CS2405 LAB GRAPHICS FUNCTIONS

CS2405 - COMPUTER GRAPHICS LAB
CS2405-COMPUTER GRAPHICS
LABORATORY

2014-2015, VII Semester
Prepared by M!!eya"#ee$a Ra%%&'& AP
M($)ra Mary AP
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
MOOKAMBIGAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SRI*I+ASA*AGAR, ,ALAMA+UR--22 502
1. Output primitives.
2. Implementation of Bresenhams Algorithm Line, Circle, Ellipse.
3. Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes
4. Two Dimensional transformations - Translation, Rotation, Scaling,
Refection, Shear.
5. Composite 2D Transformations
6. Cohen Sutherland 2D line clipping and Windowing
7. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon clipping Algorithm
8. Three dimensional transformations - Translation, Rotation, Scaling
9. Composite 3D transformations
10. Drawing three dimensional objects and Scenes
11. Generating Fractal images
BASIC GRAPHICS FUNCTION
1) Initgraph ()
initgraph() function initializes the graphics mode and clears the screen.
Declaration:
void far initgraph(int far *driver, int far *mode, char far *path)
2) Detectgraph ()
Detectgraph function determines the graphics hardware in the system, if the
function fnds a graphics adapter then it returns the highest graphics mode that the
adapter supports.
Declaration:
void far detectgraph(int far *driver, int far *mode)
Integer that specifes the graphics driver to be used. You can give graphdriver a value
using a constant of the graphics_drivers enumeration type.
3) Closegraph ()
closegraph() function switches back the screen from graphcs mode to text mode.
It clears the screen also.
A graphics program should have a closegraph function at the end of graphics.
Otherwise DOS screen will not go to text mode after running the program.
4) Getpixel ()
getpixel function returns the color of pixel present at location(x, y).
Declaration:-
int getpixel(int x, int y);
5) Putpixel ()
putpixel function plots a pixel at location (x, y) of specifed color.
Declaration:-
void putpixel(int x, int y, int color);
For example if we want to draw a GREEN color pixel at (35, 45) then we
will write putpixel(35, 35, GREEN); in our c program, putpixel function
can be used to draw circles, lines and ellipses using various algorithms.
6) line()
line function is used to draw a line from a point(x1,y1) to point(x2,y2) i.e.
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are end points of the line.
Declaration :-
void line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
7) lineto()
lineto function draws a line from current position(CP) to the point(x,y),
you can get current position using getx and gety function.
8) circle()
circle function is used to draw a circle with center (x,y) and third
parameter specifes the radius of the circle.
Declaration :-
void circle(int x, int y, int radius);
9)ellipse()
Ellipse is used to draw an ellipse (x,y) are coordinates of center of the
ellipse, stangle is the starting angle, end angle is the ending angle, and ffth
and sixth parameters specifes the X and Y radius of the ellipse. To draw a
complete ellipse strangles and end angle should be 0 and 360 respectively.
Declaration :-
void ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius, int yradius);
10) drawpoly()
drawpoly function is used to draw polygons i.e. triangle, rectangle,
pentagon, hexagon etc.
Declaration :-
void drawpoly( int num, int *polypoints );
num indicates (n+1) number of points where n is the number of vertices
in a polygon, polypoints points to a sequence of (n*2) integers . Each pair of
integers gives x and y coordinates of a point on the polygon. We specify (n+1)
points as frst point coordinates should be equal to (n+1)
th
to draw a complete
fgure.
To understand more clearly we will draw a triangle using drawpoly,
consider for example the array :-
int points[] = { 320, 150, 420, 300, 250, 300, 320, 150};
points array contains coordinates of triangle which are (320, 150), (420,
300) and (250, 300). Note that last point(320, 150) in array is same as frst.
11) outtext ()
outtext function displays text at current position.
Declaration :-
void outtext(char *string);
12) outtextxy ()
outtextxy function display text or string at a specifed point(x,y) on the
screen.
Declaration :-
void outtextxy(int x, int y, char *string);
x, y are coordinates of the point and third argument contains the
address of string to be displayed.
13)rectangle()
Rectangle function is used to draw a rectangle. Coordinates of left top
and right bottom corner are required to draw the rectangle. left specifes the X-
coordinate of top left corner, top specifes the Y-coordinate of top left corner,
right specifes the X-coordinate of right bottom corner, bottom specifes the Y-
coordinate of right bottom corner.
Declaration :-
void rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
14) foodfll()
foodfll function is used to fll an enclosed area. Current fll pattern and
fll color is used to fll the area.(x, y) is any point on the screen if (x,y) lies inside
the area then inside will be flled otherwise outside will be flled,border
specifes the color of boundary of area.
Declaration :-
void foodfll(int x, int y, int border);
15)fllpoly()
f illpoly function draws and flls a polygon. It require same arguments as
drawpoly.
Declaration :-
void drawpoly( int num, int *polypoints );
16)fllellipse()
f illellipse function draws and flls a polygon.
Declaration:-
void fllellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);
x and y are coordinates of center of the ellipse, xradius and yradius are x
and y radius of ellipse respectively.
