Chapter 18

Willy Sansen 10-05 181
Distortion
in elementary transistor circuits
Willy Sansen
KULeuven, ESAT-MICAS
Leuven, Belgium
willy.sansen@esat.kuleuven.be
Why distortion ?
m
c
f
m
c
f
CM
3
Non-linearity :
distortion
Ch1 Ch2 Ch1 Ch2
Mixing up channels !!!
Table of contents
Definitions : HD, IM, intercept point, ..
Distortion in a MOST
Single-ended amplifier
Differential amplifier
Distortion in a bipolar transistor
Reduction of distortion by feedback
Distortion in an opamp
Other cases of distortion and guide lines
Linear distortion
v
IN
t
v
OUT
t
v
OUT
v
IN
f
High-pass filter
Linear distortion
v
IN
t
v
OUT
t
v
OUT
v
IN
f
Low-pass filter
Non-linear distortion
v
IN
v
OUT
t
t
v
IN
v
OUT
Q
Rounded or compressed
Quiescent point
Expanded
Soft and hard non-linearity
v
IN
v
OUT
t
t
v
IN
v
OUT
Q
Soft non-lin.
v
IN
v
OUT
t
t
v
IN
v
OUT
Q
Hard non-lin.
Non-linearity : by power series
v
IN
v
OUT
t
t
v
IN
v
OUT
Q
Soft non-lin.
v
OUT
= a
0
+
a
1
v
IN
+ a
2
v
IN
2
+ a
3
v
IN
3
+ ...
v
IN
(t) v
OUT
(t)
How to find a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ...
y = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+
a
0
= y
a
1
=
dy
du
u = 0
a
3
=
d
3
y
du
3
u = 0
6
1
u = 0
a
2
=
d
2
y
du
2
u = 0
2
1
Definition of harmonic distortion HD
y = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+
With u = U cos t cos
2
x = 1/2 ( 1 + cos 2x)
cos
3
x = 1/4 ( 3 cos x + cos 3x)
y = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+ = a
0
+
(a
1
+ a
3
U
2
) U cos t + U
2
cos 2t + U
3
cos 3t
HD
2
= U
4
a
2
2
a
3
4
3
2
1
4
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
HD
3
= U
2
Amplitude HD versus input signal
U
HD
10 %
1 %
0.1 %
- 20 dB
- 40 dB
- 60 dB
0.01 0.1 1
HD
2
HD
3
slope 1
slope 2
Low-distortion
region :
slopes 1 and 2
Noise
HD of a resistor
HD
(dB)
Output Voltage (V
ptp
)
slope 1
slope 1
slope 2
slope 2
THD = HD
2
2
+ HD
3
2
+
HD
2
Output spectrum
Freq. (Hz)
Output
amplitude
(dB)
HD
2
HD
3
2f 3f f
Definition of intermodulation distortion IM
y = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+
with u = U (cos
1
t + cos
2
t )
y = a
0
+
IM
2
= 2 HD
2
= U
IM
2
at
1

2
IM
3
at 2
1

2
and
1
2
2
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
4
3
IM
3
= 3 HD
3
= U
2
IM components
f
2f
1
-f
2
f
1
f
2
2f
2
-f
1
9 10 11 12
2f
1
f
1
+f
2
2f
2
20 21 22
3f
1
2f
1
+f
2
2f
2
+f
1
3f
2
30 31 32 33 MHz
0 f
2
-f
1
0 1
IM
3
IM
3
IM
3
IM
3
IM
2
IM
2
HD
2
HD
2
HD
3
HD
3
F F
IMcomponents
f
2f
1
-f
2
f
1
f
2
2f
2
-f
1
9 10 11 12
2f
1
f
1
+f
2
2f
2
20 21 22
3f
1
2f
1
+f
2
2f
2
+f
1
3f
2
30 31 32 33 MHz
0 f
2
-f
1
0 1
IM
3
IM
3
IM
3
IM
3
IM
2
IM
2
HD
2
HD
2
HD
3
HD
3
a
1
U
2 x or 6 dB
3 x or 9.5 dB
a
3
U
3
3
4
a
3
U
3
1
4
a
2
U
2
a
2
U
2
a
2
U
2
1
2
IM
3
3 x larger !
