8evidence Rem

San Beda College of Law
191
MEMORY AID IN REMEDIAL LAW
EVIDENCE
SOURCES:
Rules of Court, Rule 128-133
Constitution
Special Laws (e.g.Anti-Wiretapping Act
Re!ise" #enal Co"e, Ci!il Co"e, etc.
$urispru"ence
Rule 128
GENERAL PROVISIONS
EVIDENCE is t%e &eans, sanctione" '(
t%e Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a
)u"icial procee"ing t%e trut% respecting
a &atter of fact. (Sec 1, Rule128)
*!er( e!i"ential +uestion in!ol!es t%e
relations%ip 'etween t%e factum
probans an" t%e factum probandum.
FACTUM PROBANDUM - t%e ulti&ate fact
soug%t to 'e esta'lis%e".
,t &a( 'e ascertaine" in:
1. plea"ings su'&itte" '( t%e
parties
2. pre-trial or"er
3. issues w%ic% are trie" wit% t%e
e-press or i&plie" consent of
t%e parties. (Sec. 5, Rule 10
NOTE: ,f a fact is a"&itte", t%ere is no
&ore factu& pro'an"u& 'ecause t%ere
is no fact in issue.
FACTUM PROBANS - t%e &aterial
e!i"encing t%e proposition. ,t is t%e fact
'( w%ic% t%e factu& pro'an"u& is
esta'lis%e".
A"&issi'ilit( or ina"&issi'ilit( of
e!i"ence is "eter&ine" in accor"ance
wit% t%e law in force at t%e ti&e t%e
e!i"ence is presente". .%erefore, t%ere
is no !este" rig%t of e!i"ence. *!i"ence
ot%erwise ina"&issi'le un"er t%e law at
t%e ti&e t%e action accrue", &a( 'e
recei!e" in e!i"ence pro!i"e" t%at it is
a"&issi'le un"er t%e law in force "uring
t%e trial.
On the nece!t" #$ !n%#&!n' ( )ule #$
e%!*ence: W%ile it is true t%at t%e
confessions of appellant were &a"e
wit%out 'enefit of counsel, t%e( are still
a"&issi'le in e!i"ence 'ecause of
appellant/s failure to &a0e ti&el(
o')ections 'efore t%e trial court
(People vs. Samus GR No. 135957-58,
Sept. 27, 2002).
CLASSI+ICATION O+ EVIDENCE:
A. De,en*!n' #n !t (-!l!t" t# et(-l!h
the $(ct !n *!,ute, e%!*ence .("
-e:
1. D!)ect e%!*ence1e!i"ence
w%ic% pro!es t%e fact in "ispute
wit%out t%e ai" of an( inference
or presu&ption.
2. C!)cu.t(nt!(l e%!*ence1 proof
of fact or facts fro& w%ic%,
ta0en eit%er singl( or
collecti!el(, t%e e-istence of t%e
particular fact in "ispute &a( 'e
inferre" as a necessar( or
pro'a'le conse+uence (2 3oran
/. De,en*!n' #n the *e')ee #$ !t
%(lue !n et(-l!h!n' ( *!,ute*
$(ct, e%!*ence .(" -e:
1. P)!.( +(c!e E%!*ence1e!i"ence
w%ic% suffices for t%e proof of a
particular fact until contra"icte"
an" o!erco&e '( ot%er
e!i"ence.
A t# the prima facie e%!*ence
!n Sect!#n 2 #$ /.P. 22:
,f notice of non-pa(&ent '( t%e
"rawee 'an0 is not sent to t%e
&a0er or "rawer of t%e 'u&
c%ec0, or if t%ere is no proof as
to w%en suc% notice was
recei!e" '( t%e "rawer, t%en t%e
presu&ption of 0nowle"ge as
pro!i"e"
REMEDIAL LAW COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON: Jinky Ann Uy ASST. CHAIRPERSONS: Allen Farias, Maricris Oronea EPS : Mar!essa N"ylan, C#arissi$ae
%en!"ra, Jocelyn &a'ala SU(JECT HEAS: Jona O'ia )Ci*il Proce+"re,- Alnai.a Hasi$an )S/ecial Ci*il Ac!ions an+
S/ecial
Procee+in0s,- Jeenice +e Sa0"n )Cri$inal Proce+"re,- Elaine Mas"ka! )E*i+ence,
192 2005 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

pro!i"e" in Section 2 of 4.#. 22
cannot arise, since 5t%ere6 woul"
si&pl( 'e no a! o" #ec$on%n&
t'e c#uc%al "%ve-(a! pe#%o( (R%co
vs. People, GR No. 137191, Nov.
18, 2002).
2. C#nclu!%e e%!*ence1e!i"ence
w%ic% is incontro!erti'le or one
w%ic% t%e law "oes not allow it
to 'e contra"icte". ,t is
insur&ounta'le e!i"ence.
3. C#))#-#)(t!%e e%!*ence1
e!i"ence w%ic% is of a "ifferent
0in" an" c%aracter as t%at
alrea"( gi!en an" ten"s to pro!e
t%e sa&e proposition.
7. Cu.ul(t!%e e%!*ence1e!i"ence
w%ic% is of t%e sa&e 0in" an"
c%aracter as t%at alrea"( gi!en
an" ten"s to pro!e t%e sa&e
proposition.
C. De,en*!n' #n !t 0e!'ht (n*
(cce,t(-!l!t", e%!*ence .(" -e:
1. P)!.()" #) -et e%!*ence1
e!i"ence w%ic% affor"s t%e
greatest certaint( of t%e fact in
+uestion.
2. Sec#n*()" #) Su-t!tut!#n()"
e%!*ence1e!i"ence w%ic% is
inferior to pri&ar( e!i"ence, an"
a"&issi'le onl( in t%e a'sence of
t%e latter.
D. De,en*!n' #n !t n(tu)e, e%!*ence
.(" -e:
1. O-1ect e%!*ence 1 e!i"ence
a""resse" to t%e senses of t%e
court an" is capa'le of 'eing
e-%i'ite" to e-a&ine" or !iewe"
'( t%e court. Also 0nown as
autopt%c p#e"e#ence or real or
p%(sical e!i"ence.
#%(sical e!i"ence spea0s &ore
elo+uentl( t%an a %un"re"
witnesses (People vs. Pa)%llo, GR
No. 122103, Nov. *, 2003).
2. D#cu.ent()" e%!*ence 1
supplie" '( written instru&ents
or "eri!e" fro& con!entional
s(&'ols an" letters '( w%ic%
i"eas are represente" on
&aterial su'stances.
3. Tet!.#n!(l e%!*ence 1 is
!er'al or oral e!i"ence. ,t is
e!i"ence w%ic% consists of t%e
narration or "eposition '( one
w%o %as o'ser!e" or %as
personal 0nowle"ge of t%at to
w%ic% %e is testif(ing.
P#!t!%e e%!*ence 8 w%en
t%e witness affir&s t%at a
fact "i" or "i" not occur, it is
entitle" to greater weig%t
since t%e witness represents
of %is personal 0nowle"ge
t%e presence or a'sence of a
fact
Ne'(t!%e e%!*ence 8 w%en a
witness states t%at %e "i"
not see or 0now of t%e
occurrence of a fact an"
t%ere is total "isclai&er of
personal 0nowle"ge.
E. De,en*!n' #n !t 2u(l!t", e%!*ence
.(" -e:
1. Rele%(nt e%!*ence1if it %as a
relation to t%e fact in issue as to
in"uce 'elief in its e-istence or
non-e-istence.
2. 3(te)!(l e%!*ence 8 e!i"ence
w%ic% ten"s to pro!e t%e fact in
issue, an" "eter&ine" '( t%e
rules of su'stanti!e law an"
plea"ings
3. A*.!!-le e%!*ence1if it is
rele!ant to t%e issue an" is not
e-clu"e" '( law or t%e Rules of
Court.
7. C)e*!-le e%!*ence1if it is not
onl( a"&issi'le e!i"ence 'ut
also 'elie!a'le an" use" '( t%e
court in "eci"ing a case.
2005 CENTRALIZED BAR OERATIONS E!EC"TI#E COMMITTEE AND S"B$ECT
C%AIRERSONS
Ma&'(el A)a&en*o+ )O*er1all C#air/erson,, Ronald $al,an-a& )O*er1all %ice C#air,, Yolanda
Tolen*'no)%C1Aca+s,, Jenn'fe& Ang )%C1 Secre!aria!,, $o. Ind/(*'0o )%C1Finance,, Ela'ne Ma+/1a* )%C1
EP,, Anna Ma&ga&'*a E&e+ )%C12o0is!ics, $ona*2an
Mang/nda.ao )Poli!ical 2a3,, 3&an('+ Bened'(* Reo*/*a& )2a'or 2a3,, Ro,/ald ad'lla )Ci*il 2a3,,
C2a&,a'ne To&&e+ )Ta4a!ion 2a3,, Ma&1 Da0'd Ma&*'ne- )Cri$inal 2a3,, 4a&n. L/'+a Aleg&e )Co$$ercial
2a3,, $'n1. Ann ". )Re$e+ial 2a3,, $a(1'e Lo/ Ba/*'+*a )2e0al E!#ics,
195
GENERAL RULE: .%e rules of e!i"ence
are applica'le to 'ot% ci!il an" cri&inal
cases "ue to Section 2, Rule 128 an"
Section 3, Rule 1, 199: Rules of Ci!il
#roce"ure.