An Example program using the basic graphic functions
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, " c:\\turboc\\bgi");
circle(100,100,50);
outtextxy(75,170, "Circle");
rectangle(200,50,350,150);
outtextxy(240, 170, "Rectangle");
ellipse(500, 100,0,360, 100,50);
outtextxy(480, 170, "Ellipse");
line(100,250,540,250);
outtextxy(300,260,"Line");
getch();
closegraph();
}
Ex.No:1
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char ch='y';
int gd=DETECT,gm,x1,y1,x2,y2,rad,sa,ea,xrad,yrad,i;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(ch=='y')
{
cleardevice();
setbkcolor(9);
outtextxy(100,150,"Enter 1 to get line");
outtextxy(100,170,"2.Circle");
outtextxy(100,190,"3.Box");
outtextxy(100,210,"4.Arc");
outtextxy(100,230,"5.Ellipse");
outtextxy(100,250,"6.Rectangle");
outtextxy(100,270,"7.Exit");
ch=getch();
cleardevice();
switch(ch)
{
case '1':
line(100,200,300,400);
break;
case '2':
circle(200,200,100);
break;
case '3':
setfllstyle(5,4);
bar(100,300,200,100);
break;
case '4':
setfllstyle(5,4);
arc(200,200,100,300,100);
break;
case '5':
setfllstyle(5,4);
fllellipse(100,100,50,100);
break;
case '6':
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT,0,2);
outtextxy(120,140,"VEL TECH");
line(100,100,100,300);
line(300,300,100,300);
line(100,100,300,100);
line(300,100,300,300);
break;
case '7':
closegraph();
return;
}
ch='y';
getch();
}
}
Output:
Ex.No:2a
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm;
int x1, y1, x2, y2,dx,dy,steps,k;
foat xincrement,yincrement,x,y;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "..\\bgi");
printf("Enter the Starting Point of x axis : ");
scanf("%d", &x1);
printf("Enter the Starting of y axis : ");
scanf("%d", &y1);
printf("Enter the End Point of x axis : ");
scanf("%d", &x2);
printf("Enter the End Point of y axis : ");
scanf("%d", &y2);
clrscr();
dx = x2 x1;
dy = y2 y1;
x=x1;
y=y1;
if(abs(dx) > abs(dy))
steps=abs(dx);
else
steps=abs(dy);
xincrement=dx/(foat)steps;
yincrement=dy/(foat)steps;
putpixel(ceil(x), ceil(y), RED);
for(k=1;k<=steps;k++)
{
x=x+xincrement;
y=y+yincrement;
putpixel(ceil(x),ceil(y), RED);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
Enter the Starting Point of x axis : 100
Enter the Starting of y axis : 100
Enter the End Point of x axis : 200
Enter the End Point of y axis : 200
Ex.No:2b
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,p,dx,dy,twody,twodydx,xend;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..\\BGI:");
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the starting point :");
scanf("%d",&x1);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the starting point :");
scanf("%d",&y1);
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the Ending point :");
scanf("%d",&x2);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the ending point :");
scanf("%d",&y2);
clrscr();
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
p=2*dy-dx;
twody=2*dy;
twodydx=2*(dy-dx);
if (x1>x2)
{
x=x2;
y=y2;
xend=x1;
}
else
{
x=x1;
y=y1;
xend=x2;
}
putpixel(x,y,RED);
while(x<xend)
{
x++;
if (p<0)
p=p+twody;
else
{
y=y+1;
p=p+twodydx;
}
putpixel(x,y,RED);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
Enter the x-coordinate of the starting point : 100
Enter the y-coordinate of the starting point : 100
Enter the x-coordinate of the Ending point : 200
Enter the y-coordinate of the ending point : 200
Ex.No:2c
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int x,y,r,p,xcenter, ycenter;
void circleplot(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the centre point :");
scanf("%d",&xcenter);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the centre point :");
scanf("%d",&ycenter);
printf("\nEnter the radius :");
scanf("%d",&r);
x=0;
y=r;
p=1-r;
while (x<y)
{
x++;
if (p<0)
p=p+2*x+1;
else
{
y--;
p=p+2*(x-y)+1;
}
circleplot(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void circleplot(int xcenter, int ycenter,int x, int y)
{
putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter+y,10);
putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter+y,10);
putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter-y,10);
putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter-y,10);
putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter+x,10);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter+x,10);
putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter-x,10);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter-x,10);
}
Output
Enter the x-coordinate of the centre point : 100
Enter the y-coordinate of the centre point : 100
Enter the radius : 50
Ex.No:2d
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int x,y,r,p,xcenter, ycenter;
void circleplot(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
printf("\nEnter the radius :");
scanf("%d",&r);
x=0;
y=r;
p=3-(2*r);
while (x<y)
{
x++;
if (p<0)
p=p+(4*x)+6;
else
{
y--;
p=p+10+4*(x-y);
}
circleplot(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void circleplot(int xcenter, int ycenter,int x, int y)
{
putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter+x,10);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter+x,10);
putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter-x,10);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter-x,10);
}
Output
Enter the radius : 50
Ex.No:2e
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#defne round(a) ((int)(a+0.5))
void ellipseplot(int,int,int,int);
int xcenter,yc,rx,ry;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int xcenter,ycenter,rx,ry;
long rx2,ry2,tworx2,twory2,p,x,y,px,py;
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the radius :");