Next to Fs !
Output spectrum of amplifier for IM
Output
amplitude
(dB)
Freq. (MHz)
IM
3 IM
3
Ref.: J.Silva-Martinez, Kluwer 1993
Amplitude IM3 versus input signal
V
in
(dB)
Noise
V
out
(dB)
a
1
V
in
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
V
Nout
IM
3
IMFDR
3
DR
N
IP
3
1 dB -1 dB
Compression
point
IP
3
is the IM
3
Intercept point
SFDR
3
Relation IP
3
and IM
3
V
in
V
out
a
1
V
in
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
V
Nout
IM
3
IMFDR
3
DR
N
IP
3
1 dB IP
3
is V
in
where IM
3
= F
IP
3
=
a
1
a
3
3
4
= V
in
IM
3
1
= V
indB
- IM
3dB
2
1
V
in
V
out
a
1
V
in
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
V
Nout
IM
3
IMFDR
3
DR
N
IP
3
1 dB
Relation IMFDR
3
and IP
3
IMFDR
3
= max DR
@ V
Nout
=
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
IMFDR
3
=
a
1
a
3
3
4 1
V
Nin
2
3
=
IP
3
V
Nin
( )
2/3
= (IP
3dB
-V
NindB
)
3
2
V
in
V
out
a
1
V
in
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
V
Nout
IM
3
IMFDR
3
DR
N
IP
3
1 dB
= IP
3dB
- 9.6 dB
-1 dB is x 0.891
V
in1dBc
= 0.109
a
1
a
3
3
4
V
in1dBc
= 0.109 IP
3
The IP
3
and -1 dB compression point
Relationship exercise
V
in
V
out
a
1
V
in
4
3
a
3
V
in
3
V
Nout
IM
3
IMFDR
3
DR
N
IP
3
1 dB
a
1
= 20 a
3
= 0.4
V
in
= 0.45 V
RMS
or 6 dBm
IP
3
= 6 + 25 = 31 dBm
IM
3
= 0.3 % or -50 dB
V
Nin
= 30 V
RMS
(-78 dBm)
IMFDR
3
= 119 = 73 dB
3
2
V
in1dBc
= 21 dBm
Definition of crossmodulation distortion CM
y = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+
with u = U cos
1
t + U (1 + m
c
cos
c
t ) cos
2
t
CM
3
= m
c
U
2
= m
c
IM
3
4
3
m
c
f
m
c
f
CM
3
a
3
a
1
2
Table of contents
i
DS
= K (v
GS
- V
T
)
2
W
L
I
DS
+ i
ds
= K (V
GS
+ v
gs
- V
T
)
2
I
DS
is the DC component
i
DS
is the DC + ac component
i
ds
is the ac component
I
ds
is the amplitude of the ac component
Distortion in a single-MOST amplifier
K = K
DC and ac components
v
IN
i
DS
t
t
v
IN
Q
I
DS
: DC component
i
DS
: DC + ac component
i
ds
: ac component
I
ds
: amplitude of the ac
component
I
ds
I
DS
i
DS
i
ds
I
DS
= K (V
GS
- V
T
)
2
W
L
I
DS
+ i
ds
= K (V
GS
+ v
gs
- V
T
)
2
i
ds
= K (V
GS
+ v
gs
- V
T
)
2
- K (V
GS
- V
T
)
2
i
ds
= 2K (V
GS
- V
T
) v
gs
+ K v
gs
2
Distortion in a single-MOST amplifier
K = K
i
ds
= 2K (V
GS
- V
T
) v
gs
+ K v
gs
2
or i
ds
= g
1
v
gs
+ g
2
v
gs
2
+ g
3
v
gs
3
+
g
1
= 2K (V
GS
- V
T
)
g
2
= K
g
3
= 0
IM
2
= V
gs
=
g
2
g
1
& IM
3
= 0
V
gs
2(V
GS
-V
T
)
Coefficients a
1
, a
2
, a
3
by comparison
W
L
K = K
Normalized current swing
i
ds
= 2K (V
GS
- V
T
) v
gs
+ K v
gs
2
i
DS
= K (v
GS
- V
T
)
2
or y = a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+ ..
y = =
i
ds
I
DS
y = = u + u
2
I
ds
I
DS
2 v
gs
V
GS
- V
T
+
1
4
2 v
gs
V
GS
- V
T
( )
2
1
4
V
gs
(V
GS
- V
T
)/2
U =
y is the relative current swing !
