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Gio trnh kho hc
Hng dn nhip nh Special View
c t chc bi
UNESCO
Din n ngi khuyt tt
Hi ngh s nhip nh Vit Nam
Un Volunteers vit nam
H Ni, thng 10 nm 2004
Kho hng dn nhip nh Special View

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Bi 1: K thut chp nh
Ging vin: Li Hin
Gii thiu chung v cc loi my nh:
C 3 loi my nh:
- My c: chnh thao tc bng tay, chp bng phim
- My in t: t ng iu khin cc chc nng, chp bng phim
- My k thut s: t ng chnh cc chc nng v u c thm
mn hnh, xem li hnh nh sau khi chp, chp bng th lu hnh
nh
Tng lai chng ta s s dng my k thut s nhiu hn, t dng my
phim. V my k thut s c nhiu tin ch hn, bn c th xem li hnh
nh ngay sau khi chp. Khng nhng th, bn cn c th truyn hnh
nh sau khi chp vo my vi tnh v chuyn qua mng Internet ch trong
vi pht.
I.My c:
1. Nguyn l c bn: Mun ghi c mt hnh nh, ch cn 3 thao tc:
Thao tc 1: Tm khong cch t my nh n vt chp, bng cch xoay
vng ngoi cng ca ng knh n khi ngi c chp r nt l c.
Thao tc 2: o nh sng ni vt c chp ng bng cch t tc
chp ng thi bm nt o sng, v xoay vng ca sng(vng trong
cng trn ng knh) khi tn hiu trong khung ngm bo n xanh l c
Thao tc 3: gt cn phim ht c tay v bnh tnh bm my.

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Vi 3 thao tc trn chng ta c th c c 1 hnh nh tng bn b

hoc l tham gia cuc thi nh.
2. Thc hnh
Thao tc 1:
Nhn vo vt cn chp, xoay vng ngoi cng ca ng knh n khi no
thy vch o nt to thnh ng thng l c.
Thao tc 2:
- t tc trc (tc l thi gian mng trp m cho nh sng lt
qua ng knh ti mt phim)
V d:
t tc 1 giy, bm my mng trp m ht thi gian 1 giy th mng
trp t ng li.
T tc 2 tr ln th thi gian l 1/2, 1/5,1/10, 1/4000.ca giy,
nh sng ngoi tri lun thay i lc mnh lc yu. Cng sng
mnh (khi nhiu nh sng) th tc cao, cng sng yu (khi t
nh sng) th tc chm.
- Cch o sng:
o sng l o cng nh sng ti ni t vt l mnh hay yu
- t tc thch hp :

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+ Trong nh: tc 1/15 tr xung phi dng chn my nh (chn 3

chc) cho khi rung v nho nh.
+ Ngoi tri: t tc trung bnh 1/30; 1/60; 1/125; hoc 1/250. t
xong tc chp, bm nt o sng, xoay vng ca sng (vng trong
cng trn ng knh). Khi tn hiu trong khung ngm bo xanh l c.
Trong khung ngm c 3 k hiu:
Du + m sng th tha sng,
Du - m sng l thiu sng,
Du trn (0) xanh sng l sng
Ch : khi chp nh my phi eo qua c khi b ri my.
Thao tc 3:
Ln phim: Gt cn phim ht c tay v bm my.
Vic hc khi qut v my c bit nhng nguyn l c bn, sau ny
chng ta nn dng my t ng v my k tht s. My t ng v
my k thut s khng phi ly nt v khng phi o sng v cng
khng phi ln phim. Ch cn chng ta nh khi chp trong nh, nu
khng dng n flash th dng chn 3 chc khi b nho hnh nh.
Cn ngoi tri vi cng sng trung bnh hoc mnh th ta c th
cm my bnh thng.
Mt s nt v My k thut s:
My k thut s c 4 ch l P,A,S,M. Ta nn ch P.
M: chnh bng tay
S: t tc theo mun
A: t ca sng theo mun

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P: my s t iu chnh
Auto: my t ng iu chnh
P v Auto c chc nng tng t nhau.
My k thut s ging nhau v c bn: tnh nng v nguyn l l u
chp bng th nh.
My k thut s c 2 loi:
- My du lch: thng c 1 ch t ng chp (auto), chc nng
iu chnh t hn v khng tho c ng knh ra khi my
- My chuyn nghip: c th tho lp c ng knh v c nhiu
tnh nng ng dng.
Bui hc hm nay kt thc.
Hn gp li cc bn tun sau.
Chc cc bn nhanh chng nm c k thut chp v tr thnh
thnh vin Hi ngh s nhip nh.

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Bi 2: K thut chp nh (tip theo)

I. My c (tip)
3. Ca iu sng:
Khi ca sng khp nh (Th d: tr s 11, 16, 22): nt ca
nh rt su.
ng dng: chp phong cnh, chp nhiu ngi, hoc chp
nhng nh nt t gn n chn tri.
Khi ca sng m rng (Th d : 2,8; 4; 5,6;.....): nt ca nh
nng hay nt im (nt im: tc l ch nt pha trc mt v mt
t ng sau. c bit l trong trng hp chp nh chn dung, tnh
vt, chp mt bng hoa).
Khi ca sng m trung bnh (Th d: 5,6; 8.......): th cho ta khong
nt su trung bnh, thng ng dng chp nh thi s, sinh hot,
v.v
l nhng tnh nng c bn nht ca ca sng. Cn li cn nhiu tnh
nng khc s hc sau.
4. Tc chp:
Khi nim: l thi gian ca trp m cho nh sng lt qua ng knh ti
mt phim.
TD1: t tc 1: bm my, ca trp m, ht thi gian 1 giy ca trp
ng li.
TD 2: t tc 2 ( l 1/2 ca giy): bm my, trong thi gian 1/2 ca
giy, ca trp ng li.

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TD 3: t tc 3 (l 1/30 ca giy): bm my, trong thi gian 1/30 giy

ca trp ng li
Nu tc 2000, ngha l 1/2000 ca giy: ca trp m cc nhanh
(dng khi qu nhiu nh sng)
Trong my nh c mt tc c bit l tc B, khi bm my ca trp
m, ri tay khi nt bm ca trp ng li. Thng ng dng chp cnh
thnh ph hay nng thn (c n yu) ban m, hoc chp pho hoa...
- My nh thng c cc tc sau: B; 1; 2; 4; 8; 15; 30; 60; 125; 250;
500; 1000; 2000... (i vi my c)
- My in t v my k thut s: c tc B, 30 giy (s) n 1/16000
giy...
T tc B, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15 l nhng tc chm, khi s dng
nhng tc ny my nh phi gn ln chn ba chc, my
khi b rung lm hnh nh b m nho, v thng phi dng dy
bm mm hoc t ch my t ng bm.
T tc 30, 60, 125, 250 l tc trung bnh (tc ph thng)
ng dng chp rt nhiu th loi: thi s, sinh hot, tham quan
du lch, k nim, phong cnh, m ci, sinh nht, v.v... . Trong 4
tc ny c mt tc sn khc mu, hoc c k hiu hnh tia
chp bn cnh (125): l tc qui nh chp n chp
ngoi gn vo my. Chp n in t c th chp vi tc c tr
s nh hn tc khc mu n tc B trong trng hp chp
m ci (tc 30 khi chp trong nh s p hn). Ngoi tri
nn tc sn khc mu khi cng sng mnh. Tuyt i
khng chp n chp vi tc cao hn tc khc mu. bi v
lc ny tc nhanh qu, phim khng bt c nh sng ca n
chp.
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T tc 500, 1000, 2000, 4000... gi l tc nhanh, thng