scanf("%d",&rx);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the radius :");
scanf("%d",&ry);
rx2=rx*rx;
ry2=ry*ry;
twory2=2*ry2;
tworx2=2*rx2;
x=0;
y=ry;
py=tworx2*y;
px=0;
ellipseplot(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
p=round(ry2-(rx2*ry)+(0.25*rx2));
while(px<py)
{
x++;
px=px+twory2;
if(p<0)
p=p+ry2+px;
else
{
y--;
py=py-tworx2;
p=p+ry2+px-py;
}
}
p=round(ry2*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5)+rx2*(y-1)*(y-1)-rx2*ry2);
while(y>0)
{
y--;
py=py-tworx2;
if(p>0)
p=p+rx2-py;
else
{
x++;
px=px+twory2;
p=p+rx2-py+px;
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void ellipseplot(int xcenter,int ycenter,int x,int y)
{
putpixel(xcenter +x,ycenter +y,20);
putpixel(xcenter -x,ycenter +y,20);
putpixel(xcenter +x,ycenter -y,20);
putpixel(xcenter -x,ycenter -y,20);
}
Output
Enter the x-coordinate of the radius : 50
Enter the y-coordinate of the radius : 60
Ex.No:2f
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void ellipseplot(int,int,int,int);
int xcenter,yc,rx,ry;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
long xcenter,ycenter,rx,ry;
long rx2,ry2,tworx2,twory2,d1,d2,x,y,dx,dy;
scanf("%ld",&xcenter);
scanf("%ld",&ycenter);
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the radius :");
scanf("%ld",&rx);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the radius :");
scanf("%ld",&ry);
clrscr();
rx2=rx*rx;
ry2=ry*ry;
twory2=2*ry2;
tworx2=2*rx2;
x=0;
y=ry;
d1=ry2-rx2*ry+(0.25*rx2);
dx=twory2*x;
dy=tworx2*y;
do
{
if(d1<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
dx=dx+twory2;
d1=d1+dx+ry2;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
dx=dx+twory2;
dy=dy-tworx2;
d1=d1+dx-dy+ry2;
}
}
while(dx<dy);
d2=ry2*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5)+rx2*(y-1)*(y-1)-rx2*ry2;
do
{
if(d2>0)
{
x=x;
y=y-1;
dy=dy-tworx2;
d2=d2-dy+rx2;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
dy=dy-tworx2;
dx=dx+twory2;
d2=d2+dx-dy+rx2;
}
}
while(y>0);
getch();
closegraph();
}
void ellipseplot(int xcenter,int ycenter,int x,int y)
{
}
Output
Enter the x-coordinate of the radius : 50
Enter the y-coordinate of the radius : 60
Ex. No. 3a :
Program
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int ch;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("******Line Styles*******\n");
printf("\n1.Solid Line");
printf("\n2.Dotted Line");
printf("\n3.Center Line");
printf("\n4.Dashed Line");
printf("\n5.Userbit Line");
printf("\n6.Exit");
printf("\n\nEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
setlinestyle(0,1,3);
line(100,30,250,250);
getch();
cleardevice();closegraph();
break;
case 2:
clrscr();
clrscr();
line(100,30,250,250);
getch();
break;
case 3:
clrscr();
line(100,30,250,250);
getch();
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
line(100,30,250,250);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 5:
clrscr();
line(100,30,250,250);
getch();
break;
case 6:
exit(0);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
******Line Styles*******
1.Solid Line
2.Dotted Line
3.Center Line
4.Dashed Line
5.Userbit Line
6.Exit
Enter Ur Choice: 1
Solid Line

Entrer ur Choice: 2
Dotted Line
..
Enter ur choice : 3

Enter ur Choicre: 6
Ex.No:3b
Program
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int ch;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("******Circle Attributes*******\n");
printf("\n1.Empty Fill");
printf("\n2.Soild Fill");
printf("\n3.Line Fill");
printf("\n4.Wide dot Fill");
printf("\n5.close dot Fill");
printf("\n6.User Fill");
printf("\n7.Exit");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(EMPTY_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
foodfll(100, 100, WHITE);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 2:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 3:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(LINE_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(WIDE_DOT_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
getch();
break;
case 5:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(CLOSE_DOT_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
getch();
break;
case 6:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(USER_FILL, RED);
circle(100, 100, 50);
getch();
break;
case 7:
exit(0);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
"******Circle Attributes*******
1.Empty Fill
2.Soild Fill
3.Line Fill
4.Wide dot Fill
5.close dot Fill
6.User Fill
7.Exit
Enter your choice: 1

Enter Ur Choice:2
Enter Ur Choice:3
Entrer ur Choice:6
Ex.No:3c
Program:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int ch;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("******Ellipse Attributes*******\n");
printf("\n1.Empty Fill");
printf("\n2.Soild Fill");
printf("\n3.Line Fill");
printf("\n4.Wide dot Fill");
printf("\n5.close dot Fill");
printf("\n6.User Fill");
printf("\n7.Exit");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(EMPTY_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 2:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 3:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(LINE_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(WIDE_DOT_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 5:clrscr();
setfllstyle(CLOSE_DOT_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
break;
case 6:
clrscr();
setfllstyle(USER_FILL, RED);
ellipse(100, 100,0,360,50,25);
getch();
break;
case 7:
exit(0);
}
}
}
OUTPUT:
"******Ellipse Attributes*******
1.Empty Fill
2.Soild Fill
3.Line Fill
4.Wide dot Fill
5.close dot Fill
6.User Fill
7.Exit
Entrer ur choice: 1
Entrer ur choice: 2
Enter ur choice : 6
Ex.No.4
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void menu();