Numerical example
The peak value of V
gs
is V
gsp
= 100 mV
(then V
gsRMS
= 100 /2 = 71 mV
RMS
)
if V
GS
-V
T
= 0.5 V then V
gsp
/[ 2(V
GS
-V
T
] = 0.1
gives IM
2
= 10 % (HD
2
= 5 %) & IM
3
= 0
The relative current swing U = 0.1/0.25 = 0.4 !
In general
i
ds
= g
m
v
gs
+ K
2gm
v
gs
2
+ K
3gm
v
gs
3
+
g
o
v
ds
+ K
2go
v
ds
2
+ K
3go
v
ds
3
+
g
mb
v
bs
+ K
2gmb
v
bs
2
+ K
3gmb
v
bs
3
+
K
2gm&gmb
v
gs
v
bs
+ K
3,2gm&gmb
v
gs
2
v
bs
+ K
3,gm&2gmb
v
gs
v
bs
2
+
+
K
3gm&gmb&go
v
gs
v
ds
v
bs
More coefficients a
1
, a
2
, a
3
...
Distortion of a MOST diode
i
DS
= K (v
DS
- V
T
)
2
y = =
i
ds
I
DS
y = = u + u
2
I
ds
I
DS
2 v
ds
V
DS
- V
T
+
1
4
2 v
ds
V
DS
- V
T
( )
2
1
4
V
ds
(V
DS
- V
T
)/2
U =
Same as for a MOST transistor amplifier !
The zero HD3 point for smaller L
g
m
V
T
wi
vs
V
GS
g
m
g
m
I
DS
= g
m
g
msat
= WC
ox
v
sat
HD
3
= 0 at V
GS
= V
T
?
V
GS
si
Derivatives of gm
Ref. Fager JSSC Jan. 2004, 24-33
W = 60 m
L = 0.6 m
V
DS
= 2 V
A differential pair is symmetrical
v
Od
v
IN
t
t
0
R
L
I
B
rounded:
compressed
v
Id
symmetrical:
no 2nd order
y = =
i
Od
I
B
v
Id
V
GS
-V
T
1
4
v
Id
V
GS
-V
T
( )
2
I
B
V
GS
- V
T
1 -
v
Id
is the differential input voltage
i
Od
is the differential output current (g
m
v
Id
) or
twice the circular current g
m
v
Id
/2
I
B
is the total DC current in the pair
Note that g
m
= = K (V
GS
- V
T
)
Distortion in MOST differential pair
W
L
y = = U 1 - U
2
I
Od
I
B
1
4
V
Id
V
GS
- V
T
U =
IM
3
= U
2
3
32
U - U
3
1
8
1 - x 1 -
x
2
Distortion in MOST differential amplifier
y = =
i
Od
I
B
v
Id
V
GS
-V
T
1
4
v
Id
V
GS
-V
T
( )
2
1 -
IP
3
= 4 (V
GS
- V
T
) 3.3 (V
GS
- V
T
)
2
3
IM
2
= 0
U is the relative current swing
Distortion in linear region
V
DS1
= R
D
I
D
0.2 V
I
DS1
=
1
V
DS1
(V
GS1
-V
T
)
g
m1
=
1
V
DS1
is constant
Ref. Alini,JSSC, Dec.92, pp.1905-1915
Low distortion !
