TH y L C

IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Bi 1. C S L THUYT V THY LC
1.1. Khi nim chung v thy lc

+/ 1920 ng dng trong lnh vc my cng c.
+/ 1925 ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip khc nh: nng nghip, my khai thc m,
my ha cht, giao thng vn ti, hng khng, ...
+/ 1960 n nay ng dng trong t ng ha thit b v dy chuyn thit b vi trnh cao, c
kh nng iu khin bng my tnh h thng truyn ng thy lc vi cng sut ln.
1.2. Nhng u im v nhc im ca h thng truyn ng bng thy lc
1.2.1. u im
+/ Truyn ng c cng sut cao v lc ln, (nh cc c cu tng i n gin, hot
ng vi tin cy cao nhng i hi t v chm sc, bo dng).
+/ iu chnh c vn tc lm vic tinh v v cp, (d thc hin t ng ho theo iu kin
lm vic hay theo chng trnh c sn).
+/ Kt cu gn nh, v tr ca cc phn t dn v b dn khng l thuc nhau.
+/ C kh nng gim khi lng v kch thc nh chn p sut thy lc cao.
+/ Nh qun tnh nh ca bm v ng c thy lc, nh tnh chu nn ca du nn c th s
dng vn tc cao m khng s b va p mnh (nh trong c kh v in).
+/ D bin i chuyn ng quay ca ng c thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca c cu chp
hnh.
+/ D phng qu ti nh van an ton.
+/ D theo di v quan st bng p k, k c cc h phc tp, nhiu mch.
+/ T ng ho n gin, k c cc thit b phc tp, bng cch dng cc phn t tiu chun
ho.
1.2.2. Nhc im
+/ Mt mt trong ng ng dn v r r bn trong cc phn t, lm gim hiu sut v hn
ch phm vi s dng.
+/ Kh gi c vn tc khng i khi ph ti thay i do tnh nn c ca cht lng v
tnh n hi ca ng ng dn.
+/ Khi mi khi ng, nhit ca h thng cha n nh, vn tc lm vic thay i do
nht ca cht lng thay i.
1.3. nh lut ca cht lng
1.3.1. p sut thy tnh
Trong cht lng, p sut (do trng lng v ngoi lc) tc dng ln mi phn t cht lng
khng ph thuc vo hnh dng thng cha.
Hnh 1.1. p sut thy tnh
KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN
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Ta c:
Hnh a: pS = h.g. + pL
(1.1)
Hnh b:
(1.2)
Hnh c:
(1.3)
Trong :
- khi lng ring ca cht lng;
h- chiu cao ca ct nc;
g- gia tc trng trng;
pS- p sut do lc trng trng;
pL- p sut kh quyn;
pF- p sut ca ti trng ngoi;
A, A1, A2- din tch b mt tip xc;
F- ti trng ngoi.
1.3.2. Phng trnh dng chy lin tc
Lu lng (Q) chy trong ng ng t v tr (1) n v tr (2) l khng i (const). Lu
lng Q ca cht lng qua mt ct A ca ng bng nhau trong ton ng (iu kin lin tc).
Ta c phng trnh dng chy nh sau:
Q = A.v = hng s (const)
(1.4)
Vi v l vn tc chy trung bnh qua mt ct A.
Nu tit din chy l hnh trn, ta c:
Q1 = Q2 hay v1.A1 = v2.A2
(1.5)
(1.6)
Vn tc chy ti v tr 2:
Hnh 1.2. Dng chy lin tc

(1.7)
Trong :
Q1[m3/s], v1[m/s], A1[m2], d1[m] ln lt l lu lng dng chy, vn tc dng chy,
tit din dng chy v ng knh ng ti v tr 1;
Q2[m3/s], v2[m/s], A2[m2], d2[m] ln lt l lu lng dng chy, vn tc dng chy,
tit din dng chy v ng knh ng ti v tr 2.
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1.3.3. Phng trnh Bernulli

Theo hnh 1.3 ta c p sut ti mt im cht lng ang
chy:
(1.8)
Trong :
: p sut thy tnh,
: p sut thy ng,

: Trng lng ring.
1.4. n v o cc i lng c bn (H mt)
1.4.1. p sut (p)
Theo n v o lng SI l Pascal (pa)
1pa = 1N/m2 = 1m-1kgs-2 = 1kg/ms2
n v ny kh nh, nn ngi ta thng dng n v: N/mm 2, N/cm2 v so vi n v p
sut c l kg/cm2 th n c mi lin h nh sau:
1kg/cm2 0.1N/mm2 = 10N/cm2 = 105N/m2
(Tr s chnh xc: 1kg/cm2 = 9,8N/cm2; nhng dng tnh ton, ta ly 1kg/cm2 = 10N/cm2).
Ngoi ra ta cn dng:
1bar = 105N/m2 = 1kg/cm2
1at = 9,81.104N/m2 105N/m2 = 1bar.
(Theo DIN- tiu chun Cng ha Lin bang c th 1kp/cm2 = 0,980665bar 0,981bar; 1bar
1,02kp/cm2. n v kG/cm2 tng ng kp/cm2).
Ngoi ra m t s nc (Anh, My) cn s dng n v o p sut
Bng 1.1. Biu th mi tng quan ca cc n v o p sut khc nhau
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p Sut
1Pa
1N/m
Pa
1 bar
1,000.
bar
1,000.
1,000.
10-5
10-5
1,000.
10-5
1 mbar
1,000.102
mbar
Bang 1.1
at
mmWS
Torr
0,981.105
kp/m2
mmHg
1.02.10-3
0,102
7,05.10-3
1,45
1,02
1,02.104
0,75.103
1,45.10
0,987
1,02.10-3
1,02.10
0,75
1,45.
0,987
10-2
.10-3
10-3
1,000.
0,981
9,81.102
1,000.104 7,36.102 1,42.
1kp/cm2
1mmWS
9,81
1,33.102
0,981.
0,981.
1,000.
10-4
10-2
10-4
1,33.
1,33
1,36.
10-3
1Torr
1psi
0,987
10-2
1kp/m2
1mmHg
atm
kp/cm2
10-3
1at
Psi
6,895.
6,895.
103
10-2
1,013.
1,013
1,36.10
7,36.
1,42.
9,68.
10-2
10-3
10-5
1,934.
1,32.
10-2
10-3
10-3
6,895.10
1,031.103
105
7,033.
7,033.
10-2
102
1,033
1,033.
104
5,171.10
6,805
.10-2
7,6.102
1,469.
10-2
1.4.2. Vn tc (v)
n v vn tc l m/s (cm/s).
1.4.3. Th tch v lu lng
a. Th tch (V): m3 hoc lt(l)
b. Lu lng (Q): m3/pht hoc l/pht.
Trong c cu bin i nng lng du p (bm du, ng c du) cng c th dng n v l
m3/vng hoc l/vng.
1.4.4. Lc (F)
n v lc l Newton (N)
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1N = 1kg.m/s2.
Ngoi n v Newton (N), ngi ta cn s dng m t s n v khc v lc (bng 1.2) theo DIN
(n v kG tng ng vi kp)
Bng 1.2
N
dyn
kp
Mp
105
0,102
1,02.10-4
102
10-5
1.02.10-6
1,02.10-9
1,02.10-3
9,81
9,81.105
10-3
103
9,81.103
9,81.108
103
106
9,81.10-3
981
10-3
10-6
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1.4.5. Cng sut (N)
+ Cng: n v ca cng l_ Joule (J). 1 Joule (J) l cng sinh ra di tc ng ca lc 1
vt dch chuyn quang ng 1m.
1J = 1Nm
Bng1.3) biu th mi lin h gia cc n v o v cng (n v kGm tng ng

vi kpm).
+ Cng sut: n v cng sut l Watt (W)

1W = 1Nm/s = 1m2.kg/s3.
(Bng 1.4) biu th theo DIN mi lin h gia n v o v cng sut (n v kGm/s
tng ng kpm/s: n v ma lc CV tng ng vi PS).
Bng 1.4
1.5. Tn tht trong h thng truyn ng bng thy lc

Trong h thng thy lc c cc loi tn tht sau:
1.5.1. Tn tht th tch
Loi tn tht ny do du thy lc chy qua cc khe h trong cc phn t ca h thng gy
nn.
Nu p sut cng ln, vn tc cng nh v nht cng nh th tn tht th tch cng ln.
Tn tht th tch ng k nht l cc c cu bin i nng lng (bm du, ng c du,
xilanh truyn lc)
i vi bm du: tn tht th tch c th hin bng hiu sut sau:
tb = Q/Q0
(1.9)
Q- Lu lng thc t ca bm du;
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Q0- Lu lng danh ngha ca bm.
Nu lu lng chy qua ng c du l Q0 v lu lng thc t Q = q. th hiu sut ca
ng c du l:
t = Q0/Q
(1.10)
Nu nh khng k n lng du d cc mi ni, cc van th tn tht trong h thng du
p c bm du v ng c du l:
t = tb. t
(1.11)
1.5.2. Tn tht c kh
Tn tht c kh l do ma st gia cc chi tit c chuyn ng tng i trong bm du v
ng c du gy nn.
Tn tht c kh ca bm c biu th bng hiu sut c kh:
cb = N0/N
(1.12)
N0- Cng sut cn thit quay bm (cng sut danh ngha), tc l cng sut cn thit
m bo lu lng Q v p sut p ca du, do :
N0 = p.Q/6.104 (kW)
(1.13)
N- Cng sut thc t o c trn trc ca bm (do mmen xon trn trc).
i vi du: N0 = (p.Q)/6.104
(1.14)
Do : c = N/N0
T , tn tht c kh ca h thng thy lc l:
c = cb. c
(1.15)
(1.16)
1.5.3. Tn tht p sut

Tn tht p sut l s gim p sut do lc cn trn ng chuyn ng ca du t bm n
c cu chp hnh (ng c u, xilanh truyn lc).
Tn tht ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+/ Chiu di ng dn
+/ nhn thnh ng
+/ ln tit din ng dn
+/ Tc chy
+/ S thay i tit din
+/ S thay i hng chuyn ng
+/ Trng lng ring, nht.
Nu p0 l p sut ca h thng, p1 l p sut ra, th tn tht c biu th bng hiu sut:
(1.17)
Hiu p p l tr s tn tht p sut.

