7 -eassembly
4roadcast Signalling
2pen 1oop )ower 0ontrol
&. User '(ui)ment
The U!TS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User %3uipment in any way.
Terminals wor+ as an air interface counter part for /ode$4 and have many different types of
identities. !ost of these U!TS identity types are ta+en directly from GS! specifications.
International !obile Subscriber Identity (I!SI
Temporary !obile Subscriber Identity (T!SI
)ac+et Temporary !obile Subscriber Identity ()$T!SI
Temporary 1ogical 1in+ Identity (T11I
!obile station IS5/ (!SIS5/
International !obile Station %3uipment Identity (I!%I
International !obile Station %3uipment Identity and Software /umber (I!%IS@
U!TS mobile station can operate in one of three modes of operation,
*S+S mo%e of o)eration, The !S is attached to both the )S domain and 0S domain, and
the !S is capable of simultaneously operating )S services and 0S services.
*S mo%e of o)eration, The !S is attached to the )S domain only and may only operate
services of the )S domain. ;owever, this does not prevent 0S$li+e services to be offered over the
)S domain (li+e @oI).
S mo%e of o)eration, The !S is attached to the 0S domain only and may only operate
services of the 0S domain.
U!TS I0 card has same physical characteristics as GS! SI! card. It has several functions,
Support of one User Service Identity !odule (USI! application (optionally more that one
Support of one or more user profile on the USI!
Update USI! specific information over the air
Security functions
User authentication
2ptional inclusion of payment methods
2ptional secure downloading of new applications
U!TS /etwor+ U!TS 8re3uencies U!TS 0oding U!TS 1in+ 4udget
U!TS Security U!TS 0odes Synchronisation 0o$location
3G 5ata Speeds UT-. Time Slots UT-. 0hannels 905!. Spreading
U!TS >oS 0hannel 0oding !edia 8ormats 0ompressed !ode
U!TS ;S5). U!TS ;andovers 1ocation Services U!TS )ower 0ontrol
U!TS 2verview 0ell Search -andom .ccess -00 States Iui 8rame Structure
0all Setup UT-./ Interfaces )aging @irtual ;ome %nvironment
WCDMA (UMTS)
Wideband Code-Division Multiple-Access (W-
CDMA) is one of the main technologies for
the implementation of third-generation (3G)
cellular systems !t is base on radio access
techni"ue proposed by #$%! Alpha group and
the specifications &as finalised '(((
$he implementation of W-CDMA &ill be a
technical challenge because of it)s
comple*ity and versatility $he comple*ity of
W-CDMA systems can be vie&ed from different angles+ the comple*ity of each
single algorithm, the comple*ity of the overall system and the computational
comple*ity of a receiver W-CDMA lin--level simulations are over '. times more
compute-intensive than current second-generation simulations !n W-CDMA
interface different users can simultaneously transmit at different data rates and
data rates can even vary in time /M$% net&or-s need to support all current second
generation services and numerous ne& applications and services
0DD $echnical summary
Frequency band:'(1. M23 -'(4. M23 and 1''. M23 - 1'5. M23 (0re"uency
Division Duple*) /6 and D6 7more8
Minimum frequency band required: 9 1*:M23
Frequency re-use: '
Carrier Spacing: ;;M23 - :1 M23
Maximum number f (!ice) c"anne#s n $x%M&': 9'(< (spreading factor 1:<
/6, AM= 5(:-bps) > 9(4 (spreading factor '14 /6, AM= '11-bps)
(ice cding: AM= codecs (;5: -23 - '11 -23, G%M #0=?'11 -23) and %!D ('4
-23)
C"anne# cding: Convolutional coding, $urbo code for high rate data
Duple*er needed ('(.M23 separation), Asymmetric connection supported
Tx)*x is#a+in: M%+ ::d@, @%+ 4.d@
*ecei!er: =a-e
*ecei!er sensi+i!i+y: Aode @+ -'1'd@m, Mobile -''5d@m at @#= of '.
-3
Da+a +ype: Bac-et and circuit s&itch
Mdu#a+in: CB%D
,u#se s"aping: =oot raised cosine, roll-off ? .11
C"ip ra+e: 34; Mcps
C"anne# ras+er: 1.. -23
Maximum user da+a ra+e (,"ysica# c"anne#): 9 13Mbps (spreading factor ;,
parallel codes (3 D6 > < /6), '>1 rate coding), but interference limited
Maximum user da+a ra+e (-ffered): 34; -bps (year 1..1), higher rates ( 9 1
Mbps) in the near future 2%BDA &ill offer data speeds up to 4-'. Mbps (and 1.
Mbps for M!ME systems)
C"anne# bi+ ra+e: :5<Mbps
Frame #eng+": '.ms (34;.. chips)
.umber f s#+s ) frame: ':
.umber f c"ips ) s#+: 1:<. chips
&and!ers: %oft, %ofter, (interfre"uency+ 2ard)
,/er cn+r# perid: $ime slot ? ':.. 23 rate
,/er cn+r# s+ep si'e: .:, ', ': and 1 d@ (Fariable)
,/er cn+r# range: /6 4.d@, D6 3.d@
Mbi#e pea0 p/er: Bo&er class '+ G33 d@m (G'd@>-3d@) ? 1WH class 1 G15
d@m, class 3 G1; d@m, class ; G1' d@m
.umber f unique base s+a+in iden+ifica+in cdes: :'1 > fre"uency
,"ysica# #ayer spreading fac+rs: ; 1:< /6, ; :'1 D6
UMTS !etwor"
)icture below shows how an U!TS 3G networ+ could be build.
U!TS networ+ layout e6ample
3G an% -A! .ate S)ee%s
;ere are the theoretical ma6imum data speeds of "G, ".:G, 3G and beyond, and compared to
1./ data speeds.
5ata Speed of !obile Systems (top and 1./s (bottom
UMTS Security
The security functions of U!TS are based on what was implemented in GS!. Some of the
security functions have been added and some e6isting have been improved. %ncryption algorithm
is stronger and included in base station (/25%$4 to radio networ+ controller (-/0 interface ,
the application of authentication algorithms is stricter and subscriber confidentially is tighter.
The main security elements that are from GS!,
.uthentication of subscribers
Subscriber identity confidentially
Subscriber Identity !odule (SI! to be removable from terminal hardware
-adio interface encryption
.dditional U!TS security features,
Security against using false base stations with mutual authentication
%ncryption e6tended from air interface only to include /ode$4 to -/0 connection
Security data in the networ+ will be protected in data storages and while transmitting
ciphering +eys and authentication data in the system.
!echanism for upgrading security features.
0ore networ+ traffic between -/0s, !S0s and other networ+s is not ciphered and operators can
to implement protections for their core networ+ transmission lin+s, but that is unli+e to happen.
!S0s will have by design a lawful interception capabilities and access to 0all 5ata -ecords
(S5-, so all switches will have to have security measures against unlawful access.
U!TS specification has five security feature groups,
!etwor" access security, the set of security features that provide users with secure access to
3G services, and which in particular protect against attac+s on the (radio access lin+A
!etwor" %omain security, the set of security features that enable nodes in the provider
domain to securely e6change signalling data, and protect against attac+s on the wireline networ+A
User %omain security, the set of security features that secure access to mobile stations
A))lication %omain security, the set of security features that enable applications in the user
and in the provider domain to securely e6change messages.
/isibility an% confi0urability of security, the set of features that enables the user to inform
himself whether a security feature is in operation or not and whether the use and provision of
services should depend on the security feature.
U!TS specification has the following user identity confidentiality security features,
User i%entity confi%entiality, the property that the permanent user identity (I!SI of a user
to whom a services is delivered cannot be eavesdropped on the radio access lin+A
User location confi%entiality, the property that the presence or the arrival of a user in a
certain area cannot be determined by eavesdropping on the radio access lin+A
User untraceability, the property that an intruder cannot deduce whether different services
are delivered to the same user by eavesdropping on the radio access lin+.