E4CEPTION: W%en t%e law specificall(
pro!i"es ot%erwise suc% as Section 7,
Rule 1, 199: Rules of Ci!il #roce"ure.
INSTANCES 56ERE RULES O+ EVIDENCE
DO NOT APPL7 TO 8UDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS:
1. ,n a ci!il case co!ere" '( t%e
1991 Re!ise" Rule on Su&&ar(
#roce"ure since t%ere is no trial;
The )ule #n -u)*en #$ ,)##$
0( (,,l!e* !n e1ect.ent c(e
Since e)ect&ent is a possessor(
action, t%e plaintiff &ust s%ow a
rig%t of possession t%at is
present or i&&e"iate in t%e
propert( soug%t to 'e reco!ere".
<nless esta'lis%e", t%e
"efen"ant will pre!ail. (+,S
-%s'"a#m +o#p. vs. +., GR No.
122720, /ec. 10, 2002).
2. Rules of Su&&ar( #roce"ure in
cri&inal cases, w%ere t%e
witnesses su'&it t%eir affi"a!its
an" counter-affi"a!its, su')ect
onl( to cross-e-a&ination;
3. Agrarian cases ; an"
7. Rules regar"ing t%e testi&on( of
witnesses fro& e-a&inations,
etc., in cases un"er t%e 3.C
(w%ere t%e parties &erel(
su'&it t%eir position papers an"
t%eir witnesses/ affi"a!its an"
counter-affi"a!its.
Sect!#n 9. A*.!!-!l!t" #$ E%!*ence
RE:UISITES +OR AD3ISSI/ILIT7 O+
EVIDENCE:
.%e e!i"ence &ust 'e1
1. Rele%(nt 1 %as a logical
connection wit% t%e fact in
issue.
2. C#.,etent 1 not e-clu"e" '(
t%e law or t%e rules.
An( o')ection, "efect or
irregularit( atten"ing an arrest
or its conse+uences s%oul" 'e
&a"e 'efore an entr( of plea in
t%e arraign&ent; ot%erwise, t%e
o')ection woul" 'e "ee&e"
wai!e". (People vs. 1lavo#e, GR
No. 133892, .u&. 12, 2003)
,n regar" to an in!estigati!e
report prepare" '( a police
officer w%ere t%e "efen"ant
suppose"l( a"&itte" t%e !icti&/s
rape w%en t%e "efen"ant was
inter!iewe" '( &e"ia, t%e
Supre&e Court rule" t%at: =.%e
a"&ission was not in writing an"
t%ere is no s%owing t%at
appellant was assiste" '( a
co&petent an" in"epen"ent
counsel of %is c%oice w%en %e
&a"e suc% state&ent in
accor"ance wit% Section 2 (" of
Repu'lic Act >o. :738 5An Act
?efining Certain Rig%ts of
#ersons Arreste", ?etaine" or
un"er Custo"ial ,n!estigation as
well as t%e ?uties of t%e
Arresting, ?etaining an"
,n!estigating @fficers an"
#ro!i"ing #enalties for Aiolations
t%ereof6, in relation to Section
12 (1 Article ,,, of t%e
Constitution/.(People v. 2ole,
GR No. 137300, Nov. 27, 2003).
.%e Constitution 'ars t%e
a"&ission in e!i"ence of an(
state&ent e-tracte" '( t%e
police fro& t%e accuse" wit%out
t%e assistance of co&petent an"
in"epen"ent counsel "uring
custo(%al in!estigation. Bowe!er,
a counter-affi"a!it !oluntaril(
presente" '( t%e accuse" "uring
t%e p#el%m%na#! in!estigation,
e!en if &a"e wit%out t%e
assistance of counsel, &a( 'e
use" as e!i"ence against t%e
affiant. (1a(%ana vs. People, GR
No. 1**293, /ec. *, 2002)
T5O A4IO3S O+ AD3ISSI/ILIT7:
S/ecial

1. A;!#. #$ Rele%(nc" -- >one 'ut
facts %a!ing rational pro'ati!e !alue
are a"&issi'le; an"
2. A;!#. #$ C#.,etenc" -- All facts
%a!ing rational pro'ati!e !alue are
a"&issi'le unless so&e specific rule
for'i"s t%eir a"&ission.
<INDS O+ AD3ISSI/ILIT7:
1. 3ULTIPLE 1 e!i"ence t%at is
plainl( rele!ant an" co&petent
for two or &ore purposes will 'e
recei!e" if it satisfies all t%e
re+uire&ents prescri'e" '( law
in or"er t%at it &a( 'e
a"&issi'le for t%e purpose for
w%ic% it is presente", e!en if it
"oes not satisf( t%e ot%er
re+uisites for its a"&issi'ilit( for
ot%er purposes.
2. CONDITIONAL 1 e!i"ence w%ic%
appears to 'e i&&aterial is
a"&itte" '( t%e court su')ect to
t%e con"ition t%at its connection
wit% anot%er fact or ot%er facts
su'se+uent to 'e pro!e" will 'e
esta'lis%e" ot%erwise, suc% fact
alrea"( recei!e" will 'e stric0en
fro& t%e recor" at t%e initiati!e
of t%e a"!erse part(.
3. CURATIVE 1 e!i"ence ot%erwise
i&proper is a"&itte" to
contra"ict i&proper e!i"ence
presente" or intro"uce '( t%e
ot%er part(, to cure, contra"ict
or neutraliCe suc% i&proper
e!i"ence
>@.*: .BR** .B*@R,*S @> 1D.B *?. @E
R*FALA?@ (A&erican, *nglis%,
3assac%usetts
.W@ C@>S,?*RA.,@>S:
1. W%et%er t%e inco&petent
e!i"ence is seasona'l( o')ecte"
to.
2. W%et%er regar"less of t%e
o')ections, t%e a"&ission of suc%
e!i"ence will cause a plain an"
unfair pre)u"ice to t%e part(
against w%o& it was a"&itte".
RULE 12=
56AT NEED NOT /E PROVED
The $#ll#0!n' $(ct nee* NOT -e
,)#%e*:
1. .%ose w%ic% t%e courts &a( ta0e
)u"icial notice of (Rule 129;
2. .%ose w%ic% are )u"iciall(
a"&itte" (Rule 129;
3. .%ose w%ic% are conclusi!el(
presu&e" (Rule 131;
7. .%ose w%ic% are "isputa'l(
presu&e" 'ut uncontra"icte"
(Rule 131.
8UDICIAL NOTICE
CogniCance of certain facts w%ic% )u"ges
&a( properl( ta0e an" act upon wit%out
proof. .%e( are 'ase" on consi"erations
of e-pe"ienc( an" con!enience for it
"isplaces t%e necessit( for e!i"ence on a
settle" &atter. ,t &a( 'e man(ato#! or
(%sc#et%ona#!.
.%e power to ta0e )u"icial notice is to
'e e-ercise" '( courts wit% caution
especiall( w%ere t%e case in!ol!es a !ast
tract of lan". Care &ust 'e ta0en t%at
t%e re+uisite notoriet( e-ist; an" e!er(
reasona'le "ou't on t%e su')ect s%oul"
'e pro&ptl( resol!e" in t%e negati!e.
>L(n*-(n& %. 5"c#c#, 8(nu()" 19,
200?@

3ANDATOR7 w%en t%e facts pertain to:
EPL A APL B NTG
1. t%e e-istence an" territorial
e-tent of states;
2. t%eir ,olitical %istor(, for& of
go!ern&ent, an" s(&'ols of
nationalit(;
3. t%e law of nations;
7. t%e ("&iralt( an" &ariti&e
courts of t%e worl" an" t%eir
seals;
2. t%e ,olitical constitution an"
%istor( of t%e #%ilippines;
G. t%e official acts of t%e
legislati!e, e-ecuti!e an"
)u"icial "epart&ents of t%e
#%ilippines;
:. t%e laws of nature;
8. t%e &easure of ti&e; an"
9. t%e 'eograp%ical "i!isions
C%AIRERSONS
195
T6E LA5 O+ NATIONS - .%e law of
nations w%ic% is t%e su')ect of )u"icial
notice is t%e law w%ic% regulates t%e
relations of t%e "o&inant powers of t%e
eart%. ,t is t%e co&pilation of rules
w%ic% '( co&&on consent of &an0in"
%a!e 'een ac+uiesce" in as law.
Eoreign &unicipal law &ust 'e pro!e" as
an( ot%er fact.
DOCTRINE O+ PROCESSUAL
PRESU3PTION:
,t is t%at "octrine w%ic% la(s "own t%e
presu&ption t%at t%e foreign law is t%e
sa&e as t%e law of t%e foru&. ,t arises if
t%e foreign law, t%oug% properl(
applica'le, is eit%er not allege", or if
allege", is not "ul( pro!e" 'efore a
co&petent court.
NOTE: W%en parties in a case agree on
w%at t%e foreign law pro!i"es, t%ese are
a"&issions of fact w%ic% t%e ot%er
parties an" t%e court are &a"e to rel(
an" act upon, %ence t%e( are in estoppel
to su'se+uentl( ta0e a contrar( position
(P'%l. +omme#c%al , 3n(ust#%al 4an$, vs.
5scol%n, et. al.)
.%e &ere personal 0nowle"ge of t%e
)u"ge is not t%e )u"icial 0nowle"ge of
t%e court; )u"icial cogniCance is ta0en
onl( of t%ose &atters w%ic% are
Hco&&onl(I 0nown. A fact &a( 'e of
)u"icial notice an" not of )u"ge/s
personal 0nowle"ge an" !ice !ersa. .%e
rule refers to facts w%ic% oug%t to 'e
0nown to )u"ges 'ecause of t%eir )u"icial
functions.