void input();
void output();
void translation();
void rotation();
void scaling();
void shearing();
void refection();
int a[10][2],i,x,option,temp,angle,tx,ty,fx,fy,sh,k,n,axis,y;
foat sx,sy;
void menu()
{
printf("menu\n");
printf("1.Translation\n");
printf("2.rotation\n");
printf("3.scaling\n");
printf("4.shearing\n");
printf("5.refection\n");
printf("6.exit\n");
printf("enter the choice:");
scanf("%d",&option);
switch(option)
{
case 1:
input();
translation();
break;
case 2:
input();
rotation();
break;
case 3:
input();
scaling();
break;
case 4 :
input();
shearing();
break;
case 5:
input();
refection();
break;
case 6:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
void input()
{
printf("enter the number of vertices:" );
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("enter the coordinates:");
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&a[i][0],&a[i][1],&a[i+1][0],&a[i+1][1]);
}
}
void output()
{
cleardevice();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(a[i][0],a[i][1],a[i+1][0],a[i+1][1]);
}
}
void translation()
{
output();
printf("enter the tranformation vertex tx,ty:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
a[i][0]=a[i][0]+tx;
a[i][1]=a[i][1]+ty;
}
output();
delay(10);
menu();
}
void rotation()
{
output();
printf("enter the rotating angle:");
scanf("%d",&y);
printf("enter the pivot point:");
scanf("%d%d",&fx,&fy);
k=(y*3.14)/180;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
a[i][0]=fx+(a[i][0]-fx)*cos(k)-(a[i][1]-fy)*sin(k);
a[i][1]=fy+(a[i][0]-fx)*sin(k)-(a[i][1]-fy)*cos(k);
}
output();
delay(10);
menu();
}
void scaling()
{
output();
printf("enter the scaling factor\n");
scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);
printf("enter the fxed point:");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
a[i][0]=a[i][0]*sx+fy*(1-sx);
a[i][1]=a[i][1]*sy+fy*(1-sy);
}
output();
delay(10);
menu();
}
void shearing()
{
output();
printf("enter the shear value:");
scanf("%d",&sh);
printf("enter the fxed point:");
printf("enter the axis for shearing if x-axis then 1 if y-axis the 0:");
scanf("%d",&axis);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
if(axis==1)
{
a[i][0]=a[i][0]+sh*(a[i][1]-fy);
}
else
{
a[i][1]=a[i][1]+sh*(a[i][0]-fx);
}
}
output();
delay(10);
menu();
}
void refection()
{
output();
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
temp=a[i][0];
a[i][0]=a[i][1];
a[i][1]=temp;
}
output();
delay(10);
menu();
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tcplus\\bgi");
menu();
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Menu
1.Translation
2.Rotation
3.Scaling
4.Shearing
5.Refection
6.Exit
TRANSLATION
Enter the choice : 1
Enter the number of Vertices: 3
Enter the coordinates : 30 150 10 200
Enter the translation vector Tx, Ty : 90 60
ROTATION
Enter the Rotating Angle : 90
Enter the Pivot Point : 100 200
`
SCALING
Enter the scaling Factor : 0.3 0.4
Enter the Fixed Point: 100 200
SHEARING
Enter the shear Value : 5
Enter the fxed point : 50 100
Enter the Axis for shearing if x-axis then 1
if y-axis then 0
REFLECTION
Ex.No:5
Program
#include "Stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
#include "math.h"
#include "graphics.h"
struct point
{
int x;
int y;
};
typedef foat matrix[3][3];
matrix tm;
void Identity( matrix m)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
m[i][j]=(i==j);
}
void multiply(matrix a, matrix b)
{
int r,c;
matrix tmp;
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
for(c=0;c<3;c++)
tmp[r][c]=a[r][0]*b[0][c]+a[r][1]*b[1][c]+a[r][2]*b[2][c];
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
for(c=0;c<3;c++)
b[r][c]=tmp[r][c];
}
void translate(int tx,int ty)
{
matrix m;
Identity(m);
m[0][2]=tx;
m[1][2]=ty;
multiply(m,tm);
}
void scale(foat sx,foat sy, struct point refpt)
{
matrix m;
Identity(m);
m[0][0]=sx;
m[0][2]=(1-sx)*refpt.x;
m[1][1]=sy;
m[1][2]=(1-sy)*refpt.y;
multiply(m,tm);
}
void rotate(foat a , struct point refpt)
{
matrix m;
Identity(m);
a=(a*3.14)/180.0;
m[0][0]=cos(a);
m[0][1]=-sin(a);
m[0][2]=refpt.x*(1-cos(a))+refpt.y*sin(a);
m[1][0]=sin(a);
m[1][1]=-cos(a);
m[1][2]=refpt.y*(1-cos(a))+refpt.x*sin(a);
multiply(m,tm);
}
void transform(int npts, struct point *pts)
{
int k;
foat tmp;
for(k=0;k<npts;k++)
{
tmp=tm[0][0]*pts[k].x+tm[0][1]*pts[k].y+tm[0][2];
pts[k].y=tm[1][0]*pts[k].x+tm[1][1]*pts[k].y+tm[1][2];
pts[k].x=tmp;
}
}
void main()
{
struct point pts[4]={220.0, 50.0, 320.0, 200.0, 150.0, 200.0, 220.0, 50.0};
struct point refpt={50.0,50.0};
int g=DETECT,d;
initgraph(&g,&d,"c:\tc\bgi");
setbkcolor(GREEN);
setcolor(RED);
drawpoly(4,pts);
getch();
Identity(tm);
scale(0.5,0.5,refpt);
rotate(90.0,refpt);
translate(100,100);
transform(4,pts);
setcolor(WHITE);
drawpoly(4,pts);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output
Ex.No:6
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#defne LEFT_EDGE 0x1
#defne RIGHT_EDGE 0x2
#defne BOTTOM_EDGE 0x4
#defne TOP_EDGE 0x8
#defne INSIDE(a) (!a)
#defne REJECT(a,b) (a&b)
#defne ACCEPT(a,b) (!(a|b))
#defne FALSE 0
#defne TRUE 1
struct point
{
int x;
int y;
}
p1,p2,tmp;
struct win
{
int x;
int y;
}
winmin,winmax;
unsigned char encode(struct point pt,struct win winmin,struct win
winmax)
{
unsigned char code=0x00;
if(pt.x<winmin.x)
code=code|LEFT_EDGE;
if(pt.x>winmax.x)
code=code|RIGHT_EDGE;
if(pt.y<winmin.y)
code=code|BOTTOM_EDGE;
if(pt.y>winmax.y)
code=code|TOP_EDGE;
return(code);
}
void swappts(struct point *p1,struct point *p2)
{
tmp=*p1;
*p1=*p2;
*p2=tmp;
}
void swapcodes(unsigned char *c1,unsigned char *c2)
{
unsigned char tmp;
tmp=*c1;
*c1=*c2;
*c2=tmp;
}
void clipline(struct win winmin, struct win winmax,struct point p1,struct