.ir interface ciphering7deciphering in performed in -/0 in the networ+ side and in mobile
terminals. 0iphering in function of air interface protocol -adio 1in+ 0ontrol (-10 layer or
!edium .ccess control (!.0 layer.
1uality of Service
/etwor+ Services are considered end$to$end, this means from a Terminal %3uipment (T% to
another T%. .n %nd$to$%nd Service may have a certain >uality of Service (>oS which is
provided for the user of a networ+ service. It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with
the provided >oS or not.
To realise a certain networ+ >oS a 4earer Service with clearly defined characteristics and
functionality is to be set up from the source to the destination of a service.
. bearer service includes all aspects to enable the provision of a contracted >oS. These aspects
are among others the control signalling, user plane transport and >oS management functionality.
. U!TS bearer service layered architecture is depicted below, each bearer service on a specific
layer offers it=s individual services using services provided by the layers below.
>oS .rchitecture
There are four %ifferent 1oS classes,
conversational class
streaming class
interactive class
bac+ground class
Traffic class onversational Streamin0 class 2nteractive class 3ac"0roun% class
class
$eal Time $eal Time 3est 'ffort 3est 'ffort
4un%amental
characteristics
$ )reserve time
relation (variation
between information
entities of the stream
$ 0onversational
pattern (stringent
and low delay
$ )reserve time
relation (variation
between
information
entities of the
stream
$ -e3uest response
pattern
$)reserve payload
content
$5estination is not
e6pecting the data
within a certain time
$)reserve payload
content
'5am)le of the
a))lication
voice streaming video web browsing telemetry, emails
U!TS >oS classes
-ist of UMTS 3earer Service Attributes,
Traffic class (=conversational=, =streaming=, =interactive=, =bac+ground=
!a6imum bit rate (+bps
Guaranteed bit rate (+bps
5elivery order (y7n
!a6imum S5U si<e (octets
S5U format information (bits
S5U error ratio
-esidual bit error ratio
5elivery of erroneous S5Us (y7n7$
Transfer delay (ms
Traffic handling priority
.llocation7-etention )riority
Source statistics descriptor (=speech=7=un+nown=
S5U B Service 5ata Unit
6S.*A in 78.MA
;igh Speed 5ownlin+ )ac+et .ccess (;S5). is a pac+et$based data service in 9$05!.
downlin+ with data transmission up to ($&# !bps (and "# !bps for !I!2 systems over a
:!;< bandwidth in 905!. downlin+. ;S5). implementations includes .daptive
!odulation and 0oding (.!0, !ultiple$Input !ultiple$2utput (!I!2, ;ybrid .utomatic
-e3uest (;.->, fast cell search, and advanced receiver design.
In 3rd generation partnership pro*ect (3G)) standards, -elease ? specifications provide efficient
I) support enabling provision of services through an all$I) core networ+ and -elease :
specifications focus on ;S5). to provide data rates up to appro6imately &# !bps to support
pac+et$based multimedia services. !I!2 systems are the wor+ item in -elease C specifications,
which will support even higher data transmission rates up to "# !bps. ;S5). is evolved from
and bac+ward compatible with -elease '' 905!. systems.
0urrently ("##" 3G)) is underta+ing a feasibility study on high$speed downlin+ pac+et access.
;S)5. and 05!."### &6%@$5@ 0omparison
4urther rea%in0,
3G)) TS ":.(:: ;igh Speed 5ownlin+ )ac+et .ccess (;S5).A 2verall UT-./ description
3G)) TS ":.(:C ;igh Speed 5ownlin+ )ac+et .ccess (;S5).A 1ayer " and 3 aspects
3G)) TS ":.(DC !ultiple$Input !ultiple$2utput .ntenna )rocessing for ;S5).
3G)) TS ":.(DD ;igh Speed 5ownlin+ )ac+et .ccess (;S5). $ Iub7Iur )rotocol .spects
3G)) TS ":.('# ;igh Speed 5ownlin+ )ac+et .ccess (;S5).A User %3uipment (U% radio
transmission and reception (855.
ell search )roce%ure
5uring the cell search, the U% searches for a cell and determines the downlin+ scrambling code
and frame synchronisation of that cell. The cell search is typically carried out in three steps,
Ste) 1, Slot synchronisation
5uring the first step of the cell search procedure the U% uses the S0;=s primary synchronisation
code to ac3uire slot synchronisation to a cell. This is typically done with a single matched filter
(or any similar device matched to the primary synchronisation code which is common to all
cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting pea+s in the matched filter output.
Ste) 2, 4rame synchronisation an% co%e80rou) i%entification
5uring the second step of the cell search procedure, the U% uses the S0;=s secondary
synchronisation code to find frame synchronisation and identify the code group of the cell found
in the first step. This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary
synchronisation code se3uences, and identifying the ma6imum correlation value. Since the cyclic
shifts of the se3uences are uni3ue the code group as well as the frame synchronisation is
determined.
Ste) 3, Scramblin08co%e i%entification
5uring the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the U% determines the e6act primary
scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified
through symbol$by$symbol correlation over the 0)I0; with all codes within the code group
identified in the second step. .fter the primary scrambling code has been identified, the )rimary
00)0; can be detected and the system$ and cell specific 40; information can be read.
If the U% has received information about which scrambling codes to search for, steps " and 3
above can be simplified
Structure of synchroni<ation channel
The Synchronisation hannel (S0; is a downlin+ signal used for cell search. The S0;
consists of two sub channels, the )rimary and Secondary S0;. The &# ms radio frames of the
)rimary and Secondary S0; are divided into &: slots, each of length ":C# chips. )icture above
illustrates the structure of the S0; radio frame.
The *rimary S6 consists of a modulated code of length ":C chips, the primary
synchroni<ation code ()S0 is transmitted once every slot. The )S0 is the same for every cell in
the system.
The Secon%ary S6 consists of repeatedly transmitting a length &: se3uence of modulated
codes of length ":C chips, the Secondary Synchronisation 0odes (SS0, transmitted in parallel
with the )rimary S0;. The SS0 is denoted c
s
i,+
in figure "#, where i B #, &, E, C3 is the number
of the scrambling code group, and k B #, &, E, &? is the slot number. %ach SS0 is chosen from a
set of &C different codes of length ":C. This se3uence on the Secondary S0; indicates which of
the code groups the cell=s downlin+ scrambling code belongs to.
Summary of the )rocess,
hannel
Synchronisation
ac(uire%
!ote
)rimary
S0;
0hip, Slot, Symbol
Synchronisation
":C chips
The same in all cells
Secondary
S0;
8rame Synchronisation,
0ode Group (one of C?
&:$code se3uence of secondary synchronisation codes.
There are &C secondary synchronisation codes.
There are C? S$S0; se3uences corresponding to the C?
scrambling code groups
":C chips, different for different cells and slot intervals
0ommon )ilot
0;
Scrambling code
(one of (
To find the primary scrambling code from common
pilot 0;
)00)0; F
Super 8rame
Synchronisation,
400; info
8i6ed 3# +bps channel
"D +bps rate
spreading factor ":C
S00)0; FF
0arries 8.0; and )0; channels
@ariable bit rate
F )rimary 0ommon 0ontrol )hysical 0hannel
FF Secondary 0ommon 0ontrol )hysical 0hannel
all Setu)
4asic !obile 2riginating 0all 5iagram
3G 4re(uencies
.ccording to G7A$892 fre3uencies for I!T$"###G resolution, GThe bands &((:$"#": !;<
and "&&#$""## !;< are intended for use, on a worldwide basis, by administrations wishing to
implement International !obile Telecommunications$"### (I!T$"###. Such use does not
preclude the use of these bands by other services to which they are allocated.G
;ere is the summary of U!TS fre3uencies,
192:819;: and 211:821<: !;< 8re3uency 5ivision 5uple6 (855, 9$05!. )aired uplin+
and downlin+, channel spacing is : !;< and raster is "## +;<. .n 2perator needs 3 $ ? channels
("6&: !;< or "6"# !;< to be able to build a high$speed, high$capacity networ+.