Table of contents
I
CE
= I
S
exp( )
I
CE
+ i
ce
= I
S
exp ( )
V
BE
kT
e
/q
V
BE
+ v
be
kT
e
/q
1 + y = exp( )
v
be
kT
e
/q
exp (u) = 1 + u + + + if u << 1
u
2
2
u
3
6
Distortion in a bipolar transistor amplifier
I
CE
DC component
i
CE
DC + ac component
i
ce
ac component
I
ce
amplitude of
the ac component
is the non-linear equation
y u + + + ...
u
2
2
u
3
6
U =
V
be
kT
e
/q
y is the relative current swing !
a
1
= 1
a
2
= 1/2
a
3
= 1/6
IM
2
= U =
IM
3
= U
2
= ( )
2
a
2
a
1
V
be
kT
e
/q
1
2
3
4
a
3
a
1
V
be
kT
e
/q
1
8
Distortion in a bipolar transistor amplifier
Numerical example
1. Relative current swing is 10 %
y
p
= 0.1 gives IM
2
= 5 % (HD
2
= 2.5%)
IM
3
= 0.125 % (HD
3
= 0.04 %)
As a result V
bep
= y
p
(kT
e
/q)= 2.6 mV
p
(1.8 mV
RMS
)
IP
3
= 8 (kT
e
/q) = 74 mV
p
or 50 mV
RMS
or -13 dBm
2. V
bep
= 100 mV
then y
p
= 0.1/0.026 4 (must be << 1 !!)
gives IM
2
= ?? Too high distortion !!
y = = u + +
I
d
I
D
U =
Same as for a Bipolar transistor amplifier !
V
d
kT
e
/q
y u + + + ...
u
2
2
u
3
6
u
2
2
u
3
6
i
D
= I
S
exp( )
v
D
kT
e
/q
Distortion in a diode
Distortion in bipolar differential amplifier
y = = tanh
i
Od
I
B
y = U - U
3
I
Od
I
B
1
3
V
Id
2kT
e
/q
U =
IM
3
= U
2
1
4
V
Id
2kT
e
/q
tanh x =
e
x
- e
-x
x - x
3
1
3
e
x
+ e
-x
U is the relative current swing
IP
3
= 4 kT
e
/q
IM
2
= 0
C= C
0
( 1 + a
1
V + a
2
V
2
+ ... )
For poly-poly caps : a
1
20 ppm/V
a
2
2 ppm/V
2
R= R
0
( 1 + a
1
V + a
2
V
2
+ ... ) [ JFET with large V
P
]
For diffused resistors : a
1
5 ppm/V
a
2
1 ppm/V
2
Distortion in a resistor or capacitor
Non-linearity depletion capacitance
V
IN
0 -V
B
C
j
C
0
C
j
=
C
0
1 -
v
IN
C
j
= C
0B
(1 + x)
-1/2
= C
0B
(1 - 1/2 x + 3/8 x
2
- 5/16 x
3
+ ..)
v
IN
= V
B
+ v
in
C
j
=
C
0
1 +
V
B
1
1 +
V
B
+
v
in
x
Table of contents
Distortion reduction by feedback
a
1
a
2
a
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
F
v u
v
y
y
u = v - Fy
y = a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
y = d
1
v + d
2
v
2
+ d
3
v
3
elim. u
elim. y
coeff v
2
: d
2
coeff v : d
1
coeff v
3
: d
3
-
Distortion reduction by feedback
a
1
a
2
a
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
F
v u
v
y
y
Loop gain 1+T = 1+a
1
F
u is (1+T) times smaller than v :
v is reduced by loop gain (1+T)
u = v - Fy
a
1
1 + T
a
3
(1 + T) - 2F a
2
2
(1 + T)
5
d
1
=
d
2
=
d
3
=
a
2
(1 + T)
3
1
F
-
IM
2f
= V =
d
2
V
(1 + T)
2
d
1
a
2
a
1
1
(1 + T)
a
2
a
1
=
V
(1 + T)
1
(1 + T)
a
3
a
1
2T
(1 + T)
2
a
2
a
1
-
V
2
(1 + T)
2
IM
3f
= V
2
d
3
d
1
3
4
=
(
) [
]
3
4
2
Distortion components with feedback
reduction in
current swing
expansion
compression
reduction by loop gain
reduction in
current swing
1
(1 + T)
a
3
a
1
2T
(1 + T)
2
a
2
a
1
-
V
2
(1 + T)
2
IM
3f
= V
2
d
3
d
1
3
4
=
(
) [
]
3
4
2
Distortion components with feedback : examples
MOST : a
3
= 0 : a
2
dominant
Diff. pair : a
2
= 0 : a
3
dominant
Bipolar : a
1
= 1 a
2
= 1/2 a
3
= 1/6 : a
2
dominant
a
3
a
1
- 2 a
2
2
T
1
a
1
2
a
3
T
1
a
1
a
3
a
1
1 -
2 a
2
2
(
)
For large T :
=
IM
2f
=
V
in
(1 + T)
2
1
2
1
(1 + T)
=
U
2
Emitter resistor to reduce distortion IM
2f
1
kT
e
/q
V
in
(1 + T)
1
kT
e
/q
U = is the relative current swing
T = g
m
R
E
=
V
RE
kT
e
/q
a
2
IM
2f
decreases linearly with T for constant U !
