09 Graphic Truss Analysis Copyright G G Schierle, 2011 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide # Graphic

or previous slide # Graphic truss analysis Prof Schierle 1

CremonaMaxwell
Graphic Method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona_diagram
Luigi Cremona
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cremona
James Clerk Maxwell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell
Carl Culmann
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Culmann
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Tr uss exampl es
Oakland Bay Bridge
Truss joists
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Stadium roof Milan
Airport terminal Hamburg
Prismatic trusses provide
lateral & rotational stability
Vertical compression bars: thick
Diagonal tension bars: thin
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Truss concepts
Replace beams for long spans
Replace bulk by triangulation
Triangle is the only stable polygon
Square is an unstable polygon
All other polygons are unstable
Truss
Beam
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Common trusses
1 Pratt truss
2 Howe truss
3 X-truss
4 K-truss
5 Warren truss
6 Warren truss with vertical bars
7 Fink truss
8 Belgian truss
9 Scissor truss
10 Bowstring truss
11 Bowstring truss (alternate)
12 Bowstring K-truss
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Note:
Prismatic and folded trusses
resist buckling and rotation
Unique trusses
1 Prismatic truss
2 Prismatic truss frame
3 Prismatic truss arch
4 Folded truss
5 Folded truss frame
6 Folded truss vault
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Graphic Truss Analysis
1 Truss diagram
2 Force polygon for loads and reactions
Force polygon for joint ABHG
Equilibrium arrows on bars
3 Truss with tension & compression arrows
4 Equilibrium polygons for left half of truss
(right half is equal due to symmetry)
5 Bar force list (+ tension, - compression)
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Truss Analysis steps
Draw truss diagram to scale
Add tributary joint loads
Compute reactions
Add letters between loads and reactions
Add letters between truss bars
Draw load / reactions polygon
Draw equilibrium polygon for joints
Select joint sequence to limit unknown
bar forces (max. 2 per joint)
Draw equilibrium arrows on bars
Measure bar forces at force scale
Define bar tension / compression:
arrow pulling from joint = tension (+)
arrow pushing joint = compression (-)
Record bar forces
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Graphic Truss Analysis
1 Joint ABHG
2 Joint ABHG equilibrium polygon
3 Joint BCJH
4 Joint BCJH equilibrium polygon
5 Joint HJKG
6 Joint HJKG equilibrium polygon
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Parallel chord truss
1 Truss diagram
2 Equilibrium force polygon
3 Bar force table
4 Intuitive analysis
Top chord shortens in compression
Bottom chord elongates in tension
Inward sloping bars elongate in tension
Outward sloping bars shorten in compression
Vertical bars shorten in compression
Note:
Diagonal bars in tension are preferred
since they are the longest bars and thus
would tend to buckle in compression.
Buckling increases quadratic with length !!!
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Truss analysis examples
1 Warren truss
2 Warren truss equilibrium polygons
3 Pratt truss
4 Pratt truss equilibrium polygons
5 Braced frame
6 Braced frame equilibrium polygon
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Wood truss
1 Truss with gusset plate joints
2 Gusset plate for nails, both sides
3 Gang nail gusset plate
4 Truss with bolt and split ring joints
5 Split ring joint
A Split ring resists shear stress
B Bolt
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Wood truss
Timber truss with steel rods and
diagonal wood bars in compression
(wood tension joints are difficult)
7 Truss joist with steel web bars
8 Truss with gusset plates
9 Truss with twin chord and single
web bars
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Steel truss
1 Truss
2 Twin angles with gusset plate
3 Channels with gusset plate
4 Pipe with gusset plate
5 Welded tube joint
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Steel truss joints
1 Twin angles with gusset plate
2 Welded tube joint
3 Welded pipe joint
Note:
Concentric truss joints avoid bending stress
Eccentric joints caused collapse in the past
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Steel truss joist
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Roof / floor
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Space truss joint Mero
The popular Merojoint provides concentric connections
for space truss bars in any direction.
Merois an abbreviation of:
The first 2 letters of Dr. Meneringhausen, the inventor
and the first 2 letters of Rohr, German for pipe.
A Node
B Web bar
C Chord bar
D Roof support
E Wall support
F Joint support
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