ng dng chp nhng vt th di ng nh t chy, my bay ct
cnh, ua xe, th thao... gi r nt vt di ng c chp.
Tm hiu thm v my nh in t: My in t c hai loi:
1) My du lch: my du lch c tnh nng n gin, thng ch c mt
tnh nng chp t ng (ch Auto (A)).
2) My du lch bn chuyn nghip: c 4 ch chp:
- Ch hon ton t ng Auto (A): l chp t ng: ly nt, o
sng v t ng ln phim.
- Ch P (program) (theo chng trnh t sn ): Ly nt, o
sng v t ng ln phim.
- Ch A (aperture) (t ca sng to nh theo mun) : Ly nt,
t tc chp, ln phim t ng.
- Ch S (speed) (t tc chp theo mun) : Ly nt, o
sng, ln phim t ng.
- Ch M (manual) ( t tc ca sng, ly nt theo mun) :
ln phim t ng (dng chp nh ngh thut, vi nhng hiu ng c
bit).
My chuyn nghip c c im l c th tho ri thay th cc loi
ng knh khc nhau.
Ch : cc bn nn dng my in t bn chuyn nghip, khng nn
dng my du lch hon ton t ng, v n hn ch hot ng chp nh
bng tr tu.

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Bi 3: Tm hiu v cc loi ng knh
I. ng knh n:
ng knh n c gc chp c nh v trong ng knh n c nhiu
loi tiu c khc nhau (gc chp hp hoc rng khc nhau)
TD: ng knh tiu c 50 mm gc chp 460 -> ng knh trung bnh
(Normal).
- Tiu c l g: l khong cch o c t im l sng ca ng knh
n mt phim. K hiu in trn ng knh: f = 50mm.
- Hin nay c mt s ng knh tiu c n nh sau: 16 mm (mt c); 24
mm; 28 mm; 35 mm. Nhng tiu c ng knh c tr s nh hn 50 mm
gi l ng knh gc rng (wide).
+ Tiu c cng ngn th gc chp cng rng, nt su cng
ln. ng dng: thng chp phong cnh, m ci, hi ngh phng
hp...
+ Tiu c cng di (70 mm; 80 mm; 100 mm; 200 mm; 1000
mm, gi l ng knh gc hp (tele) gc chp cng hp, khong nt cng
nng. ng dng: thng chp nhng ch xa khng th n gn
c, nh: chp th d, chim bay, b phng tn la, nhng ni c cht
c khng th n gn c, chp bn ti phm ang gy n (bn tim
ma tu...), chp chn dung, hoa (ch lm ni mt v hoa, cn nn ng
trc v ng sau th m nho)
- ng knh tiu c kp (thay i c nhiu tiu c): gi l ng knh
zoom. C 3 loi:
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+ ng knh thay i tiu c trong phm vi di 50 mm (th d 18 35 mm) gi l ng knh zoom-wide (gc rng t 50 mm tr xung).
+ ng knh thay i tiu c trong phm vi trn 50 mm (th d 70 200 mm) gi l ng knh zoom tl (gc chp hp t 70 mm tr ln).
+ ng knh thay i tiu c trong phm vi di 50 mm v trn 50
mm (th d 18 70 mm) gi l zoom wide tl (gc chp rng t di 50
mm v trn 50 mm).
- Tm hiu mt s k hiu trn my
1. Hnh ni: Chp phong cnh
2. Bng hoa: chp gn (cn cnh)
3. Hnh ngi: chp vt di ng
4. Chn dung: chp chn dung
5. To nh: chp cnh m thnh ph
6. Ngi v sao: chp chn dung ngoi tri ban m
7. Tia chp:chp n chp
8. Tia chp trong vng trn: khng cho n chp pht sng
9. Con mt: c chp n v chng mt
10. ng h: ch hn gi my t ng chp
11.Thng sau 10 giy my chp, c loi t thi gian theo mun
(c th t 3 giy hoc 5 giy u c).

12.
T
T W : nhn W l chp gc rng, nhn T l chp gc hp.

Mt s hiu ng ca My k thut s:
10

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Khng chp bng phim nha, chp bng th nh. Th nh chp

c nhiu hay t nh ph thuc vo b nh (MB - megabite).
TD: th nh l 32 MB chp c 25 kiu vi my 3.2 MG PX
Th nh 256 MB chp c 200 kiu (chp c nhiu nh hay
t ph thuc vo tr s MB ca th, s ln th chp c nhiu, s
nh chp c t)
Th nh thay th cho phim c th chp xong, lu ct vo my tnh,
cng di ng.
Ch : khi dng th khng ni c m, nhit cao, c ho
cht, c in t, khng c lm gy th. (Th 256 MB gi khong
50 USD). Th c nhiu loi kiu cch khc nhau.
My nh s chp c th xem ngay hnh nh hoc xo hnh nh
ngay trn my
My nh s c th chp nh en trng, nh mu, nh n sc
nu.
My s c th dng quay phim c.
My s c th thay i ISO (tiu chun quc t ) ASA(tiu
chun Hoa k) ca phim, nhy bt sng ca ISO t 200 1600
iso (phim nha khng th thay i nhy bt sng, m chng ta
phi mua cc loi phim khc nhau),
My nh s c th xem hnh nh trn my nh hoc xem trn Tivi
qua cp ni, qua my tnh qua cp ni,
My nh s c th dng quan st mt phng lm vic thay cho
camera.
My k thut s th hnh nh ta c th ghi vo my tnh v chuyn
qua Internet n mi ni trn th gii.
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c im c bit ca my k thut s l mun chp mt vt