8UDICIAL NOTICE IS DISCRETIONAR7
5IT6 RESPECT TO 3ATTERS 56IC6
ARE:
1. of pu'lic 0nowle"ge; or
2. capa'le of un+uestiona'le
"e&onstration; or
3. t%ose t%at )u"ges oug%t to 0now
'( reason of t%eir )u"icial
functions.
GENERAL RULE: Courts are not
aut%oriCe" to ta0e )u"icial notice of t%e
contents of t%e recor"s of ot%er cases,
e!en w%en suc% cases %a!e 'een trie" or
are pen"ing in t%e sa&e court an"
notwit%stan"ing t%e fact t%at 'ot% cases
&a( %a!e 'een trie" or actuall( pen"ing
'efore t%e sa&e )u"ge. (People v.
6e#nan(e7, 200 S+R. 25)
56EN 8UDGE 3A7 TA<E 8UDICIAL
NOTICE O+ RECORDS O+ ANOT6ER CASE
PREVIOUSL7 TRIED:
1. W%en, eit%er at t%e initiati!e of
t%e )u"ge or t%at of t%e parties,
an" wit%out o')ection of an(
part(, t%e recor" of t%e pre!ious
action are eit%er rea" an"
a"opte" into t%e present action
or attac%e" to t%e recor"s of t%e
present action, '( court or"er.
2. W%en t%e present action is
closel( interrelate" to anot%er
case pen"ing 'etween t%e sa&e
parties.
8u*!c!(l N#t!ce #$ 3un!c!,(l O)*!n(nce
,nferior courts s%oul" ta0e )u"icial
notice of &unicipal or cit( or"inances in
force in t%eir territorial )uris"iction.
.%e R.C s%oul" ta0e )u"icial notice of
&unicipal or"inances onl( w%en:
1. t%e( are e-pressl( aut%oriCe" '(
statute;
2. on appeals of "ecisions '( t%e
inferior court w%en suc% courts
%a" ta0en notice of a &unicipal
or"inance.
Sect!#n ?. 8u*!c!(l A*.!!#n
8UDICIAL AD3ISSION - t%e a"&ission
&a"e in t%e course of t%e procee"ings in
t%e sa&e case '( a part(.
NOTE: Lac0 of )uris"iction o!er t%e
su')ect &atter cannot 'e a"&itte"
'ecause )uris"iction o!er t%e su')ect
&atter is conferre" '( law an" not '(
stipulation of parties. 5also see Section
2:, Rule 13D as to a"&issi'ilit( of an
offer to co&pro&ise, Article 2D32, >ew
Ci!il Co"e as to &atters w%ic% cannot 'e
co&pro&ise"6
8u*!c!(l A*.!!#n 3(" /e 3(*e !n:
1. t%e plea"ings file" '( t%e
parties;
S/ecial

2. in t%e course of t%e trial eit%er
'( !er'al or written
&anifestations or stipulations; or
3. in ot%er stages of t%e )u"icial
procee"ing, as in t%e pre-trial of
t%e case;
7. a"&issions o'taine" t%roug%
"epositions, written
interrogatories or re+uests for
a"&issions.
8u*!c!(l (*.!!#n .(" -e
c#nt)(*!cte* #nl" 0hen !t ! h#0n
th(t:
1. it was &a"e t%roug% palpa'le
&ista0e; or
2. t%at no suc% a"&ission was
&a"e.
8u*!c!(l (*.!!#n !n ,le(*!n' l(te)
(.en*e*
,n ci!il cases, an a&en"e" plea"ing
'eco&es a )u"icial a"&ission an" t%e
contents of t%e plea"ing it a&en"s or
superse"es w%ic% are not inclu"e" in t%e
a&en"e" plea"ing 'eco&es e-tra)u"icial
a"&issions w%ic% &ust 'e offere" in
e!i"ence for it to 'e consi"ere" '( t%e
trial court.
NOTE: 10t' e(. 4$ 33, )! 8. Re&ala(o, p.
792
$u"icial a"&issions are alwa(s conclusi!e
upon t%e a"&itter an" "oes not re+uire
for&al offer as e!i"ence, unli0e in t%e
case of e-tra-)u"icial a"&issions.
Eacts allege" in a part(/s plea"ings are
"ee&e" a"&issions of t%at part( an" are
'in"ing upon it, 'ut t%is is not an
a'solute an" infle-i'le rule. An answer is
a &ere state&ent of fact w%ic% t%e
part( filing it e-pects to pro!e, 'ut it is
not e!i"ence. (.t%llo 333 v. +., 200 S+R.
590)
>ote %owe!er t%at allegations in a
co&plaint are not t%e full repositories of
trut%. (Salva v. +.)
A"&issions in affir&ati!e "efenses are
&erel( %(pot%etical.
$u"icial a"&issions &a"e in one case are
a"&issi'le at t%e trial of anot%er case
pro!i"e" t%e( are pro!e" an" are
pertinent to t%e issue in!ol!e" in t%e
latter, <>L*SS:
1. t%e sai" a"&issions were &a"e
onl( for purposes of t%e first
case, as in t%e rule of i&plie"
a"&issions an" t%eir effects
un"er Rule 2G;
2. t%e sa&e were wit%"rawn wit%
t%e per&ission of t%e court
t%erein; or
3. t%e court "ee&s it proper to
relie!e t%e part( t%erefro&.
IS SEL+BSERVING RULE APPLICA/LE TO
8UDICIAL AD3ISSIONSC >@. .%e self-
ser!ing rule w%ic% pro%i'its t%e
a"&ission of "eclaration of a witness in
%is fa!or applies onl( to e-tra-)u"icial
a"&issions. ,f t%e "eclaration is &a"e in
open court, suc% is raw e!i"ence, it is
not self-ser!ing. ,t is a"&issi'le 'ecause
t%e witness &a( 'e cross-e-a&ine" on
t%at &atter. Bowe!er, w%et%er it will 'e
cre"i'le or not, is a &atter of
appreciation on t%e part of t%e court.
RULE 190
RULES O+ AD3ISSI/ILIT7
A. O/8ECT EVIDENCE
Alwa(s acco&panie" '( testi&onial
e!i"ence to support t%e o')ect
presente".
>ot a rule of e-clusion t%us ot%er 0in"s
of e!i"ence &a( 'e presente" e!en if
t%ere is an o')ect e!i"ence.
Re2u!!te #$ #-1ect e%!*ence t# -e
(*.!!-le:
1. t%e o')ect &ust 'e rele!ant to
t%e fact in issue; an"
2. t%e o')ect &ust 'e
aut%enticate" 'efore it is
a"&itte".
,n t%e sale or "eli!er( of pro%i'ite"
"rugs, t%e consu&&ation of t%e cri&e
&a( 'e sufficientl( esta'lis%e" e!en in
t%e a'sence of an e-c%ange of &one(.
.%ere is no rule t%at re+uires a
si&ultaneous e-c%ange of &one( an"
pro%i'ite" "rug 'etween t%e poseur-
'u(er an" t%e pus%er. Accor"ingl(, t%e
presentation of 'u(-'ust &one( is not
in"ispensa'le to t%e prosecution of a
C%AIRERSONS
198
"rug case. (People v. 5u&en%o, GR No.
1*0805, 8an. 10, 2003)
OCULAR INSPECTION OR DVIE5E1t%e
court can go to t%e place w%ere t%e
o')ect is locate", w%en o')ect e!i"ence
cannot 'e 'roug%t to court.5also See
Section 21 (7 to (G, Repu'lic Act >o.
91G2, or .%e Co&pre%ensi!e ?angerous
?rugs Act of 2DD2 concerning t%e ocular
inspection '( t%e Court of "rugs seiCe".
<nless 'ul0(, t%e ocular inspection can
'e con"ucte" in court w%ere t%e
e!i"ence is 'roug%t (5 6e##e#a,
Reme(%al 1a, 1999 e(%t%on, pa&e 1**,
c%t%n& 2 9%&mo#e on 5v%(ence, Sec.
1152).
VIE5 PART O+ T6E TRIAL1.%e
inspection or !iew outsi"e t%e courtroo&
s%oul" 'e &a"e in t%e presence of t%e
parties or at least wit% pre!ious notice
to t%e& in or"er t%at t%e( &a( s%ow t%e
o')ect to 'e !iewe". Suc% inspection is
a part of t%e trial, inas&uc% as e!i"ence
is t%ere'( 'eing recei!e". .%e parties
are entitle" to 'e present at an( stage of
t%e trial, an" conse+uentl( t%e( are
entitle" to 'e at least notifie" of t%e
ti&e an" place set for t%e !iew.
REAL EVIDENCE DE3ONSTRATIVE
EVIDENCE
.angi'le o')ect
t%at pla(e" so&e
actual role in t%e
&atter t%at ga!e
rise to t%e
litigation.
.angi'le e!i"ence
t%at &erel(
illustrate a &atter
of i&portance in
t%e litigation.
GROUNDS +OR E4CLUDING O/8ECT
EVIDENCE
1. ,n%erent Li&itations:
a. irrele!anc( J i&&aterialit(
'. illegall( o'taine" e!i"ence
2. >on-in%erent Li&itations:
a. <n"ue pre)u"ice
'. ,n"ecenc( or i&propriet(
c. @ffensi!eness to sensi'ilities
". ,ncon!enience an" unnecessar(
e-pense of litigation.