19::8192: and 2:1:82:2# !;< Time 5ivision 5uple6 (T55, T5705!. Unpaired, channel
spacing is : !;< and raster is "## +;<. T6 and -6 are not separated in fre3uency.
19;:82:1: and 21<:822:: !;< Satellite uplin+ and downlin+.
0arrier fre3uencies are designated by a UT-. .bsolute -adio 8re3uency 0hannel /umber
(U.-80/. The general formula relating fre3uency to U.-8/ is,
UA$4! = # > ?fre(uency in M6@A
9.-0$'" I!T$"### 8re3uencies
7$82::: in Istanbul
Identified the bands &D&# $ &((: and ":## $ "C'# !;< for I!T$"###
Identified those parts of the band (#C $ 'C# !;< which are allocated to the mobile service on
a primary basis
.dmitted that ;igh .ltitude )latform Stations (;.)S may use the 9.-0$'" fre3uency
bands for terrestrial I!T$"### on restrictive conditions
5ecided that the fre3uency bands &:": $ &:??, &:?: $ &::', &C&# $ &C"C.:, &C"C.: $ &C?:.:,
&C?C.: $ &CC#.: and "?(3.: $ ":## !;< may be used for the satellite component of I!T$"###,
as well as the bands ":## $ ":"# !;< and "CD#$ "C'# !;<, depending on mar+et developments
5ecided that Gthe bands, or portions of the bands, &D&# $ &((: !;< and ":## $ "C'# !;<,
are identified for use by administrations wishing to implement International !obile
Telecommunications$"### (I!T$"###. This identification does not preclude the use of these
bands by any application of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish
priority in the -adio -egulationsG.
9-0$"### I!T$"### 8re3uencies
8rom the TS ":.&#& Specification,
UT-. 855 fre3uency bands
TH$-H fre3uency separation
U.-80/ definition
U.-80/ definition (4and II additional channels
UT-. .bsolute -adio 8re3uency 0hannel /umber
US. spectrum allocation by Unstrung (&#7#'7#?
India spectrum allocation by 3G /ewsroom ("(7#'7#?
Main UMTS o%es
;ere us a summary of the main U!TS 855 codes,

Synchronisation
o%es
hannelisation
o%es
Scramblin0
o%esB U-
Scramblin0
o%esB .-
Ty)e
Gold 0odes
)rimary Synchroni<ation
0odes ()S0 and Secondary
Synchroni<ation 0odes
(SS0
2rthogonal @ariable
Spreading 8actor
(2@S8 codes
sometimes called
9alsh 0odes
0omple6$@alued
Gold 0ode
Segments (long or
0omple6$@alued
S(" 0odes (short
)seudo /oise ()/
codes
0omple6$@alued
Gold 0ode
Segments
)seudo /oise ()/
codes
-en0th ":C chips ?$:&" chips
3(?## chips 7
":C chips
3(?## chips
.uration CC.CD Is
&.#? Is $
&33.3? Is
&# ms 7 CC.CD Is &# ms
!umber of
co%es
& primary code 7 &C
secondary codes
B spreading factor
? ... ":C U1,
? ... :&" 51
&C,DDD,"&C
:&" primary 7 &:
secondary for
each primary
code
S)rea%in0
/o, does not change
bandwidth
Jes, increases
bandwidth
/o, does not change
bandwidth
/o, does not
change
bandwidth
Usa0e
To enable terminals to
locate and synchronise
to the cells= main
control channels
U1, to separate
physical data and
control data from
same terminal
51, to separate
connection to
different terminals in
a same cell
Separation of
terminal
Separation of
sectors
UMTS Time Slots
U!TS has several different time slot configuration depending on the used channel. ;ere is an
e6ample of 5)0; (5edicated )hysical 0hannel downlin+ and uplin+ time slot allocation.
T* stands for Transmit )ower 0ontrol, 8eedbac+ Information (432 is used for closed loop
transmission diversity. Transport 8ormat 0ombination Indicator (T42 contains the information
relating to data rates. )ilot bits are always the same and are used for channel synchronisation.
5)0; Time Slot Structure
hannel o%in0
0hannel coding and multiple6ing e6ample for 5T0; and 500;,
0hannel coding e6ample for the U1 C? +bps channel
UMTS 6an%over
There are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff,
;ard ;andover
;ard handover means that all the old radio lin+s in the U% are removed before the new radio
lin+s are established. ;ard handover can be seamless or non$seamless. Seamless hard handover
means that the handover is not perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that re3uires a
change of the carrier fre3uency (inter$fre3uency handover is always performed as hard
handover.
Soft ;andover
Soft handover means that the radio lin+s are added and removed in a way that the U% always
+eeps at least one radio lin+ to the UT-./. Soft handover is performed by means of macro
diversity, which refers to the condition that several radio lin+s are active at the same time.
/ormally soft handover can be used when cells operated on the same fre3uency are changed.
Softer handover
Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio lin+s that are added and
removed belong to the same /ode 4 (i.e. the site of co$located base stations from which several
sector$cells are served. In softer handover, macro diversity with ma6imum ratio combining can
be performed in the /ode 4, whereas generally in soft handover on the downlin+, macro
diversity with selection combining is applied.
Generally we can distinguish between intra$cell handover and inter$cell handover. 8or U!TS the
following types of handover are specified,
;andover 3G $3G (i.e. between U!TS and other 3G systems
855 soft7softer handover
855 inter$fre3uency hard handover
8557T55 handover (change of cell
T557855 handover (change of cell
T557T55 handover
;andover 3G $ "G (e.g. handover to GS!
;andover "G $ 3G (e.g. handover from GS!
The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a user can be
served in another cell more efficiently (li+e less power emission, less interference. It may
however also be performed for other reasons such as system load control.
Active Set is defined as the set of /ode$4s the U% is simultaneously connected to (i.e., the
UT-. cells currently assigning a downlin+ 5)0; to the U% constitute the active set.
0ells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the 0%11KI/82K1IST
belong to the Monitore% Set.
0ells detected by the U%, which are neither in the 0%11KI/82K1IST nor in the active set
belong to the .etecte% Set. -eporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to
intra$fre3uency measurements made by U%s in 0%11K50; state.
The different types of air interface measurements are,
2ntra8fre(uency measurements, measurements on downlin+ physical channels at the same
fre3uency as the active set. . measurement ob*ect corresponds to one cell.
2nter8fre(uency measurements, measurements on downlin+ physical channels at
fre3uencies that differ from the fre3uency of the active set. . measurement ob*ect corresponds to
one cell.
2nter8$AT measurements, measurements on downlin+ physical channels belonging to
another radio access technology than UT-./, e.g. GS!. . measurement ob*ect corresponds to
one cell.
Traffic volume measurements, measurements on uplin+ traffic volume. . measurement
ob*ect corresponds to one cell.
1uality measurements, !easurements of downlin+ 3uality parameters, e.g. downlin+
transport bloc+ error rate. . measurement ob*ect corresponds to one transport channel in case of
41%-. . measurement ob*ect corresponds to one timeslot in case of SI- (T55 only.
U'8internal measurements, !easurements of U% transmission power and U% received
signal level.
U' )ositionin0 measurements, !easurements of U% position.
The U% supports a number of measurements running in parallel. The U% also supports that each
measurement is controlled and reported independently of every other measurement.
$an%om Access
The $an%om Access hannel (-.0; is an u)lin" transport channel. The -.0; is always
received from the entire cell. The -.0; is characteri<ed by a collision ris+ and by being
transmitted using open loop power control.
-.0; access slot numbers and their spacing
$A6 )reamble is of length ?#'C chips and consists of ":C repetitions of a signature of length
&C chips. There are a ma6imum of &C available signatures. .ll &C preamble signature codes
available in every cells.