c mu chun, ngun sng phi l ngun nh sng trng ( nhit
l 56000K). Trong my nh s, c ch a cc ngun mu
nh sng khc nhau tr v nh sng trng, c k hiu Auto White
balance v c ch chnh tay cho tng ngun sng mt.
- K hiu mt tri: nu chp ngoi tri chn k hiu ny
- K hiu chic n in: chp trong nh c nh n trn
- K hiu n hunh quang: chp trong nh c nh n hunh quang
- K hiu m my: chp khi tri c nhiu my
- K hiu tia chp: chp khi tri ma c sm chp
Cc ch chp ghi hnh:
- My du lch ch c mt ch Auto
- My bn chuyn nghip v chuyn nghip c cc ch sau:
+ Auto: chp t ng hon ton
+ P: chp theo chng trnh my t sn, c th chnh tc chp v
ca sng theo mun.
+ S: t tc chp theo mun, cn ca sng t iu chnh cho cn
bng sng.
+ A : t ca sng theo mun, cn tc chp t iu chnh cho cn
bng sng.
+ M: c th t tc chp, ca sng, khong cch chp(c ly) theo
mun.
bit c th cch iu chnh th khi ai c my s t c Cataloge, nu
khng hiu s hi gio vin.
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c nhng bc nh p v sng ng, chng ta hy t o din v

chp chnh chng ta trong cuc sng. Cc bn chp nh cc bn ngoi
cuc sng vi nhng cnh thin nhin v con ngi bn ngoi. Nhng
bc nh y mang tnh nhn vn v gio dc rt cao.
Trong cuc sng c nhng ngi bnh thng nhng rt li, h khng
mun lm g. Nhng cc bn l nhng ngi khuyt tt nhng cc bn
rt gii. Nhng hnh nh m cc bn ghi li s rt cm ng v ng
trn trng, nhng hnh nh c th lm cm ng c th gii, c th
nhng bc nh s ot gii quc t.
Tn ging vin : Thy Li Hin
a ch
: 52 Hng Ngang
in Thoi
: 04-8245247/ 9230117
Mobile
: 0903411349
E-mail
: laihien88@yahoo.com
Bui hc hm nay kt thc.

Hn gp li cc bn tun sau.
Chc cc bn nhanh chng nm c k thut chp v tr thnh
thnh vin Hi ngh s nhip nh.
13

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Bi 4: nhy ca phim
Vic s dng loi phim no do nhy ca phim quy nh.

Nu chp ban m, bui ti, trong nh phi dng phim nhy cao:
200, 400....Nhng khi chp ngoi tri, sng cao cn nhy thp
cn bng nh sng nn dng phim nhy 100. y l l do ti sao
cn lm phim c nhy sng khc nhau.
Trc kia mi nc c mt k hiu ring cho nhy sng, v vy khi
dng thng xy ra tnh trng nhm ln, gy kh khn cho ngi s
dng nn sau ny cc nc thng nht tn gi nhy sng l ISO.
Ti sao li c ch K trn v? K l Kenvin (nhit mu)
Nhit mu: Mr Kenvin lm mt th nghim, ng gi nh c mt cht
kim loi khng c trn thc t (kim loi o) mu en trong bnh
khng c khng kh, sau nung ln, nhit cng tng th mu dn
dn chuyn i, nh vy c th kt lun, mu kim loi thay i theo
nhit . Nghin cu ny rt quan trng i vi nhng my chp ra nh
lun cn i vi chp phim mu khng quan trng lm.
Ch :
- Nhit n flash bng nhit nh sng ngoi tri.
- C loi phim chp n ring c bo K, cn phim bnh thng
th c K l 5500o
- Cch s dng k hiu cc nc
ASA: K hiu nhy phim ca M.
DIN: K hiu nhy phim ca c.
ISO: K hiu quc t
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n th k 20 nhy c tiu chun ho. nhy c ghi

trong bng cn i:
DIN
ASA
ISO
15/10
25
25/15o
18/10
50
50/18o
21/10
100
100/21o
24/10
200
200/24o
27/10
400
400/27o
30/10
800
800/30o
33/10
1600
1600/33o
36/10
3200
3200/36o
Nh vy l hin nay mc nhy sng cao nht l 3200.

Ti sao chng ta nn dng bng cn i ny v phim nh c nhng ht
mui bc c tc dng bt sng. Nu chp tc nhanh th ht bc to->
cht lng nh km (khi phng nh to s b ht lm tm, ging nh
chp bng my nh s vi phn gii thp khi phng to ln s b ht
nh nh vy). Nu chp tc chm th ht bc nh -> cht lng nh
tt hn.
V vy nu phim c nhy sng thp th nn chp chm th khi phng
to ln ht khng b gai, lm tm. Phim 100 200 cho nh mn. Loi
phim nhy sng cao cc ht bc s to hn nn khi phng to ln nh s
b lm tm.
Hng dn s dng :
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Khi s dng th nn dng phim trong khong 100 n 200 c th

chp trong mi tnh hung, cn khi chp nh ngh thut p
hn th cng c th chp ti a ti nhy 400.
Thng thng dng phim 100, 200 dng khi chp vt bnh thng,
ban ngy, trong phng, chp du lch.....Dng phim 400 chp
nh ngh thut v trong mt s trng hp chuyn mn.
Nhng phim c nhy sng thp hn th ht mn hn nhng
do tc chp chm nn d b rung -> nho nh. Nn ch chp
trong trng hp chp tnh vt, chp c chn my.
Trong cc trng hp chp nh ng nh bng, th thao khi
tri ti c th dng phim c nhy sng cao: 800, 1600,
3200....
Mt cun phim ISO 200/ 24o c nhy sng gp 2 ln cun
phim ISO100 .
Nu chp phim 100 5,6 ( m ng knh) - 1/60(tc chp)
(nh sng ngoi tri). Nu chp phim 200 c th 8-1/60 hoc
11-1/125.
m ng knh v tc chp ( hc trong bi trc).
Khi chp phi kt hp gia m ng knh v tc chp sao cho hp
l.
V d: Chp nh vi iu kin nh sng bnh thng, ban ngy thng:
m ng knh l 5,6 v tc chp l 1/60.
Quan h gia m ng knh v tc chp:
Tri sng phim 100, chp phong cnh: phi m 16, tc chp
1/15; nu m 11 th tc chp 1/30; nu m l 8 th tc
chp l 1/60, m 5,6 th tc chp l 1/125.
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Bng 1 :
iu kin nh sng
Tc chp
m ng knh
Nng to
125
16
Sng sa
125
5,6
U m
30
5,6
Bng 2 :
m
ng knh
Tc
chp
2,8
5,6
11
16
500
250
125
60
30
15
- Chp phong cnh (tnh) cn nt su c th 11-1/30, nu c

chn th c th 16-1/15.
- Khi chp vt ng (xe ang i) m ln, tc nhanh, ngc li
mun chp nh nho, chao i tc chp chm, m nh.
- Khi khp nh, nt su dng chp phong cnh.
- Khi m ng knh to, nt nng dng chp chn dung
Quan h ca khu v tc :
Nu va mun khong nt su, va chp tc nhanh th c th dng
nhy ca phim ln (400) nhng ch nn chp tc cao n 400,
cn nu nhanh na th cht lng phim s khng tt mu sc khng
thc.
Ghi nh :
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Mt cun phim ISO 200/24o nhy sng gp hai ln mt cun phim