a
1
2
=
1
IM
3f
=
Null for T = 0.5
Emitter resistor to reduce distortion IM
3f
1 - 2T
(1 + T)
2
U
2
8
V
in
(1 + T)
1
kT
e
/q
U =
is the relative current swing
IM
3f
also decreases with T for constant U
for large T !!
a
2
a
1
2
=
1 a
3
a
1
6
=
1
Null in IM
3
if
a
3
(1 + T) = 2f a
2
2
a
3
(1 + T) = 2T
0.01
T
R
E
IM
%
1
0.1
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
1 10 100
1k
a
1
1
a
2
2
T =
- 1
a
1
a
3
2a
2
2
T = 0.5
IM
2
IM
3
Same slopes !
Null in IM
3
by R
E
(Bipolar trans. I
CE
= 1 mA)
V
in
T
1
kT
e
/q
U = =
R
E
I
CE
V
in
IM
2fT
= =
U
2T
V
in
kT
e
/q
2 (R
E
I
CE
)
2
IM
3fT
= = (
U
2
4T
Emitter resistor R
E
reduces distortion for large T
=
kT
e
/q
2 T
2
V
in
1
V
in
2
kT
e
/q
4 (R
E
I
CE
)
3
kT
e
/q
4 T
3
V
in
1
=
)
2
IM
2f
=
1
(1 + T)
U
4
Source resistor R
S
to reduce distortion
is the relative current swing
T = g
m
R
S
=
V
RS
(V
GS
-V
T
)/2
V
in
(1 + T)
1
(V
GS
-V
T
)/2
U =
IM
3f
=
T
(1 + T)
2
3U
2
32
a
2
a
1
4
=
1
a
3
= 0
(V
GS
-V
T
)/2
4 T
2
V
in
1
=
V
in
(V
GS
-V
T
)/2
4 (R
S
I
DS
)
2
(V
GS
-V
T
)
2
/4
32T
3
V
in
2
3
=
3V
in
2
(V
GS
-V
T
)/2
32 (R
S
I
DS
)
3
I
out
M2
R
M1
V
G
+
-
I
out
(V
GS
-V
T
)
(V
GS
-V
T
)
(W/L) (W/L)
Same I
out
& same V
G
:
Same gain !
Same output noise !
Same distortion ?
Current source with series R
IM
2f
IM
2
=
V
R
V
GST1
1 -
( 1 + )
2
V
R
V
GST1
Source & Emitter Follower
v
in
v
out
I
B V
B
R
S
U =
V
in
V
En
L
V
in
(V
GS
- V
T
)/2
1
g
m
r
DS
If v
BS
= 0 !!