/. DOCU3ENTAR7 EVIDENCE
/EST EVIDENCE RULE
/et E%!*ence Rule 8 >o e!i"ence s%all
'e recei!e" w%ic% is &erel(
su'stitutionar( in its nature so long as
t%e original e!i"ence can 'e %a". ,t is
&an"ator( t%at t%e original cop( 'e
presente" in court.
E4CEPTIONS: .%ose un"er Rule 13D,
Sec.3.
W%ere t%e transactions %a!e 'een
recor"e" in writing 'ut t%e contents of
suc% writing are not Ht%e su')ect of
in+uir(,I t%e 'est e!i"ence rule "oes not
appl(. .%e 'est e!i"ence rule is not
in!ol!e" if t%e contents of affi"a!its or
"epositions are not t%e issues in t%e case
'ut are onl( inten"e" as e!i"ence to
esta'lis% t%e issue in contro!ers(. .%e
use of sai" affi"a!its is regulate" '( t%e
%earsa( e!i"ence rule.
PURPOSES:
1. TO PREVENT +RAUD - ,f a part(
is in possession of suc% e!i"ence
an" wit%%ol"s it, an" see0s to
su'stitute inferior e!i"ence in its
place, t%e presu&ption naturall(
arises t%at t%e 'etter e!i"ence is
wit%%el" for frau"ulent purposes
w%ic% its pro"uction woul"
e-pose an" "efeat.
2. TO E4CLUDE UNCERTAINTIES IN
T6E CONTENTS O+ A
DOCU3ENT - .%e 'est e!i"ence
rule accepts t%e "ocu&ent itself
as t%e 'est e!i"ence of its
contents, 'ecause it is certain;
an" re)ects a cop( t%ereof,
'ecause of t%e uncertaint( of its
contents cause" '( t%e %aCar"s
of fault( "uplication, or an oral
"escription t%ereof, 'ecause of
t%e uncertaint( cause" '( t%e
frailties of %u&an recollection.
S/ecial

T6REE CONCEPTS O+ DORIGINALE
UNDER T6E /EST EVIDENCE RULE (Sec.
7
1. @ne t%e contents of w%ic% is t%e
su')ect of in+uir(;
2. W%en a "ocu&ent is in two or
&ore copies e-ecute" at or
a'out t%e sa&e ti&e wit%
i"entical contents, all suc%
copies are e+uall( regar"e" as
originals;
3. W%en an entr( is repeate" in t%e
regular course of 'usiness, one
'eing copie" fro& anot%er at or
near t%e ti&e of t%e transaction,
all t%e entries are e+uall(
regar"e" as originals.
SECONDAR7 EVIDENCE
,n case of loss or "estruction of t%e
original "ocu&ent, an" AE.*R #R@A,>F
*K*C<.,@> or *K,S.*>C*, CA<S* @E ,.S
<>AAA,LA4,L,.L wit%out 'a" fait% on t%e
part of t%e offeror, an" R*AS@>A4L*
*EE@R.: in searc% for or atte&pt to
pro"uce t%e original "ocu&ent, t%e
following are a"&issi'le in t%e or"er
state":
1. a cop(;
2. 2. a recital of t%e contents in
so&e aut%entic "ocu&ent; or
3. t%e testi&on( of witnesses.
.%e or"er "oes not appl( w%ere t%e law
specificall( pro!i"es for t%e class or
+uantu& of secon"ar( e!i"ence to
esta'lis% t%e contents of t%e "ocu&ent
(DE+INITE EVIDENTIAR7 RULE.
@riginal "ocu&ent is in"ispensa'le in
cri&es of falsification 'ecause t%e court
re+uires t%e presentation of t%e corpus
"elicti to pro!e t%e guilt of t%e accuse".
(:S vs. G#e&o#%o)
PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
PURPOSE O+ T6E RULE:
.o gi!e sta'ilit( to written agree&ent
an" re&o!e t%e te&ptation an"
possi'ilit( of per)ur(, w%ic% woul" 'e
affor"e" if parol e!i"ence was
a"&issi'le.
RE:UISITES +OR APPLICA/ILIT7 O+
PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
1. .%ere &ust 'e a !ali" contract;
2. .%e ter&s of t%e agree&ent
&ust 'e re"uce" to writing;
3. .%e "ispute is 'etween parties
an" t%eir successors in interest;
an"
7. .%ere is "ispute as to t%e ter&s
of t%e agree&ent.
Rule applies onl( to INTEGRATED
AGREE3ENTS, t%us, unless t%e written
instru&ent was inten"e" '( 'ot% parties
as t%e final an" e-clusi!e &e&orial of
t%eir "ealings, t%e rule "oes not appl(.
T6EOR7 O+ INTEGRATION O+ 8URAL
ACTS1<n"er t%is t%eor(, pre!ious acts
an" conte&poraneous transactions of t%e
parties are "ee&e" integrate" an"
&erge" in t%e written instru&ent w%ic%
t%e( %a!e e-ecute". W%en t%e parties
%a!e re"uce" t%eir agree&ent to
writing, it is presu&e" t%at t%e( %a!e
&a"e t%e writing t%e @>LL R*#@S,.@RL
an" 3*3@R,AL @E .B* .R<.B, an"
w%ate!er is not foun" in t%e writing
&ust 'e un"erstoo" to %a!e 'een wai!e"
an" a'an"one".
E4CEPTION:
COLLATERAL ORAL AGREE3ENT - A
contract &a"e prior to or
conte&poraneous wit% anot%er
agree&ent an" ,E @RAL an" >@.
,>C@>S,S.*>. wit% written contract ,S
A?3,SS,4L* wit%in t%e e-ception to parol
e!i"ence rule.
An Agree&ent is HCOLLATERALI if it
&eets t%e following re+uire&ents:
1. it is not a part of t%e integrate"
written agree&ent in an( wa(;
2. it is not inconsistent wit% t%e
written agree&ent in an( wa(,
inclu"ing 'ot% t%e e-press an"
i&plie" pro!isions of t%e written
agree&ent; an"
3. it is not closel( connecte" wit%
t%e principal transaction as to
for& part an" parcel t%ereof.
.%e #arol *!i"ence Rule "oes not appl(
w%en C@LLA.*RAL @RAL AFR**3*>.
C%AIRERSONS
199
refers to S*#ARA.* an" ?,S.,>C.
S<4$*C.S.
REASON: .%e parties to a contract
cannot 'e presu&e" to %a!e e&'o"ie" in
a single writing all t%e agree&ents w%ic%
t%e( %a" on "ifferent su')ects.
Int)!n!c #) L(tent A.-!'u!t"1w%en t%e
writing on its face appears clear an"
una&'iguous 'ut t%ere are collateral
&atters or circu&stances w%ic% &a0e
t%e &eaning uncertain.
E;t)!n!c #) P(tent A.-!'u!t"1
a&'iguit( is apparent on t%e face of t%e
writing itself an" re+uires so&et%ing to
'e a""e" in or"er to ascertain t%e
&eaning of t%e wor"s use".
#arol e!i"ence cannot 'e use" to ratif(
or supple&ent a !oi" contract
Inte).e*!(te A.-!'u!t"1W%ere t%e
a&'iguit( consists in t%e use of
e+ui!ocal wor"s "esignating t%e person
or su')ect &atter, parol e!i"ence of
collateral or e-trinsic &atter &a( 'e
intro"uce" for t%e purpose of ai"ing t%e
court in arri!ing at t%e &eaning of t%e
language use".
,>.R,>S,C an" ,>.*R3*?,A.*
A34,F<,.,*S are cura'le '( e!i"ence
aliun"e or e-traneous e!i"ence. #A.*>.
A34,F<,.L cannot 'e cure" '( e!i"ence
aliun"e.
<n"er t%e #arol *!i"ence Rule, t%e
e!i"ence aliun"e is eit%er testi&onial
e!i"ence or "ocu&entar( e!i"ence.
P)!nc!,le #$ DFalsa Demonstratio non
nocet cum de corpore constatE
Ealse "escription "oes not in)ure or
!itiate a "ocu&ent, pro!i"e" t%at t%e
t%ing or person inten"e" %as once 'een
sufficientl( "escri'e".
RULE ON CONDITIONAL AGREE3ENTS:
1. C#n*!t!#n P)ece*ent1 &a( 'e
esta'lis%e" '( parol e!i"ence
'ecause t%ere is no !ar(ing of
t%e ter&s of t%e written
contract '( e-trinsic agree&ent
for t%e reason t%at t%ere is no
contract in e-istence; t%ere is
not%ing to w%ic% to appl( t%e
e-clu"ing rule.
2. C#n*!t!#n Su-e2uent1 &a( not
'e esta'lis%e" '( parol
e!i"ence.
RULE ON SU/SE:UENT AGREE3ENTS
#arol *!i"ence Allowe". .%e rule
for'i""ing t%e a"&ission of parol
e!i"ence to alter or contra"ict a written
instru&ent "oes not appl( so as to
pro%i'it t%e esta'lis%&ent '( parol
e!i"ence of an agree&ent 'etween t%e
parties in writing, entere" into
su'se+uent to t%e ti&e w%en t%e written
instru&ent was e-ecute",
notwit%stan"ing suc% agree&ent &a(
%a!e t%e effect of c%anging t%e contract
of t%e parties as e!i"ence" '( t%e
writing; for parol e!i"ence &erel( goes
to s%ow t%at t%e parties %a!e e-ercise"
t%eir rig%t to c%ange t%e sa&e, or to
&a0e a new an" in"epen"ent contract,
pro!i"e" suc% contract is not in!ali"
un"er t%e statute of frau"s or ot%erwise.