ISO 100/21o (c ngha l nhy tng gp i nu tr s ISO tng
gp i). Phim nhy sng cng cao, mc l sng cng
gim, ht bc cng ln. Ht bc lm cho nh b lm tm nhiu
hn. Ngc li, phim nhy sng cng thp, mc l sng
cng tng.
Mun chn sng ca phim ta phi xem xt ti cc iu kin
chiu sng v bn cht ca vt chp.
Nhng phim ISO 100/21o 200/24o c dng rt ph bin,
chng thch hp vi nhng ti chp trong nh cng nh ngoi
tri.
Nhng phim ISO 400/27o - 800/30o c ht ln, rt thch hp vi
nhng vt c chiu sng yu.
Li khuyn:
Tt nht ta nn chn mt nhn hiu ( Fujifim, Kodak...) v mt
nhy ISO100/21o 400/27o cho nhng trng hp chp thng
thng v lm quen vi vic dng n.
Nhng phim cc nhy sng: ISO1600/33o 3200/30o dnh cho
nhng trng hp chiu sng qu yu hoc c to hiu qu
ra ht.
Mi phim c mt li th chp khc nhau:
- Fujifim: chp phong cnh, cnh mu t nhin nhiu cy
xanh.
- Kodak: chp chn dung, chp c mu vng.
- Konica: mu lam, tng i tt nhng bn km. Khng
nn dng.
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Cc mu chp da trn k hiu v bao.

- Chp hong hn, chp my tri hoc thuyn b lc chp ti
dng 5,6-1/125. Bng dy l khng thay i m thay i
theo hon cnh chp nu chp cn nt su th chp tc
chm, nu chp nhiu ngi dng 5,6 n 8 th s nt. Phim
100 th dng 8-1/60 nhng nu cn nt cao th c th
dng phim 200 8-1/125. Khi i sng tc nn dng phim 100.
My du lch thng dng phim 200.
Khi chp ngc sng s tnh t i mt bc: v d tri nng th ch
tnh l sng sa. Tri nng chp xui sng 11-1/125 cn chp
ngc sng 5,6-1/125 v nn dng loa che nng (PARA
SOLEILL)
Chp chn dung ngc sng to hiu qu hnh nh p, c vin
sng xung quanh mt.
Chp th thao ban m, nhy cao. Khi chp th thao cn chp
nhanh khng b nho hnh.
Ti sao phim li c nhy khc nhau?
Do cu to ca tng loi phim khc nhau (ging nh hnh v trn bng).
Phim c cu to bi cc lp: Lp bo v, lp nh tng hn hp, lp
keo chng phn x, phim.
nhy sng ph thuc vo dy ca tng lp.
Mn chp ca cc my c l hai mn khc nhau, khi chp th mn bn
tri m ra, sau mn bn phi ui theo. Tc chp cng nhanh th
thi gian mn bn phi ui theo mn bn tri cng nhanh to thnh
mt khe nh. Cn vi tc bnh thng th to thnh mt mng ln.
Chc mi ngi vui v v chp c nhiu nh p.
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Bi 5: K thut chp nh bng n Flash

Ging vin : Li Din m
n Flash c tc dng l to ra ngun nh sng nh nh sng ban
ngy. V vy n rt thun tin cho phng vin chp nh thi s. Ngi
chp c th t to nh sng theo ca mnh nn c th chp vo bt c
ni no, bt c iu kin no. Nu khng c n flash m chp bng
nh sng in th mu sc s khng theo mun. V vy s dng n
flash rt tt v c th to nh sng nh mun.
Khi chp trong phng, vi nh sng n th nu khng c n flash v
khng c phim nhy cao th khng th chp c.
TD: Ti c mt s bc nh chp hm khai ging, ti s dng n
flash. Khi s dng n, c 2 cch:
Cch 1: Chp vt chnh din ta n cng hng vi ng knh.
Nhng nh vy cc vt ta chp s b bt, khng c hnh khi.
Cch 2: Chp vt chnh din nhng ht n ln trn, lc n
khng chiu vo vt ta chp, do s to c hnh khi. n ht
ln trn v to u xung, mt ngi trc v sau u c chiu
sng nh nhau.
Vi cch chp 1, nu chp tc cao th nhng vt ng sau s b en
bi v n ch c tc dng phm vi nht nh. Nu mun vt ng sau
cng sng th ta phi dng tc chm hn. Tc ph thuc vo
n n ca tng my.
Tc bt sng ca my c t 30 n 60, nu chp nh sng pha
sau m r mt th t 15-30 th mi chp c ngi, vt ng sau.
Nu chp my t ng lin n th n rt b nn nh sng rt yu, ch
nn chp khong cch t 2m li thi. Nu mun chp xa hn th
dng phim nhy cao th s cho ta bt c hnh nh xa hn.
20

........................................................................................................................................
Ngoi tri nh sng qu mnh th khng cn n. Ban m th ch chp

trc tip thi v ngoi tri khng c trn phn chiu xung.
Nu chp ngc sng (mt tri hoc n ng sau ngi, vt c
chp) th cng dng n flash lm sng mt.
Dng n flash ngoi tri th phi o nh sng xc nh tc v
ng knh. V d tc l 125, ca iu sng m 8 m n n 3m, nu
mun chp xa hn th phi chuyn tc l 250, ng knh 5,6 th mi c
nh p. Tc 500, ng knh 4 th cng cho nh p. Nu khong
cch t my nh n vt/ngi c chp xa qu th n flash khng c
tc dng. Tc ph thuc vo tng loi my nh, my ph thng th
tc thng 250 l cao nht.
Tm li, c 2 cch dng n flash, chiu chnh din hoc chiu n ln
trn (vi iu kin trong nh)
n flash ch s dng trong khong cch t 10m tr li thi. Dng n
flash ngoi bin khi mun chiu sng mt ngi c chp trong iu
kin ngc sng.
Hi: Nu chp trong qun c ph, c mt s bng n nh, m th s
dng flash nh th no?
Tr li: nu trn nh trng v phng th chiu flash ln trn s c tc
dng. Trn nh g gh, mu sm th chiu n flash ln trn s khng
c tc dng v do nn chiu n flash trc tip.
Nu chp ban m mun ly n ng, n t th khng cn dng
n flash. Mun chp n t chy ngoi ng th phi dng chn
chng cm my nh khi b rung. Nu ch m hng Ngang hng
o, dng phim 400 ASA, tc 10 giy, ng knh 5,6 th s c nh p
(V ph ny c nhiu nh sng). ng knh m cng rng th chp cng
c su, nh cng p. Nu mun chp vt sng ngt qung, ta dng
21