The &# ms $A6 messa0e part radio frame is split into &: slots, each of length Tslot B ":C#
chips. %ach slot consists of two parts, a data part to which the -.0; transport channel is
mapped and a control part that carries 1ayer & control information. The data and control parts are
transmitted in parallel. . &# ms message part consists of one message part radio frame, while a
"# ms message part consists of two consecutive &# ms message part radio frames. The data part
consists of &#F"
+
bits, where +B#,&,",3. This corresponds to a spreading factor of ":C, &"(, C?,
and 3" respectively for the message data part.
Structure of the random$access message part radio frame
The Ac(uisition 2n%icator hannel (.I0; is a fi6ed rate (S8B":C physical channel used to
carry .c3uisition Indicators (.I. .c3uisition Indicator .Is corresponds to signature s on the
)-.0;.
Structure of .c3uisition Indicator 0hannel
The Access *reamble Ac(uisition 2n%icator channel (.)$.I0; is a fi6ed rate (S8B":C
physical channel used to carry .) ac3uisition indicators (.)I of 0)0;. .) ac3uisition
indicator .)Is corresponds to .) signature s transmitted by U%.
The ollision .etection hannel Assi0nment 2n%icator channel (0570.$I0; is a fi6ed rate
(S8B":C physical channel used to carry 05 Indicator (05I only if the 0. is not active, or 05
Indicator70. Indicator (05I70.I at the same time if the 0. is active. The structure of 0570.$
I0; is shown in figure ":. 0570.$I0; and .)$.I0; may use the same or different
channelisation codes. The 0570.$I0; has a part of duration of ?#'Cchips where the 05I70.I is
transmitted, followed by a part of duration &#"?chips with no transmission that is not formally
part of the 0570.$I0;. The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for possible use by
0SI0; or possible future use by other physical channels.
Uplin+ ommon *ac"et channel (0)0; is an e6tension to the -.0; channel for pac+et$
based user data.
**6 Access '5am)le,
)0)0; (similar to -.0; and .I0; transmission as seen by the U%
5)00;
)0)0;
.)$.I0;
0570.$I0;
.)
0570.
5edicated )hysical 0ontrol 0hannel
)hysical 0ommon )ac+et 0hannel
.ccess )reamble .c3uisition Indicator 0hannel
0ollision 5etection70hannel .ssignment Indicator 0hannel
.ccess )reamble
0ollision 5etection70hannel .ssignment
2n%icators are means of fast low$level signalling entities which are transmitted without using
information bloc+s sent over transport channels. The meaning of indicators is specific to the type
of indicator. The indicators defined in the current version of the specifications are,
.c3uisition Indicator (.I
.ccess )reamble Indicator (.)I
0hannel .ssignment Indicator (0.I
0ollision 5etection Indicator (05I
)age Indicator ()I
Status Indicator (SI
Indicators may be either boolean (two$valued or three$valued. Their mapping to indicator
channels is channel specific. Indicators are transmitted on those physical channels that are
indicator channels (I0;.
UT$A! *rotocol Mo%el
The general protocol model for UT-./ Interfaces is shown below. The structure is based on the
principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other. Therefore, as and
when re3uired, the standardisation body can easily alter protocol stac+s and planes to fit future
re3uirements.
General )rotocol !odel for UT-./ Interfaces
6ori@ontal -ayers
The )rotocol Structure consists of two main layers, $a%io !etwor" -ayer, and Trans)ort
!etwor" -ayer. .ll UT-./ related issues are visible only in the -adio /etwor+ 1ayer, and the
Transport /etwor+ 1ayer represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for
UT-./, but without any UT-./ specific re3uirements.
/ertical *lanes
The ontrol *lane Includes the .pplication )rotocol, i.e. -./.), -/S.) or /4.), and the
Signalling 4earer for transporting the .pplication )rotocol messages. .mong other things, the
.pplication )rotocol is used for setting up bearers for (i.e. -adio .ccess 4earer or -adio 1in+
in the -adio /etwor+ 1ayer.
The User *lane Includes the 5ata Stream(s and the 5ata 4earer(s for the 5ata Stream(s. The
5ata Stream(s is7are characterised by one or more frame protocols specified for that interface.
The Trans)ort !etwor" ontrol *lane does not include any -adio /etwor+ 1ayer
information, and is completely in the Transport 1ayer. It includes the .10.) protocol(s that
is7are needed to set up the transport bearers (5ata 4earer for the User )lane. It also includes the
appropriate Signalling 4earer(s needed for the .10.) protocol(s.
The Trans)ort !etwor" ontrol *lane is a plane that acts between the 0ontrol )lane and the
User )lane. The introduction of Transport /etwor+ 0ontrol )lane is performed in a way that the
.pplication )rotocol in the -adio /etwor+ 0ontrol )lane is +ept completely independent of the
technology selected for 5ata 4earer in the User )lane. Indeed, the decision to actually use an
.10.) protocol is completely +ept within the Transport /etwor+ 1ayer.
2
ur
2nterface *rotocol Structure
I
ur
layers
4urther $ea%in0,
Iur specification numbers
)rotocol layering specification numbers
Synchronisation
5ifferent UT-./ synchronisation re3uired in a 3G networ+,
/etwor+ synchronisation
/ode synchronisation
Transport channel synchronisation
-adio interface cynchronisation
Time alignment handling
Synchronisation Issues !odel
/etwor+ Synchronisation relates to the distribution of synchronisation references to the UT-./
/odes and the stability of the cloc+s in the UT-./ (and performance re3uirements on UT-./
internal interfaces. The distribution of an accurate fre3uency reference to the networ+ elements
in the UT-./ is related to several aspects. 2ne main issue is the possibility to provide a
synchronisation reference with a fre3uency accuracy better than #.#: ppm at the /ode 4 in order
to properly generate signals on the radio interface.
/ode Synchronisation relates to the estimation and compensation of timing differences among
UT-./ nodes. 855 and T55 modes have different re3uirements on the accuracy of the timing
difference estimation and on the necessity to compensate for these differences. )ositioning 7
1ocalisation functions may also set re3uirements on /ode Synchronisation.
The Transport 0hannel Synchronisation mechanism defines synchronisation of the frame
transport between -/0 and /ode 4, considering radio interface timing.
The -adio Interface Synchronisation relates to the timing of the radio frame transmission (either
in downlin+ L855M or in both directions LT55M. 855 and T55 have different mechanisms to
determine the e6act timing of the radio frame transmission and also different re3uirements on the
accuracy of this timing. In 855 -adio Interface Synchronisation is necessary to assure that the
U% receives radio frames synchronously from different cells, in order to minimise U% buffers.
The Time .lignment ;andling procedure over Iu relates to the control of 51 transmission
timing in the 0/ nodes in order to minimise the buffer delay in S-/0. This procedure is
controlled by S-/0.
UT$A hannels
UT-. 855 radio interface has logical channels, which are mapped to transport channels, which
are again mapped to physical channels. 1ogical to Transport channel conversion happens in
!edium .ccess 0ontrol (!.0 layer, which is a lower sublayer in 5ata 1in+ 1ayer (1ayer ".