PAROL EVIDENCE
RULE
/EST EVIDENCE
RULE
#resupposes t%at
t%e original is
a!aila'le in court;
Conte&plates a
situation w%en t%e
original is not
a!aila'le in court
an"Jor t%ere is a
"ispute as to
w%et%er sai" writing
is t%e original.
#ro%i'its t%e
!ar(ing of t%e
ter&s of a written
agree&ent;
#ro%i'its t%e
intro"uction of
su'stitutionar(
e!i"ence in lieu of
t%e original
"ocu&ent regar"less
of w%et%er or not it
!aries t%e contents
of t%e original;
Can 'e in!o0e"
onl( w%en t%e
contro!ers( is
'etween t%e
parties to t%e
written
Can 'e in!o0e" '(
an( part( to an
action regar"less of
w%et%er suc% part(
participate" or not
in t%e writing
S/ecial

agree&ent, t%eir
pri!ies, or an(
part( "irectl(
affecte" t%ere'(.
in!ol!e".
Wit% t%e e-ception
of wills, applies
onl( to "ocu&ents
w%ic% are
contractual in
nature.
Applies to all 0in"s
of writing.
ANTIB5IRETAPPING ACT >RA ?200@
Unl(0$ul Act:
A. An( person, w%o, wit%out aut%orit(
fro& all t%e parties to t%e pri!ate
co&&unication or spo0en wor" "oes
an( of t%e following:(Sec.1, par. 1
1. to tap an( wire or
2. to secretl( o!er%ear or intercept
suc% co&&unication or spo0en
wor" '( using an( ot%er "e!ice
or arrange&ent;
3. to recor" suc% pri!ate
co&&unication or spo0en wor"
'( using a "e!ice co&&onl(
0nown as "ictap%one, or
"ictagrap% or "etectap%one or
wal0ie-tal0ie or tape recor"er or
%owe!er ot%erwise "escri'e".
4. An( person, w%et%er participant or
not in t%e a'o!e penaliCe" acts,
w%o, (Sec1,par. 2
1. 0nowingl( possesses an( tape
recor", wire recor", "is0 recor"
or an( ot%er suc% recor" or
copies t%ereof, of an(
co&&unication or spo0en wor"
secure" eit%er 'efore or after
t%e effecti!e "ate of t%is Act on
t%e &anner pro%i'ite" '( law; or
2. to repla( t%e sa&e for an( ot%er
person ; or
3. to co&&unicate t%e contents
t%ereof, eit%er !er'all( or in
writing; or
7. to furnis% transcriptions t%ereof,
w%et%er co&plete or partial, to
an( ot%er person.
C. An( person w%o s%all ai", per&it, or
cause to 'e "one an( of t%e acts
"eclare" to 'e unlawful. (Sec.2
?. An( person w%o s%all !iolate t%e
pro!isions of Section ' of t%e
e-e&pte" acts 'elow or of an or"er
issue" t%ereun"er, or ai"s, per&its
or causes suc% !iolations (Sec.2
E;e.,te* Act:
A. <se of suc% recor" or an( copies
t%ereof as e!i"ence in an( ci!il,
cri&inal in!estigation or trial of
offenses &entione" 'elow; (Sec.1,
par.2
4. An( peace officer, w%o is aut%oriCe"
'( t%e written or"er of t%e court, to
e-ecute an( of t%e acts "eclare" to
'e unlawful in cases in!ol!ing t%e
cri&es of (Sec.3, par.1
1. treason;
2. espionage;
3. pro!o0ing war an" "islo(alt( in
case of war;
7. pirac(;
2. &utin( in t%e %ig% seas;
G. re'ellion;
:. conspirac( an" proposal to
co&&it re'ellion;
8. inciting to re'ellion;
9. se"ition;
1D. conspirac( to co&&it se"ition;
11. inciting to se"ition;
12. 0i"napping as "efine" '( t%e
R#C;
13. !iolations of CA G1G punis%ing
espionage an" ot%er offenses
against national securit(.
A*.!!-!l!t":
An( co&&unication or spo0en wor", or
t%e e-istence, contents, su'stance,
purport, effect, or &eaning of t%e sa&e
or an( part t%ereof, or an( infor&ation
t%erein containe", o'taine" or secure"
'( an( person in !iolation of t%is Act
s%all not 'e a"&issi'le in e!i"ence in
an( )u"icial, +uasi-)u"icial, or
a"&inistrati!e %earing or in!estigation.
C%AIRERSONS
201
C. TESTI3ONIAL EVIDENCE
:UALI+ICATION O+ 5ITNESSES
Sect!#n 20. 5!tneeF the!)
2u(l!$!c(t!#n.
56O 3A7 /E 5ITNESSES1*-cept as
ot%erwise pro!i"e" in t%e rules, all
persons w%o can percei!e, an"
percei!ing, an" can &a0e 0nown t%eir
perception to ot%ers, &a( 'e witnesses.
<nless ot%erwise pro!i"e" '( law, t%e
following s%all >@. 'e a groun" for
"is+ualification:
1. Religious or political 'elief;
2. ,nterest in t%e outco&e of t%e
case; or
3. Con!iction of a cri&e.
*KC*#.,@>: Art. 821 of t%e >ew
Ci!il Co"e "is+ualifies t%ose w%o
%a!e 'een con!icte" of
falsification of a "ocu&ent,
per)ur( or false testi&on( fro&
'eing witnesses to a will.
T6E ++. CANNOT /E 5ITNESSES:
.%ose persons w%o, un"er t%e law, la'or
un"er:
1. ?is+ualification '( reason of
&ental incapacit( or i&&aturit(;
&arriage;
"eat% or insanit( of a"!erse
part(;
7. ?is+ualification on groun" of
pri!ilege" co&&unication.
TEST O+ CO3PETENC7:
W%et%er t%e in"i!i"ual %as sufficient
un"erstan"ing to appreciate t%e nature
an" o'ligation of an oat% an" sufficient
capacit( to o'ser!e an" "escri'e t%e
facts in regar" to w%ic% %e is calle" to
testif(.
A witness is presu&e" to 'e co&petent.
.%e o')ection to t%e co&petenc( &a( 'e
raise" at an( ti&e "uring t%e
e-a&ination or cross-e-a&ination; 'ut it
s%oul" 'e &a"e as soon as t%e facts
ten"ing to s%ow inco&petenc( are
"isco!ere".
VOIR DIRE E4A3INATION1a preli&inar(
e-a&ination con"ucte" '( t%e trial
)u"ge w%ere t%e witness is "ul( sworn to
answer as to %is co&petenc(.
T6E RULE ON E4A3INATION O+ A C6ILD
5ITNESS
(A.3. >o. DD-7-D:-SC: *ffecti!it(:
?ece&'er 12, 2DDD
<nless ot%erwise pro!i"e", t%is Rule
s%all go!ern t%e e-a&ination of c%il"
witnesses w%o are !icti&s of cri&e,
accuse" of a cri&e, an" witnesses to
cri&e. ,t s%all appl( in all cri&inal
procee"ings an" non-cri&inal
procee"ings in!ol!ing c%il" witnesses
(Sec. 1
C#.,etenc" un"er t%is rule - e!er( c%il"
is presu&e" +ualifie" to 'e a witness.
Bowe!er, t%e court s%all con"uct a
co&petenc( e-a&ination of a c%il",
motu p#op#%o or on &otion of a part(,
w%en it fin"s t%at su'stantial "ou't
e-ists regar"ing t%e a'ilit( of t%e c%il"
to percei!e, re&e&'er, co&&unicate,
"istinguis% trut% fro& false%oo", or
appreciate t%e "ut( to tell t%e trut% in
court (Sec. G.
*-a&ination of a c%il" as to %is
co&petence s%all 'e con"ucte" #nl" '(
t%e )u"ge. Counsel for t%e parties,
%owe!er, can su'&it +uestions to t%e
)u"ge t%at %e &a(, in %is "iscretion, as0
t%e c%il" (Sec.G>*@
De$!n!t!#n:
Ch!l* 5!tne1is an( person w%o at t%e
ti&e of gi!ing testi&on( is 'elow
eig%teen (18 (ears. ,n c%il" a'use cases
a c%il" inclu"es one o!er eig%teen (18
(ears 'ut is foun" '( t%e court as una'le
to full( ta0e care of %i&self or protect
%i&self fro& a'use, neglect, cruelt(,
e-ploitation, or "iscri&ination 'ecause
of a p%(sical or &ental "isa'ilit( or
con"ition (Sec. ? >(@@.
+(c!l!t(t#)1&eans a person appointe"
'( t%e court to pose +uestions to a c%il"
(Sec. ? >c@. .%e facilitator &a( 'e a
c%il" ps(c%ologist, ps(c%iatrist, social
wor0er, gui"ance counselor, teac%er,
religious lea"er, parent or relati!e.
S/ecial

Su,,#)t Pe)#n1is a person c%osen '(
t%e c%il" to acco&pan( %i& to testif( at
or atten" a )u"icial procee"ing or
"eposition to pro!i"e e&otional support
for %i& (Sec. ?>$@.
