1

What is the differences between gas turbine and a steam turbine?

Gas turbine works on Bryton cycle where as steam turbine works Rankine cycle. Construction, operation of a gas
turbine are entirely different to steam turbine. Gas turbine has a compressor to compress the combustion air, a
combustion chamber to burn the fuel and a turbine section to extract the work for burning fuel. Steam turbine is
just has a turbine section to extract the work from steam.
What is operating pressure?
The amount of pressure nearest the point of performing work at the output end of a pneumatic system. The system
operating pressure is used to specify the capability of valves and actuators.
What are the safety valves? How many on each boiler?
A valve opening automatically to relieve excessive pressure, especially in a boiler. There are normally two to six
safety valves provided in the drum depending upon the capacity. The super heater outlet will have one to three
safety valves on either side of the boiler. There will be an electromatic relief valve on the super heater pipe in
addition. This valve will be set at lower pressure than the lowest set safety valve on the super heater. The reheater
pipes both at the inlet and outlet side will also have safety valves which can range from two to eight both in the
inlet and outlet of the reheater put together.
What is a sentinel valve?
Sentinel valves are simply small relief valves installed in some systems to warn of impending over pressurization.
Sentinel valves do not relieve the pressure of the system. If the situation causing the sentinel valve to lift is not
corrected, a relief valve (if installed) will lift to protect the system or component. If a relief valve is not installed,
action must be taken quickly to secure the piece of equipment or system to reduce the pressure.
2

What is the function of Hydrogen seals work on a generator?
Provide a seal between the generator housings and rotor shaft to maintain the pressurized hydrogen gas inside the
generator. Also, provides a trap-vent system to prevent the release of hydrogen into the turbine generator lube oil
system and building atmosphere.
How is the excess discharge pressure prevented?
Pressure relief valves on the discharge side of each seal oil pump relieves back to seal oil system.
Which two seal oil pumps are driven from the same motor?
Main seal oil pump and re-circular seal oil pump; both are driven by Main seal oil pump motor.
When does Emergency Seal Oil Pump automatically start?
When its pressure switch senses Main Seal Oil Pump discharge pressure reduced to 78 PSI.
What is the consequence of not maintaining hydrogen (or air) pressure
in generator casing at a value above atmospheric pressure when seal oil
system is in service?
Failure to do so will cause excessive seal oil to be drawn into the generator.

How many governors are needed for safe turbine operation? Why?
Two independent governors are needed for safe turbine operation:
One is an over speed or emergency trip that shuts off the steam at 10 percent above running speed
(maximum speed).
The second, or main governor, usually controls speed at a constant rate; however, many applications have
variable speed control.
3

How will you detect that misalignment is the probable cause of excessive
vibration?
Coupling to the driven machine is to be disconnected.
The turbine is to be run alone.
If the turbine runs smoothly, either misalignment, worn coupling or the driven equipment is the cause of
the trouble.
In which part of the steam turbine does corrosion fatigue occur?
In the wet stages of the LP cylinder.
In which part of the steam turbine does stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
occur?
In the wet stages of the low-pressure turbine.
In which zone of steam turbines has temperature-creep rupture been
observed?
Damage due to creep is encountered in high temperature (exceeding 455C) zones. That is, it has been found to
occur in the control stages of the high-pressure and intermediate-pressure turbines where steam temperature
sometimes exceed 540C. In the reheat stage, it has been observed that creep has caused complete lifting of the
blade shroud bands.
What are the types of thrust bearings?
Babbitt-faced collar bearings
Tilting pivotal pads
Tapered land bearings
Rolling-contact (roller or ball) bearings
What are the types of turbine seals?
Carbon rings fitted in segments around the shaft and held together by garter or retainer springs.
Labyrinths mated with shaft serrations or shaft seal strips.
Water seals where a shaft runner acts as a pump to create a ring of water around the shaft. Use only
treated water to avoid shaft pitting.
Stuffing box using woven or soft packing rings that are compressed with a gland to prevent leakage along
the shaft.