point p2)
{
unsigned char code1,code2;
int done=FALSE,draw=FALSE;
foat m;
while(!done)
{
code1=encode(p1,winmin,winmax);
code2=encode(p2,winmin,winmax);
if(ACCEPT(code1,code2))
{
done=TRUE;
draw=TRUE;
}
else if(REJECT(code1,code2))
done=TRUE;
else
{
if(INSIDE(code1))
{
swappts(&p1,&p2);
swapcodes(&code1,&code2);
}
if(p2.x!=p1.x)
m=(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x);
if(code1 &LEFT_EDGE)
{
p1.y+=(winmin.x-p1.x)*m;
p1.x=winmin.x;
}
else if(code1 &RIGHT_EDGE)
{
p1.y+=(winmax.x-p1.x)*m;
p1.x=winmax.x;
}
else if(code1 &BOTTOM_EDGE)
{
if(p2.x!=p1.x)
p1.x+=(winmin.y-p1.y)/m;
p1.y=winmin.y;
}
else if(code1 &TOP_EDGE)
{
if(p2.x!=p1.x)
p1.x+=(winmax.y-p1.y)/m;
p1.y=winmax.y;
}
}
}
if(draw)
line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);
}
void main()
{
int c,gm,gr;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the window minimum coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&winmin.x,&winmin.y);
printf("\nEnter the window max coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&winmax.x,&winmax.y);
printf("\nEnter the starting point");
scanf("%d%d",&p1.x,&p1.y);
printf("\nenter the end point");
scanf("%d%d",&p2.x,&p2.y);
detectgraph(&gm,&gr);
initgraph(&gm,&gr,"d:\\tc\\BGI");
printf("Before Clipping");
line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);
rectangle(winmin.x,winmax.y,winmax.x,winmin.y);
getch();
clrscr();
cleardevice();
printf("After Clipping");
rectangle(winmin.x,winmax.y,winmax.x,winmin.y);
clipline(winmin,winmax,p1,p2);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the clip window coordinates : 100 100 200 200
Enter the line coordinates : 0 0 500 500
Before clipping
After clipping
Ex.No:7
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef enum { left,right,bottom,top } edge;
#defne N_EDGE 4
#defne TRUE 1
#defne FALSE 0
struct point
{
int x;
int y;
}p,wmin,wmax,p1,p2,ipt,i,pin[50],pout[50],frst[50],s[50],i;
int inside(struct point p,int b,struct point wmin,struct point wmax)
{
switch(b)
{
case left:
if(p.x<wmin.x)
return (FALSE);
break;
case right:
if(p.x>wmax.x)
return (FALSE);
break;
case bottom:
if(p.y<wmin.y)
return (FALSE);
break;
case top:
if(p.y>wmax.y)
return (FALSE);
break;
}
return (TRUE);
}
int cross(struct point p1,struct point p2,int b,struct point wmin,struct
point wmax)
{
if(inside(p1,b,wmin,wmax)==inside(p2,b,wmin,wmax))
return (FALSE);
else
return (TRUE);
}
struct point intersect(struct point p1,struct point p2,int b,struct point
wmin,struct point wmax)
{
foat m;
if(p1.x!=p2.x)
m=(p1.y-p2.y)/(p1.x-p2.x);
switch(b)
{
case left:
ipt.x=wmin.x;
ipt.y=p2.y+(wmin.x-p2.x)*m;
break;
case right:
ipt.x=wmax.x;
ipt.y=p2.y+(wmax.x-p2.x)*m;
break;
case bottom:
ipt.y=wmin.y;
if(p1.x!=p2.x)
ipt.x=p2.x+(wmin.y-p2.y)/m;
else
ipt.x=p2.x;
break;
case top:
ipt.y=wmax.y;
if(p1.x!=p2.x)
ipt.x=p2.x+(wmax.y-p2.y)/m;
else
ipt.x=p2.x;
break;
}
return(ipt);
}
void clippoint(struct point p,int b,struct point wmin,struct point
wmax,struct point *pout,int *cnt,struct point *frst[],struct point *s)
{
if(!frst[b])
frst[b]=&p;
else
if(cross(p,s[b],b,wmin,wmax))
{
ipt=intersect(p,s[b],b,wmin,wmax);
if(b<top)
clippoint(ipt,b+1,wmin,wmax,pout,cnt,frst,s);
else
{
pout[*cnt]=ipt;
(*cnt)++;
}
}
s[b]=p;
if(inside(p,b,wmin,wmax))
if(b<top)
clippoint(p,b+1,wmin,wmax,pout,cnt,frst,s);
else
{
pout[*cnt]=p;
(*cnt)++;
}
}
void closeclip(struct point wmin,struct point wmax,struct point *pout,int
*cnt,struct point *frst[],struct point *s)
{
int b;
for(b=left;b<=top;b++)
{
if(cross(s[b],*frst[b],b,wmin,wmax))
{
i=intersect(s[b],*frst[b],b,wmin,wmax);
if(b<top)
clippoint(i,b+1,wmin,wmax,pout,cnt,frst,s);
else
{
pout[*cnt]=i;
(*cnt)++;
}
}
}int clippolygon(struct point wmin,struct point wmax,int n,struct point
*pin,struct point *pout)
{
struct point *frst[N_EDGE]={0,0,0,0},s[N_EDGE];
int i,cnt=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
clippoint(pin[i],left,wmin,wmax,pout,&cnt,frst,s);
closeclip(wmin,wmax,pout,&cnt,frst,s);
return(cnt);
}
void main()
{
int c,gm,gr,n,j,np;
printf("Enter the window minimum coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&wmin.x,&wmin.y);
printf("Enter the window max coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&wmax.x,&wmax.y);
rectangle(wmin.x,wmax.y,wmax.x,wmin.y);
printf("Enter the no of sides in polygon:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the coordinates(x,y)for pin ,pout:\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d%d",&pin[j].x,&pin[j].y);
scanf("%d%d",&pout[j].x,&pout[j].y);
}
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
line(pin[j].x,pin[j].y,pout[j].x,pout[j].y);
np=clippolygon(wmin,wmax,n,pin,pout);
for(j=0;j<np;j++)
{
line(pout[j].x,pout[j].y,pout[(j+1)].x,pout[(j+1)].y);
}
getch();
}
Output
Enter the window minimum coordinates
200
200
Enter the window max coordinates
400
400
Enter the no of sides in polygon
3
Enter the coordinates(x,y)for pin ,pout
150
300
250
175
250
175
350
410
350
410
150
300
Ex.No:8
PROGRAM:
Translation:
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
oid !ain"oid#
$
int gd%&E'E(')g!)errorcode*
int l)t)r)b)tf)+),)-)dp*
initgraph".gd).g!)/c:00tc00bgi/#*
clrscr"#*
setcolor"1#*
setfillst,le"(234E5&3'56722)8#*
sette+tst,le"93':7(563;'):3<7=5&7<)8#*
outte+t+,"200)10)/8& '<A;463<>A'73;/#*
bar8d"l%10)t%50)r%100)b%150)dp%15)tf%1#*
getch"#*
cleardeice"#*
printf"/0nEnter the + and , alues : /#*
scanf"/?d?d/).+).,#*
setcolor"1@#*
outte+t+,"150)150)/After 'ransfor!ation/#*
setcolor"1#*
bar8d"l%+A10)t%,A50)rA+A100)bA,A150)15)1#*
getch"#*
setcolor"1#*
setfillst,le"(234E5&3'56722)8#*
bar8d"l%10)t%50)r%100)b%150)dp%15)tf%1#*
getch"#*
B
OUTPUT:
3D TRANSFOTMATIONS
Enter x ,y vales:3!",#!"