C
L
v
in
v
out
I
B V
B
R
S
C
L
U U
U =
V
in
V
E
V
in
kT
e
/q
1
g
m
r
o
=
=
v
in
v
OUT
I
B V
B
v
OUT
= v
IN
- v
GS
KW/L
I
B
v
GS
= V
T
+
v
OUTF
= |2
F
| +v
OUT
- |2
F
|
v
IN
= v
OUT
+ V
T0
+ [ v
OUTF
] +
KW/L
I
B
V
T
= V
T0
+ [ v
OUTF
]
Distortion Source follower with substrate effect
C
L
V
OUT
V
IN
= 0
slope 1
= 0.8 V
1/2
slope 1/n
0
v
IN
= u
2
+ u + B
u
2
= v
OUT
+ |2
F
|
B = V
GS0
- |2
F
| - |2
F
|
KW/L
I
B
V
GS0
= V
T0
+
V
T0
= 0.6 V ; V
GS0
= 0.9 V; 2
F
= 0.7 V; B = -0.47 V; 1/n = 0.73
a
1
= 0.765; a
2
= 0.02; a
3
= -0.0035
V
INp
= 1 V
p
; HD
2
= 1.32 %; HD
3
= -0.114 %
2 3 V
0
2
V
1
1
1.37
0.9 2.27
1
Distortion Source follower - Example
Increasing the IP
3
by feedback
M1
V
id
/2 -V
id
/2
2I
bias
-i
out
i
out
M1 M1
V
id
/2 -V
id
/2
I
bias
-i
out
i
out
M1
I
bias
R R
2R
IP
3
3.3 (V
GS
-V
T
)(1+g
m1
R)
2
HD
3
/n
2
n= 1+g
m1
R
HD
3
= - 60 dB for V
id
= 1 V requires V
GS
-V
T
= 0.38 V and g
m1
R = 3 !!!
Increasing the IP
3
by feedback
Additional local FB
2R
More FB with opamps
2R
Distortion cancellation
V
id
/2 -V
id
/2
I
B2
I
B1
i
out
M1
i
out
M2
M1
Parameters :
= I
B2
/ I
B1
0.25
v = V
GST1
/ V
GST2
1.6
V
GST
= V
GS
-V
T
IM
3
0 if v =
-1/3
then i
out
= g
m1
V
id
(1 -
2/3
)
Distortion cancellation
IM
3

i
DS
I
B
= U - U
3
U =
V
id
V
GS
- V
T
1
8
IM
3
= U
2
3
32
V
id
V
GS1
- V
T
3
32
)
2
(
1 - v
3
1 - v
IM
3
0 if v
00
=
-1/3
at which point i
out
= g
m1
V
id
(1 -
2/3
)
i
out
= 2 (i
DS1
- i
DS2
)
Compensation of IM3
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
= 0.20
v
00
= 1.71
= 0.25
v
00
= 1.6
= 0.33
v
00
= 1.44
v
1 - v
3
1 - v
Output signal vs current ratio
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 -
2/3
0.25
v
00
= 1.6
x 0.6
Table of contents
Miller CMOS opamp with Feedback
GBW = 10 MHz & A
vc
= 10
Z
L
= 100 k//5pF
R
2
+
-
R
1
v
IN
v
OUT
Z
L
A
v
A
v0
f
BW
= 1 kHz
GBW
= 10 MHz
10
1 MHz
Distortion in input stage
a
1
a
2
a
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
F
v u
v y
u = v - Fy
y = B
1
(a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
)
y = d
1
v + d
2
v
2
+ d
3
v
3
elim. u
elim. y
coeff v
2
: d
2
coeff v : d
1
coeff v
3
: d
3
B
1
y
-
1+T = 1 + B
1
a
1
F
IM
2f
= V =
d
2
V
(1 + T)
2
d
1
a
2
a
1
1
(1 + T)
a
2
a
1
=
V
(1 + T)
1
(1 + T)
a
3
a
1
2T
(1 + T)
2
a
2
a
1
-
V
2
(1 + T)
2
IM
3f
= V
2
d
3
d
1
3
4
=
( ) [
]
3
4
2
Distortion in input stage
1+T = 1 + B
1
a
1
F
Same as before but with different Loop gain :
Distortion in input stage with LPF
a
1
a
2
a
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
F
v u
v y
u = v - Fy
y = B
1p
(a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
)
y = d
1
v + d
2
v
2
+ d
3
v
3
elim. u
elim. y
coeff v
2
: d
2
coeff v : d
1
coeff v
3
: d
3
y
B
1 f
p
-
1+T = 1 + B
1p
a
1
F
IM
2f
=
V
(1 + T)
2
a
2
a
1
1
(B
1p
a
1
F)
2
a
2
a
1
=
V
1
(1 + T)
a
3
a
1
V
2
(1 + T)
2
IM
3f
=
3
4
Distortion in input stage with LPF
diff.pair
=
a
3
a
1
3
4
1
(B
1p
a
1
F)
3
V
2
f
f
f
p
f
p
40 dB/dec
60 dB/dec
IM
3f
=
Single trans.