Tn tht p sut do lc cn cc b gy nn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(1.18)
Trong :
- khi lng ring ca du (914kg/m3);
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g- gia tc trng trng (9,81m/s2);
v- vn tc trung bnh ca du (m/s);
- h s tn tht cc b;
l- chiu di ng dn;
d- ng knh ng.
1.5.4. nh hng cc thng s hnh hc n tn tht p sut
a. Tit din dng trn
Nu ta gi:
p- Tn tht p sut;
l- Chiu di ng dn;
- Khi lng ring ca cht lng;
Q- Lu lng;
D- ng knh;
v- nht ng hc;
- H s ma st ca ng;
LAM- H s ma st i vi chy tng;
TURB- H s ma st i vi chy ri.
Tn tht.
S Reynold:
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b. Tit din thay i ln t ngt.
Tn tht:
Trong :
D1- ng knh ng dn vo;
D2- ng knh ng dn ra.
c. Tit din nh t ngt
Tn tht:
Trong :
D1- ng knh ng dn ra;
D2- ng knh ng dn vo.
d. Tit din thay i ln t t
Tn tht:
e. Tit din nh t t
Tn tht: p = 0
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f. Vo ng dn
Tn tht p sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Trong h s tht thot
c chia thnh hai trng hp nh bng sau:

Cnh
H s tht
thot
a
b
Sc
Gy khc
Trn
C trc
0,5
0,25
0,06
<3
g. Ra ng dn
Tn tht p sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
H s tht thot
2
h. ng dn gy khc
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Gc ,
H s tht
thot
i. Tn tht p sut van

k. Tn tht trong h thng thy lc
1.6. nht v yu cu i vi du thy lc
= 20
0,06
1.6.1. nht
= 40
0,2
= 60
0,47
nht l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht
ca cht lng. nht xc nh ma st trong bn thn cht lng v th hin kh nng chng bin
dng trt hoc bin dng ct ca cht lng. C hai loi nht:
a. nht ng lc
nht ng lc l lc ma st tnh bng 1N tc ng trn mt n v din tch b mt 1m2
ca hai lp phng song song vi dng chy ca cht lng, cch nhau 1m v c vn tc 1m/s.
nht ng lc c tnh bng [Pa.s]. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng n v poazo (poiseuille),
vit tt l P.
1P = 0,1N.s/m2 = 0,010193kG.s/m2
1P = 100cP (centipoiseuilles)
Trong tnh ton ky thut thng s quy trn:
1P = 0,0102kG.s/m2
b. nht ng.
nht ng l t s gia h s nht ng lc vi khi lng ring ca
cht lng:
n v nht ng l [m /s]. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng n v stc ( Stoke), vit tt l St

hoc centistokes, vit tt l cSt.
1St = 1cm2/s = 10-4m2/s
1cSt = 10-2St = 1mm2/s.
c. nht Engler (E0)
nht Engler (E0) l mt t s quy c dng so snh thi gian chy 200cm 3 du qua
ng dn c ng knh 2,8mm vi thi gian chy ca 200cm 3 nc ct nhit 200C qua ng
dn c cng ng knh, k hiu: E0 = t/tn
nht Engler thng c o khi u nhit 20, 50, 100 0C v k hiu tng ng
vi n: E020, E050, E0100.
1.6.2. Yu cu i vi du thy lc
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Nhng ch tiu c bn nh gi cht lng cht lng lm vic l nht, kh nng
chu nhit, n nh tnh cht ho hc v tnh cht vt l, tnh chng r, tnh n cc chi tit cao
su, kh nng bi trn, tnh si bt, nhit bt la, nhit ng c.
Cht lng lm vic phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
+/ C kh nng bi trn tt trong khong thay i ln nhit v p sut;
+/ nht t ph thuc vo nhit ;
+/ C tnh trung ho (tnh tr) vi cc b mt kim loi, hn ch c kh nng xm nhp ca
kh, nhng d dng tch kh ra;
+/ Phi c nht thch ng vi iu kin chn kht v khe h ca cc chi tit di trt, nhm
m bo r du b nht, cng nh tn tht ma st t nht;
+/ Du phi t si bt, t bc hi khi lm vic, t ho tan trong nc v khng kh, dn nhit
tt, c mun n hi, h s n nhit v khi lng ring nh.
Trong nhng yu cu trn, du khong cht tho mn c y nht.
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Bi 2 : BM THY LC V THIT B X L THY LC

2.1. Bm thy lc (Motor hydraulics)
2.1.1. Nguyn l chuyn i nng lng
Bm du: l mt c cu bin i nng lng, dng bin c nng thnh nng lng ca du
(dng cht lng). Trong h thng du p thng ch dng bm th tch, tc l loi bm thc hin
vic bin i nng lng bng cch thay i th tch cc bung lm vic, khi th tch ca bung
lm vic tng, bm ht du, thc hin chu k ht v khi th tch ca bung gim, bm y du ra
thc hin chu k nn.
Ty thuc vo lng du do bm y ra trong mt chu k lm vic, ta c th phn ra hai loi
bm th tch:
+/ Bm c lu lng c nh, gi tt l bm c nh.
+/ Bm c lu lng c th iu chnh, gi tt l bm iu chnh.
Nhng thng s c bn ca bm l lu lng v p sut.
2.1.2. Cc i lng c trng.
a. Th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh)
Nu ta gi:
V- Th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh)
A- Din tch mt ct ngang;
h- Hnh trnh pittng;
VZL- Th tch khong h gia hai rng;
Z- S rng ca bnh rng.
hnh 2.1, ta c th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh):
V = A.h 1 hnh trnh
V VZL.Z.2
(1 vng)
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b. p sut lm vic
p sut lm vic c biu din trn hnh 2.2. Trong :
+/ p sut n nh p1;
+/ p sut cao p2;
+/ p sut nh p3 (p sut qua van trn).
c. Hiu sut
Hiu sut ca bm du ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+/ Hiu sut th tch v
+/ Hiu sut c v thy lc hm
Nh vy hiu sut ton phn: t = v. hm
(2.1)
hnh 2.3, ta c:
+/ Cng sut ng c in: NE = ME. E
(2.2)
+/ Cng sut ca bm: N = p.Qv
(2.3)
Nh vy ta c cng thc sau:

(2.4)
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+/ Cng sut ca ng c du:
NA = MA. A hay NA = tMotor.p.Qv
(2.5)
+/ Cng sut ca xilanh:

NA = F.v hay NA = txilanh.p.Qv
(2.6)
Trong :
NE, ME, E- cng sut, mmen v vn tc gc trn trc ng c ni vi bm;
NA, MA, A - cng sut, mmen v vn tc gc trn ng c ti;
NA, F, v - cng sut, lc v vn tc pittng;
N, p, Qv - cng sut, p sut v lu lng dng chy;
txilanh- hiu sut ca xilanh;
tMotor- hiu sut ca ng c du;
tb- hiu sut ca bm du.
2.1.3. Cng thc tnh ton bm
a. Lu lng Qv, s vng quay n v th tch du trong mt vng quay V
Ta c: Qv = n.V
(2.8)
-3
+/ Lu lng bm: Qv = n.V. v.10 (2.9)
+/ ng c du:
(2.10)
Trong :
Qv- lu lng [lt/pht];
n- s vng quay [vng/pht];
V- th tch du/vng [cm3/vng];
v - hiu sut [%].
b. p sut, mmen xon, th tch du trong mt vng quay V
Theo nh lut Pascal ta c:
(2.11)
p sut ca bm:
(2.12)
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Trong :
p [bar];
Mx [N.m];
V [cm3/vng];
hm [%].
c. Cng sut, p sut, lu lng
Cng sut ca bm tnh theo cng thc tng qut l: N = p.Qv (2.13)
+/ Cng sut truyn ng bm:
(2.14)
Trong :
N [W], [kW];
p [bar], [N/m2];
Qv [lt/pht], [m3/s];
t [%].
Lu lng ca bm v l thuyt khng ph thuc v p sut (tr bm ly
tm), m ch ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc v vn tc quay ca n.
Nhng trong thc t do s r r qua khe h gia cc khoang ht v khoang
y, nn lu lng thc t nh hn lu lng l thuyt v gim dn khi p
sut tng.
Mt yu t gy mt mt nng lng na l hin tng hng. Hin tng
ny thng xut hin, khi ng ht qu nh hoc du c nht cao.
Khi b lc t trn ng ht b bn, cng vi s tng sc cn ca dng
chy, lu lng ca bm gim dn, bm lm vic ngy mt n v cui cng
tc hn. Bi vy cn phi lu trong lc lp rp lm sao ng ht to,
ngn v thng.
2.1.4. Cc loi bm
a. Bm vi lu lng c nh
+/ Bm bnh rng n khp ngoi;
+/ Bm bnh rng n khp trong;
+/ Bm pittng hng trc;
+/ Bm trc vt;
+/ Bm pittng dy;
+/ Bm cnh gt kp;
+/ Bm rto.
b. Bm vi lu lng thay i
+/ Bm pittng hng tm;
+/ Bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng a nghing);
+/ Bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng khp cu);
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+/ Bm cnh gt n.
2.1.5. Bm bnh rng
2.1.5.1. Cu to
2.1.5.2. Nguyn l lm vic.

Nguyn l lm vic ca bm bnh rng l thay i th tch: khi th
tch ca bung ht A tng, bm ht du, thc hin chu k ht; v nn khi
th tch gim, bm y du ra bung B, thc hin chu k nn. Nu nh
trn ng du b y ra ta t mt vt cn (v d nh van), du b
chn s to nn mt p sut nht nh ph thuc vo ln ca sc cn v
kt cu ca bm.
2.1.5.3. Phn loi
Bm bnh rng l loi bm dng rng ri nht v n c kt cu n gin, d ch to. Phm vi
s dng ca bm bnh rng ch yu nhng h thng c p sut nh trn cc my khoan, doa,
bo, phay, my t hp,.... Phm vi p sut s dng ca bm bnh rng hin nay c th t 10
200bar (ph thuc vo chnh xc ch to).
Bm bnh rng gm c: loi bnh rng n khp ngoi hoc n khp trong, c th l rng
thng, rng nghing hoc rng ch V.
Loi bnh rng n khp ngoi c dng rng ri hn v ch to d hn, nhng bnh rng n
khp trong th c kch thc gn nh hn.
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c. Lu lng bm bnh rng

Khi tnh lu lng du, ta coi th tch du c y ra khi rnh rng bng vi th tch ca
rng, tc l khng tnh n khe h chn rng v ly hai bnh rng c kch thc nh nhau. (Lu
lng ca bm ph thuc vo kt cu)
Nu ta t:
m- Modul ca bnh rng [cm];
d- ng knh chia bnh rng [cm];
b- B rng bnh rng [cm];
n- S vng quay trong mt pht [vng/pht];
Z - S rng (hai bnh rng c s rng bng nhau).
Th lng du do hai bnh rng chuyn i khi n quay mt vng:
Qv = 2..d.m.b [cm3/vng] hoc [l/ph]
(2.15)
Nu gi Z l s rng, tnh n hiu sut th tch t ca bm v s vng quay n, th lu lng
ca bm bnh rng s l:
Qb = 2..Z.m2.b.n. t [cm3/pht] hoc [l/ph]
(2.16)
t = 0,76 0,88 hiu sut ca bm bnh rng
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2.1.6. Bm trc vt
Bm trc vt l s bin dng ca bm bnh rng. Nu bnh rng nghing c s rng nh,
chiu dy v gc nghing ca rng ln th bnh rng s thnh trc vt.
Bm trc vt thng c 2 trc vt n khp vi nhau (hnh 2.9)
Bm trc vt thng c sn xut thnh 3 loi:

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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
+/ Loi p sut thp: p = 10 15bar
+/ Loi p sut trung bnh: p = 30 60bar
+/ Loi p sut cao: p = 60 200bar.
Bm trc vt c c im l du c chuyn t bung ht sang bung nn theo chiu trc
v khng c hin tng chn du chn ren.
Nhc im ca bm trc vt l ch to trc vt kh phc tp. u im cn bn l chy m,
nhp nh lu lng nh.
2.1.7. Bm cnh gt
a. Phn loi
Bm cnh gt cng l loi bm c dng rng ri sau bm bnh rng v ch yu dng h
thng c p thp v trung bnh.
So vi bm bnh rng, bm cnh gt bo m mt lu lng u hn, hiu sut th tch cao
hn.
Kt cu Bm cnh gt c nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng c th chia thnh hai loi chnh:
+/ Bm cnh gt n.
+/ Bm cnh gt kp.
b. Bm cnh gt n
Bm cnh gt n l khi trc quay mt vng, n thc hin mt chu k lm vic bao gm mt
ln ht v mt ln nn.
Lu lng ca bm c th iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm (x dch vng trt),
th hin hnh 2.11
c. Bm cnh gt kp
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Bm cnh gt kp l khi trc quay mt vng, n thc hin hai chu k lm vic bao gm hai
ln ht v hai ln nn, hnh 2.12.
d. Lu lng ca bm cnh gt
Nu cc kch thc hnh hc c n v l [cm], s vng quay n
[vng/pht], th lu lng qua bm l:
[lit/pht] (2.17)
Trong :
D- ng knh Stato; B- chiu rng cnh gt; b- chiu su ca rnh; e lch tm; d- ng knh con ln.
2.1.8. Bm pittng
a. Phn loi
Bm pittng l loi bm da trn nguyn tc thay i th tch ca c cu pittng - xilanh. V
b mt lm vic ca c cu ny l mt tr, do d dng t c chnh xc gia cng cao, bo
m hiu sut th tch tt, c kh nng thc hin c vi p sut lm vic ln (p sut ln nht
c th t c l p = 700bar).
Bm pittng thng dng nhng h thng du p cn p sut cao v lu lng ln; l
my trut, my xc, my nn,....
Da trn cch b tr pittng, bm c th phn thnh hai loi:
+/ Bm pittng hng tm.
+/ Bm pittng hng trc.
Bm pittng c th ch to vi lu lng c nh, hoc lu lng iu chnh c.
b. Bm pittng hng tm
Lu lng c tnh ton bng vic xc nh th tch ca xilanh. Nu ta t d- l ng knh
ca xilanh [cm], th th tch ca mt xilanh khi rto quay mt vng:
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
[cm3/vng]
(2.18)
Trong : h- hnh trnh pittng [cm]

V hnh trnh ca pittng h = 2e (e l lch tm ca rto v stato),
nn nu bm c z pittng v lm vic vi s vng quay l n [vng/pht], th
lu lng ca bm s l:
[lit/pht]
(2.19).
Hnh trnh ca pittng thng thng l h = (1,3 1,4).d v s vng quay nmax = 1500vg/ph.
Lu lng ca bm pittng hng tm c th iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm (x
dch vng trt), hnh 2.13.
Pittng (3) b tr trong cc l hng tm rto (6), quay xung quanh trc (4). Nh cc rnh v
cc l b tr thch hp trn trc phn phi (7), c th ni ln lt cc xilanh trong mt na vng
quay ca rto vi khoang ht na kia vi khoang y.
Sau mt vng quay ca rto, mi pittng thc hin mt khong chy kp c ln bng 2 ln
lch tm e.
Trong cc kt cu mi, truyn ng pittng bng lc ly tm. Pittng (3) ta trc tip trn a
vnh khn (2). Mt u ca pittng l mt cu (1) t hi nghing v ta trn mt cn ca a
dn.
Rto (6) quay c ni vi trc (4) qua ly hp (5). iu khin lch tm e, ta s dng
vt iu chnh (8).
c. Bm pittng hng trc
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Bm pittng hng trc l loi bm c pittng t song song vi trc ca rto v c
truyn bng khp hoc bng a nghing. Ngoi nhng u im nh ca bm
pittng hng tm, bm pittng hng trc cn c u im na l kch
thc ca n nh gn hn, khi cng mt c vi bm hng tm.
Ngoi ra, so vi tt c cc loi bm khc, bm pittng hng trc c hiu sut
tt nht, v hiu sut hu nh khng ph thuc v ti trng v s vng
quay.
Nu ly cc k hiu nh bm pittng hng tm v ng knh trn phn b cc xilanh

l D [cm], th lu lng ca bm s l:
[lt/pht] (2.20)
Loi bm ny thng c ch to vi lu lng Q = 30 640l/ph v p sut p = 60bar, s
vng quay thng dng l 1450vg/ph hoc 950vg/ph, nhng nhng bm c rto khng ln th
s vng quay c th dng t 2000 2500vg/ph.
Bm pittng hng trc hu ht l iu chnh lu lng c, hnh 2.15.
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Trong cc loi bm pittng, khng ng u ca lu lng khng ch ph thuc vo c
im chuyn ng ca pittng, m cn ph thuc vo s lng pittng. khng ng u c
xc nh nh sau:
(2.21)
khng ng u k cn ph thuc vo s lng pittng chn hay l.

2.1.9. Tiu chun chn bm
Nhng i lng c trng cho bm v ng c du gm c:
a. Th tch nn (lu lng vng): l i lng c trng quan trng nht, k hiu
V[cm3/vng]. loi bm pittng, i lng ny tng ng chiu di hnh trnh pittng.
i vi bm: Q ~ n.V [lt/pht],
v ng c du: p ~ M/V [bar].
b. S vng quay n [vg/ph]
c. p sut p [bar]
d. Hiu sut [%]
e. Ting n
Khi chn bm, cn phi xem xt cc yu t v ky thut v kinh t sau:
+/ Gi thnh;
+/ Tui th;
+/ p sut;
+/ Phm vi s vng quay;
+/ Kh nng chu cc hp cht ho hc;
+/ S dao ng ca lu lng;
+/ Th tch nn x nh hoc thay i;
+/ Cng sut;
+/ Kh nng bm cc loi tp cht;
+/ Hiu sut.
2.2. B du
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
2.2.1. Nhim v
B du c nhim v chnh sau:
+/ Cung cp du cho h thng lm vic theo chu trnh kn (cp v nhn
du chy v).
+/ Gii ta nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh bm du lm vic.
+/ Lng ng cc cht cn b trong qu trnh lm vic.
+/ Tch nc.
2.2.2. Chn kch thc b du
i vi cc loi b du di chuyn, v d b du trn cc xe vn chuyn
th c th tch b du c chn nh sau:
V = 1,5.Qv
(2.22)
i vi cc loi b du c nh, v d b du trong cc my, dy chuyn,
th th tch b du c chn nh sau:
V = (3 5).Qv
(2.23)
Trong : V[lt];
Qv[l/ph].
2.2.3. Kt cu ca b du
Hnh 2.16. l s b tr cc cm thit b cn thit ca b cp du cho
h thng iu khin bng thy lc.
B du c ngn lm hai ngn bi mt mng lc (5). Khi m ng c (1), bm du lm

vic, du c ht ln qua b lc (3) cp cho h thng iu khin, du x v c cho vo mt
ngn khc.
Du thng vo b qua mt ca (8) b tr trn np b lc v ng x (9) c t vo gn
st b cha. C th kim tra mc du t yu cu nh mt du (7).
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Nh cc mng lc v b lc, du cung cp cho h thng iu khin m bo sch. Sau mt thi
gian lm vic nh k th b lc phi c tho ra ra sch hoc thay mi. Trn ng ng cp
du (sau khi qua bm) ngi ta gn vo mt van trn iu chnh p sut du cung cp v m bo
an ton cho ng ng cp du.
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
2.3. b lc du
2.3.1. Nhim v
Trong qu trnh lm vic, du khng trnh khi b nhim bn do cc
cht bn t bn ngoi vo, hoc do bn thn du to nn. Nhng cht bn
y s lm kt cc khe h, cc tit din chy c kch thc nh trong cc c
cu du p, gy nn nhng tr ngi, h hng trong cc hot ng ca h
thng. Do trong cc h thng du p u dng b lc du ngn
nga cht bn thm nhp vo bn trong cc c cu, phn t du p.
B lc du thng t ng ht ca bm. Trng hp du cn sch hn,
t thm mt b na ca ra ca bm v mt b ng x ca h thng
du p.
K hiu:
2.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc lc