Rotation:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<!ath.h>
int !+)!,)!i+)!i,*
oid a+is"#
$
getch"#*
cleardeice"#*
line"!i+)0)!i+)!,#*
line"0)!i,)!+)!i,#*
B
oid !ain"#
$
int gd%&E'E(')g!)+),)-)ang)+1)+2),1),2)o*
setfillst,le"0)get!a+color"##*
!+%get!a++"#*
!,%get!a+,"#*
!i+%!+C2*
!i,%!,C2*
a+is"#*
bar8d"!i+A50)!i,D100)!i+AE0)!i,D10)5)1#*
printf"/0nEnter the rotation angle : /#*
scanf"/?d/).o#*
+1%50Fcos"oF8.1@C1G0#D100Fsin"oF8.1@C1G0#*
,1%50Fcos"oF8.1@C1G0#D100Fsin"oF8.1@C1G0#*
+2%E0Fsin"oF8.1@C1G0#D10Fcos"oF8.1@C1G0#*
,2%E0Fsin"oF8.1@C1G0#A10Fcos"oF8.1@C1G0#*
a+is"#*
printf"/0nAfter rotation about -Da+is/#*
bar8d"!i+A+1)!i,D,1)!i+A+2)!i,D,2)5)1#*
a+is"#*
printf"/0nAfter rotation about ,Da+is/#*
bar8d"!i+A50)!i,D+1)!i+AE0)!i,D+2)5)1#*
a+is"#*
printf"/0nAftet rotation about +Da+is/#*
bar8d"!i+A+1)!i,D100)!i+A+2)!i,D10)5)1#*
getch"#*
closegraph"#*
B
OUTPUT:
Enter the rotation angle: E0
After rotation about -Da+is
After rotation about ,Da+is
After rotation about +Da+is
S$alin%
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
oid !ain"oid#
$
int gd%&E'E(')g!)errorcode) l)t)r)b)tf)+),)-)dp*
clrscr"#*
setcolor"1#*
setfillst,le"(234E5&3'56722)8#*
sette+tst,le"93':7(563;'):3<7=5&7<)8#*
outte+t+,"200)10)/8& '<A;463<>A'73;/#*
bar8d"l%10)t%50)r%100)b%150)dp%15)tf%1#*
getch"#*
cleardeice"#*
printf"/0n Enter the + ), and - alues : /#*
scanf"/?d?d?d/).+).,).-#*
cleardeice"#*
setcolor"1@#*
outte+t+,"200)10)/A6'E< 4(A27;9/#*
setcolor"1#*
setfillst,le"(234E5&3'56722)8#*
bar8d"l%10)t%50)r%+A100)b%,A150)dp%-A15)tf%1#*
getch"#* B
OUTPUT:
3riginal i!age:
Enter +) ,) and -: 20) 80) @0
Ex.No.9
PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
class cube
{
public:
void drawcube(int x1[],int y1[])
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
if(i<3)
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+1],y1[i+1]);
line(x1[0],y1[0],x1[3],y1[3]);
}
for(i=4;i<8;i++)
{
if(i<7)
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+1],y1[i+1]);
line(x1[4],y1[4],x1[7],y1[7]);
}
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
line(x1[i],y1[i],x1[i+4],y1[i+4]);
}
}
};
void main()
{
int
i,x1[8],y1[8],x2[8],y2[8],z1[8],x3[8],y3[8],z3[8],x4[8],y4[8],theta,op,ch,tx,ty,
tz,sx,sy,sz,xf,yf,zf,x,y,z,size;
int driver=DETECT;
int mode;
initgraph(&driver,&mode,"");
cout<<"enter the points on the cube:";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
cout<<"enter the size of the edge:";
cin>>size;
x1[0]=x1[3]=x;
x1[1]=x1[2]=x+size;
x1[4]=x1[7]=x;
x1[5]=x1[6]=x+size;
y1[0]=y1[1]=y;
y1[2]=y1[3]=y+size;
y1[4]=y1[5]=y;
y1[6]=y1[7]=y+size;
z1[1]=z1[2]=z1[3]=z1[0]=z ;
z1[4]=z1[5]=z1[6]=z1[7]=z-size;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x2[i]=x1[i]+z1[i]/2;
y2[i]=y1[i]+z1[i]/2;
}
cube c;
getch();
cleardevice();
do
{
cout<<"menu"<<endl;
cout<<"\n1.translation\n2.rotation\n3.scaling\n4.exit\n";
cout<<"enter the choice:";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<"enter the translation vector:";
cin>>tx>>ty>>tz;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=x1[i]+tx;
y3[i]=y1[i]+ty;
z3[i]=z1[i]+tz;
}
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before translation";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after translation";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 2:
cout<<"enter the rotation angle:";
cin>>theta;
theta=(theta*3.14)/180;
cout<<"enter the direction"<<endl;
cout<<"1.rotation about x axis"<<endl<<"2.rotation about y
axis"<<endl<<"3.rotation about z axis";
cin>>op;
if(op==1)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=x1[i];
y3[i]=y1[i]*cos(theta)-z1[i]*sin(theta);
z3[i]=y1[i]*sin(theta)+z1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
if(op==2)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
y3[i]=y1[i];
x3[i]=z1[i]*cos(theta)-x1[i]*sin(theta);
x3[i]=z1[i]*sin(theta)+x1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
if(op==3)
{
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
z3[i]=z1[i];
x3[i]=x1[i]*cos(theta)-y1[i]*sin(theta);
y3[i]=x1[i]*sin(theta)+y1[i]*cos(theta);
}
}
else
cout<<"enter correct option";
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before rotation";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after rotation";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 3:
cout<<"enter the scaling factor:";
cin>>sx>>sy>>sz;
cout<<"enter the reference point:";
cin>>xf>>yf>>zf;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x3[i]=xf+(x1[i]*sx)+xf*(1-sx);
y3[i]=yf+(y1[i]*sy)+yf*(1-sy);
z3[i]=zf+(z1[i]*sz)+zf*(1-sz);
}
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
x4[i]=x3[i]+z3[i]/2;
y4[i]=y3[i]+z3[i]/2;
}
cleardevice();
cout<<"before scaling";
c.drawcube(x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();
cout<<"after scaling";
c.drawcube(x4,y4);
getch();
cleardevice();
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
while(op!=4);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the point in the cube: 100 100 100