........................................................................................................................................
chn chng cm my nh, m 1-2 ri che ng knh i, m ra ri li

m 1-2 v li che i. Nu khng che ng knh th vt sng s chy lin.
Nu chp Khu Vn Cc (Vn Miu) vo ban m th cng phi kim
tra nh sng, ng knh 5,6 l va. Nh ngi cm n flash chiu
sng tng phn ca bc tng chp. Lc my tc B (my
c) bao nhiu thi gian l tu mnh. Chp th ny phi c hai ngi,
mt ngi cm my, mt ngi cm n.
C th dng 2 n flash, mt chiu trc tip, mt chiu ng sau to
nh sng ven, nh sng ngc. Trong trng hp ny tt c cc chi tit
s ni bt ln. Nu c mt n flash th cc chi tit s b en. hai
n sng cng mt lc th phi c mt cc nhi sng khi bm my,
n chnh sng kch n n sng theo cng mt lc.
Ch :
- Cc nhi sng c th mua ti hiu nh khong hn 100.000. n
flash ph gi khong hn 100.000.
- n flash ph phi khut sau lng, khng nhn thy my nh
trnh b phn sng.
- Mun tc cc bn ng sau c cc mu , xanh, vng th dng
giy bng mu bt n flash ph li, bt bng mu g nh s ra
mu . Mun tc bay th c qut thi gi.
22

........................................................................................................................................
Bi 6:B cc ca nh
Ging vin: thy Li Din m
I.
n flash(tip theo)
Hin c nhiu loi n flash khc nhau.
Nikko l thng hiu rt thng dng hin nay. Nikko c loi t bnh
thng n hin i. Loi n Nikko hin i s dng chp
nhng nh din ra nhanh, n flash c th nhy lin tc v rt
nhanh. Thng cc phng vin s dng chp nh cc s kin
(TD: n nguyn th quc gia...)
nhy ca phim: cc my nh c ch bt n flash khc
nhau. i vi nhng my tc ph hp l 1/30, v vy nu chp
tc nhanh 1/60 th ch c th chp c 1/2 ca hnh, phn cn
li b en. C loi my th n tc 1/560 vn c th n n
c.
Khu ca n trn my nh:
My c: c cc khu l 22 ;16 ;11 ;8 ;5,6 ;4 ;2 ;8.

Phim 100 ASA
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
11
5,6
2,8
22
16
11
5,6
6m
7m
2,8
Khi chp phim 100 ASA th vi khong cch l 3m ta nn dng m

5,6. Vy ch nn m ng knh c rng ph hp vi iu kin nh
sng.
Nu chp bng phim 400 ASA, th ng knh phi ng 2 nc.
Phim 200 ASA m ch n Flash hin i. T 0,7 m n 8,5m. C
m ng knh l 8. Khi my s t iu chnh nh sng. My ny rt
tt cho nhng ngi lm trong ngh truyn hnh, phng s thi s.
23

........................................................................................................................................
Nu khong cch 1m n 13m th m ng knh l 5,6 vi n flash

th my s cho chng ta c kt qu ca vt c khong cch t 1 n 13
m. Nu chp gn th n flash s pht yu hn, nu chp xa th n
flash s mnh hn. y l c ch t iu chnh ca my. S hin i
ca my rt c ch cho ngi chp hnh thi s, phng vin chuyn
nghip.
Vi nhng phng vin nghip d, chng ta c th dng n r tin hn,
n auto bnh thng c th cho ta chp t 0,7 4m vn vi m l 8.
Khi c n, th nh c hnh khi v p hn. Nu khng c n, nh
sng b bt v khng r nt.
Khi n flash ht ln trn, th nh sng s phn b tt hn v nh
chp rng hn, khng li khong en v tr xa.
Chp trong phng, chp chnh din, vi tc cao th bt n khng
kp, nh s vn khng r nt v khng bt c nhng nh sng ph
ng sau.
Khi chp nhiu v c kinh nghim chng ta s c th iu chnh bt
n, m ng knh v tc chp.
n flash c th chnh din, hai bn hoc ng sau. n flash c
chc nng gip chng ta ly c nh sng theo mun.
TD: Xem 2 nh Thy gio chp tng i L Thi T. Nu khng c
n flash, nh s b vng.
II.
B cc ca nh:
Khi nim: B cc l s sp xp cc vt ni bt ch m mnh

mun nhn mnh sao cho hp l. y l vn quan trng nht trong
chp nh.
Nguyn tc:
24

........................................................................................................................................
Pha trc mt cn phi thong hn pha sau
Pha trn thong hn pha di
Chnh din phi cao hn phn din
TD: Khi chp nh giao thng, chng ta c th chp vo bui sng, hoc
nhng lc tri va ma xong, ng ph sch, p v khng qu ng.
Trong cuc sng bnh thng ti gia nh, cc bn lun phi sp xp
cc dng c cho thch hp. B cc ca nh cng vy, c p hay khng
p ph thuc vo tng ca ngi cm my v cch sp xp ca h.
- Vi mt bc nh v rng c Ph Th. th hin mt rng c
mnh mng, v v p ca cy c, ta phi lm th no. Trn nn tri
trong xanh phi th hin c cy c v cnh min trung du, ni c
nhng hng c thng tp. Nu chon ni t phng l th s khng th
hin c ci p ca min Trung du. Ngoi ra trong bc nh cn
c im xuyt bng hnh nh con tru lm cho khung cnh sinh
ng hn. Khi chp nh cc bn nn ch , nu bc nh c hnh nh
ng vt v con ngi trong nh s lm nh p hn.
- Vi bc nh ch b chn tru bn tha rung, nu l mt tha rung
thng th khng p, m l mt tha rung cong rt t nhin. C
th chn chp bn mt b rung thng tp nhng nh vy bc nh s
khng t. Khng nhng th bc nh cn ni bt bi mu ca o
cu b chn tru.
Chng ta c th sp t b cc ca nh, nhng ch vi nh chp gn
cn vi chp xa chng ta khng th sp t, m phi sn hay i
chp c tm nh p. Nu chp xa chng ta s dng ng tele. Phi
lun lun lm ni bt ch ca nh bng cch ly mt khng gian
rng
25

........................................................................................................................................
- Vi bc nh rung bc thang, bc nh s rt l t nht nu khng

c hnh nh ngn cy, n gip ta thy c xa gn ca cnh v
cm gic nh thy mt sc sng ang vn ln.
c mt bc nh p ta nn c tng chp trc khi i.
Khi i Sapa l ni nhiu i ni, vy nn suy ngh chp nh rung,
rung bc thang, cy ci. Tuy nhin cng c khi ngu nhin chng ta
thy mt cnh rt th v, rt p, rt hay. Ch cn chng ta phi tp
trung v ch tm thy cnh p v chp ly thi c.
- Bc nh thy chp bin Hi Thnh l mt bc nh thy chp rt
ngu nhin. nh c chp vo gia tra, khi thuyn nh c ca
ngi dn va v n b. Nhng m my trong nh l my bin,
ch c bin mi c m khng th tm thy u c c.
Cnh my tri mi ni l khc nhau v theo thi gian, sng, tra,
chiu, my tri cng khc nhau. Khi chp nhiu cc bn cng s t
thy c.
- Bc nh chp cnh ngi dn i bn dp c chp ti Nam nh.
Mt bc nh rt t ti nc ngoi. Bn cnh ng la, nhng ngi
ph n i bn dp. vi nh nng sng, to ra bng ca ngi ph n,
y l gi tr ca bc nh.
Khi chp nh chng ta phi ch n vic dn dng v o din cho
bc nh sao cho tht hp l v to nt c o.
- Bc nh v bin Hi Thnh lc 5h sng, ch c bui sng sm th mi
c cnh tri v mt bin nh vy. Hnh nh ngi dn ta c th xp
t. Tuy nhin vic nh ngi dn theo mun cng rt kh khn, c
th phi xin h, phi thu, hoc phi ni kh vi h. Nhng rt kh
khn. c mt bc nh p tht s rt kh. Bc nh ny chp phim
200 ASA, tc 1/30, m 5,6.
26