4

What are the basic causes of the problem of rotor failure?
Normal wear.
Fatigue failure due to high stress.
Design deficiency.
Aggressive operating environment
What are the differences between impulse and reaction turbines?
The impulse turbine is characterized by the fact that it requires nozzles and that the pressure drop of steam
takes place in the nozzles.
The reaction turbine, unlike the impulse turbines has no nozzles, as such. It consists of a row of blades
mounted on a drum. The drum blades are separated by rows of fixed blades mounted in the turbine casing.
These fixed blades serve as nozzles as well as the means of correcting the direction of steam onto the
moving blades.
In the case of reaction turbines, the pressure drop of steam takes place over the blades. This pressure drop
produces a reaction and hence cause the motion of the rotor.

Choose the right answer
1. The purpose of jigs and fixtures are to
a. Increased production rate
b. Increased machining accuracy
c. Facilitate interchangeable manufacturing
d. Enable employ less skilled operators
e. All of the above
Answer:
All of the above
5

2. Which one of the following methods produces gear by generating
process
a. Hobbing
b. Casting
c. Punching
d. Milling
e. Broaching
Answer: Hobbing
3. Tool life of the cutting tool is most affected by
a. Cutting speed
b. Tool geometry
c. Cutting feed and depth
d. Microstructure of material being cut
e. Not using coolant and lubricant
Answer: Cutting speed
4. Metal in machining operation is removed by
a. Tearing chips
b. Distortion of metal
c. Shearing the metal across a zone
d. Cutting the metal across a zone
e. Pushing the metal with tool
Answer:
Shearing the metal across a zone

6

5. A feeler gauge is used to check
a. Radius
b. Screw pitch
c. Surface roughness
d. Unsymmetrical shape
e. Thickness of clearance
Answer: Thickness of clearance

1. Which of the following variable controls the physical properties of a
perfect gas?
a. Pressure
b. Temperature
c. Volume
d. Atomic mass
e. All of the above
Answer: All of the above


7

2. If heat be exchanged in reversible manner, which of the following
property of the working substance will change accordingly
a. Temperature
b. Enthalpy
c. Internal energy
d. Entropy
e. All of the above
Answer:
Entropy
3. Compression ratio of I.C. Engine is
a. The ratio of volume of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression
b. Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
c. Ration of pressure after compression and before compression
d. Swept volume / cylinder volume
e. Cylinder volume / swept volume
Answer:
Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
4. Coefficient of friction is
a. Angle between normal reaction and the resultant of normal reaction and the limiting friction
b. Ration of limiting friction and normal reaction
c. The friction force acting when the body is just about to move
d. The friction force acting when the body is in motion
e. Tangent of angle of response

Answer: Ration of limiting friction and normal reaction
8

5. Dynamic friction as compared to static friction is
a. Same
b. More
c. Less
d. May be less or more depending upon nature of surfaces and velocity
e. Has no correlation
Answer:
Less

1. How Cavitation can be eliminated in a Pump?
Cavitation means bubbles are forming in the liquid.
To avoid Cavitation, we have to increase the Pump size to One or Two Inch;
To increase the pressure of the Suction Head, or
Decrease the Pump Speed.

2. Which pump is more efficient Centrifugal pump or Reciprocating
pump?
Centrifugal pump Because flow rate is higher compared to reciprocating pump. Flow is smooth and it requires
less space to install. Lower initial cost and lower maintenance cost.

9

3. Why Centrifugal Pump is not called as a Positive Displacement Type
of Pump?
The centrifugal has varying flow depending on pressure or head, whereas the Positive Displacement pump has
more or less constant flow regardless of pressure.
Likewise viscosity is constant for positive displacement pump where centrifugal pump have up and down value
because the higher viscosity liquids fill the clearances of the pump causing a higher volumetric efficiency. When
there is a viscosity change in supply there is also greater loss in the system. This means change in pump flow
affected by the pressure change.
One more example is, positive displacement pump has more or less constant efficiency, where centrifugal pump
has varying efficiency rate.
4. Why the centrifugal pump is called high discharge pump?
Centrifugal pump is a kinetic device. The centrifugal pump uses the centrifugal force to push out the fluid. So the
liquid entering the pump receives kinetic energy from the rotating impeller. The centrifugal action of the impeller
accelerates the liquid to a high velocity, transferring mechanical (rotational) energy to the liquid. So it discharges
the liquid in high rate. It is given in the following formulae:
Centrifugal force F= (M
*
V
2
)/R.
Where,
M-Mass
V-Velocity
R-Radius
5. Why cavitation will occur in Centrifugal Pumps and not in
Displacement pumps?
The formation of cavities (or bubbles) is induced by flow separation, or non-uniform flow velocities, inside a
pump casing. In centrifugal pumps the eye of the pump impeller is smaller than the flow area of pipe. This
decrease in flow area of pump results in increase in flow rate. So pressure drop happened between pump suction
and the vanes of the impeller. Here air bubbles or cavities are formed because of liquid vapour due to increase in
temperature in impeller. This air bubbles are transmitted to pump which forms cavitation.