Enter the size of the edge: 50
Menu
1. translation
2. rotation
3. scaling
4. exit
Enter the choice:1
Enter the translation vector: 5,10,15
OpenGL to Work with Visual C++
Installation
1. Install Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition (To support OpenGL).
2. Copy all the .h fles into the C:\Program Files\Microsoft
SDKs\Windows\v6.1\Include\GL folder.
Header Files (.h fles) : Gl.h, glu.h, glut.h, freeglut.h, freeglut_ext.h ,
freeglut_std.h
3. Copy all the .lib fles into the C:\Program Files\Microsoft
SDKs\Windows\v6.1\Lib folder.
Library fles (.lib fles) : opengl32.lib, glut32.lib, glu32.lib
4. Copy all the .dll fles into the C:\Windows\system32 folder.
Dynamic Link Library Files (.dll) : freeglut.dll , glut32.dll
Working with Console Application Program in OpenGL
1. Creating a Project
1.Start Visual C++ and Under the File menu select New Project
(Ctrl+Shift+N).
2.Select project types as Win32 and Win32 Console Application.
3.Give a User name for the Project.
4.Add a GLUT program to the project in the window.
2. Linking OpenGL Libraries
1.Under the Project menu select Project Properties (Alt+F7) at the
bottom.
2.Select Confguration Properties Select C/C++ Preprocessor
In preprocessor defnitions additionally include the path where
gl/glut.h is present.
Example : C:\Program Files\Microsoft \ SDKs \Windows
\v6.0A \Include
3.Select "Linker" folder and click "Input" .
4.Select All Confgurations from the Confguration drop-down box at
the top of the dialog. This ensures you are changing the settings for
both the Debug and Release confgurations.
5.Select "Additional Dependencies" and type the following contents:
opengl32.lib glut32.lib glu32.lib
3. Compiling the Application
Choose "Build" from the menu options.
Select "Build flename".
4. Run the Application
Choose "Debug" from the menu options.
Select "Start without Debugging".
6.Save the Project
Select File Menu select Save all (Ctrl+Shift+S).
Save all the documents before quitting.
Working with Windows Application Program in OpenGL
1. Creating a Project
1.Start Visual C++ and Under the File menu select New Project
(Ctrl+Shift+N).
2.Select Win32 Project, enter a Username, and click OK.
3.In the Wizard click Next, then in Additional options check the box
of Empty Project, and click Finish.
4.Under the Project menu select Add New Item (Ctrl+Shift+A).
5.Select C++ File (.cpp), enter a Name, and click OK.
6.Add a GLUT program to the project in the window.
2. Link to the OpenGL libraries:
1.Under the Project menu select Project Properties (Alt+F7) at the
bottom.
2.Select Confguration Properties Linker Input from the
navigation panel on the left.
3.Select All Confgurations from the Confguration drop-down box at
the top of the dialog.
4.Type opengl32.lib glut32.lib glu32.lib in Additional Dependencies
and click OK.
1.Compiling the Application
Choose "Build" from the menu options.
Select "Build flename".
2.Run the Application
Choose "Debug" from the menu options.
Select "Start Without Debugging".
5. Save the Project
Select File Menu select Save all (Ctrl+Shift+S).
Save all the documents before quitting.
Ex.No:10
Program
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <gl/glut.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void init (void)
{
GLfoat light_ambient[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
GLfoat light_difuse[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfoat light_specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfoat light_position[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 };
glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light_ambient);
glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_difuse);
glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light_specular);
glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
glEnable (GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable (GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}
void display (void)
{
glClear (GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glPushMatrix ();
glRotatef (20.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (-0.75, 0.5, 0.0);
glRotatef (90.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glutSolidTorus (0.275, 0.85, 15, 15);
glPopMatrix ();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (-0.75, -0.5, 0.0);
glRotatef (270.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glutSolidCone (1.0, 2.0, 15, 15);
glPopMatrix ();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (0.75, 0.0, -1.0);
glutSolidSphere (1.0, 15, 15);
glPopMatrix (); glPopMatrix ();
glFlush ();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport (0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity ();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-2.5, 2.5, -2.5*(GLfoat)h/(GLfoat)w,
2.5*(GLfoat)h/(GLfoat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-2.5*(GLfoat)w/(GLfoat)h,
2.5*(GLfoat)w/(GLfoat)h, -2.5, 2.5, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode (GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity ();
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
init ();
glutReshapeFunc (reshape);
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
Output
Ex.No:11a
Program
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
public class Form1 : Form
{
PictureBox picFractal=new PictureBox();