a
2
2
a
1
2
3
4
2
(B
1p
a
1
F)
3
V
2
Distortion in output stage
A
1
d
1
d
2
d
3
F
v u
v y
u = v - Fy
y = A
1
b
1
u+A
1
2
b
2
u
2
+A
1
3
b
3
u
3
y = d
1
v + d
2
v
2
+ d
3
v
3
elim. u
elim. y
coeff v
2
: d
2
coeff v : d
1
coeff v
3
: d
3
y
b
1
b
2
b
3
-
1+T = 1 + A
1
b
1
F
IM
2f
=
V
(1 + T)
2
b
2
b
1
A
1
(A
1
b
1
F)
2
b
2
b
1
=
V
Distortion in output stage
f
f
=
b
2
2
b
1
2
3
4
2 A
1
2
(A
1
b
1
F)
3
V
2
IM
3f
=
Single trans.
2T
(1 + T)
2
b
2
b
1
V
2
(1 + T)
2
(
)
3
4
2
x A
1
x A
1
2
IM
2f
Two-stage opamp a & b
f
f
p
V
T
2
a
2
a
1
f
p
f
V
T
2
b
2
b
1
a
1
T = a
1
b
1
F
IM
3f
f f
p
V
2
T
3
a
3
a
1
V
2
T
3
b
3
b
1
a
1
2
3
4
( )
2
f
p
f
( )
3
( )
a
1
a
3
- 2 a
2
2
a
1
a
3
( )
b
1
b
3
- 2 b
2
2
b
1
b
3
3
4
IM
2f
Three-stage opamp a & b & c
f
f
p
V
T
2
a
2
a
1
f
p
f
V
T
2
c
2
c
1
a
1
b
1
T = a
1
b
1
c
1
F
IM
3f
f f
p
V
2
T
3
a
3
a
1
V
2
T
3
c
3
c
1
a
1
2
b
1
2
3
4
( )
2
f
p
f
( )
3
( )
a
1
a
3
- 2 a
2
2
a
1
a
3
( )
c
1
c
3
- 2 c
2
2
c
1
c
3
3
4
Distortion in an opamp at low frequencies
1
2
3
4
V
OUT
= 1 V
M1
M1
M2
M2
M4
+ -
C
c
M3
GBW = 10 MHz
A
v0
= 10.000
BW = 1 kHz
A
vc
= 10
V
in
=
0.1 mV
V
m
=
10 mV
Z
L
I
DS1
= 6 A
g
m1
= 60 S
I
DS3
= 120 A
g
m3
= 1.2 mS
R
L
= 100 k
C
L
= 5 pF
C
c
= 1 pF
Low-distortion amplifier
A
v
A
v0
f
BW
= 1 kHz
GBW
= 10 MHz
10
A
v
A
v0
f
v
out
v
m
R
L
(C
L
+C
c
)
1 MHz
256 kHz
A
v2
A
v1
30 MHz
g
m1
g
m3
C
L
+C
c
C
c
0.3
v
in
= constant
f
nd
GBW
1
2
3
4
V
OUT
= 1 V
M1
M1
M2
M2
M4
+ -
C
c
V
node
at 100 Hz ?