........................................................................................................................................
- Bc nh rung bc thang, t gii ti Nht. chp bc nh ny

phi thu 6 ngi vi s tin l 30.000 vn. Nu trong bc nh khng
c ngi th rt l n iu v vy phi thu ngi dn i i li li
quanh cc tha rung chp. Ngi phng vin phi chun b tht
tt, nh chun b i chin u. Va chp phi va o din cho ngi
dn. Tuy nhin bc nh p th cn phi c tng c ci nhn tt.
Trong biu tng ca ASAN cng c s tng t nh hnh trong tm
nh, mt s on kt trong ASEAN.
- Bc nh n Ngc Sn, chp lc 2h chiu, nng gt, chp gn nh
xui sng, hoc chch th mi c tri sm nh vy. c mu tri
xanh nh vy th cng phi chp xui sng.
- Bc nh ch b chn tru trn b , chp c chn con tru
i, thy gio phi chp lin tc 5-6 kiu trong 1s th mi chn c
mt cnh p nh vy.
- Bc nh cnh ngy ma ti nng thn, phi chp ngc sng mi
c hnh nh hnh khi nh vy.
Khi chp nh phi ni n:
Gc
nh sng
th mi c b cc p.
- y l hnh nh mi n Bnh Thun, vic to ra 3 mng mu trn
nh phi rt hp l: xanh, nu v vng.
Khi chp ng ngi th ch yu nhn vo s ng ngi m khng
nhn vo cc hnh nh khc nh dng c s dng hay khung cnh
xung quanh. Nu chp 1 ngi th phi i vo chi tit, con ngi, dng
c lao ng v cnh tri t xung quanh, cnh bin v mt tri.
27

........................................................................................................................................
Ch :
Khi hc v b cc ca nh chng ta nn kt hp hc vi thc hnh lun,
phi c nh chng ta mi c th thy c im mnh, im yu, v
nh ga c cht lng bc nh. nh p phi c mt b cc hp l.
Bc nh phi th hin c mun ca ngi chp. Cch sp xp
mun th no th do mi ngi chp.
Theo l thuyt c bn th b cc ca nh l vic yu cu gc tri gc
phi th no, nhng by gi chng ta khng theo bi bn nh vy. Tu
tng trng hp v hon cnh chng ta c nhng suy ngh v khc
nhau c mt bc nh p.
Bi 7: B cc ca nh (Tip theo)
- Bc nh cc bn ang xem l hnh nh v cnh ng la, th hin s

no ca cuc sng. C hnh nh ngi thiu n, ni ln, ngi
thiu n VN hin c c cuc sng no . Hnh nh t o di l
biu tng ca VN. Th gii bit n VN vi t o di dn tc.
chp c bc nh ny, thy gio phi nh 2 n sinh mc o di t
HN, thu Taxi n cu Thng Long. Trc , thy phi i kho
st trc, xem ng v tr no, nn chp lc no. Hnh c chp
khi tri nng vi nh sng trng. Tc 250, tc cao khi ang i
trn xe t, dng phim 200.
- Bc nh 2, c gii huy chng ng ti Nht. Bc nh tn l sng
la, ging biu tng ca ASEAN. y l hnh nh rung bc thang
Sapa.
28

........................................................................................................................................
- Bc nh v Sapa c chp cch y 5 thng, mun ca ngi ci p

ca tr em min ni. hnh nh con ng b tng ch cuc sng
ngi dn c ci thin, con ng chy tt v hng ni. Bc
nh ny ang treo trin lm ca bo nh.
- Tip theo l bc nh ng giao thng, mt vn rt bc xc ti
VN. Ni vi ngi dn phi c thc chp hnh nghim chnh lut l
giao thng.
- Bc nh tip theo ni v hi lng, chi u. L hnh nh quen thuc ti
cc lng qu. Chnh gia l hnh nh l c dn tc trong cc bui hi
lng. Hnh nh nhng ngi thanh nin kho mnh ang vui chi.
Th hin sc sng ca dn tc VN
- Bc nh cnh H Gm trong sng m, hnh nh l liu kh i v
ma ng. Hnh thp ra c b tr lch i nhn mnh hnh nh
chic l kh trong ma ng. Bu tri c ly nhiu th hin s
mnh mng. Chng ta c th chp nh mu sau ra nh en
trng.
- Bc nh ging lng, mt chic ging rt ln, c bng cy a in
xung. Thy ly hnh nh mt phn ci ging khng to s
nng n ca bc nh.
- Bc nh th diu, mt tr chi quen thuc ca tui th. Bc nh chp
ti Chm. Phn tri ly rt nhiu th hin s mnh mng ca
cnh tri, chn ch ly mt phn trnh s nng n. Cnh cc
chu chy chi diu trn chn , c th o din, nh cc chu
chy i chy li chp.
- Bc nh chp hnh nh ngi nng dn VN ang lao ng, nhm ca
ngi ngi nng dn. Bc nh tn l bng dng ngi nng dn.
29

........................................................................................................................................
Trong bc nh hnh nh ngi nng dn in bng di mt nc. Mt

tng rt th v v sinh ng. y l hnh nh chp ngc sng.
Ch , hnh nh chp ngc sng vn p nht.
- Bc nh chp ti ng Anh, la sp gt, hnh nh ngi ph n mc
o rt ni bt. Hnh nh hng chui in di mt nc. Phim 100
ASA, ng knh m 5,6. Thy thuyt phc ngi ph n rt lu
ch c th ng thy chp bc hnh ny. Bc nh c gii nht
huy chng vng Nht, gii thng 1000 USD, v mt chic my
nh. Trong nc, thy cng t rt nhiu gii khc na. Trong bc
nh ny nu b tr ngi ph n ng vo gia li khng cn i cho
bc nh, b cc rt quan trng,
Ch , khi chp nh, ng trc bao gi cng phi rt thong.
(Khi i sn nh, th nhiu lc s may mn s mang li nhng bc nh
p)
- Bc nh cnh lao ng trn rung la, l s phi hp gia mt m
ng ngi ng sau l hnh nh nhng ngi lao ng cc t th
khc nhau, v ng trc l hnh nh 2 con tru ang lm vic.
Mng mu xanh, l mu ca tri phn quang xung mt nc. Bc
nh p nh mt bc tranh v, l s a dng ca mu sc. chp
mt bc nh p nh vy th cn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc. Bc
nh ny c chp t xa, t huy chng bc ti Ty ban nha ( 3 huy
chng ng v 1 huy chng bc).
Lm mt ngh s nhip nh phi sc so vo rt nhiu ni khc nhau
tm hnh chp.
- Bc nh chp ti Sapa, hnh nh mt gia nh ngi dn tc. ti
bc nh l Hnh Phc, c 3 nhn vt xut hin u c nhng n ci
rt thoi mi v sung sng, cu thanh nin phi ht 20 iu
30