10

Explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value.
How do you measure temperature in a Wet Bulb Thermometer?
Wet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by covering the bulb with a wick and wetting it with
water. It corresponds to the dew point temperature and relative humidity.
What is Bending moment?
When a moment is applied to bend an element, a bending moment exists in the element
What are the points in the Stress Strain curve for Steel?
Proportional limit, elastic limit or yield point, ultimate stress and stress at failure.
Define Reynolds number.
Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial force and viscous force. It is a dimensionless number. It determines the
type of fluid flow.
What is a Newtonian fluid?
A Newtonian fluid possesses a linear stress strain relationship curve and it passes through the origin. The fluid
properties of a Newtonian fluid do not change when any force acts upon it.
How many Joules is 1 BTU?
1 BTU is equal to 1055.056 joules.
What is PS?
PS is Pferdestarke, the German unit for Horsepower.
Explain Otto cycle.
Otto cycle can be explained by a pressure volume relationship diagram. It shows the functioning cycle of a four
stroke engine. The cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to the compression stroke,
starting of combustion, power stroke, heat exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was
designed by Nicolas Otto, a German engineer.
Explain the nomenclature of a 6203-ZZ bearing.
6 is the type code, which shows it is a single-row ball bearing, 2 is the series, means light, 03 is the bore, which is
17 mm and ZZ is the suffix meaning double shielded bearing.
What is Gear ratio?
It is the ratio of the number of revolutions of the pinion gear to one revolution of the idler gear.
What is Annealing?
It is a process of heating a material above the re-crystallization temperature and cooling after a specific time
interval. This increases the hardness and strength if the material.
11

Define Torque.
Torque is defined as a force applied to an object that results in rotational motion.
What is Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature?
It is the temperature below which the tendency of a material to fracture increases rather than forming. Below this
temperature the material loses its ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility Temperature.

1. What is the importance of the Thermodynamics in the field of
Mechanical Engineering?
All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of thermodynamics. Hence it is very important
for the mechanical engineers.
2. How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?
There are three laws of the thermodynamics.
First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms.In any process in an isolated
system, the total energy remains the same.
Second Law: When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic
equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other at first, are at some time allowed to interact, breaking
the isolation that separates the two systems, and they exchange matter or energy, they will eventually reach a
mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal to
the entropy of the final exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy
has increased, or at least has not decreased.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum.
3. State Laws of conservation of energy?
According to the laws of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can only be
transformed from one form to another.
4. Is the boiler a closed system?
Yes definitely the boiler is a closed system.
12

5. What is Carnot engine?
It was being designed by Carnot and let me tell you that Carnot engine is an imaginary engine which follows the
Carnot cycle and provides 100% efficiency.
6. Which formula forms a link between the Thermodynamics and
Electro chemistry?
Gibbs Helmholtz formula is the formula which forms the link between the thermodynamics and electromagnetism.
Hs/R = [ lnp / (1/T)]x
where: x mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase
p CO2 partial pressure (kPa)
T temperature (K)
R universal gas constant
mole ratio in the liquid phase (mole CO2 per mole of amine)
7. Which is the hardest compound known?
Diamond.
8. What is Hess Law?
According to the Hess law the energy transfer is simply independent of the path being followed. If the reactant and
the product of the whole process are the same then same amount of energy will be dissipated or absorbed.
9. Which has more efficiency: Diesel engine or Petrol engines?
Off course Diesel engine has the better efficiency out of two.