public Form1()
{
picFractal.BackColor = Color.White;
picFractal.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
picFractal.Location = new Point(0, 0);
picFractal.Name = "picFractal";
picFractal.Size = new Size(241, 223);
picFractal.Click += new EventHandler(picFractal_Click);
Controls.Add(picFractal);
Name = "tsquare";
Text="Fractal T-Square";
Size = new Size(241, 223);
WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
}
public void GenerateTSquare(Graphics g, int iIterations, double iLeft,
double iTop, double iWidth, double iHeight, Color oColor)
{
g.FillRectangle(new SolidBrush(oColor), (foat)iLeft, (foat)iTop,
(foat)iWidth, (foat)iHeight);
if (iIterations > 1)
{
double dNewWidth = iWidth / 2.0;
double dNewHeight = iHeight / 2.0;
GenerateTSquare(g, iIterations - 1, iLeft - (dNewWidth / 2.0), iTop -
(dNewHeight / 2.0), dNewWidth, dNewHeight, oColor);
GenerateTSquare(g, iIterations - 1, iLeft + iWidth - (dNewWidth / 2.0),
iTop - (dNewHeight / 2.0), dNewWidth, dNewHeight, oColor);
GenerateTSquare(g, iIterations - 1, iLeft - (dNewWidth / 2.0), iTop +
iHeight - (dNewHeight / 2.0), dNewWidth, dNewHeight, oColor);
GenerateTSquare(g, iIterations - 1, iLeft + iWidth - (dNewWidth / 2.0),
iTop + iHeight - (dNewHeight / 2.0), dNewWidth, dNewHeight, oColor);
}
}
public void DrawTSquare(int iIterations, Color oColor)
{
picFractal.Image = DrawTSquare(iIterations, oColor, picFractal.Width,
picFractal.Height);
}
public Bitmap DrawTSquare(int iIterations, Color oColor, int iWidth,
int iHeight)
{
Bitmap oImage = new Bitmap(iWidth, iHeight);
Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(oImage);
GenerateTSquare(g, iIterations, (double)((iWidth - 2.0) / 4.0) + 1,
((iHeight - 2.0) / 4.0) + 1, (double)(iWidth - 2.0) / 2.0, (double)(iHeight
- 2.0) / 2.0, oColor);
return oImage;
}
public Image GetImage()
{
return picFractal.Image;
}
private void picFractal_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
DrawTSquare(5, Color.Black);
}
public static void Main()
{
Application.Run(new Form1());
}
}
Output
Ex.No:11b
Program
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
public class Form1 : Form
{
PictureBox picFractal=new PictureBox();
public Form1()
{
picFractal.BackColor = Color.Black;
picFractal.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
picFractal.Location = new Point(0, 0);
picFractal.Name = "picFractal";
picFractal.Size = new Size(241, 223);
picFractal.Click += new EventHandler(picFractal_Click);
Controls.Add(picFractal);
Name = "Fern";
Text="Fractal Fern";
Size = new Size(241, 223);
WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
}
public void GenerateFern(Graphics g, int iIterations, double dStartX,
double dStartY, double dScale, double[] dA, double[] dB, double[] dC,
double[] dD, int[] iRand, Color oColor)
{
Random rnd = new Random();
int iRandNum;
double dX = 0;
double dY = 0;
double dNewX = 0;
double dNewY = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < iIterations; i++)
{
iRandNum = rnd.Next(0, 100);
if (iRandNum < iRand[0])
{
dNewX = dA[0];
dNewY = dA[1] * dY;
}
else if (iRandNum < iRand[1])
{
dNewX = (dB[0] * dX) + (dB[1] * dY) + dB[2];
dNewY = (dB[3] * dX) + (dB[4] * dY) + dB[5];
}
else if (iRandNum < iRand[2])
{
dNewX = (dC[0] * dX) + (dC[1] * dY) + dC[2];
dNewY = (dC[3] * dX) + (dC[4] * dY) + dC[5];
}
else
{
dNewX = (dD[0] * dX) + (dD[1] * dY) + dD[2];
dNewY = (dD[3] * dX) + (dD[4] * dY) + dD[5];
}
dX = dNewX;
dY = dNewY;
g.FillRectangle(new SolidBrush(oColor), (foat)(dStartX + (dNewX *
dScale)), (foat)(dStartY - (dNewY * dScale)), 1, 1);
}
}
public void DrawFern(int iIterations, double fScale, Color oColor)
{
double[] dA = new double[2];
double[] dB = new double[6];
double[] dC = new double[6];
double[] dD = new double[6];
int[] iRand = new int[4];
dA[0] = 0;
dA[1] = 0.16;
dB[0] = 0.2;
dB[1] = -0.26;
dB[2] = 0;
dB[3] = 0.23;
dB[4] = 0.22;
dB[5] = 1.6;
dC[0] = -0.15;
dC[1] = 0.28;
dC[2] = 0;
dC[3] = 0.26;
dC[4] = 0.25;
dC[5] = 0.44;
dD[0] = 0.85;
dD[1] = 0.04;
dD[2] = 0;
dD[3] = -0.04;
dD[4] = 0.85;
dD[5] = 1.6;
iRand[0] = 1;
iRand[1] = 8;
iRand[2] = 15;
iRand[3] = 85;
picFractal.Image = DrawFernImage(iIterations, fScale, oColor, dA, dB,
dC, dD, iRand, picFractal.Width, picFractal.Height);
}
public void DrawFern(int iIterations, double fScale, Color oColor,
double[] dA, double[] dB, double[] dC, double[] dD, int[] iRand)
{
picFractal.Image = DrawFernImage(iIterations, fScale, oColor, dA, dB,
dC, dD, iRand, picFractal.Width, picFractal.Height);
}
public Bitmap DrawFernImage(int iIterations, double fScale, Color
oColor, double[] dA, double[] dB, double[] dC, double[] dD, int[] iRand,
int iWidth, int iHeight)
{
Bitmap oImage = new Bitmap(iWidth,iHeight);
Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(oImage);
GenerateFern(g, iIterations, iWidth / 2.0, (double)iHeight, fScale, dA,
dB, dC, dD, iRand, oColor);
return oImage;
}
public Image GetImage()
{
return picFractal.Image;
}
private void picFractal_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
DrawFern(40000, 60.0, Color.Red);
}
public static void Main()
{
Application.Run(new Form1());
}
}
Output :

CS2405 LAB GRAPHICS FUNCTIONS

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CS2405 LAB GRAPHICS FUNCTIONS

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CS2405 - COMPUTER GRAPHICS LAB

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