........................................................................................................................................
cho thy chp, v cui cng b say. Tm hnh chp trong bi cnh
rt thiu nh sng, tc 2, phi dng chn my, ng knh 4, phim
20 din (100 ASA)
- Bc nh ngi ph n Dao , chp bc nh ny thy o din
c tm hnh p, thy ni bc ngi im v khng ci. Th hin
ngi ph n Dao, chm ch v tn to, con mt th hin s t tin.
Thy dng ng knh tele.
Trong cc loi chp nh th chp chn dung l kh nht.
9 Khi chp hnh mt ngi ang chm ch nghe ging th phi ly c
ci thn thi ca h th no. Nu chp c du, phi th hin c s
hnh phc v vui ti.
9 Khi chp ngi c g m cao th nh sng phi b tr th no che
i khuyt im ca h. Khi nh sng phi phn b u v chp t
cao xung. nh sng u tc l nh sng chan ho ht c khun
mt. Vi ngi gy m dng nh sng g gh th s lm ngi c
chp gi i rt nhiu, v vy nn dng nh sng u.
9 Khi chp chn dung phi th hin c ci thn ca h. Khi chp
nhng phm nhn th chp t trn cao xung, hoc dng nh sng.
Trong phim nh vi nhng i tng ti phm th nh sng s hi g
gh mt cht. Chp chn dung nn ch nht n i mt ca con
ngi (i mt tr th, i mt ngi ph n ang bun l khc
nhau....)
B cc nh, cch chp th no chng ta s bit su hn khi thc hnh
chp.
- Bc nh hai bn tay ngi ph n VN ang nng thnh qu ca
ng cha ta gi gn c. Trn bu tri l nhng m my hnh con
31

........................................................................................................................................
rng. Hnh nh trn tay ngi ph n l nhng ngi lnh ca vua

Quang trung ang hnh qun trn ng.
Lp hc chng ta l ca nhng ngi khuyt tt, v vy chng ta c th
ly tng t nhng kh khn hay nhng nim vui trong cuc sng ca
chng ta. Tt c mi ngi u phi vn ln trong cuc sng, hy sng
vi ch ca mnh.
Thy gio cng c mt kh khn l sc kho yu sau chin tranh,
nhng thy vn c gng c nhng bc nh p v t nhiu gii
thng trong nc v quc t. Cc bn hy c gng c nhng bc
nh tht p tham gia vo bui trim lm.
Chc cc bn chp c nhng bc nh tht p.
Thy gio: Li Din m

a ch 4B inh Lit, HN
Tel: 8259881
Mobil: 0913204496
E-mail: diendam_photo@yahoo.com
Thng bo: Th 7 tun sau ngy 6 thng 11, chng ta s c bui thc
hnh u tin. Tt c hc vin s c mt ti lp hc lc 2h chiu
nhn phim, nu ai khng c my th ng k vi Ban t chc lp hc.
Tn trin lm nh chng ta hng n l : GA TR CA S A DNG
32

........................................................................................................................................
Bi 8: Mt s lu khi chp nh
I. Nhn xt v mt s kiu nh trong bui thc hnh ngy th 7 (6/11):
Bc nh nhp cu, chng ta c th thy cch th hin ca tc gi, dng
nn ti ng sau, cn vt c chp ni bt trn nn ti. Khi , nh
sng ri vo cu s lm ni bt ch chnh ca bc nh.
Bc nh chp 2 ngi, khi nhn vo bc nh chng ta s thy hnh con
rng nhng khng thy ni bt 2 ngi c chp, khng miu t c
ch chnh. y l bc nh chp 2 ngi trong cng vin, v vy con
rng v khung cnh xung quang ch l t im cho 2 ngi c chp,
ngi chp sai trong ly nh sng v ly b cc hnh nh.
Bc nh m t hnh nh ca tng i L Thi T, bc nh ny th
hin rt tt tng mun chp.
Bc nh chp cy cu rt tt, mc d hnh nh cy xung quang cha
p nhng b cc bc nh rt tt, cnh cy, ng ven h l nhng
chi tit ph lm ni bt cy cu. V vy ch , khi chp cnh thin
nhin, nu mun chp cnh g nn lm ni bt n trong bc nh.
y l bc nh rt tt, nhng ci nhn ca bc nh b dn tri, b long,
nhn vt chnh cha c lm ni bt. Vy chng ta phi lm g, nu ta
ct i nhng vt xung quang th s thy bc nh sinh ng hn. Khi
chp nh chng ta phi ch mt cht ngi xung quang i qua ri
chp, trnh trong bc nh ngi c chp li di ngi xung
quanh.
Trong bc nh ny, mc d mun chp ngi nhng vn thy hnh nh
ca tng vua L rt ni bt, bc nh b cc rt tt.
33

........................................................................................................................................
Mun chp tng i c khung cnh con rng th phi di chuyn my

tng i nm trn lng con rng.
Trong bc nh ny, cy cu ct ngang u ngi c chp, vy ch
khi cm my l chn v tr t my, khi a my ln ngm th khng
nn chp ngay, cn ngm v iu chnh cn thn b cc nh ri s
chp, vic di chuyn v tr t my l rt quan trng, ti mi v tr s c
mt bc nh khc nhau, trong cc kiu nh s chn c mt kiu
p nht, lm sao khi ngm hnh nh nh th no th phi chp c
bc nh nh th.
y l mt bc nh m ch rt ni bt, con ngi trong hon cnh
kh khn khi ang lao ng, ch mun ni l trong hon cnh kh
khn nhng ngi lao ng vn lm vic hng say, cch chn nn ti
xung.
Bc nh 2, nn sng ln nhng ch chnh vn ni bt,
Bc nh ch rt ni bt, trong lao ng sn xut thp, hnh nh thp
rt ln, c ni bt ni ln thnh qu lao ng ca nhng con ngi
nh b. Khi chp nn ch nh sng nn cho hp l. Khi mi chp nn
chn nh sng nn yu hn so vi nh sng mt.
nh sng nn rt quan trng. Trong bc nh nh sng nn rt l mnh
th hin hnh nh con ngi ni bt trn nn sng.
C 2 phng php khi th hin:
1. Cho nh sng nn sng ln ch chnh ti xung, lm ni bt
ch chnh
2. Cho nh sng nn ti xung lm ch chnh ni bt
y l 2 th php cn bn nht.
Cch x l nh sng
34