1. What is Auto Dosing?
Auto dosing is an automated system of feeding the equipment with liquid products. It is the ideal way to ensure the
correct calibrated dose at the right time every time in auto.
13

2. Difference between Codes, Standards and Specifications?
Code is procedure of acceptance and rejection criteria.
Standard is accepted values and compare other with it.
Specification is describing properties of any type of materials.
3. Difference between Strainer and Filter
Strainer for coarse size, Filter is more accurate than Strainer.
4. What are differences between Welding & Brazing?
In Welding concentrated heat (high temperature) is applied at the joint of metal and fuse together. In Brazing
involves significantly lower temperatures and does not entail the melting of base metals. Instead, a filler metal is
melted and forced to flow into the joint through capillary action.
5. What does a pump develops? Flow or Pressure
A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. Pressure is a measurement of the resistance to flow.
6. Which is heavier 1kg of Iron or 1kg of Cotton? and why?
Both of them have same weight. The only difference is the volume of Iron is small compared to Cotton.
7. What will be the position of Piston Ring?
In 180 degree angle the Top ring, Second ring and Oil ring are fixed. Position the ring approximately 1 inch gap
below the neck.

What is Heat rate of a Power plant?
Heat rate is a measure of the turbine efficiency. It is determined from the total energy input supplied to the Turbine
divided by the electrical energy output.
14

The highest value of Thermal conductivity is expected for
a.) Solid ice b.) Melting ice c.) Water d.) Boiling water.
Give the Thermal conductivity value.
Solid Ice 3.48 W/mK
Melting Ice thermal conductivity value is low because temperature is less.
Waters Thermal conductivity value is 2.18 W/mK.
What is a Hydrostatic system?
Hydrostatics is the study of uid bodies that are
At rest
Moving suciently slowly so there is no relative motion between adjacent parts of the body
For hydrostatic situations
There are no shear stresses
There are only pressure forces that act perpendicular to any surface.
Its a closed loop hydraulic systems. It comprises of motor and pump. Here pump supplies energy to motor and
motor gives return energy to pump supply.
If you heat a piece of steel with a hole in the center will the diameter of
the steel get bigger or smaller?
It gets bigger. (Example: Always the bearings are heated first for new installation in a shaft.)
Fan is an air pushing device. Either Axial or Centrifugal type systems are used to move the air in low pressure. It is
rotated by a motor separately.
When the fan is a housing of blades and motor, then it called as Blower. It directs the air in a single path with high
pressure.
How to find a Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature in metals?
The point at which the fracture energy passes below a pre-determined point for a standard Impact tests. DBTT is
important since, once a material is cooled below the DBTT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact
instead of bending or deforming.
What is Hydrodynamic Cavitation?
Hydrodynamic cavitation describes the process of vaporization in a constrained channel at a specific velocity.
Bubble generation and Bubble implosion which occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and subsequent
increase in pressure.
15


Different between technology & engineering?
Engineering is application of science. Technology shows various methods of Engineering. A bridge can be made
by using beams to bear the load,by an arc or by hanging in a cable; all shows different technology but comes under
civil engineering and science applied is laws of force/load distribution.
how a diesel engine works in generator?
Diesel engine is a prime mover,for a generator,pump,and for vehicles etc.generator is connected to engine by
shaft.mostly in thermal power plat ,there is an engine is used to drive generator to generate power.
What is the other name of micrometer & vernier calliper ?
Micrometers other name is Screw Gauze & Vernier calipers other name is slide caliper.
What is flashpoint?
Flash point: the lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air.
what is basic difference between impulse turbine and reaction turbine ?
In impulse turbine, jet is used to create impulse on blades which rotates the turbine and in reaction turbine, no jet
is used pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. In impulse turbine fluid enter& leave with same energy
,but in reaction turbine fluid enter with pressure energy& leaves with kinetic energy In impulse turbine all the
pressure drops in nozzle only & in reaction turbine pressure drops both fixed & moving blades .the difference is
due to blade profiles.
What is the need for drafting?
Drafting is the allowance give to casting process.it also used to remove the casting from mould without damage of
corners.