/et Inte)et #$ the Ch!l* - .%e totalit(
of t%e circu&stances an" con"itions as
are &ost congenial to t%e sur!i!al,
protection an" feelings of securit( of t%e
c%il" an" &ost encouraging to %is
p%(sical, ps(c%ological an" e&otional
"e!elop&ent. ,t also &eans t%e least
"etri&ental a!aila'le alternati!e for
safeguar"ing t%e growt% an"
"e!elop&ent of t%e c%il".
.%e pu'lic &a( 'e e-clu"e" fro& t%e
courtroo& w%en t%e( "o not %a!e a
"irect interest in t%e case. Suc% an or"er
&a( 'e &a"e to protect t%e rig%t to
pri!ac( of t%e c%il" or if t%e court
"eter&ines on t%e recor" t%at re+uiring
t%e c%il" to testif( in open court woul"
cause ps(c%ological %ar& to %i&, %in"er
t%e ascertain&ent of trut%, or result in
%is ina'ilit( to effecti!el( co&&unicate
"ue to e&'arrass&ent, fear, or ti&i"it(.
.%e court &a( also, on &otion of t%e
accuse", e-clu"e t%e pu'lic fro& trial,
e-cept court personnel an" t%e counsel
of t%e parties.
The c#u)t .(":
1. allow t%e c%il" witness to testif(
in a narrati!e for&;
2. allow lea"ing +uestions in all
stages of t%e e-a&ination of a
c%il" if t%e sa&e will furt%er t%e
interests of )ustice.

C#))#-#)(t!#n s%all n#t 'e re+uire" of a
testi&on( of a c%il". Bis testi&on(, if
cre"i'le '( itself, s%all 'e sufficient to
support a fin"ing of fact, conclusion, or
)u"g&ent su')ect to t%e stan"ar" of
proof re+uire" in cri&inal an" non-
cri&inal cases.
E;ce,t!#n t# the he()(" )ule:
A state&ent &a"e '( a c%il" "escri'ing
an( act or atte&pte" act of c%il" a'use,
not ot%erwise a"&issi'le un"er t%e
%earsa( rule, &a( 'e a"&itte" in
e!i"ence in an( cri&inal or non-cri&inal
procee"ing su')ect to t%e following
rules:
>(@ 4efore suc% %earsa( state&ent
&a('e a"&itte", its proponent
s%all &a0e 0nown to t%e a"!erse
part( t%e intention to offer suc%
state&ent an" its particulars to
pro!i"e %i& a fair opportunit( to
o')ect.
,f t%e ch!l* ! (%(!l(-le, t%e court
s%all, upon &otion of t%e a"!erse
part(, re+uire t%e c%il" to 'e
present at t%e presentation of t%e
%earsa( state&ent for cross-
e-a&ination '( t%e a"!erse part(.
W%en t%e ch!l* ! un(%(!l(-le, t%e
fact of suc% circu&stance &ust 'e
pro!e" '( t%e proponent.
>-@ ,n ruling on t%e a"&issi'ilit( of suc%
%earsa( state&ent, t%e court s%all
consi"er t%e ti&e, content an"
circu&stances t%ereof, 'ase" on
!arious factors pro!i"e" '( t%e law,
w%ic% pro!i"e sufficient in"icia of
relia'ilit(.

SE4UAL A/USE S6IELD RULE
.%e following e!i"ence is not a"&issi'le
in an( cri&inal procee"ing in!ol!ing
allege" c%il" se-ual a'use:
1. *!i"ence offere" to pro!e t%at t%e
allege" !icti& engage" in ot%er
se-ual 'e%a!ior; an"
2. *!i"ence offere" to pro!e t%e
se-ual pre"isposition of t%e
allege" !icti&.
E;ce,t!#n: *!i"ence of specific
instances of se-ual 'e%a!ior '( t%e
allege" !icti& to pro!e t%at a person
ot%er t%an t%e accuse" was t%e source of
t%e se&en, in)ur(, or ot%er p%(sical
e!i"ence s%all 'e a"&issi'le.
,t is li0ewise settle" )urispru"ence t%at
testi&onies of c%il"-!icti&s are gi!en
full weig%t an" cre"it. W%en a wo&an
or a c%il" sa(s t%at s%e %as 'een rape",
s%e sa(s in effect all t%at is necessar( to
s%ow t%at rape was in"ee" co&&itte"./
(People v. Pulanco, GR No. 1*1180, Nov.
27, 2003)
C%AIRERSONS
205
Sect!#n 22. DIS:UALI+ICATION /7
REASON O+ 3ARRIAGE
Re(#n $#) the Rule:
.o o'!iate per)ur( an" to pre!ent
"o&estic "isunit( an" un%appiness.
D!2u(l!$!c(t!#n
-" REASON O+
3ARRIAGE
>Sec. 29@
D!2u(l!$!c(t!#n
-" REASON O+
3ARITAL
PRIVILEGE >Sec.
2?>(@ @
Can 'e in!o0e"
onl( if one of t%e
spouses is a part(
to t%e action;
Can 'e clai&e"
w%et%er or not t%e
ot%er spouse is a
part( to t%e
action;
Applies onl( if t%e
&arriage is
e-isting at t%e
ti&e t%e
testi&on( is
offere";
Can 'e clai&e"
e!en after t%e
&arriage is
"issol!e";
Constitutes a total
pro%i'ition for or
against t%e spouse
of t%e witness.
Applies onl( to
confi"ential
co&&unications
'etween t%e
spouses
.%e o')ection
woul" 'e raise"
on t%e groun" of
&arriage. .%e
&arrie" witness
woul" not 'e
allowe" to ta0e
t%e stan" at all
'ecause of t%e
"is+ualification.
*!en if t%e
testi&on( is, for
or against t%e
o')ecting spouse,
t%e spouse-
witness cannot
testif(.
.%e &arrie"
person is on t%e
stan" 'ut t%e
o')ection of
pri!ilege is Raise"
w%en confi"ential
&arital
co&&unication is
in+uire" into.
3())"!n' the 0!tne B An accuse" can
effecti!el( Hseal t%e lipsI of a witness '(
&arr(ing t%e witness. As long as a !ali"
&arriage is in e-istence at t%e ti&e of
t%e trial, t%e witness-spouse cannot 'e
co&pelle" to testif(1e!en w%ere t%e
cri&e c%arge" is against t%e witness/
person, an" e!en t%oug% t%e &arriage
was entere" into for t%e e-press purpose
of suppressing t%e testi&on(.
56O 3A7 O/8ECTC @nl( t%e spouse-
part( an" not t%e ot%er spouse w%o is
offere" as a witness.
Sect!#n 29. DIS:UALI+ICATION /7
REASON O+ DEAT6 OR INSANIT7 O+
ADVERSE PART7 >DEAD 3AN HS
STATUTE@.
Re2u!!te:
1. .%e witness is a part( or assignor
of a part( to a case or persons in
w%ose 'e%alf a case is
prosecute".
2. .%e action is against an e-ecutor
or a"&inistrator or ot%er
representati!e of a "ecease"
person or a person of unsoun"
&in";
3. .%e su')ect-&atter of t%e action
is a clai& or "e&an" against t%e
estate of suc% "ecease" person
or against person of unsoun"
&in";
7. .%e testi&on( refers to an(
&atter of fact w%ic% occurre"
'efore t%e "eat% of suc%
"ecease" person or 'efore suc%
person 'eca&e of unsoun" &in".
HA!'n#)I-&eans assignor of a cause of
action w%ic% %as alrea"( arisen an" not
t%e assignor of a rig%t 'efore an( cause
of action accrue".
DEAD 3ANIS
STATUTE
3ARITAL
DIS:UALI+ICATION
RULE
@nl( a partial
"is+ualification
as t%e witness is
not co&pletel(
"is+ualifie" 'ut
is onl( pro%i'ite"
fro& testif(ing
on t%e &atters
t%erein specifie";
,t is a co&plete an"
a'solute
"is+ualification;
S/ecial

Applies onl( to a
ci!il case or
special
procee"ing o!er
t%e estate of a
"ecease" or
insane person.
Applies to a ci!il or
cri&inal case,
su')ect onl( to t%e
two e-ceptions
pro!i"e" t%erein:
(1e-cept in a ci!il
case '( one against
.%e ot%er; or (2 in a
cri&inal case for a
cri&e co&&itte" '(
one against t%e ot%er
or t%e latter/s "irect
"escen"ants or
ascen"ants.
Pu),#e #$ the Rule:
.o guar" against t%e te&ptation to gi!e
false testi&on( on t%e part of t%e
sur!i!ing part(, an" to put t%e parties to
t%e suit upon t%e ter&s of e+ualit( in
regar" to opportunit( to pro"uce
e!i"ence.
+(ct $(%#)(-le t# the *ece(e* ()e
NOT ,)#h!-!te*:
,nas&uc% as t%e statutes are "esigne" to
protect t%e interest of a "ecease" or
insane person, t%e( "o not e-clu"e
testi&onies w%ic% are fa!ora'le to t%e
representati!e of suc% person. (3ca#( vs.