-o0ical hannels,
4roadcast 0ontrol 0hannel (400;, 5ownlin+ (51
)aging 0ontrol 0hannel ()00;, 51
5edicated 0ontrol 0hannel (500;, U1751
0ommon 0ontrol 0hannel (000;, U1751
5edicated Traffic 0hannel (5T0;, U1751
0ommon Traffic 0hannel (0T0;, Unidirectional (one to many
Trans)ort hannels,
5edicated Transport 0hannel (50;, U1751, mapped to 500; and 5T0;
4roadcast 0hannel (40;, 51, mapped to 400;
8orward .ccess 0hannel (8.0;, 51, mapped to 400;, 000;, 0T0;, 500; and 5T0;
)aging 0hannel ()0;, 51, mapped to )00;
-andom .ccess 0hannel (-.0;, U1, mapped to 000;, 500; and 5T0;
Uplin+ 0ommon )ac+et 0hannel (0)0;, U1, mapped to 500; and 5T0;
5ownlin+ Shared 0hannel (5S0;, 51, mapped to 500; and 5T0;
*hysical hannels,
)rimary 0ommon 0ontrol )hysical 0hannel ()00)0;, mapped to 40;
Secondary 0ommon 0ontrol )hysical 0hannel (S00)0;, mapped to 8.0;, )0;
)hysical -andom .ccess 0hannel ()-.0;, mapped to -.0;
5edicated )hysical 5ata 0hannel (5)50;, mapped to 50;
5edicated )hysical 0ontrol 0hannel (5)00;, mapped to 50;
)hysical 5ownlin+ Shared 0hannel ()5S0;, mapped to 5S0;
)hysical 0ommon )ac+et 0hannel ()0)0;, mapped to 0)0;
Synchronisation 0hannel (S0;
0ommon )ilot 0hannel (0)I0;
.c3uisition Indicator 0hannel (.I0;
)aging Indication 0hannel ()I0;
0)0; Status Indication 0hannel (0SI0;
0ollision 5etection70hannel .ssignment Indication 0hannel (0570.$I0;
UT-. 0hannels
Multime%ia Messa0in0 Service ?MMSAC Me%ia formats an% co%ecs
!ultiple media elements shall be combined into a composite single !! using !I!% multipart
format. The media type of a single !! element shall be identified by its appropriate !I!% type
whereas the media format shall be indicated by its appropriate !I!% subtype. In order to
guarantee a minimum support and compatibility between multimedia messaging capable
terminals, !!S User .gent supporting specific media types shall comply with the following
selection of media formats,
Te5t
)lain te6t. .ny character encoding (charset that contains a subset of the logical characters in
Unicode shall be used (e.g. US$.S0II, IS2$((:'$&, UT8$(, ShiftKNIS, etc.. Unrecogni<ed
subtypes of Gte6tG shall be treated as subtype GplainG as long as the !I!% implementation +nows
how to handle the charset. .ny other unrecogni<ed subtype and unrecogni<ed charset shall be
treated as Gapplication7octet $ streamG.
S)eech
The .!- codec shall be supported for narrow$band speech.
The .!- wideband speech codec shall be supported when wideband speech wor+ing at &C +;<
sampling fre3uency is supported.
Source codec bit$rates for the .!- codec
Au%io
!)%G$? ..0 1ow 0omple6ity ob*ect type should be supported. The ma6imum sampling rate
to be supported by the decoder is ?( +;<. The channel configurations to be supported are mono
(&7# and stereo ("7#. In addition, the !)%G$? ..0 1ong Term )rediction ob*ect type may be
supported.
Synthetic au%io
The Scalable )olyphony !I5I (S)$!I5I content format defined in Scalable )olyphony !I5I
Specification and the device re3uirements defined in Scalable )olyphony !I5I 5evice :$to$"?
/ote )rofile for 3G)) should be supported. S)$!I5I content is delivered in the structure
specified in Standard !I5I 8iles &.#, either in format # or format &.
Still 2ma0e
IS27I%0 N)%G together with N8I8 shall be supported. The support for IS27I%0 N)%G only apply
to the following two modes,
mandatory, baseline 50T, non$differential, ;uffman coding
optional, progressive 50T, non$differential, ;uffman coding
3itma) 0ra)hics
The following bitmap graphics formats should be supported,
GI8(Da
GI8('a
)/G
/i%eo
8or terminals supporting media type video, ITU$T -ecommendation ;."C3 profile # level &#
shall be supported. This is the mandatory video codec for the !!S. In addition, !!S should
support,
;."C3 )rofile 3 1evel &#
!)%G$? @isual Simple )rofile 1evel #
These two video codecs are optional to implement.
/2T%, ITU$T -ecommendation ;."C3 baseline has been mandated to ensure that video$enabled
!!S support a minimum baseline video capability and interoperability can be guaranteed (an
;."C3 baseline bitstream can be decoded by both ;."C3 and !)%G$? decoders. It also provides
a simple upgrade path for mandating more advanced codecs in the future (from both the ITU$T
and IS2 !)%G.
ITU press release regarding ;."C? video compression standard ("37&"7#"
%tsi and 5igital @ideo 4roadcasting )ro*ect are developing 5@4$H standard for U!TS. -ead
the %%Times article. (&&7&#7#3
/ector 0ra)hics
8or terminals supporting media type G"5 vector graphicsG the GTinyG profile of the Scalable
@ector Graphics (S@G$Tiny format shall be supported, and the G4asicG profile of the Scalable
@ector Graphics (S@G$4asic format may be supported.
9orld 9ide 9eb 0onsortium Issues Scalable @ector Graphics (S@G &.& and !obile S@G as
930 -ecommendations (&?7#&7#3
4ile format for %ynamic me%ia
The file format used in the present document for timed multimedia (such as video, associated
audio and timed te6t is structurally based on the !)? file format. ;owever, since non$IS2
codecs are used here, it is called the 3G)) file format and has its own file e6tension and !I!%
type to distinguish these files from !)%G$? files. 9hen the present document refers to the !)?
file format, it is referring to its structure (IS2 file format, not to its conformance definition.
To ensure interoperability for the transport of video and associated speech7audio and timed te6t
in an !!, the !)? file format shall be supported. The usage of the !)? file format shall follow
the technical specifications and the implementation guidelines specified in TS "C."3?.
Me%ia synchroni@ation an% )resentation format
The mandatory format for media synchroni<ation and scene description of multimedia messaging
is S!I1.
The 3G)) !!S uses a subset of S!I1 ".# as format of the scene description. !!S clients
and servers with support for scene descriptions shall support the 3G)) )SS: S!I1 1anguage
)rofile. This profile is a subset of the S!I1 ".# 1anguage )rofile but a superset of the S!I1 ".#
4asic 1anguage )rofile. TS "C."3? also includes an informative anne6 4 that provides guidelines
for S!I1 content authors.
.dditionally, 3G)) !!S should provide the following format,
H;T!1 !obile )rofile
The 3G)) !!S uses a subset of H;T!1 &.& as a format for scene description. !!S clients
and servers with support for scene descriptions shall support H;T!1 !obile )rofile, defined by
the 9.) 8orum. H;T!1 !obile )rofile is a subset of H;T!1 &.& but a superset of H;T!1
4asic.
UMTS -ocation 3ase% Services
U!TS networ+s will support location service features, to allow new and innovative location
based services to be developed. It will be possible to identify and report in a standard format (e.g.
geographical co$ordinates the current location of the user=s terminal and to ma+e the information
available to the user, !%, networ+ operator, service provider, value added service providers and
for )1!/ internal operations. The location is provided to identify the li+ely location of specific
!%s. This is meant to be used for charging, location$based services, lawful interception,
emergency calls, etc., as well as the positioning services.
1ocation Information consists of,
Geographic 1ocation
@elocity (the combination of speed and heading
>uality of Service information (hori<ontal O vertical accuracy and response time
3G)) specification also describes location based service reliability, priority, security, privacy
and other related aspects.
-ocation8
in%e)en%ent
!ost e6isting cellular services, stoc+ prices, sports reports
*-M! or
country
Services that are restricted to one country or one )1!/
$e0ional
?u) to 2::"mA
9eather reports, locali<ed weather warnings, traffic information (pre$trip
.istrict
?u) to 2:"mA
1ocal news, traffic reports
U) to 1 "m @ehicle asset management, targeted congestion avoidance advice
#::m to 1"m
-ural and suburban emergency services, manpower planning, information services (where
areP
1::m ?&<DA
3::m ?9#DA
U.S. 800 mandate (''$"?: for wireless emergency calls using networ+ based positioning
methods
<#m812#m
Urban S2S, locali<ed advertising, home <one pricing, networ+ maintenance, networ+
demand monitoring, asset trac+ing, information services (where is the nearestP
#:m ?&<DA
1#:m ?9#DA
U.S. 800 mandate (''$"?: for wireless emergency calls using handset based positioning
methods
1:m8#:m .sset 1ocation, route guidance, navigation
%6ample of location services
The table below lists the attributes of specific location based services as determined by the GS!