16

what is the difference between BSP thread and BSW thread?
The British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread) is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted
internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female)
thread. British Standard Whitworth (BSW) is one of a number of imperial unit based screw thread standards which
use the same bolt heads and nut hexagonal sizes.
What is refrigerant?
Any substance that transfers heat from one place to another, creating a cooling effect. water is the refrigerant in
absorption machines.
The amount of carbon present in Cast Iron
Carbon is basically present in the form of cementite in cast iron.Its percentage lies in the range of 2.03-6.67(% by
weight of cementite for Cast Iron.If the amount is less than the above range than it is stainless steel.
What are the loads considered when designing the Nut and Bolts?
Shear Loads & crushing loads
what is the effect of reheat on rankine cycle? 1.efficiency increases
2.work output increases 3. both 4. none of these.
1.Efficiency increases.
this prevents the vapor from condensing during its expansion which can seriously damage the turbine blades, and
improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature.



17

What is D4D Technology used in Toyota Vigo?
D-4D is widely recognized as one of the most advanced diesel technologies on the market today. Diesel engines
relied on relatively simple technology with a low-pressure mechanical injector delivering fuel to a pre-combustion
chamber in the cylinder head where a single ignition fired by the intense heat of high compression takes place.
Explain about Powder Technology?
Powder technology is one of the ways of making bearing material. In this method metals like bronze, Al, Fe are
mixed and compressed to make an alloy.
What is DTSi Technology?
DTSI stands for Digital Twin Spark Plug Ignition. The vehicles with DTSI Technology use 2 spark plugs which
are controlled by digital circuit. It results in efficient combustion of air fuel mixture.
Digital - Since the spark generation will be initiated by a microchip.
Twin - Since two spark plugs will be used.
Spark ignition - Since the ignition will be done via a spark.
What is ATFT Technology used in Honda Hunk?
ATFT means Advance Tumble Flow Induction Technology,
Tumble flow means swirling. In this technology fuel air mixture from the carburator into the engine cylinder with
a swirl action. The advantage being one gets a more efficient burning of fuel hence more power and better fuel
economy with lesser emissions.
Why we do not use same technology to start both SI /CI engine
The S.I. or spark ignition engine uses petrol as a fuel and the C.I. or compression ignition engine uses diesel as a
fuel. Both the fuels has different compression ratio.
In SI engine the compression ratio is 8-12:1.
In CI engine the compression ratio is 16-22:1.
So incase of SI engine, the compression ratio is not sufficient for fuel to burn so a spark plug is used, whereas in ci
engine, the compression ratio is so high that due to its internal heat the fuel is combusted so there is no need for a
spark plug. so the technology used in si engine is different from CI engine.

What VVTi written on new cars of Toyota stands for?
VVTi : Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence. It is the advanced version of the VVT engine. It changes the cam
shaft position by using oil pressure. It is similar to CVVT in Hyundai.

18

What is PGM FI technology used in Honda Stunner Bike?
The development of an ECU-integrated throttle body module for an electronic fuel injection system for small
motorcycles.
Honda has a goal to reduce the total emissions of HC (hydro-carbon) from new vehicles to approximately 1/3 and
to further improve the average fuel economy by approximately 30 (both from 1995) by the year 2005. To realize
the goal we at Asaka R&D Center considered that the small motorcycles used in many countries in the world
should be improved further for clean exhaust gas and low fuel consumption. Accordingly we have started
development of the PGM-FI system for small motorcycles with engines of 125cc or smaller including air-cooled
engines.
To ensure clean exhaust gas and high fuel economy the control of combustion through an accurate fuel supply is a
must. As the conventional FI system (electronic fuel injection system) applied to motorcycles is bulky and costly
its application has been mostly in large motorcycles using multi-cylinder engines. In the newly developed PGM-FI
in order to apply to small displacement models the obstacles have been eliminated by fully using Hondas
techniques to down-size components as well as making maximum use of the FI techniques attained from the large
motorcycles. The compact PGM-FI offers new benefits such as the reduction of released environmentally
detrimental substances and the improvement of drivability economy etc.

What is the Mechanical Engineer ?
Mechanical engineering is a broad field of engineering that involves the use of physical principles for analysis,
design, manufacture and maintenance of mechanical systems. Traditionally, it has been the branch of engineering
that through the application of physical principles has enabled the creation of useful devices, as tools and
machines.
Mechanical engineers use principles such as heat, force and the conservation of mass and energy to analyze static
and dynamic physical systems, helping to design objects. Mechanical Engineering is the branch of machinery,
equipment and facilities bearing in mind ecological and economic aspects for the benefit of society. To do their
job, mechanical engineering analyze needs, formulate and solve technical problems through an interdisciplinary,
and relies on scientific developments, translating into elements, machines, equipment and facilities to provide
adequate service through the rational use and efficient use of available resources.