Ty thuc vo kch thc cht bn c th lc c, b lc du c th
phn thnh cc loi sau:
a. B lc th: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,1mm.
b. B lc trung bnh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,01mm.
c. B lc tinh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,005mm.
d. B lc c bit tinh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,001mm.
Cc h thng du trong my cng c thng dng b lc trung bnh v
b lc tinh. B lc c bit tinh ch yu dng cc phng th nghim.
2.4.3. Phn loi theo kt cu
Da vo kt cu, ta c th phn bit c cc loi b lc du nh sau:
b lc li, b lc l, b lc giy, b lc n, b lc nam chm, ...
Ta ch xt mt s b lc du thng nht.
a. B lc li
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
B lc li l loi b lc du n gin nht. N gm khung cng v li
bng ng bao xung quanh. Du t ngoi xuyn qua cc mt li v cc l
vo ng ht. Hnh dng v kch thc ca b lc li rt khc nhau ty
thuc vo v tr v cng dng ca b lc.
Do sc cn ca li, nn du khi qua b lc b gim p. Khi tnh ton, tn
tht p sut thng ly p = 0,3 0,5bar, trng hp c bit c th ly
p = 1 2bar.
Nhc im ca b lc li l cht bn d bm vo cc b mt li v kh
ty ra. Do thng dng n lc th, nh lp vo ng ht ca bm.
trng hp ny phi dng thm b lc tinh ng ra.
b. B lc l, si thy tinh
B lc l l b lc dng nhng l thp mng lc du. y l loi dng
rng ri nht trong h thng du p ca my cng c.
Kt cu ca n nh sau: lm nhim v lc cc b lc l l cc l thp
hnh trn v nhng l thp hnh sao. Nhng l thp ny c lp ng
tm trn trc, tm n trn tm kia. Gia cc cp lp chen mnh thp trn
trc c tit din vung.
S lng l thp cn thit ph thuc vo lu lng cn lc, nhiu nht l
1000 28 1200l. Tn tht p sut ln nht l p = 4bar. Lu lng lc c th
t 8 28 100l/ph.
B lc l ch yu dng lc th. u im ln nht ca n l khi ty cht
bn, khi phi dng my v tho b lc ra ngoi.
Hin nay phn ln ngi ta thay vt liu ca cc l thp bng vt liu si
thy tinh, bn ca cc b lc ny cao v c kh nng ch to d dng,
cc c tnh vt liu khng thay i nhiu trong qu trnh lm vic do
nh hng v c v ha ca du.
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
tnh ton lu lng chy qua b lc du, ngi ta dng cng thc tnh
lu lng chy qua li lc:
[l/pht]
Trong :
A- din tch ton b b mt lc [cm2];
p = p1 - p2- hiu p ca b lc [bar];
- nht ng hc ca du [P];
- h s lc, c trng cho lng du chy qua b lc trn n v
din tch v thi gian [lit/cm2. Pht]
2.4. o p sut v lu lng
2.4.1. o p sut
a. o p sut bng p k l xo
Nguyn l o p sut bng p k l xo: di tc dng ca p lc, l xo b bin dng, qua c cu
thanh truyn hay n by v bnh rng, bin dng ca l xo s chuyn i thnh gi tr c
ghi trn mt hin s.
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
b. Nguyn l hot ng ca p k l xo tm
Di tc dng ca p sut, l xo tm (1) b bin dng, qua trc n by (2), chi tit hnh y
qut (3), chi tit thanh rng (4), kim ch (5), gi tr p sut c th hin trn mt s.
2.4.2. o lu lng
a. o lu lng bng bnh hnh van v bnh rng
Hnh 2.21. o lu lng bng bnh rng Ovan v bnh rng

Cht lng chy qua ng lm quay bnh van v bnh rng, ln lu lng c xc nh bng
lng cht lng chy qua bnh van v bnh rng.
b. o lu lng bng tuabin v cnh gt
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Cht lng chy qua ng lm quay cnh tuabin v cnh gt, ln l u lng c xc nh
bng tc quay ca cnh tuabin v cnh gt.
Hnh 2.22. o lu lng bng tubin cnh gt

c. o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p
Hai p k c t hai u ca mng ngn, ln lu lng c xc nh bng chnh lch
p sut (tn tht p sut) trn hai p k p1 v p2. QV = p
Hnh 2.23 o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p

d. o lu lng bng lc cng l xo
Cht lng chy qua ng tc ng vo u o, trn u o c gn l xo, lu cht chy qua lu
lng k t hay nhiu s c xc nh qua kim ch.
Hnh 2.24. o lu lng bng lc cng l xo
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2.6. bnh trch cha
2.6.1. Nhim v
Bnh trch cha l c cu dng trong cc h truyn dn thy lc iu ha nng lng
thng qua p sut v lu lng ca cht lng lm vic. Bnh trch cha lm vic theo hai qu
trnh: tch nng lng vo v cp nng lng ra.
Bnh trch cha c s dng rng ri trong cc loi my rn, my p, trong cc c cu tay
my v ng dy t ng,... nhm lm gim cng sut ca bm, tng tin cy v hiu sut s
dng ca ton h thy lc.
2.6.2. Phn loi
Theo nguyn l to ra ti, bnh trch cha thy lc c chia thnh ba loi, th hin hnh 2.25
Hnh 2.25. Cc loi bnh trch cha thy lc

a. Bnh trch cha trng vt;
b. Bnh trch cha l xo;
c. Bnh trch cha thy kh;
d. K hiu
a. Bnh trch cha trng vt

Bnh trch cha trng vt to ra mt p sut l thuyt hon ton c nh, nu b qua lc ma
st pht sinh ch tip xc gia c cu lm kn v pittng v khng tnh n lc qun ca
pittng chuyn dch khi th tch bnh trch cha thay i trong qu trnh lm vic.
Bnh trch cha loi ny yu cu phi b tr trng vt tht i xng so vi pittng, nu khng
s gy ra lc thnh phn ngang c cu lm kn. Lc tc dng ngang ny s lm hng c cu
lm kn v nh hng xu n qu trnh lm vic n nh ca bnh trch cha.
Bnh trch cha trng vt l mt c cu n gin, nhng cng knh, thng b tr ngoi
xng. V nhng l do trn nn trong thc t t s dng loi bnh ny.
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
b. Bnh trch cha l xo
Qu trnh tch nng lng bnh trch cha l xo l qu trnh bin nng lng ca l xo.
Bnh trch cha lo xo c qun tnh nh hn so vi bnh trch cha trng vt, v vy n c s
dng lm tt nhng va p thy lc trong cc h thy lc v gi p sut c nh trong cc c
cu kp.
c. Bnh trch cha thy kh
Bnh trch cha thy kh li dng tnh cht nn c ca kh, to ra p sut cht lng.
Tnh cht ny cho bnh trch cha c kh nng gim chn. Trong bnh trch cha trng vt p sut
hu nh c nh khng ph thuc vo v tr ca pittng, trong bnh
trch cha lo xo p sut thay i t l tuyn tnh, cn trong bnh trch cha thy kh p sut
cht lng thay i theo nhng nh lut thay i p sut ca kh.
Theo kt cu bnh trch cha thy kh c chia thnh hai loi chnh:
+/ Loi khng c ngn: loi ny t dng trong thc t (C nhc im: kh tip xc trc tip
vi cht lng, trong qu trnh lm vic kh s xm nhp vo cht lng v gy ra s lm vic
khng n nh cho ton h thng. Cch khc phc l bnh trch cha phi c kt cu hnh tr nh
v di gim bt din tch tip xc gia kh v cht lng).
+/ Loi c ngn
Hnh 2.26. Bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn phn cch hai mi trng c dng rng ri trong nhng
h thy lc di ng. Ph thuc vo kt cu ngn phn cch, bnh loi ny c phn ra thnh
nhiu kiu: kiu pittng, kiu mng,...
Cu to ca bnh trch cha c ngn bng mng gm: trong khoang trn ca bnh trch cha
thy kh, c np kh vi p sut np vo l p n, khi khng c cht lng lm vic trong bnh trch
cha.
Nu ta gi pmin l p sut nh nht ca cht lng lm vic ca bnh trch cha, th p n pmin. p
sut pmax ca cht lng t c khi th tch ca cht lng trong bnh c c ng vi gi tr cho
php ln nht ca p sut kh trong khoang trn.
Kh s dng trong bnh trch cha thng l kh nit hoc khng kh, cn cht lng lm vic
l du.
Vic lm kn gia hai khoang kh v cht lng l v cng quan trng, c bit l i vi loi
bnh lm vic p sut cao v nhit thp. Bnh trch cha loi ny c th lm vic p sut
cht lng 100kG/cm2.
i vi bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn chia n hi, nn s dng kh nit, cn khng kh s
lm cao su mau hng.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca bnh trch cha loi ny gm c hai qu trnh lqu trnh np
v qu trnh x.
Hnh 2.27. Qu trnh np
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Hnh 2.28. Qu trnh x
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
BI 3. C CU CHP HNH
3.1 Xilanh thy lc
Nhi m v: Xylanh thy lc l c cu chp hnh ca truyn dn thy lc thc
hi n di chuyn thng.
Phn loi: Xylanh thy lc c chia thnh hai loi xylanh lc v xylanh quay.
Trong xylanh lc chiu di chuyn tng i gia pittng v xylanh l chiu di chuyn tnh
tin, trong xylanh quay, chiu di chuyn tng i gia pittng v xylanh l chiu di
chuyn quay, gc thng nh hn 3600.
3.1.1. Xy lanh tc ng n.
a. Cu to
1: Thn xylanh
2; 3: M t bch hng
4: Cn pittng
5: Pittng
6: trt
7: Vng chn du
8: Vng m
9: Vng chn hnh O
10: L xo hi v
11: Ca dn du vo
b. Nguyn l lm vi c
Vi xylanh tc ng n, cht lng ch tc dng theo m t chiu. Hnh trnh ngc
li c tc dng bng lc y ca l xo.
Lc y pittng ph thu c vo p sut v di n tch cn ca pittng, nu khng k
n lc ma st tc dng ln pittng.
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Lc tc dng ln pittng
* S mch thy lc vi xylanh tc ng n
3.1.2. Xy lanh tc ng kp.

a. Cu to
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Hnh
Cu to xylanh tc ng kp
1: Thn
2; 3: M t bch hng
7: Vng chn du
8: Vng m
11: Vng chn pittng
4: Cn pittng
9: Tm ni
12; 17: ng ni
5: Pittng
6: trt
10; 14: Vng chn hnh O
13: Tm dn hng
15: ai c
16: Vt v n
b. Nguyn l lm vi c: Xylanh tc ng kp cho php cht lng tc dng c hai chiu to
nn chiu di chuyn hai chiu ca pittng
* S mch vi xylanh tc ng kp
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
c. Tnh ton xylanh
- Di n tch A, lc F, v p sut P
(Lc F, v p sut P trong xylanh)
+ Lc Ft = P.A
+ p sut
Trong :
A: Di n tch tit di n pittng (cm2)
D: ng knh ca xylanh (cm)
d: ng knh ca cn pittng (cm)
P: p sut (bar)
Ft: Lc (kN)
Nu tnh n tn tht th tch xylanh, n gin, ta chn
+ p sut:
+ Di n tch pittng:
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
d: ng knh ca pittng (mm)
: Hi u sut, ly theo bng sau:
P (bar)
20
120
160
(%)
85
90
95
Nh v y pittng bt u chuyn ng c khi lc Ft > FG + FA + FR
Trong :
FG: Trng lng
FA: Lc gia tc
FR: Lc mt
- Quan h gia lu lng Q, v n tc v v di n tch A
Lu lng chy vo xylanh tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q = A.v
V d: Cho c cu p thy lc nh hnh v di. Hy tnh lc tc dng (F) v thi gian (t)
ca hnh trnh p.
Giai:
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
- Gi F l lc tc dng ln pittng.
Phng trnh cn bng lc:
Suy ra F = F1 - F2 =
- Thi gian t ca hnh trnh p
C
suy ra
3.1.3. Xy lanh quay