.lliance Services 9or+ing Group. It is possible for the networ+ operator or service provider to
define additional, non$standardised service types.
-ocation base% services cate0ories Stan%ar%i@e% Service Ty)es
*ublic Safety Services
%mergency Services
%mergency .lert Services
-ocation Sensitive har0in0
Trac"in0 Services
)erson Trac+ing
8leet !anagement
.sset !anagement
Traffic Monitorin0 Traffic 0ongestion -eporting
'nhance% all $outin0
-oadside .ssistance
-outing to /earest 0ommercial %nterprise
-ocation 3ase% 2nformation Service
/avigation
0ity Sightseeing
1ocali<ed .dvertising
!obile Jellow )ages
Service *rovi%er S)ecific Services
Standardi<ed Service Types
U% locations is reported periodically. The periodic reporting function is generally applicable for
asset management services and e6ists as several variants, each applicable to different value
added services,
-ocation re)ortin0 only within )re%etermine% )erio%
e.g. commercial asset trac+ing and, sub*ect to
provision of privacy, manpower planning.
*erio%ic location re)ortin0 within s)ecifie% )erio% an%
re)ortin0 tri00ere% by a s)ecific event
e.g. high value asset security, stolen vehicle
monitoring, home <one charging.
*erio%ic location re)ortin0 tri00ere% by a s)ecific
event
e.g. "?hr depot management, transit passenger
information systems
. 10S 0lient is a logical functional entity that ma+es a re3uest to the )1!/ 10S server for the
location information of one or more than one target U%s. . 10S server consists of a number of
location service components and bearers needed to serve the 10S clients. The 10S server shall
provide a platform which will enable the support of location based services in parallel to other
telecommunication services such as speech, data, messaging, other teleservices, user applications
and supplementary services. Using the 1ocation Service -e3uest, an 10S client communicates
with the 10S server to re3uest the location information for one or more target U%s within a
specified set of 3uality of service parameters. .s shown in below, a location service may be
specified as immediate or deferred.
$e(uest Ty)e $es)onse Time !umber of $es)onses
2mme%iate Immediate Single
.eferre% 5elayed (event driven 2ne or !ore
1ocation Service -e3uests
The 10S Server will provide, on re3uest, the current or most recent 1ocation Information (if
available of the Target U% or, if positioning fails, an error indication plus optional reason for the
failure.
8or emergency services (where re3uired by local regulatory re3uirements, the geographic
location may be provided to an emergency services 10S 0lient either without any re3uest from
the client at certain points in an emergency services call (e.g. following receipt of the emergency
call re3uest, when the call is answered, when the call is released or following an e6plicit re3uest
from the client. The former type of provision is referred to as a QpushR while the latter is +nown
as a QpullR.
Ty)e of Access 2nformation 2tems
*ush 0urrent Geographic 1ocation (if available
!SIS5/
I!SI
I!%I
/.$%S-S
/.$%S-5
State of emergency call,
T unanswered, answered, released
*ull
Geographic location, either,
$ 0urrent location
$ Initial location at start of emergency call
1ocation information that may be provided
The specification -elease ='' specifies the following 10S positioning methods,
0ell coverage based positioning method
2bserved Time 5ifference 2f .rrival (2T52. method with networ+ configurable idle
periods
/etwor+ assisted G)S methods
2T52. 1ocation !ethod
UMTS $ States
)icture below shows the --0 states in UT-. --0 0onnected !ode, including transitions
between UT-. --0 connected mode and GS! connected mode for 0S domain services, and
between UT-. --0 connected mode and GS!7G)-S pac+et modes for )S domain services. It
also shows the transitions between Idle !ode and UT-. --0 0onnected !ode and furthermore
the transitions within UT-. --0 connected mode.
--0 States and State Transitions including GS!
'--E.6 state is characterised by,
. dedicated physical channel is allocated to the U% in uplin+ and downlin+.
The U% is +nown on cell level according to its current active set.
5edicated transport channels, downlin+ and uplin+ (T55 shared transport channels, and a
combination of these transport channels can be used by the U%.
'--E4A6 state is characterised by,
/o dedicated physical channel is allocated to the U%.
The U% continuously monitors a 8.0; in the downlin+.
The U% is assigned a default common or shared transport channel in the uplin+ (e.g. -.0;
that it can use anytime according to the access procedure for that transport channel.
The position of the U% is +nown by UT-./ on cell level according to the cell where the U%
last made a cell update.
In T55 mode, one or several US0; or 5S0; transport channels may have been established.
'--E*6 state is characterised by,
/o dedicated physical channel is allocated to the U%.
The U% selects a )0; with the algorithm, and uses 5-H for monitoring the selected )0;
via an associated )I0;.
/o uplin+ activity is possible.
The position of the U% is +nown by UT-./ on cell level according to the cell where the U%
last made a cell update in 0%11K8.0; state.
U$AE*6 State is characterised by,
/o dedicated channel is allocated to the U%.
The U% selects a )0; with the algorithm, and uses 5-H for monitoring the selected )0;
via an associated )I0;.
/o uplin+ activity is possible.
The location of the U% is +nown on UT-./ -egistration area level according to the U-.
assigned to the U% during the last U-. update in 0%11K8.0; state.
all reselection )roce%ures,
States and procedures in the cell reselection process in connected mode
9hen a cell reselection is triggered, the U% evaluates the cell reselection criteria based on radio
measurements, and if a better cell is found that cell is selected, procedure 0ell reselection. If the
change of cell implies a change of radio access technology, the --0 connection is released, and
the U% enters idle mode of the other -.T. If no suitable cell is found in the cell reselection
procedure, the U% eventually enters idle mode.
9hen an Initial cell reselection is triggered, the U% shall use the Initial cell reselection procedure
to find a suitable cell. 2ne e6ample where this procedure is triggered is at radio lin+ failure,
where the U% may trigger an initial cell reselection in order to re3uest re$establishment of the
--0 connection. If the U% is unable to find a suitable cell, the U% eventually enters idle mode.
*a0in0
The *a0in0 hannel ()0; is a downlin+ transport channel. The )0; is always transmitted
over the entire cell. The transmission of the )0; is associated with the transmission of physical$
layer generated )aging Indicators, to support efficient sleep$mode procedures.
*a0in0 hannel selection
System information bloc+ type : (SI4 : defines common channels to be employed in Idle mode.
In a cell, a single or several )0;s may be established. %ach Secondary 0ommon 0ontrol
)hysical 0hannel (S00)0; indicated to the U% in system information may carry up to one
)0;. Thus, for each defined )0; there is one uni3uely associated )I0; also indicated.
In case that more than a single )0; and associated )I0; are defined in SI4 :, the U% shall
perform a selection according to the following rule,
The U% shall select a S00)0; from the ones listed in SI4 : based on I!SI as follows,
"Index of selected SCCPCH" = IMSI mod K,
where S is e3ual to the number of listed S00)0;s which carry a )0; (i.e. S00)0;s carrying
8.0; only shall not be counted. These S00)0;s shall be inde6ed in the order of their
occurrence in SI4 : from # to S$&.
GInde6 of selected S00)0;G identifies the selected S00)0; with the )0; and the uni3uely
associated )I0; to be used by the U%. If the U% has no I!SI, for instance when ma+ing an
emergency call without USI!, the U% shall use as default number I!SI B #.
The U% may use .iscontinuous $ece)tion (5-H in idle mode in order to reduce power
consumption. 9hen 5-H is used the U% needs only to monitor one )age Indicator, )I, in one
)aging 2ccasion per 5-H cycle.
The *a0in0 2n%icator hannel ()I0; is a fi6ed rate (S8B":C physical channel used to carry
the paging indicators. The )I0; is always associated with an S$00)0; to which a )0;
transport channel is mapped. )icture below illustrates the frame structure of the )I0;. 2ne )I0;
radio frame of length &# ms consists of 3## bits. 2f these, "(( bits are used to carry paging
indicators. The remaining &" bits are not formally part of the )I0; and shall not be transmitted
(5TH. The part of the frame with no transmission is reserved for possible future use.