M3
GBW = 10 MHz
A
vc
= 10
V
in
=
0.1 mV
V
m
=
10 mV
Z
L
U
1
= g
m1
V
in
/I
DS1
= 5 10
-4
I
DS1
= 6 A
I
DS3
= 120 A
U
3
= g
m3
V
m
/I
DS3
= 0.1
Distortion generation by nonlinear output stage :
Distortion reduction by feedback :
T = 1000 IM
2f
= 2.5 %/1000 = 0.0025 % Negligible !
U
3
= g
m3
V
m
/I
DS3
= 0.1
IM
2
= U
3
/4 = 0.25 0.1 = 2.5 %
Distortion in an opamp at high frequencies
1
2
3
4
V
OUT
= 1 V
M1
M1
M2
M2
M4
+ -
C
c
V
node
at 100 kHz ?
M3
GBW = 10 MHz
A
vc
= 10
V
in
=
10 mV
V
m
=
10 mV
Z
L
U
1
= g
m1
V
in
/I
DS1
= 5 10
-2
I
DS1
= 6 A
I
DS3
= 120 A
U
3
= g
m3
V
m
/I
DS3
= 0.1
Distortion generation by nonlinear output stage :
Distortion reduction by feedback :
T = 10 IM
2f
= 2.5 %/100 = 0.25 %
U
3
= g
m3
V
m
/I
DS3
= 0.1
IM
2
= U
3
/4 = 0.25 0.1 = 2.5 %
Distortion in an opamp at high frequencies
Distortion generation by nonlinear input stage :
U
1
= g
m1
V
m
/I
DS1
= 0.05
IM
3
= U
1
2
/10 = 0.0025/10 = 0.025 % Negligible !
Miller CMOS OTA Measured Distortion
HD
2
(dB)
Freq.
(Hz)
1.8 V Low distortion CMOS Opamp
Ref.Hernes Kluwer 2003
GBW 3 GHz
C
L
= 8 pF
f
P
= 380 MHz
at 0.38 Vpeak
SR 900 V/s
f
P
=
2 Vpeak
SR
Large V
GS4
-V
T
HD2 & HD3 vs Amplitude
large distortion
Slope 1
Slope 2
HD2 & HD3 vs Frequency
HD
2
HD
3
dB dB
Hz Hz
Table of contents
Distortion caused by limited SR
Distortion of a switch
Distortion at high frequencies :
Volterra series instead of power series
Distortion in continuous-time filters
Guide lines
Guide lines for low distortion
Scaling such that voltage amplitudes
are limited
Scaling such that relative current swings
are limited
Feedback
All fully differential
Distortion comp. IM
2
IM
3
x U
p
x U
p
2
U
p
= V
ref
=
Bipolar 1/2 1/8 kT
e
/q
MOST 1/4 0 (V
GS
-V
T
)/2
Bip. diff.pair 0 1/4 2kT
e
/q
MOST diff.pair 0 3/32 (V
GS-
V
T
)
V
ref
V
ip
Distortion components
Distortion comp. IM
2
-IM
3
x U
p
x U
p
2
U
p
= V
ref
=
Bipolar 1/2T 1/4T kT
e
/q x T
MOST 1/4T 3/32T (V
GS
-V
T
)/2 x T
Bip. diff.pair 0 1/4T 2kT
e
/q x T
MOST diff.pair 0 3/32T (V
GS
-V
T
) x T
V
ref
V
ip
Distortion components with Feedback (T > 5)
References
P.Wambacq, W.Sansen : Distortion analysis of analog Integrated
Circuits, Kluwer Ac. Publ. 1998
W.Sansen : Distortion in elementary transistor circuits
IEEE Trans. CAS II Vol 46, No 3, March 1999, pp.315-324
J. Silva-Martinez, etal : High-performance CMOS continuous-time
filters, Kluwer Ac. Publ. 1993
B. Hernes, T. Saether : Design criteria for low-distortion in
feedback opamp circuits, Kluwer Ac. Publ. 2003
G. Palumbo, S. Pennisi : Feedback amplifiers, Kluwer Ac. Publ. 2002
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