- Cu to: Cu to ca xylanh quay th hi n hnh
- Xylanh quay c kh nng to mmen quay rt ln. Gc quay ph thu c vo s
cnh gt ca trc. i vi xylanh c m t cnh gt, gc quay c th t 270 2800 . Gi tr
l thuyt m men quay M v v n tc gc trn trc xylanh c th tnh theo cng thc:
Trong :
P: Lc p sut tc ng ln cnh gt
R: Khong cch t trng tm di n tch lm vi c ca cnh gt n tm quay
P: Chnh l ch p sut gia hai pha cnh gt
D: ng knh trong ca xylanh
d: ng knh trc lp cnh gt
b: Chiu r ng cnh gt (theo chiu di xylanh)
Nu s dng nhiu cnh gt th m men quay s tng vi s ln bng cnh gt, nhng gc
quay s gim vi s ln nh th.
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Tn gi:
- Barrel: V xy lanh
- Piston: Qu piston
- Cylinder rod: Cn xy lanh
- Gland: C xy lanh
- Pin eye / Clevis: Tai lp ghp
- Ports: ng du cp vo/ra xy lanh
- Piston seal; Rod seal, Wear ring; O-ring; Wiper...: B giong pht lm kn
3 thng s quan trng nht ca mt xy lanh thy lc l: ng knh lng xy lanh (bore), thng c k hiu l D; ng
knh cn (rod) d v hnh trnh lm vic (stroke), tc l khong chy ca cn xy lanh, - s.
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D v d biu th kch c v kh nng to lc y/ko cho xy lanh
S biu th chiu di v tm vi, khong lm vic ca xy lanh .
3.2 ng c thy lc.

V cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca ng c thy lc tng t nh my bm thy
lc ( xem bi 2)
3.2.1. Bm bnh rng.
3.2.2. Bm trc vt
3.2.3. Bm cnh gt
3.2.4. Bm pittng.
BI 4. CC PHN T IU KHIN CA H THNG THY LC
4.1. KHI NIM
H thng iu khin bng thy lc c m t qua s hnh 4.1, gm cc cm v phn t
chnh, c chc nng sau:
a. C cu to nng lng: bm du, b lc (...)
b. Phn t nhn tn hiu: cc loi nt n (...)
c. Phn t x l: van p sut, van iu khin t xa (...)
d. Phn t iu khin: van o chiu (...)
e. C cu chp hnh: xilanh, ng c du.
4.2. Van p sut

4.2.1. Nhim v
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Van p sut dng iu chnh p sut, tc l c nh hoc tng, gim tr s p trong h
thng iu khin bng thy lc.
4.2.2. Phn loi
Van p sut gm c cc loi sau:
Van p sut c k hiu bng vung, hng iu khin c biu th bng mi

tn. Ca van c k hiu l P (ca p sut) v T (ni thng cha) hoc A v B.
V tr ca van trong vung biu th van l ng hon ton hay m hon ton.
Van m
Lu lng t P n A
Van ng
Mt s khc bit gia van p sut t v van p sut iu chnh l mi tn xuyn

qua l xo.
Van p sut t
Van p sut iu chnh
Van p sut c chia thnh cc van an ton v van iu chnh p sut.
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Van an ton
Van iu p
4.2.3. V an ton (pressure relief valve)

Van an ton dng hn ch vic tng p sut cht lng trong h thng thy lc vt qu tr
s quy nh.
Ti v tr ng hon ton p sut iu khin c xc nh ti u vo P. p sut ny tc
ng ln b mt piston v b mt piston ny c xu hng chng li lc y ca l xo. Nu lc
ca p sut gy ra tc ng ln b mt piston ln hn lc y ca l xo th van s m. Bng cch
ny c th t gii hn ca p sut u ra mt gi tr c nh.
K hiu ca van trn v van an ton:
4.2.3.1. Phn loi

Theo cu to van an toan c cc loi sau:
+/ Kiu van bi (tr, cu)
+/ Kiu con trt (pittng)
+/ Van iu chnh hai cp p sut (phi hp)
4.2.3.1.1. Kiu van bi, tr cu.
a. cu to:
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IU KHIN IN - THY LC
b. Nguyn l lm vic.
Khi p sut p1 do bm du to nn vt qu mc iu chnh, n s thng lc l xo, van m
ca v a du v b. iu chnh p sut cn thit nh vt iu chnh pha trn.
Kiu van bi c kt cu n gin nhng c nhc im: khng dng c p sut cao, lm
vic n o. Khi l xo hng, du lp tc chy v b lm cho p sut trong h thng gim t ngt.
4.2.3.1.2. Kiu van con trt
a. Cu to.
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Gii thch: Du vo ca 1, qua l gim chn v vo bung A. Nu nh lc do p sut du to
nn l F ln hn lc iu chnh ca l xo F lx v trng lng G ca pittng, th pittng s dch
chuyn ln trn, du s qua ca 2 v b. L 4 dng tho du r bung trn ra ngoi.
Ngha l: p1 ? pittng i ln mt on x ? du ra ca 2 nhiu ? p1 n nh.
V tit din A khng thay i, nn p sut cn iu chnh p1 ch ph thuc vo Flx ca l xo.
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Loi van ny c gim chn cao hn loai van bi, nn n lm vic m hn. Nhc im ca
n l trong trng hp lu lng ln vi p sut cao, l xo phi c kch thc ln, do lm
tng kch thc chung ca van.
4.2.3.1.3. Van iu chnh hai cp p sut
Trong van ny c 2 l xo: l xo 1 tc dng trc tip ln bi cu v vi vt iu chnh, ta c th
iu chnh c p sut cn thit. L xo 2 c tc dng ln bi tr (con trt), l loi l xo yu, ch
c nhim v thng lc ma st ca bi tr. Tit din chy l rnh hnh tam gic. L tit lu c
ng knh t 0,8 1 mm.
a. cu to.
b. Nguyn l lm vic.
Du vo van c p sut p1, pha di v pha trn ca con trt u c p sut du. Khi p
sut du cha thng c lc l xo 1, th p sut p 1 pha di v p sut p2 pha trn con trt
bng nhau, do con trt ng yn.
Nu p sut p1 tng ln, bi cu s m ra, du s qua con trt, ln van bi chy v b. Khi du
chy, do sc cn ca l tit lu, nn p 1 > p2, tc l mt hiu p p = p 1 - p2 c hnh thnh gia
pha di v pha trn con trt. (Lc ny ca 3 vn ng)
Khi p1 tng cao thng lc l xo 2 lc ny c 2 van u hot ng.
Loi van ny lm vic rt m, khng c chn ng. p sut c th iu chnh trong phm vi rt
rng: t 5 63 bar hoc c th cao hn.
4.2.4. Van cn
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Van cn c nhi m v to nn m t sc cn trong h thng nn h thng lun c u
bi trn, bo qun thit b, gip cho thit b lm vi c m v gim va p.
- Cu to
- K hi u:
4.3 Van o chiu

4.3.1. Nhim v
Van o chiu dng ng, m cc ng dn khi ng cc c cu bin i nng lng, dng
o chiu cc chuyn ng ca c cu chp hnh.
4.3.2. Cc khi nim
+/ S ca: l s l dn du vo hay ra. S ca ca van o chiu thng 2, 3 v 4, 5. Trong
nhng trng hp c bit s ca c th nhiu hn.
+/ S v tr: l s nh v con trt ca van. Thng thng van o chiu c 2 hoc 3 v tr.
Trong nhng trng hp c bit s v tr c th nhiu hn.
4.3.3. Nguyn l lm vic
a. Van o chiu 2 ca, 2 v tr (2/2)
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b. Van o chiu 3 ca, 2 v tr (3/2)
c. Van o chiu 4 ca, 2 v tr (4/2)
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K hiu: P- ca ni bm;
T- ca ni ng x v thng du;
A, B- ca ni vi c cu iu khin hay c cu chp hnh;
L- ca ni ng du tha v thng.
4.4. Cc loi van in thy lc ng dng trong mch iu khin t ng
4.4.1. Phn loi
C hai loi:
+/ Van solenoid
+/ Van t l v van servo
4.4.2. Cng dng
a. Van solenoid
Dng ng m (nh van phn phi thng thng), iu khin bng nam chm in. c
dng trong cc mch iu khin logic.
b. Van t l v van servo
L phi hp gia hai loi van phn phi v van tit lu (gi l van ng, m ni tip), c th
iu khin c v cp lu lng qua van. c dng trong cc mch iu khin t ng.
4.4.3. Van solenoid
Cu to ca van solenoid gm cc b phn chnh l: loi iu khin trc tip (hnh 3.15)
gm c thn van, con trt v hai nam chm in; loi iu khin gin tip (hnh 3.16) gm
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c van s cp 1, cu to van s cp ging van iu khin trc tip v van th cp 2 iu khin
con trt bng du p, nh tc ng ca van s cp.
Con trt ca van s hot ng hai hoc ba v tr ty theo tc ng ca nam chm. C
th gi van solenoid l loi van iu khin c cp.
1, 2. Cun dy ca nam chm in;

3, 6. Vt hiu chnh ca li st t;
4, 5. L xo.
4.5.4. Van t l
Cu to ca van t l c gm ba b phn chnh (hnh 3.17) l : thn van, con trt, nam chm
in.
thay i tit din chy ca van, tc l thay i hnh trnh ca con trt bng cch thay i
dng in iu khin nam chm. C th iu khin con trt v tr bt k trong phm vi iu
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chnh nn van t l c th gi l loi van iu khin v cp.
van c hai nam chm 1, 5 b tr i xng, cc l xo 10 v 12 phc hi v tr cn bng ca con