2as%&an)
The De(* 3(nI St(tute #) the
Su)%!%#)h!, Rule *#e n#t (,,l" !n the
$#ll#0!n' c(e:
1. .esti&on( of &ere witnesses w%o
are neit%er part( plaintiffs, nor
t%eir assignors, nor persons in
w%ose 'e%alf a case is
prosecute";
2. ,f t%e plaintiff is t%e e-ecutor or
a"&inistrator or ot%er
representati!e of a "ecease"
person, or t%e person of unsoun"
&in";
3. ,n an action against a
partners%ip;
7. ,f t%e person or persons
&entione" un"er
t%e rule files a counterclai&;
2. W%en t%e testi&on( refers to
frau"ulent transactions
co&&itte" '( t%e persons
&entione" in t%e rule (;n& +'ua
v. +.RR@;
G. W%en t%ere is wai!er;
:. W%en t%e testi&on( of a plaintiff
refers to t%e n#nB#ccu))ence #$
( $(ct, 'ecause in t%at case, t%e
plaintiff "oes not testif( on t%e
occurrence of a fact 'ut on its
non-occurrence;
8. ,n ca"astral cases;
9. .esti&on( on t%e possession '(
witness of a written instru&ent
&a"e '( t%e "ecease", as suc%
fact e-ists e!en after t%e
"ece"ent/s "e&ise.
Sect!#n 2?. DIS:UALI+ICATION /7
REASON O+ PRIVILEGED
CO33UNICATION
56O 3A7 ASSERT PRIVILEGEC
1. Bol"er of pri!ilege;
2. Aut%oriCe" persons; an"
3. #ersons to w%o& pri!ilege"
co&&unication were &a"e
We appl( t%e pri!ilege" co&&unication
to 'ot% ci!il an" cri&inal cases *KC*#.
as to t%e "octor-patient pri!ilege, w%ic%
is applica'le onl( in ci!il cases.
<nless wai!e", t%e "is+ualification un"er
Sec. 27 re&ains e!en after t%e !arious
relations%ips t%erein %a!e cease" to
e-ist.
A. P)!%!le'e* C#..un!c(t!#n /et0een
6u-(n* (n* 5!$e
Re2u!!te:
1. t%ere was a !ali" &arital
relation;
2. t%e pri!ilege is in!o0e" wit%
respect to a co&&unication
'etween t%e spouses "uring sai"
&arriage; an"
3. t%e spouse against w%o& suc%
e!i"ence is 'eing offere" %as not
gi!en %is or %er consent to suc%
testi&on(.
The)e ! ( ,)eu.,t!#n #$
c#n$!*ent!(l!t" #n (ll c#..un!c(t!#n
-et0een hu-(n* (n* 0!$e:
Co&&unications o!er%ear" '( t%ir"
persons wit%out 0nowle"ge of spouses is
C%AIRERSONS
205
still confi"ential 'ut t%e t%ir" part( is
not "is+ualifie" to testif(
W%ere t%ere is collusion an" !oluntar(
"isclosure to t%ir" part(, t%e latter
'eco&es an agent an" cannot testif(.
Co&&unication in furt%erance of frau"
an" cri&e is not pri!ilege".
/. P)!%!le'e* C#..un!c(t!#n /et0een
Att#)ne" (n* Cl!ent
Re2u!!te:
1. .%ere is an attorne( an" client
relations%ip;
2. .%e pri!ilege is in!o0e" wit%
respect to a confi"ential
co&&unication 'etween t%e& in
t%e course of professional
e&plo(&ent; an"
3. .%e client %as not gi!en consent
to t%e attorne(/s testi&on(
t%ereon; or if t%e attorne(/s
secretar(, stenograp%er or cler0
is soug%t to 'e e-a&ine", t%at
'ot% t%e client an" t%e attorne(
%a!e not gi!en t%eir consent
t%ereto.
#reli&inar( co&&unication &a"e for t%e
purpose of creating t%e attorne(-client
relations%ip are wit%in t%e pri!ilege.
The *!2u(l!$!c(t!#n -(e* #n the
(tt#)ne"Bcl!ent ,)!%!le'e *#e NOT
(,,l" t# c#..un!c(t!#n 0h!ch ()e:
1. inten"e" to 'e &a"e pu'lic;
2. inten"e" to 'e co&&unicate" to
ot%ers;
3. recei!e" fro& t%ir" persons not
acting in 'e%alf or as agents of
t%e client;
7. inten"e" for an unlawful
purpose;
2. &a"e in t%e presence of t%ir"
parties w%o are strangers to t%e
attorne(-client relations%ip.
,t &ust 'e stresse", %owe!er, t%at t%e
pri!ilege against "isclosure of
confi"ential co&&unications or
infor&ation is li&ite" onl( to
co&&unications w%ic% are legiti&atel(
an" properl( wit%in t%e scope of a lawful
e&plo(&ent of a law(er. It *#e n#t
e;ten* t# th#e .(*e !n c#nte.,l(t!#n
#$ ( c)!.e #) ,e),et)(t!#n #$ $)(u* (,f
t%e unlawful purpose is a!owe", as in
t%is case, t%e co&plainant/s allege"
intention to 'ri'e go!ern&ent officials in
relation to %is case, t%e co&&unication
is not co!ere" '( t%e pri!ilege as t%e
client "oes not consult t%e law(er
professionall(. ,t is not wit%in t%e
profession of a law(er to a"!ise a client
as to %ow %e &a( co&&it a cri&e as a
law(er is not a gun for %ire. .%us, t%e
attorne(-client pri!ilege "oes not
attac%, t%ere 'eing no professional
e&plo(&ent in t%e strict sense. (Genato
vs. S%lapan, .(m. +ase No. *078, 8ul. 1*,
2003)
GENERAL RULE: A law(er &a( not in!o0e
t%e pri!ilege an" refuse to "i!ulge t%e
na&e or i"entit( of %is client.
E4CEPTIONS:
1. w%ere a strong possi'ilit( e-ists
t%at re!ealing client/s na&e
woul" i&plicate t%e client in t%e
!er( acti!it( for w%ic% %e soug%t
t%e law(er/s a"!ice;
2. w%ere "isclosure woul" open t%e
client to ci!il lia'ilit(; an"
3. w%ere t%e prosecutors %a!e no
case against t%e client unless '(
re!ealing t%e client/s na&e, t%e
sai" na&e woul" furnis% t%e onl(
lin0 t%at woul" for& t%e c%ain of
testi&on( necessar( to con!ict
an in"i!i"ual for a cri&e.
(Re&ala v. San(%&an)a!an, 202
S+R. 122)
C. P)!%!le'e* C#..un!c(t!#n /et0een
D#ct#) (n* P(t!ent
Re2u!!te:
1. .%e p%(sician is aut%oriCe" to
practice &e"icine, surger( or
o'stetrics;
2. .%e infor&ation was ac+uire" or
t%e a"!ice or treat&ent was
gi!en '( %i& in %is professional
capacit( for t%e purpose of
treating or curing t%e patient;
3. .%e infor&ation, a"!ice or
treat&ent, if re!eale", woul"
'lac0en t%e reputation of t%e
patient; an"
7. .%e pri!ilege is in!o0e" in a ci!il
case, w%et%er t%e patient is a
part( t%ereto or not.
S/ecial

5hen ,)!%!le'e *#e NOT (,,l":
1. W%ere t%e co&&unication was
not gi!en in confi"ence;
2. .%e co&&unication is irrele!ant
to t%e professional e&plo(&ent;
3. .%e co&&unication was &a"e
for an unlawful purpose;
7. .%e infor&ation was inten"e" to
'e &a"e pu'lic;
2. .%ere was a wai!er of t%e
pri!ilege eit%er '( pro!isions of
contract or law.
D. P)!%!le'e* C#..un!c(t!#n /et0een
P)!et (n* Pen!tent
Re2u!!te:
1. .%e confession &ust %a!e 'een
&a"e to t%e priest in %is
professional c%aracter in t%e
course of "iscipline en)oine" '(
t%e c%urc% to w%ic% %e 'elongs.
2. .%e co&&unications &a"e were
confi"ential an" penitential in
c%aracter.
E. P)!%!le'e* C#..un!c(t!#n t# Pu-l!c
O$$!ce)
Re2u!!te:
1. .%e %ol"er of t%e pri!ilege is t%e
go!ern&ent, acting t%roug% a
pu'lic officer;
2. .%e co&&unication was gi!en to
t%e pu'lic officer in confi"ence;
3. .%e co&&unication was gi!en
"uring t%e ter& of office of t%e
pu'lic officer or afterwar"s;
7. .%e pu'lic interest woul" suffer
'( t%e "isclosure of t%e
co&&unication.
+. Othe) P)!%!le'e* 3(tte)
1. .%e guar"ian a( l%tem s%all not
testif( in an( procee"ing
concerning an( infor&ation,
state&ent, or opinion recei!e"
fro& t%e c%il" in t%e course of
ser!ing as a guar"ian a( l%tem,
unless t%e court fin"s it
necessar( to pro&ote t%e 'est
interests of t%e c%il" (Sec. 5 (e)
o" t'e Rule on 5<am%nat%on o" a
+'%l( 9%tness).
2. *"itors &a( not 'e co&pelle" to
"isclose t%e source of pu'lis%e"
news.
3. Aoters &a( not 'e co&pelle" to
"isclose for w%o& t%e( !ote".
7. .ra"e secrets.
2. 4an0 ?eposits.
Sect!#n 25. PARENTAL AND +ILIAL
PRIVILEGE
>o person &a( 'e co&pelle" to testif(
against %is parents, ot%er "irect
ascen"ants, c%il"ren or ot%er "irect
"escen"ants.
Re(#n: .o preser!e fa&il( co%esion.