Structure of )aging Indicator 0hannel ()I0;
Two *a0in0 *roce%ures,
)aging procedure is used to transmit paging information to selected U%s in idle mode,
0%11K)0; or U-.K)0; state using the paging control channel ()00;. Upper layers in the
networ+ may re3uest paging, to e.g. establish a signalling connection. UT-./ may initiate
paging for U%s in 0%11K)0; or U-.K)0; state to trigger a cell update procedure. In addition,
UT-./ may initiate paging for U%s in idle mode, 0%11K)0; and U-.K)0; state to trigger
reading of updated system information. UT-./ initiates the paging procedure by transmitting a
).GI/G TJ)% & message on an appropriate paging occasion on the )00;.
U% dedicated paging procedure is used to transmit dedicated paging information to one U% in
connected mode in 0%11K50; or 0%11K8.0; state. Upper layers in the networ+ may re3uest
initiation of paging. 8or a U% in 0%11K50; or 0%11K8.0; state, UT-./ initiates the
procedure by transmitting a ).GI/G TJ)% " message on the 500; using .! -10.
Two *a0in0 Messa0e Ty)es,
).GI/G TJ)% & message is used to send information on the paging channel. 2ne or several
U%s, in idle or connected mode, can be paged in one message, which also can contain other
information
).GI/G TJ)% " message is used to page an U% in connected mode (0%11K50; or
0%11K8.0; state, when using the 500; for 0/ originated paging.
*26 + S8*6 timin0 relation
)icture below illustrates the timing between a )I0; frame and its associated single S$00)0;
frame, i.e. the S$00)0; frame that carries the paging information related to the paging
indicators in the )I0; frame. . paging indicator set in a )I0; frame means that the paging
message is transmitted on the )0; in the S$00)0; frame starting t
)I0;
chips after the
transmitted )I0; frame.
Timing relation between )I0; frame and associated S$00)0; frame
t)I0; B DC(# chips (3 slots
*a0in0 3loc" *erio%icity ?*3*A, )eriod of the occurrence of )aging 4loc+s. (8or 855, )4) B &.
*a0in0 occasion, (855 The S8/ of the )I0; frame where the U% monitors its paging indicator (i.e. the S8/ of
the )00)0; frame in which the )I0; frame begins.
7.MA -in" 3u%0et
1in+ budget planning is part of the networ+ planning process, which helps to dimension the
re3uired coverage, capacity and 3uality of service re3uirement in the networ+. U!TS 905!.
macro cell coverage is uplin+ limited, because mobiles power level is limited to (voice terminal
&":m9. 5ownlin+ direction limits the available capacity of the cell, as 4TS transmission
power (typically "#$?#9 has to be divided to all users. In a networ+ environment both coverage
and capacity are interlin+ed by interference. So by improving one side of the e3uation would
decrease the other side. System is loosely balanced by design. The ob*ect of the lin+ budget
design is to calculate ma6imum cell si<e under given criteria,
Type of service (data type and speed
Type of environment (terrain, building penetration
4ehavior and type of mobile (speed, ma6 power level
System configuration (4TS antennas, 4TS power, cable losses, handover gain
-e3uired coverage probability
8inancial and economical factors (use of more e6pensive and better 3uality e3uipment or not
the cheapest installation method
and to match all of those to the re3uired system coverage, capacity and 3uality needs with each
area and service.
In an urban area, capacity will be the limiting factor, so inner city cells will be dimensioned by
re3uired %rlangs7+mU for voice and data. %ven using ":d4 as inbuilding penetration loss into the
building core area, lin+ budget would typically allow about 3##m cell range, which is a way too
much for a capacity purposes. In a rural area uplin+ power budget will determine the ma6imum
cell range, when typically cells are less congested. . typical cell range in rural areas will be
several +ilometers depending on a terrain.
4elow is an e6ample of how 905!. voice call lin+ budget can be done. Some of the values
can be debated, including the propagation model, but it gives an idea of the calculation methods.
U!TS lin+ budget
o8locationB 2solations
S)urious emissions are emissions, which are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as
harmonics emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products and fre3uency conversion
products, but e6clude out of band emissions. This is measured at the base station -8 output port.
Spectrum %mission !as+, 3G)) TS ":.&#? 8ig. C."
Spurious emissions limits for protection of the 4S receiver
The table above corresponds to $(# d4m 7 3.(?!;< spurious emission re3uirements from U!TS
51 to U!TS U1.
'FAM*-'
S)urious emission .- to U- $ (# d4m See above
Ma5 sensitivity %e0ra%ation $ &"& d4m 4S reference sensitivity
Min re(uire% isolation ?& d4
U!TS 855 isolation re3uirement due to spurious emissions
/ote, 0hec+ with your vendor, they will 3uote a lower figure
The receiver bloc"in0 characteristics is a measure of the receiver ability to receive a wanted
signal at its assigned channel fre3uency in the presence of an unwanted interferer on fre3uencies
other than those of the ad*acent channels.
'FAM*-'
Ma5 !o%e 3 )ower ?3 d4m B "#9
3loc"in0 level $ ?# d4m 3G)) ":&#? D.:.&
Min re(uire% isolation (3 d4
U!TS 855 $ 855 isolation re3uirement due to receiver bloc+ing
/ote, 0hec+ with your vendor, they will 3uote a lower figure
The transmit intermo%ulation performance is a measure of the capability of the transmitter to
inhibit the generation of signals in its non linear elements caused by presence of the wanted
signal and an interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna. The transmit
intermodulation level shall not e6ceed the out of band emission or the spurious emission
re3uirements.
Summary, o8location an% isolation relate% issues
0o$location issuesA base station receiversA spurious emission and bloc+ing
0o$e6istence issuesA mobile phone receiversA spurious emission and bloc+ing
Intermodulation issues
.ll wireless systems need to be considered
@endor e3uipment specification far better that 3G)) specifications
Solution consi%erations
%3uipment specifications
;orisontal antenna separation
@ertical antenna separation
.dditional filtering
.ntenna beamwidth
.ntenna bearing
8re3uency coordination with other carriers
Smart designs for common antenna systems
7.MA S)rea%in0
T55 905!. uses spreading factors ? $ :&" to spread the base band data over V:!;< band.
Spreading factor in d4s indicates the process gain. Spreading factor &"( B "& d4 process gain.
Interference margin is calculated from that,
2nterference Mar0in = *rocess Gain 8 ?$e(uire% S!$ G System -ossesA
-e3uired Signal to /oise -ation is typically about : d4
System losses are defined as losses in receiver path. System losses are typically ? $ C d4s
2verview of Spreading )rocess
om)resse% Mo%e
5uring inter$fre3uency handover the U%Ws must be given time to ma+e the necessary
measurements on the different 905!. carrier fre3uency. & to D slots per frame can be
allocated for the U% to perform this intra fre3uency (hard handover. These slots can either be in
the middle of the single frame or spread over two frames.
This compressed mode operation can be achieved in three different methods,
5ecreasing the spreading factor by ",&. This will increase the data rate so bits will get sent
twice as fast.
)uncturing bits. This will remove various bits from the original data and hence reduce the
amount of information that needs to be transmitted.
The higher layer scheduling could also be changed to use less timeslots for user traffic.
8rom the 3G)) TS ":."&",
In compressed frames, Transmission Gap 1ength slots from /first to /last are not used for
transmission of data. .s illustrated below, the instantaneous transmit power is increased in the
compressed frame in order to +eep the 3uality (4%-, 8%-, etc. unaffected by the reduced
processing gain. The amount of power increase depends on the transmission time reduction
method. 9hat frames are compressed, are decided by the networ+. 9hen in compressed mode,
compressed frames can occur periodically, or re3uested on demand. The rate and type of
compressed frames is variable and depends on the environment and the measurement
re3uirements.