trt 11.
4.4.5. Van servo
Cu to ca van t l c gm ba b phn chnh l : thn van, con trt, nam chm in.
thay i tit din chy ca van, tc l thay i hnh trnh ca con trt bng cch thay i dng
in iu khin nam chm. C th iu khin con trt v tr bt k trong hm vi iu chnh
nn van t l c th gi l loi van iu khin v cp.
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4.4.5. Van servo
Cu to ca van t l c gm ba b phn chnh l : thn van, con trt, nam chm in.
thay i tit din chy ca van, tc l thay i hnh trnh ca con trt bng cch thay i
dng in iu khin nam chm. C th iu khin con trt v tr bt k trong phm vi iu
chnh nn van t l c th gi l loi van iu khin v cp.
B phn iu khin con trt ca van servo (torque motor) th hin trn gm cc b phn
sau:
+/ Nam chm vnh cu; +/ Phn ng v hai cun dy;
+/ Cnh chn v cng n hi; +/ ng n hi;
+/ Ming phun du.
Hai nam chm vnh cu t i xng to thnh khung hnh ch nht, phn ng trn c hai
cun dy v cnh chn du ngm vi phn ng, to nn mt kt cu cng vng. nh v phn
ng v cnh chn du l mt ng n hi, ng ny c tc dng phc hi cm phn ng v cnh
chn v v tr trung gian khi dng in vo hai cun dy cn bng. Ni vi cnh chn du l cng
n hi, cng ny ni trc tip vi con trt. Khi dng in vo hai cun dy lch nhau th phn
ng b ht lch, do s i xng ca cc cc nam chm m phn ng s quay. Khi phn ng quay,
ng n hi s bin dng n hi, khe h t cnh chn n ming phun du cng s thay i
(pha ny h ra v pha kia hp li). iu dn n p sut hai pha ca con trt lch nhau
v con trt c di chuyn. Nh vy:
+/ Khi dng in iu khin hai cun dy bng nhau hoc bng 0 th phn ng, cnh, cng
v con trt v tr trung gian (p sut hai bung con trt cn bng nhau).
+/ Khi dng i1 i2 th phn ng s quay theo mt chiu no ty thuc vo dng in ca
cun dy no ln hn. Gi s phn ng quay ngc chiu kim ng h, cnh chn du cng quay
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theo lm tit din chy ca ming phun du thay i, khe h ming phun pha tri rng ra v khe
h ming phun pha phi hp li. p sut du vo hai bung con trt khng cn bng, to lc
dc trc, y con trt di chuyn v bn tri, hnh thnh tit din chy qua van (to ng dn
du qua van). Qu trnh trn th hin . ng thi khi con trt sang tri th cng s cong theo
chiu di chuyn ca con trt lm cho cnh chn du cng di chuyn theo. Lc ny khe h
ming phun tri hp li v khe h ming phun phi rng ln, cho n khi khe h ca hai ming
phun bng nhau v p sut hai pha bng nhau th con trt v tr cn bng. Qu trnh th
hin
Mmen quay phn ng v mmen do lc n hi ca cng cn bng nhau. Lng di chuyn
ca con trt t l vi dng in vo cun dy.
+/ Tng t nh trn nu phn ng quay theo chiu ngc li th con trt s di chuyn theo
chiu ngc li.
4.5. Van tit lu
Van tit lu dng iu chnh lu lng du, v do iu chnh vn
tc ca c cu chp hnh trong h thng thy lc.
Van tit lu c th t ng du vo hoc ng ra ca c cu
chp hnh.
Van tit lu c cc loi sau:
+/ Tit lu c nh
K hiu:
+/ Tit lu 2 chiu , thay i c lu lng.
K hiu:
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Khi iu chnh vt 2, tit din 3 thay i. tit lu c 2 chiu t A qua B v ngc li
+/ Tit lu 1 chiu , thay i c lu lng.
Khi iu chnh vt 1, tit lu khe h 3 thay i, tit lu lu c chiu t A sang B. Khi du i t B sang
A, qua van mt chiu 2 khng tit lu c.
4.6. Van chn

Khi du chy t A qua B, van thc hin theo nguyn l ca van mt chiu. Nhng khi du chy
t B qua A, th phi c tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi tc ng vo ca X.
a. Chiu A qua B, tc dng nh van mt chiu;

b. Chiu B qua A c dng chy, khi c tc dng tn ngoi X;
c. K hiu.
4.7. ng dn, ng ni
ni lin cc phn t iu khin (cc loi van) vi cc c cu chp hnh, vi h thng bin
i nng lng (bm du, ng c du), ngi ta dng cc ng dn, ng ni hoc cc tm ni.
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4.7.1. ng dn
a. Yu cu
ng dn dng trong h thng iu khin bng thy lc ph bin l ng dn cng (vt liu ng
bng ng hoc thp) v ng dn mm (vi cao su v ng
mm bng kim loi c th lm vic nhit 1350C).
ng dn cn phi m bo bn c hc v tn tht
p sut trong ng nh nht. gim tn tht p sut, cc
ng dn cng ngn cng tt, t b un cong trnh s
bin dng ca tit din v s i hng chuyn ng ca
du.
b. Vn tc du chy trong ng
+/ ng ht: v = 0,5 1,5 m/s
+/ ng nn: p < 50bar th v = 4 - 5 m/s
p = 50 - 100bar th v = 5 - 6 m/s
p > 100bar th v = 6 - 7 m/s
+/ ng x: v = 0,5 1,5 m/s
Cc ng ng ht ///
Cc ng ng nn /
Cc ng ng x //
c. Chn kch thc ng knh ng
Ta c phng trnh lu lng chy qua ng dn:
Q = A.v
Trong :
Tit din:
Trong : d [mm];
Q [lt/pht];
v [m/s].
Vy kch thc ng ng dn l:
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4.7.2. Cc loi ng ni
a. Yu cu
Trong h thng thy lc, ng ni c yu cu tng i cao v bn v kn. Ty theo
iu kin s dng ng ni c th khng tho c v tho c.
b. Cc loi ng ni
ni cc ng dn vi nhau hoc ni ng dn vi cc phn t thy lc, ta dng cc loi ng ni
c th hin nh hnh di
a. ng ni vn ren;
b. ng ni sit cht bng ai c.
4.7.3. Vng chn

a. Nhim v
Chn du mg vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca cc phn
t thy lc.
Chn du khng tt, s b r du cc u ni, b hao ph du, khng m bo p sut cao dn
n h thng hot ng khng n nh.
b. Phn loi
ngn chn s r du, ngi ta thng dng cc loi vng chn, vt liu khc nhau, ty
thuc vo p sut, nhit ca du.
Da vo b mt cn chn kht, ta phn thnh hai loi:
+/ Loi chn kht phn t c nh.
+/ Loi chn kht phn t chuyn ng.
c. Loi chn kht phn t c nh
Chn kht nhng phn t c nh tng i n gin, dng cc vng chn bng cht do hoc
bng kim loi mm (ng, nhm). tng bn, tui th ca vng chn c tnh n hi, ta
thng s dng cc c cu bo v ch to t vt liu cng hn (cao su nn vi, vng kim loi,
cao su lu ha cng li kim loi).
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d. Loi chn kht cc phn t chuyn ng tng i vi nhau
Loi ny c dng rng ri nht, chn kht nhng phn t chuyn ng. Vt liu ch to
l cao su chu du, chn du gia 2 b mt c chuyn ng tng i (gia pittng v xilanh).
tng bn, tui th ca vng chn c tnh n hi, tng t nh loi chn kht nhng
phn t c nh, thng ta s dng cc c cu bo v ch to t vt liu cng hn (vng kim
loi).
chn kht nhng chi tit c chuyn ng thng (cn pittng, cn y iu khin con trt
iu khin vi nam chm in,...), thng dng vng chn c tit din ch V, vi vt liu bng da
hoc bng cao su.
Trong trng hp p sut lm vic ca du ln th b dy cng nh s vng chn cn thit
cng ln.
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Bi 5 iu chnh v n nh vn tc
iu chnh vn tc chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay ca c
cu chp hnh trong h thng thy lc bng cch thay i lu lng du
chy qua n vi hai phng php sau:
+/ Thay i sc cn trn ng dn du bng van tit lu. Phng php
iu chnh ny gi l iu chnh bng tit lu.
+/ Thay i ch lm vic ca bm du, tc l iu chnh lu lng
ca bm cung cp cho h thng thy lc. Phng php iu chnh ny gi
l iu chnh bng th tch.
La chn phng php iu chnh vn tc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh cng sut truyn ng, p sut cn thit, c im thay i ti
trng, kiu v c tnh ca bm du,...
gim nhit ca du, ng thi tng hiu sut ca h thng du p,
ngi ta dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu
chnh ny c thc hin bng cch ch a vo h thng du p lu
lng du cn thit m bo mt vn tc nht nh. Do , nu nh
khng tnh n tn tht th tch v c kh th ton b nng lng do
bm du to nn u bin thnh cng c ch.
5.1. iu chnh bng tit lu
Do kt cu n gin nn loi iu chnh ny c dng nhiu nht
trong cc h thng thy lc ca my cng c iu chnh vn tc ca
chuyn ng thng cng nh chuyn ng quay.
Ta c: p.c.A.Qx=
Khi Ax thay i thay i p thay i Q v thay i.
loi iu chnh ny bm du c lu lng khng i, v vi vic thay
i tit din chy ca van tit lu, lm thay i hiu p ca du, do
thay i lu lng dn n c cu chp hnh m bo mt vn tc
nht nh. Lng du tha khng thc hin cng c ch no c v n c
a v b du.
Tu thuc vo v tr lp van tit lu trong h thng, ta c hai loi iu
chnh bng tit lu sau: +/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo.
+/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra.
5.1.1. iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo
Hnh 4.1 l s iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng vo. Van
tit lu (0.4) t ng vo ca xilanh (1.0). ng ra ca xilanh c
dn v b du qua van cn (0.5). Nh van tit lu (0.4), ta c th iu
chnh hiu p gia hai u van tit lu, tc l iu chnh c lu lng
chy qua van tit lu vo xilanh (bng cch thay i tit din chy A x), do
lm thay i vn tc ca pittng. Lng du tha (Q T) chy qua van
trn (0.2) v b du.
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Van cn (0.5) dng to nn mt p nht nh (khong 38bar) trong
bung bn
phi ca xilanh (1.0), m bo pittng chuyn ng m, ngoi ra van
cn (0.5) cn lm gim chuyn ng git mnh ca c cu chp hnh khi
ti trng thay i ngt.
Trong : p0 l p sut do bm du to nn, c iu chnh bng van
trn (0.2).
phi ca xilanh (1.0), m bo pittng chuyn ng m, ngoi ra van
cn (0.5) cn lm gim chuyn ng git mnh ca c cu chp hnh khi
ti trng thay i ngt.
Trong : p0 l p sut do bm du to nn, c iu chnh bng van
trn (0.2).
Phng trnh lu lng: Q1 qua van tit lu cng l Q1 qua xilanh (b
qua r du)
Hiu p gia hai u van tit lu: p = p0 - p1 (4.2)

Khi Ax thay i p thay i Q1 thay i v thay i
Nu nh ti trng tc dng ln pittng l FL v lc ma st gia pittng v
xilanh l Fms, th phng trnh cn bng lc ca pittng l:
Ta thy: khi FL thay i p1 thay i p thay i Q1 thay i v

khng n nh.
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5.1.2. iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra
iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng ra. Van tit lu m nhim

lun chc nng ca van cn l to nn mt p sut nht nh ng ra
ca xilanh. Trong trng hp ny, p sut bung tri xilanh bng p sut
ca bm, tc l p1=p0.
V ca van ca tit lu ni lin vi b du, nn hiu p ca van tit lu:
Khi Ax thay i p2 thay i Q2 thay i v thay i.