........................................................................................................................................
y l bc nh chp rt tt, ch c cht lu , nhng ct v ng sng

mnh (cy cu, ng ven h ) s gy ri cho bc nh.
Bc nh ny khng nt nhng b cc rt tt, trnh nhng chic l
khng m vo mt, nn chn v tr khc khng lm ri nh, v tr cy
cu, ng ven h cng c la chn tt. Trong bc nh, nn l sng,
nhng nhn vt chnh ti i. Nhng tt hn nu nhn vt ang lm g :
ang c bo, ang ht thuc lo, ang chp nh.
Bc nh rt tt nhng ch phi s dng trit din tch bc nh, cc
chi tit ph nn lm ni bt cho ch chnh, c th quay ngang my
hoc ly khung cnh rng ra s ly c nhiu hnh nh hn, hnh nh
ngi gn qu s lm long nh.
Bc nh tt, bc nh mun miu t n ngc sn v h Hon kim,
tt nhng cha th hin c
Bc nh ny th hin rt tt, ch chnh c ni bt, 2 nhn vt ang
ni chuyn, (ch 2 ngi tr),
Trong bc nh chp cy cu, nhng cnh phng nn c lm ni bt
che bt cnh tri trng. C th th hin bng cch mng sng
cn i in trn mt nc cy cu nm gia.
Bc nh c rt ng ngi xung quang, th nn nhn vt chnh ni
bt hn nhng hnh nh xung quanh, hnh hi b long, nn loi tr hnh
nh nhng cy ct, bin cm...Nhiu khi chng ta c th x l
photoshop, loi b nhng hnh nh xung quanh i, c th ng gn
li hoc di chuyn,
Bc nh bn phi sinh ng hn, cn bc nh bn tri cha sinh ng,
c hi bm my cha tt.
35

........................................................................................................................................
Ch : khi i thc t, mun th hin tng g th nn lm ni bt ch

, khi ngm nh m vn cha thy hi lng th khng nn bm my.
iu chnh v tr t my bng cch i ra xa, li gn,.. ch chnh, mi
ln di chuyn s c mt kiu nh khc nhau, chn 4 bc nh ny nu
thy ti v tr no nh p hn th chn t th chp nh p, nu ta cha
th lm nh th th ti mi t th th chp mt kiu, sau s chn
c v tr tt nht.
Nu trng hp ngi c chp mc o trng s khng lm ni bt
hnh nh th c th mn chic o mu khc c mt mu sc p.
Nh vy vi mi bc nh th cng nn o din c mt bc nh hp
l v p.
Phng php tnh nh sng trong cng ngh chp nh
Phi ch : cng chiu sng v thi gian chiu sng.
V d: khi cng nh sng yu th thi gian chiu sng nhiu, nu
cng mnh th thi gian chiu sng ngn,
VD: trn vnh tc , ngi ta ghi:
- 1;2;4;8;15;30;60;125;....
1 tc l thi gian ng knh c m hon ton v ng li hon ton l 1
giy. 2 l 1/2 giy, 4 l 1/4 giy....
Nu tc 1, th khi bm my, rio s ng v m trong 1 giy...
- trn vnh khu , (chit quang) hin th dy s: 3,3; 5,6;8;11;16;...
TD: 3,5 l ng knh m ln nht, 16 ng knh m nh nht
iu chnh cng nh sng tc ng ln phim, ging nh ca
nh, khi m rng th nh sng nhiu, khi m t th nh sng yu.
36

........................................................................................................................................
Ngi cm my tt l bit iu chnh 2 thng s ny c mt bc nh

p. Lm sao c mt tm phim c cng nh sng v thi lng
nh sng.
Tt nht l nn c nh tc 1/60,
Phng php iu chnh tc v khu ph hp vi cng
nh sng hin c
1. Trong iu kin nh sng thay i
- C nh tc (gi l X, v X khng thay i.)
- Dng phim N
- Chia nh sng lm 3 khong, 1- nh sng trung bnh(l nh sng khi
ta nhn vo chp khng b cng mt ra v cng khng b nheo mt li)l
nh sng khi ta nhn vt chp 2- nh sng mnh l nh sng mnh hn
nh sng trung bnh 3- nh sng yu tc l khi chp ta phi nheo mt li
60
60
60
2,8
5,6
ASYu
60 (hi b
nheo mt )
8
ASTB
60
60
60
60
11
16
22
32
ASmnh
Trong trng hp nh sng khng thay i, ta thc hin nh sau. Nu ta

tng hoc gim 1,2, 3.. nc tc , th tng ng ta phi gim hoc tng
1,2,3,... nc khu ,
: X 1,2,3...
Cng thc tng qut:
a gi n l nh lng cng nh sng: a -+ 1,2,3

Gi s ti thi im hin ti ang 60 v 11 nhng nu mun xung
my ang chy th phi tng tc chp ln 125, nh vy l X-1 th
37

........................................................................................................................................
a+1, tc l m l 8 khng phi l 11 na, khi cht lng tm nh

s p. Gi tr k thut khc nhau nhng gi tr ngh thut bc nh l
nh nhau, l tc dng ca vic iu chnh cc thng s k thut ca
my nh. Tu theo yu cu k thut ca bc nh la chn thng s
k thut cho ph hp.
Nu phi chp ti khu 16 tc l a-1 nh vy X +1
Bng iu chnh my khi chp nh :
Tc
Hon cnh
60
Ca sng
16
Di nh sng mt tri
125
60
11
Di nh sng mt tri
nhng c my
11
60
Tri nhiu my
60
Chp trong nh
5.6
60
Chp di bng cy
4.0
38

........................................................................................................................................
39

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Gio trnh kho hc

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H Ni, thng 10 nm 2004

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Vi 3 thao tc trn chng ta c th c c 1 hnh nh tng bn b

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+ Trong nh: tc 1/15 tr xung phi dng chn my nh (chn 3

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Bi 2: K thut chp nh (tip theo)

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T W : nhn W l chp gc rng, nhn T l chp gc hp.

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n th k 20 nhy c tiu chun ho. nhy c ghi

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chn chng cm my nh, m 1-2 ri che ng knh i, m ra ri li

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Khi chp phim 100 ASA th vi khong cch l 3m ta nn dng m

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Nu khong cch 1m n 13m th m ng knh l 5,6 vi n flash

Khi nim: B cc l s sp xp cc vt ni bt ch m mnh

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Pha trc mt cn phi thong hn pha sau

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Chnh din phi cao hn phn din

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- Vi bc nh rung bc thang, bc nh s rt l t nht nu khng

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