The frame structure for uplin+ compressed frames is illustrated below.
There are two different types of frame structures defined for downlin+ compressed frames. Type
. ma6imises the transmission gap length and type 4 is optimised for power control. The frame
structure type . or 4 is set by higher layers independent from the downlin+ slot format type . or
4.
9ith frame structure of type ., the pilot field of the last slot in the transmission gap is
transmitted. Transmission is turned off during the rest of the transmission gap (below.
9ith frame structure of type 4, the T)0 field of the first slot in the transmission gap and the
pilot field of the last slot in the transmission gap is transmitted. Transmission is turned off during
the rest of the transmission gap (below.
UMTS *ower ontrol
O)en loo) )ower control is the ability of the U% transmitter to sets its output power to a
specific value. It is used for setting initial u)lin" and %ownlin" transmission powers when a U%
is accessing the networ+. The open loop power control tolerance is X ' d4 (normal conditions or
X &" d4 (e6treme conditions
2nner loo) )ower control (also called fast closed loop power control in the u)lin" is the ability
of the U% transmitter to ad*ust its output power in accordance with one or more Transmit )ower
0ontrol (T)0 commands received in the downlin+, in order to +eep the received uplin+ Signal$
to$Interference -atio (SI- at a given SI- target. The U% transmitter is capable of changing the
output power with a step si<e of &, " and 3 d4, in the slot immediately after the T)0Kcmd can be
derived. Inner loop power control fre3uency is &:##;<.
The serving cells estimate SI- of the received uplin+ 5)0;, generate T)0 commands
(T)0Kcmd and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule, if SI-
est
Y
SI-
target
then the T)0 command to transmit is G#G, while if SI-
est
Z SI-
target
then the T)0
command to transmit is G&G. Upon reception of one or more T)0 commands in a slot, the U%
derives a single T)0 command for each slot, combining multiple T)0 commands if more than
one is received in a slot. Two algorithms are supported by the U% for deriving a T)0Kcmd.
9hich of these two algorithms is used, is determined by a U%$specific higher$layer parameter,
G)ower0ontrol.lgorithmG.
.lgorithm &,
The power control step is the change in the U% transmitter output power in response to a
single T)0 command
.lgorithm ",
If all five estimated T)0 command are GdownG the transmit power is reduced by & d4
If all five estimated T)0 command are GupG the transmit power is increased by & d4
2therwise the transmit power is not changed
Transmitter power control range
The transmit power of the %ownlin" channels is determined by the networ+. The power control
step si<e can ta+e four values, #.:, &, &.: or " d4. It is mandatory for UT-./ to support step
si<e of & d4, while support of other step si<es is optional. The U% generates T)0 commands to
control the networ+ transmit power and send them in the T)0 field of the uplin+ 5)00;. Upon
receiving the T)0 commands UT-./ ad*usts its downlin+ 5)00;75)50; power
accordingly.
Outer loo) )ower control is used to maintain the 3uality of communication at the level of
bearer service 3uality re3uirement, while using as low power as possible. The u)lin" outer loop
power control is responsible for setting a target SI- in the /ode 4 for each individual uplin+
inner loop power control. This target SI- is updated for each U% according to the estimated
uplin+ 3uality (41oc+ %rror -ation, 4it %rror -atio for each -adio -esource 0ontrol
connection. The %ownlin" outer loop power control is the ability of the U% receiver to converge
to re3uired lin+ 3uality (41%- set by the networ+ (-/0 in downlin+.
*ower control of the %ownlin" common channels are determined by the networ+. In general
the ratio of the transmit power between different downlin+ channels is not specified in 3G))
specifications and may change with time, even dynamically.
.dditional special situations of power control are *ower control in com)resse% mo%e and
.ownlin" )ower %urin0 han%over.
UT$A! 2
ub
2nterface General 4rame Structure
The general structure of a 0ommon Transport 0hannel frame between /ode 4 and -/0 consists
of a header and a payload.
6ea%er *ayloa%, .ata or ontrol 2nformation
General 8rame Structure
There are two types of frames (indicated by the 8rame Type field.
5ata frame.
0ontrol frame.
The general structure of frames
.ata frame e5am)le,
51 855 5S0; data frame structure
0-0
8T
0yclic -edundancy 0hec+sum
8rame Type
08/
T8I
S8
S)
!0 Info
T4
0onnection 8rame /umber
Transport 8ormat Indicator
Spreading 8actor
Spare
!ulti 0ode to indicate the number of parallel )5S0; codes
on which the 5S0; data will be carried
Transport 4loc+
ontrol frame e5am)le,
Iub 0ommon Transport 0hannel 0ontrol 8rame 8ormat
/irtual 6ome 'nvironment ?/6'A
@irtual ;ome %nvironment (@;% is a concept for )ersonal Service %nvironment ()S%
portability across networ+ boundaries and between terminals. The concept of @;% is such that
users are consistently presented with the same personalised features, User Interface
customisation and services in whatever networ+ and whatever terminal (within the capabilities of
the terminal and the networ+, wherever the user may be located. 8or -elease :, AM'-,
M'5', OSA and USAT are considered the mechanisms supporting the @;% concept.
CAMEL Customised Application For Mobile Network Enhanced Logic
MExE Mobile Execution Environment
MRF Media Resource Function
OA Open ervice Access
!A" !niversal #M Application "ool$%it
. user=s @;% is enabled by user profiles as logically depicted in a picture below. The home
environment shall,
enable the user to manage one or more user profiles (e.g. activate, modify, deactivate etc.
enable the home environment and ;%$@.S) to manage one or more user profiles (e.g.
activate, modify, deactivate etc.
enable the identification of a user=s personalised data and services information directly or
indirectly from the user=s profile(s
enable authorised ;%$@.S)s to access the user=s profile(s
enable @.S)s controlled and limited access to the user=s profile(s (e.g. for general user
preferences and subscribed services information.
The home environment=s view of the @irtual ;ome %nvironment concept is logically depicted in
a picture below. The home environment shall,
be able to provide and control services to the user in a consistent manner also if the user is
roaming
provide the necessary means to create and maintain a set of user profiles
Support the e6ecution of services T through its Service Tool+its in the networ+, the USI!
and in the !%
uni3uely identify the user in the telecommunication networ+s supported by the ;ome
%nvironment.
1ogical @;% -ole !odel (2perator=s ;ome %nvironment=s @iew
The 2pen Service .ccess consists of three parts,
A))lications, e.g. @)/, conferencing, location based applications. These applications are
implemented in one or more .pplication ServersA
4ramewor", providing applications with basic mechanisms that enable them to ma+e use of
the service capabilities in the networ+. %6amples of framewor+ functions are .uthentication and
5iscovery. The discovery function enables the application to find out which networ+ service
capability features are provided by the Service 0apability Servers.
Service a)ability Servers, providing the applications with service capability features,
which are abstractions from underlying networ+ functionality. %6amples of service capability
features offered by the Service 0apability Servers are 0all 0ontrol and User 1ocation.
!obile %6ecution %nvironment (!%6% provides a standardised e6ecution environment in an
U%, and an ability to negotiate its supported capabilities with a !%6% service provider, allowing
applications to be developed independently of any U% platform. The U% (consisting of the !%
and SI!7USI! can then be targeted at a range of implementations for !%6% from small
devices with low bandwidth, limited displays, low processor speeds, limited memory, !!I etc.,
to sophisticated with a complete !%6% e6ecution environment.
Generic !%6% architecture
Universal Subscriber identity module .pplication Tool+it (US.T provides a standardised
e6ecution environment for applications stored on the USI!7SI! card and the ability to utili<e
certain functions of the supporting mobile e3uipment. S.T7US.T provides mechanisms which
allow applications, e6isting in the USI!7SI!, to interact and operate with any !% which
supports the specified mechanism(s thus ensuring interoperability between a USI!7SI! and an
!%, independent of the respective manufacturers and operators. . transport mechanism is
provided enabling applications to be down$loaded and7or updated.
US.T 5iagram