Phng trnh cn bng tnh l:
Ta cng thy: FL thay i p2 thay i Q2 thay i v khng n

nh.
Nhn xt:
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C hai iu chnh bng tit lu c u im chnh l kt cu n
gin, nhng c hai cng c nhc im l khng m bo vn tc ca c
cu chp hnh mt gi tr nht nh, khi ti trng thay i.
Thng ngi ta dng iu chnh bng tit lu cho nhng h thng
thy lc lm vic vi ti trng thay i nh, hoc trong h thng khng yu
cu cao v n nh vn tc.
Nhc im khc ca h thng iu chnh bng tit lu l mt phn
du tha qua van trn bin thnh nhit, nhit lng y lm gim nht
ca du, c kh nng lm tng lng du r, nh hng n s n nh
vn tc ca c cu chp hnh, dn n hiu sut gim.
V nhng l do , iu chnh bng tit lu thng dng trong nhng
h thng thy lc c cng sut nh, thng khng qu 33,5 kw. Hiu sut
ca h thng iu chnh ny khong 0,650,67.
5.2. iu chnh bng th tch
gim nhit du, ng thi tng hu sut ca h thng thy lc,
ngi ta dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu
chnh ny c thc hin bng cch ch a vo h thng thy lc lu
lng du cn thit m bo mt vn tc nht nh.
Lu lng du c th thay i vi vic dng bm du pittng hoc cnh
gt iu chnh lu lng.
c im ca h thng iu chnh vn tc bng th tch l khi ti trng
khng i, cng sut ca c cu chp hnh t l vi lu lng ca bm. V
th, loi iu chnh ny c dng rng ri trong cc my cn thit mt
cng sut ln khi khi ng, tc l cn thit lc ko hoc mmen xon ln.
Ngoi ra n cng c dng rng ri trong
nhng h thng thc hin chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng
quay khi vn tc gim, cng sut cn thit cng gim.
Tm li: u im ca phng php iu chnh bng th tch l m bo
hiu sut truyn ng cao, du t b lm nng, nhng bm du iu
chnh lu lng c kt cu phc tp, ch to t hn l bm du c lu
lng khng i.
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Ta c: Q1= Qb = qb.n (l/p) (Q1= v.A1)

Mun thay i Qb= Q1 ta thay i qb v thay i
Trn hnh 4.3 ta thy:
Thay i lch tm e qb s thay i Qb= Q1 thay i v thay
i.
Nhn xt:
Ton b lu lng ca bm u cung cp cho xilanh (khng c du
tha) hiu sut cao.
5.3. n nh vn tc
Trong nhng c cu chp hnh cn chuyn ng m, chnh xc cao,
th cc h thng iu chnh n gin nh trnh by trn khng th
m bo c, v n khng khc phc c nhng nguyn nhn gy ra
s khng n nh chuyn ng, nh ti trng khng thay i, n
hi ca du, r du cng nh s thay i nhit ca du.
Page 65
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn trn, h thng thy lc lm vic khng n nh
cn do nhng thiu st v kt cu (nh cc c cu iu khin ch to
khng chnh xc, lp rp
Page 66
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
5.3.1. B n tc lp trn ng vo ca c cu chp hnh
Gi s khi FL= 0
ta c:
Ti van gim p ta c:
Page 67
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Gii thch: gi s FL p1 pittng van gim p sang tri ca ra ca
van gim p m rng p3 dn n p = const.
Trn th: p1 p2 + pms (4.10)
+/ Khi p1 p3 p = const v = const.
+/ Khi p3 = p0, tc l ca ra ca van m ht c (ti A trn th), nu tip
tc FL p1 m p3 = p1 khng tng na p = p3 - p1 (p3 = p0) v v
n khi p1 = p3 = p0 p = 0 v = 0.
5.3.2. B n tc lp trn ng ra ca c cu chp hnh
Page 68
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
5.3.3. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi
tit lu ng vo
Lu lng ca bm c iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm e.
Khi lm vic, stato ca bm c xu hng di ng sang tri do tc dng ca
p sut du bung nn gy nn.
Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc ca stato (b qua ma st):

Flx + p1.F1 - p0.F2 - k.p0 = 0 (k: h s iu chnh bm)
Nu ta ly hiu tit din F1 - F2 = k F1 = F2 + k
Page 69
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Lu lng Q khng ph thuc vo ti trng (c trng bng p 1, p0).

Gi s: FL p1 pittng iu chnh s y stato ca bm sang phi e
p0 p = p0 - p1 = const.
Page 70
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
BA: C S L THUYT IU KHIN BNG THY LC

6.1. Khi nim c bn v iu khin
6.1.1. H thng iu khin
iu khin l mt qu trnh ca mt h thng, trong mt hay nhiu i lng vo (tn hiu
vo) se lm nh hung n 1 hay nhiu i lng ra (tn hi u ra).
H thng iu khin thy lc bao gm cc phn t iu khin v c cu chp hnh c ni kt vi

nhau thnh h thng hon chnh thc hin nhng nhim v theo yu cu t ra. H thng c m t
nh hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.1. H thng iu khin thy lc.

- Tn hiu vo: nt n, cng tc; cng tc hnh trnh, cm bin.
- Phn t x l thng tin: X l tn hiu nhn vo theo mt quy tc nht logic xc nh, lm thay i trng
thi ca phn t iu khin:
van logic AND, OR, NOT, Flip Flop...
- Phn t iu khin: iu khin dng nng lng (lu lng, p sut) theo yu cu, hay i trng thi ca
c cu chp hnh: van chnh p, van o chiu, van tit lu...
- C cu chp hnh: thay i trng thi ca i tng iu khin, l i lng ra ca mch iu khin:
xilanh thy lc, ng c thy lc.
- Nng lng iu khin: bao gm phn thng tin v cng sut.
Phn thng tin:
- in t
- in c
- Du
- Quang hc
Page 71
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
- Kh
- Sinh hc
Phn t cng sut:

- in: cng sut nh, iu khin hot ng d, nhanh
- Thy: cng sut va, qun tnh, tc cao.
6.1.2. Cc loi tn hiu iu khin
Trong h thng thy lc ni chung chng ta s dng hai loi tn hiu chnh: Tn hiu tng t (hnh 6.2a),
tn hiu ri rc (s) (hnh 6.2b)
Hnh 6.2a. Tn hiu tng t
Hnh 6.2b. Tn hiu ri rc
6.1.3. iu khin vng h (mch iu khin h)

H thng iu khin vng h l khng c s so snh gia tn hiu u ra vi tn hiu u vo, gi tr
thc thu c v gi tr cn t khng c iu chnh, x l.
Hnh 6.3 m t h thng iu khin tc ng c thy lc.

6.1.4. iu khin vng kn (Mch iu khin c khu phn hi)
H thng m tn hiu u ra c phn hi so snh vi tn hiu u vo. chnh lch ca hai tn hiu
vo ra c thng bo cho thit b iu khin, thit b ny to ra tn hiu iu khin tc dng ln i tng
iu khin sao cho gi tr thc lun t c nh mong mun.
Page 72
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Hnh 6.4. H thng iu khin kn v tr pt tng thy lc

6.2. Cac phn t logic:
6.2.1. Phn t logic NOT ( ph nh) :
nh ngha: L phn t logic c duy nht m t u vo v mc logic u ra lun ngc vi mc logic
u vo.
+ Bng chn l:
P
Hnh 6.5. s mach in minh hoa phn t NOT

P
+ Gin thi gian:
+ K hiu:
6.2.2. Phn t logic AND (v)

Phn t logic AND c minh ha bi
hnh 6.6. Khi n ng thi nt n P 1 v P2 th
n Q c cp in.
P1
P2
Q
-
Hnh 6.6. Mach in biu din phn t logic AND
Page 73
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Bng chn l:
S tn hiu:
P1
P2
P1
P2
Q
K hiu:
6.2.3. Phn t logic NAND (NOT AND)

Hm logic NAND l hm kt hp gia hm NOT v hm AND c minh ha bi s mch in hnh
6.7
+Bng chn l:
Hnh 6.7. Mach in biu din phn t logic

NAND
P1
P2
K hiu:
6.2.4. Phn t logic OR

Phn t logic OR c biu din bi mch in hnh 6.8. Khi n nt n P1 hoc P2 th n Q sng.
P1
P2
Bng chn l:
P1
P2
Q
-
Page 74
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Hnh 6.8. Mach in biu din phn t logic OR
- Gin thi gian:

P1
P2
Q
- K hiu:
6.2.5. Phn t logic NOR

Phn t logic NOR c biu din bi mch in 6.9. Khi n mt trong hai nt n P 1, P2 hoc n c hai
n n P1 v P2 th n Q tt.
Bng chn l:
Hnh 6.9 Mach in biu din phn t logic NOR
P1
P2
K hiu:
6.2.6. Phn t logic XOR (EXC-OR)

Phn t logic XOR c biu din bi mch in hnh 6.10. Khi n mt trong hai nt n P 1 hoc P2 th
n Q sng, khi khng n hoc n ng thi c hai nt n P1 v P2 th n Q tt.
Page 75
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Bng chn l:
Hnh 6.10 Mach in biu din phn t logic XOR
P1
P2
K hiu:
6.2.7. Phn t logic X-NOR

Phn t logic X - NOR c biu din bi mch in hnh 6.11. Khi n mt trong hai nt n P1 hoc P2
th n Q tt, khi khng n hoc n ng thi c hai nt n P1 v P2 th n Q sng.
Bng chn l:
Hnh 6.10. Mach in biu din phn t logic X NOR
P1
P2
K hiu:
6.3. L thuyt i s Boole