19

Engineering is dedicated to designing, building, negotiation and component maintenance. It required new devices
with complex functions in the movement or that withstand large forces, so it was necessary that this new discipline
to study the movement and balance. It was also necessary to find a new way of running the machines as originally
used by human or animal power. The use of machines that run on energy from the steam, coal, gas and electricity
brought great progress.
World Top 10 Best Mechanical Engineering Universities , Colleges
Rankings :
Mechanical engineering is the mother of all engineering disciplines. Mass, motion, force, energy, design, and
manufacturing these comprises the world of mechanical engineering. It encompasses the research, design,
development, construction and testing of tools, machines and other mechanical equipment. Education from a
proper well recognized university, college or school of engineering is vital for all the mechanical engineers due to
the highly technical nature of mechanical engineering. According to the ranking of mechanical engineering
universities, the top 10 best universities or colleges for mechanical engineering are MIT, Stanford university, UC
Berkeley, University of Cambridge, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Imperial College London,
University of Tokyo, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), University of Oxford and National
University of Singapore (NUS

1) MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology):

Meche, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is perhaps the most renowned and the top best Mechanical
Engineering University in the world, and is well known for its cutting edge ideas and philosophies on engineering
education. When we talk about mechanical engineering then MIT is the best institute for it. Their mechanical
engineering department offers three different undergraduate programs, all with specific occupational trajectories in
mind and eight different graduate programs, including doctorate of science. MechE attracts and features an
extraordinarily rich diversity and quantity of talented individuals, including 400 undergraduates, 500 graduate
students and about 75 faculty members.
Website: meche.mit.edu
20

2) Stanford University:

Californias Stanford University is another high ranked among top 10 best mechanical engineering university in
the world. Mechanical engineering at Stanford University is best known all over the world for its entrepreneurially
oriented engineering achievements. Department of mechanical engineering at Stanford university offers degrees at
bachelors, masters and doctorate levels.
Website: me.stanford.edu
3) University of California, Berkeley (UCB) (UC Berkeley):

According to many reports and world rankings, UC Berkeley is another top mechanical engineering school in the
world. UCB offers undergraduate as well as graduate programs in the field, with specializations and more focuses
in ocean engineering, mechatronics, energy and environment, manufacturing, bioengineering, computation and
MEMS and NANO.
Website: me.berkeley.edu
21

4) University of Cambridge:

University of Cambridge is one of the best mechanical engineering institutes in the world. The University of
Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. Its
reputation for outstanding academic achievement is known world-wide and reflects the intellectual achievement of
its students, as well as the world-class original research carried out by the staff of the University and the Colleges.
They aim at providing young mechanical engineers with all the analytical, design and computing skills that
underpin modern engineering practice, while encouraging the creativity and problem-solving skills that are so
important to a good mechanical engineer.
Website: eng.cam.ac.uk
5) California Institute of Technology (Caltech):

California Institute of Technology (caltech) is well known best mechanical engineering university. Mechanical
Engineering at Caltech has a century-long record of excellence. It brings together three simple elements:
exceptionally talented individuals; an emphasis on fundamentals principles of thermal sciences, fluid and solid
mechanics, and mechanical systems; and an atmosphere that inspires one to address the critical technological
challenges of the day. their particular interests evolve with time, but their core mission of training the leaders of
22

tomorrow and conducting fundamental research to address major technological roadblocks remains constant.
Today, you will find students and faculty working on nano structured fuel cells, laboratory earthquakes, active
ferroelectric materials and devices, neural prosthetics, debris flows, response of structures against accidental
explosion, quantum mechanical origins of the strength of materials and genetic algorithms for design.
Website: me.caltech.edu


6) Imperial College London:

Another best college for mechanical engineering in the world is Imperial College London. It remains in the list of
top ten mechanical engineering colleges of the world since many years. The Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Imperial College London is one of the largest and most advanced departments in mechanical
engineering in the UK and across the world. They were the top-rated Department of Mechanical Engineering in the
recent Research Assessment Exercise 2008, held by the UK Government. The overall mission of the Department is
to deliver world-class scholarship, education and research in Mechanical Engineering, with particular regard to
their application in industry, healthcare and commerce. Imperial college offers mechanical degrees at
undergraduate, graduate and doctorate levels.