6.3.1. Quy tc c bn ca i s Boole.
Php ton lin kt AND
Php ton lin kt OR
1^1^1=1
1v1v1=1
1^0^0=0
1v0v0=1
1 ^1 ^ 0 = 0
1v1v0=1
Php ton lin kt NOT
Page 76
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
1^0^1=0
0v1v1=1
0^1^1=0
1v0v1=1
0^0^0=0
0v0v0=0
+ Quy tc hon v
Cc ton t P1 v P2 c th hon v cho nhau:
P1 ^ P2 = P2 ^ P1
P1 v P2 = P2 v P1
+ Quy tc kt hp
P1 ^ P2 ^ P3 = (P1 ^ P2) ^ P3 = P1 ^ (P2 ^ P3)
P1 v P2 v P3 = (P1 v P2) v P3 = P1 v (P2 v P3)
+ Quy tc phn phi
(P1 ^ P2) v (P3 ^ P4) = (P1 v P3) ^ (P1 v P4) ^ (P2 v P3) ^ (P2 v P4)
(P1 v P2) ^ (P3v P4) = (P1 ^ P3) v (P1 ^ P4) v (P2 ^ P3) v (P2 ^ P4)
P1 ^ (P2 v P3) = (P1 ^ P2) v (P1 ^ P3)
P1 v (P2 ^ P3) = (P1 v P2) ^ (P1 v P3)
+ nh l DE MORGAN
nh l ny c th m rng cho hm nhiu bin:
nh l ny gip ta chuyn php cng logic thnh php nhn logic v ngc li. Vn dng nh l De
Morgan chng ta c th gii cc bi ton thit k mch logic t hp theo cc ca logic c bn cho sn.
Ch : Trong cc nh lut trn Pi c th l bin n hoc biu thc.
6.3.2. Biu Karnaugh
Khi mt hm logic c s lng bin tng i nh (k 6) ngi ta thng biu din chng di dng
mt bng gi l bng Karnaugh (Cc n). Theo phng php ny mt hm c n bin c biu din trn mt
bng gm 2 n vung. Mi vung tng ng vi 1 hng trong bng chn l. Lu rng cc t hp bin y
c xp theo th t ca m Gray tc l hai lin k cc minterm ch khc nhau c mt bit.
Trong cc ca bng K ghi gi tr ca hm tng ng.
Lu : cc t hp bin hm c gi tr 0 th c th b trng hoc ghi 0.
Page 77
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Di l bng Karnaugh ca mt s hm logic c 2,3,4,5 bin, di mi bng l phng trnh logic
tng ng ca cc hm ny.
A
B
0
1
AB 00
0
1
11
10
11
01
1
1
12
13
15
11 1
2 1
14
10 1
AB
00
CD
0 1
00
10
01 1
10
11
6
F ( A, B, C ) m (0,1,2,5)
F(A,B) =
AB
00
CD
0 1
00
01
11
01
10
12
01 1 x
13
1
151
111
2 1
14
11
10
1
1
101
F A B C D A B CD A B C D
A B C D A B C D A B CD A B CD
vi N = 1.
ABC
00 00
DE
41
01
0
00
01 1
11
3 1
10
2 1
vi N = 25.
01
01
1
1
80
1
2
1
3
1
5
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
0
11
2 01
4
11
21
8
10
10
2 1 10
0
6 1
2x
5
2 1
7
2 1
6
2
9
3
1
3
0
1 1
2
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
3
9
2
1 1
2
8
Bng Karnaugh ca mt s hm c 2, 3,4,5 bin
6.3.3. Phn t nh
Cc phn t logic trnh by phn trc c c im l tn hi u
ra mmen thi gian ph thu c vo tn
hi u
vo, iu c ngha l khi tn hi u
vo mt, th tn hi u
ra cung mt theo. Cc tn hi u
thc t thng l
dng xung (nt n...). Khi tn hi u
tc n
g vo l dng xung th tn hi u
ra thng l tn hi u
duy tr. Nh v y
Page 78
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
l cn c phn t duy tr tn hi u
, trong ky thu t i n
(trang b i n
), thng gi l t duy tr. Trong ky thu t
iu khin th gi l phn t nh Flipflop.
Phn t Flipflop c hai cng vo, cng th nht k hi u
l S (SET) v cng th hai k hi u
l R
(RESET), nh v y phn t Flipflop cung c gi tt l RS - Flipflop
Phn t RS Flipflop
- Phn t RS Flipflop co (RESET) tri hn.
Khi nt n P2 c ng li, dng in i qua rle K, tip im K ng li. Nh vy dng in trong
mch vn c duy tr d cho nt n P 2 c nh ra. Dng in c duy tr cho n khi no ta tc ng vo nt
n P1. Thi gian duy tr dng in trong mch c, l kh nng nh ca mch in. (hnh 6.11a).
Nu cng SET (P2) ca mch in c gi tr l 1 th tn hiu ra Q c gi tr l 1 v c nh (mc d
ngay sau tn hiu SET mt i) cho n khi RESET (P1) bng 1.
a.
b.
Hnh 6.11. Phn t nh co RESET tri hn

a. Mach in t duy tr
b. Phn t RS Flipflop co RESET tri hn
+ Bng chn l:
P1
P2
- Tn hiu u Q ca phn t nh bng 1 khi tn hiu u vo P 2 t vo chn S bng1. Khi tn

hiu P1 t vo chn R bng 1 th tn hiu ra Q bng 0
Khi c hai tn hiu P 1 v P2 u bng 1 th tn hiu ra Q bng 0. y c gi l trng thi cm ca
RS Flipflop c RESET tri hn.
- Phn t RS Flipflop co (SET) tri hn.
Page 79
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Khi nt n P2 c ng li, dng in i qua rle K, tip im K ng li. Nh vy dng in trong
mch vn c duy tr d cho nt n P 2 c nh ra. Dng in c duy tr cho n khi no ta tc ng vo nt
n P1. Thi gian duy tr dng in tong mch c, l kh nng nh ca mch in. (hnh 6.12a).
Nu cng SET (P2) ca mch in c gi tr l 1 th tn hiu ra Q c gi tr l 1 v c nh (mc d
ngay sau tn hiu SET mt i) cho n khi RESET (P1) bng 1.
- Tn hiu u Q ca phn t nh bng 1 khi tn hiu u vo P 2 t vo chn S bng 1. Khi tn
hiu P1 t vo chn R bng 1 th tn hiu ra Q bng 0.
Khi c hai tn hiu P1 v P2 u bng 1 th tn hiu ra Q bng 1.
a.
a . Mach in t duy tr
b.
b. Phn t RS Flipflop co SET tri hn
Hnh 6.12. Phn t nh co SET tri hn

+ Bng chn l
P1
P2
6.4. Biu din phn t logic ca thy lc.

6.4.1. Phn t NOT.
- Phn t NOT l m t van o chiu 3/2 c v tr "khng", ti v tr "khng
cng tn hi u ra A (1) ni ngun P.
Khi cha c tn hi u vo a = 0, ca A ni vi ca P.
Khi c tn hi u vo (p sut) a = 1, van o chiu i v tr, ca A = 0 (b ch n)
Page 80
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
6.4.2. Phn t OR:

- Phn t OR l m t t hp gm m t van OR v m t van o chiu 3/2 c v tr "khng", ti v tr
"khng" cng tn hi u ra A b ch n. Khi cha c tn hi u vo a1 = 0, a2 = 0, ca A b ch n (A=0). Khi c tn
hi u vo (p sut) a1 = 1, a2 = 1, van o chiu i v tr, ca A = 1 (ni vi ngun P).
6.4.3. Phn t NOR:

- Phn t NOR l m t t hp gm m t van OR v m t van o chiu 3/2 c v tr "khng", ti v tr
"khng" cng tn hi u ra A ni vi ngun P. Khi cha c tn hi u vo a1=0, a2=0, ca A ni vi ngun P. Khi
c tn hi u vo (p sut) a1=1, a2=1, van o chiu i v tr, ca A b ch n A=0.
6.4.4. Phn t AND:

Page 81
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
- Phn t AND l m t t hp gm hai van o chiu 3/2 c v tr "khng" u ni tip vi nhau, ti
v tr "khng" cng tn hi u
ra A b ch n
. Khi cha c tn hi u
vo 1a= 0, a2 = 0, ca A b ch n
(A = 0). Khi
c hai tn hi u (p sut) vo ng thi a1 = 1, a2 = 1, ca A = 1 (ni vi ngun P).
6.4.5. Phn t NAND:

- Phn t NAND l m t t hp gm hai van 3/2 c v tr "khng" c ni vi nhau nh hnh ve.
Ti v tr "khng" cng tn hi u ra A ni vi ngun P. Khi c m t trong hai tn hi u vo (p sut) a1=1, a2=1,
van o chiu i v tr, ca A ni vi ngun P. Khi c hai tn hi u (p sut) vo ng thi a1=1 v a2=1, ca
A b ch n A=0.
6.4.6. Phn t EXC - OR:

- Phn t EXC - OR c cu to gm m t van OR, m t van AND v m t van o chiu 3/2 c v
tr "khng" v v tr "khng" ca A ni vi ngun P.
- Phn t EXC - OR c cu to gm m t van OR v hai van o chiu 3/2 c v tr "khng" ca A
ni vi ngun P.
6.4.7. RS-Flipflop
6.4.8. Phn t thi gian
6.5. Bi tp ng dng
Page 82
IU KHIN IN - THY LC
Page 83

TH y L C

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TH y L C

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IU KHIN IN - THY LC

1.1. Khi nim chung v thy lc

Hnh 1.1. p sut thy tnh

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Hnh 1.2. Dng chy lin tc

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

1.3.3. Phng trnh Bernulli

: p sut thy ng,

Bng 1.1. Biu th mi tng quan ca cc n v o p sut khc nhau

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

1,000.104 7,36.102 1,42.

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Bng1.3) biu th mi lin h gia cc n v o v cng (n v kGm tng ng

+ Cng sut: n v cng sut l Watt (W)

1.5. Tn tht trong h thng truyn ng bng thy lc

1.5.3. Tn tht p sut

Hiu p p l tr s tn tht p sut.

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Trong h s tht thot

c chia thnh hai trng hp nh bng sau:

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

i. Tn tht p sut van

n v nht ng l [m /s]. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng n v stc ( Stoke), vit tt l St

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Bi 2 : BM THY LC V THIT B X L THY LC

+/ Cng sut ca bm: N = p.Qv

Nh vy ta c cng thc sau:

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

+/ Cng sut ca xilanh:

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

2.1.5.2. Nguyn l lm vic.

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

c. Lu lng bm bnh rng

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Bm trc vt thng c sn xut thnh 3 loi:

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Trong : h- hnh trnh pittng [cm]

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Nu ly cc k hiu nh bm pittng hng tm v ng knh trn phn b cc xilanh

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

khng ng u k cn ph thuc vo s lng pittng chn hay l.

B du c ngn lm hai ngn bi mt mng lc (5). Khi m ng c (1), bm du lm

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

2.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc lc

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Hnh 2.21. o lu lng bng bnh rng Ovan v bnh rng

Hnh 2.22. o lu lng bng tubin cnh gt

Hnh 2.23 o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p

Hnh 2.24. o lu lng bng lc cng l xo

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Hnh 2.25. Cc loi bnh trch cha thy lc

a. Bnh trch cha trng vt

Hnh 2.26. Bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Hnh 2.27. Qu trnh np

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

Hnh 2.28. Qu trnh x

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

9: Vng chn hnh O

KHOA IN- TRNG CN C IN HN

3.1.2. Xy lanh tc ng kp.