23

7) University of Tokyo:

University of Tokyo has a long history of providing best mechanical engineering degrees hence producing highly
outstanding and technical mechanical engineers in the world. University of Tokyo offers mechanical engineering
degrees at undergraduate as well as graduate level.
Website: mech.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english
8)Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology):

Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) has one of the best Department of Mechanical and Process
Engineering. They offer best engineering degrees well recognized all over the world. The Department of
Mechanical and Process Engineering educates students for excellence and leadership in science and industry
through cutting edge research on an international platform to face the challenges of the Swiss and global society
and economy by engineering innovation in its technology fields. Their vision is to Reach and maintain excellence
and leadership in fulfilling its mission as recognized (e.g. among the top five departments worldwide) by students,
industry, peers and the board of ETH Zurich.
Website: mavt.ethz.ch
24

9) University of Oxford:

Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world and lays claim to nine centuries of continuous
existence. As an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research, Oxford attracts students and scholars
from across the globe, with almost a quarter of our students from overseas. More than 130 nationalities are
represented among a student population of over 18,000. University of oxford produces worlds best mechanical
engineers who are well appreciated and well recognized in all of the industries worldwide. So University of oxford
is one of the best mechanical engineering university in the world.
Website: eng.ox.ac.uk
10) National University of Singapore (NUS):

Acknowledged as one of the finest universities in the world, National University of Singapore (NUS) is a
comprehensive university offering a broad-based curriculum underscored by multi-disciplinary courses and cross-
faculty enrichment. Department of mechanical engineering at National University of Singapore is known to be one
of the best in the world. It remains in top ten best mechanical engineering colleges of the world since a long time.
Besides undergraduate, a graduate and doctorate degree, NUS also offers mechanical engineering internships for
25

mechanical engineers during summer vacations. These are research based internships for national as well as
international students.
Electro Chromatic Auto Dimming Mirror ,Opto Electronic Sensor
Uses In Glare Free Rear View Mirror And Side View Mirror , Smart
Glass With SPD Technology :

Electro-chromatic mirrors system:

Electro chromatic mirrors / Auto dimming mirrors use a combination of opto electronic sensors and complex
electronics (sensors, circuit boards, micro-controllers, etc.) that constantly monitor ambient light and the
intensity of light shining directly on the mirror. As soon as sensors detect glare, the electro chromatic surface of
the mirror becomes darker to protect drivers eyes and their concentration.



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he electro chromatic technology usually is applied to the inside rearview mirror / Side view mirror, where it
basically saves you the trouble of flipping the mirror manually if blinded by the light which increases driving
safety.
Working operation of Electro chromatic mirrors:
This auto dimming rearview mirror is installed on higher end vehicles. It consists of two lenses that sandwich an
electro chromic (electronic color changing) gel. The inside sides of the lenses are coated with a transparent
conductive layer coating and the deepest lens has a reflective coating.

This gel, when charged with electricity darkens, then clear once the glare is no longer detected. The mirror uses a
forward sensor which measures the outside ambient light, and a rearward sensor to look for glare. When dark
enough, it sends current to the electrostatic gel, darkening it a rate which is related to the level of ambient
darkness and rearward glare. When the outside ambient light increases, the current decreases, until the gel is
clear again at daylight light levels.
Types Of Chassis Frame , Auto Chassis :

TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
There are three types of frames
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral frame
3. Semi-integral frame

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1. Conventional frame:
It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross members joined together with the help of rivets and bolts. The frame
sections are used generally.
a. Channel Section Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section Good resistance to both bending and Torsion
2. Integral Frame:
This frame is used now a days in most of the cars. There is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to the
body. All the functions of the frame carried out by the body itself. Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper
and due to less weight most economical also. Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
3. Semi Integral Frame:
In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted. It
has the advantage when the vehicle is met with accident the front frame can be taken easily to replace the damaged
chassis frame. This type of frame is
used in some of the European and American cars.