Article 212 of t%e Ea&il( Co"e
pro!i"es t%at =No (escen(ant s'all )e
compelle(, %n a c#%m%nal case, to test%"!
a&a%nst '%s pa#ents an( &#an(pa#ents,
5>+5P? 'en suc' test%mon! %s
%n(%spensa)le %n a c#%me a&a%nst t'e
(escen(ant o# )! one a&a%nst t'e ot'e#.=
Rule 1!" Sec# $% of t&e Rules of Court
"oes not pro!i"e for an e-ception,
w%ereas, Art# $1% of t&e Famil' Code
"oes. W%ic% s%oul" 'e applie" in case of
conflictM ,t was suggeste" t%at t%e Rules
of Court s%oul" appl( 'ecause it too0
effect in 1989 as co&pare" to t%e Ea&il(
Co"e w%ic% too0 effect in 1988. ,t &a(
'e argue" t%at t%e for&er is proce"ural
an" t%e latter is su'stanti!e; %owe!er, it
was furt%er suggeste" t%at alt%oug% t%e
Ea&il( Co"e pro!ision is su'stanti!e, it is
proce"ural in c%aracter. So, of t%ese
two pro!isions, t%e Rules of Court, w%ic%
was &a"e '( t%e Supre&e Court, s%oul"
pre!ail.
AD3ISSIONS AND CON+ESSIONS
Sections 2G to 33 spea0 of
*K.RA$<?,C,AL a"&issions an"
confessions.
Sect!#n 2G. A*.!!#n #$ ( ,()t".
AD3ISSION 8 an( state&ent of fact &a"e
'( a part( against %is interest or
unfa!ora'le to t%e conclusion for w%ic%
%e conten"s or is inconsistent wit% t%e
facts allege" '( %i&.
C%AIRERSONS
208
RULE ON AD3ISSIONS1.%e act,
"eclaration or o&ission of a part( as to a
rele!ant fact &a( 'e gi!en in e!i"ence
against %i&.
.%erefore, if t%e act, "eclaration or
o&ission is in %is fa!or, it is >@. an
a"&ission.
SEL+BSERVING DECLARATION1one w%ic%
%as 'een &a"e e-tra)u"iciall( '( t%e
part( to fa!or %is interest. ,t is not
a"&issi'le in e!i"ence 'ecause t%e( are
in%erentl( untrustwort%( an" woul" open
t%e "oor to frau" an" fa'rication of
testi&on(.
AD3ISSION %!B(B%! CON+ESSION1*!er(
confession is an a"&ission, 'ut not all
a"&issions are confessions.
AD3ISSION CON+ESSION
state&ent of
fact w%ic% "oes
not in!ol!e an
ac0nowle"g-
&ent of guilt or
lia'ilit(;
state&ent of fact
w%ic% in!ol!e an
ac0nowle"g&ent of
guilt or lia'ilit(;
&a( 'e &a"e '(
t%ir" persons an"
in certain cases,
are a"&issi'le
against a part(;
can 'e &a"e onl(
'( t%e part(
%i&self an", in
so&e instances, are
a"&issi'le against
%is co-accuse";
e-press or tacit alwa(s e-press
DECLARATIONS
AGAINST
INTEREST
AD3ISSIONS
3a"e '( a person
w%o is eit%er
"ecease" or
una'le to testif(
3a"e '( a part(
%i&self, an" is
pri&ar( e!i"ence
an" co&petent
t%oug% %e 'e
present in court
an" rea"( to
testif(;
3ust 'e &a"e
ante l%tem
motam
3a( 'e &a"e an(
ti&e.
.%e une-plaine" flig%t of an accuse"
&a( 'e ta0en as e!i"ence %a!ing
ten"enc( to esta'lis% %is guilt. (.(ame
vs. +., GR No. 139830, Nov. 21, 2002)
,n an a"&inistrati!e co&plaint against a
law(er for %is negligence in t%e
perfor&ance of "uties as counsel : =N
Respon"ent/s failure to file an answer to
t%e co&plaint "espite notice fro& t%e
,4# a&ounts to an a"&ission of t%e
allegations t%ereinN/ (P%lap%l vs. +a#%llo,
.+ No. 58*3, 8an 1*, 2003).
Sect!#n 2J. O$$e) #$ c#.,)#.!e n#t
(*.!!-le.
,n CIVIL CASES, an offer of co&pro&ise
is not an a"&ission of an( lia'ilit(, an" is
not a"&issi'le in e!i"ence against t%e
offeror.
E4CEPT: W%en suc% offer is clearl( not
onl( to 'u( peace 'ut a&ounts to an
a"&ission of lia'ilit( t%e offere"
co&pro&ise 'eing "irecte" onl( to t%e
a&ount pai". (5l @a#a(e#o (e 2an%la vs.
3nsula# 1um)e#.
REASON: ,t is t%e polic( of t%e law to
fa!or t%e settle&ent of "isputes, to
foster co&pro&ises an" to pro&ote
peace.

,n CRI3INAL CASES, an offer of
co&pro&ise '( t%e accuse" &a( 'e
recei!e" in e!i"ence as an i&plie"
a"&ission of guilt.
E4CEPTIONS:
1. .%ose in!ol!ing +uasi-offenses or
cri&inal;
2. >egligence;
3. <n"er t%e Oatarungang
#a&'aranga( law;
7. #lea of guilt( later wit%"rawn;
2. An unaccepte" offer of plea of
guilt( to a lesser offense;
G. An offer to pa( or t%e pa(&ent
of &e"ical, %ospital or ot%er
e-penses occasione" '( an
in)ur(;
:. .a- cases.
An offer of co&pro&ise t%at &a( 'e
consi"ere" an i&plie" a"&ission nee"
>@. 'e &a"e '( t%e accuse" %i&self, it
S/ecial

&a( 'e &a"e '( %is law(er or relati!es,
pro!i"e" it is &a"e wit% t%e consent of
t%e accuse" or wit% %is 0nowle"ge an"
%e "oes not stop it.
O++ER O+ CO3PRO3ISE %. ORDINAR7
AD3ISSION
,n an #$$e) #$ c#.,)#.!e, t%e proposal
is tentati!e an" an( state&ent &a"e in
connection wit% it is %(pot%etical1to
'u( peace an", in conte&plation of
&utual concessions, w%ereas in an
@R?,>ARL A?3,SS,@>, t%e intention is
apparentl( to a"&it lia'ilit( an" to see0
to 'u( or secure relief against a lia'ilit(
recogniCe" as suc%.
Alt%oug% a )u"icial or an e-tra-)u"icial
a&ica'le settle&ent "oes not 'ear t%e
court/s appro!al, =Nt%e agree&ent can
'eco&e t%e source of rig%ts an"
o'ligations of t%e parties./(3lo%lo ?#a(e#s
-%nance 3nc. vs. 6e%#s o" So#%ano, GR No.
1*9083, 8une 10, 2003)
PRINCIPLE O+ R(S )NT(R A*)OS ACTA
1
ST
PART: .%e rig%ts of a part( CA>>@.
'e pre)u"ice" '( an act, "eclaration, or
o&ission of anot%er, e-cept as
%ereinafter pro!i"e" (Sec. 28;
2
n*
PART: Si&ilar acts as e!i"ence (Sec.
37.
E4CEPTIONS TO PART ONE:
A. A*.!!#n -" C#BP()tne) #) A'ent
(Sec.2=
Re2u!!te:
1. .%e act or "eclaration of a
partner or agent of t%e part(
&ust 'e wit%in t%e scope of %is
aut%orit(;
2. ?uring t%e e-istence of t%e
partners%ip or agenc(; an"
3. After t%e partners%ip or agenc(
is s%own '( e!i"ence ot%er t%an
suc% act or "eclaration.
.%e sa&e rule applies to t%e act or
"eclaration of a )oint owner, )oint
"e'tor, or ot%er person )ointl( intereste"
wit% t%e part( (Sec. 29.
/. A*.!!#n -" C#n,!)(t#) (Sec. 3D:
,t refers to an e-tra)u"icial "eclaration
of a conspirator, an" not to %is testi&on(
gi!en on t%e stan" w%ic% is su')ect to
cross-e-a&ination.
Re2u!!te:
1. .%at t%e conspirac( 'e first
pro!e" '( e!i"ence ot%er t%an
t%e a"&ission itself;
2. .%at t%e a"&ission relates to t%e
conspirac( itself;
3. .%at it %as 'een &a"e w%ile t%e
"eclarant was engage" in
carr(ing out t%e conspirac(; an"
7. .%at t%e o')ect of t%e
conspirac( %as not (et 'een
consu&&ate".
C. A*.!!#n -" P)!%!e
PRIVIES 8 t%ose w%o %a!e &utual or
successi!e relations%ip to t%e sa&e
rig%ts of propert( or su')ect &atter suc%
as personal representati!es, %eirs,
"e!isees, legatees, assigns, !oluntar(
grantees, or )u"g&ent cre"itors or
purc%asers fro& t%e& wit% notice of t%e
facts
Re2u!!te:
1. .%ere &ust 'e pri!it( 'etween
t%e part( an" t%e "eclarant;
2. .%e "eclarant as pre"ecessor in
interest &a"e t%e "eclaration
w%ile %ol"ing t%e title to t%e
propert(; an"
3. .%e a"&ission relates to t%e
propert(.
D. A*.!!#n -" S!lence
Re2u!!te:
1. Be &ust %a!e %ear" or o'ser!e"
t%e act or "eclaration of t%e
ot%er person;
2. Be &ust %a!e %a" t%e
opportunit( to "en( it;
3. Be &ust %a!e un"erstoo" t%e
state&ent;
7. Be &ust %a!e an interest to
o')ect, suc% t%at %e woul"
naturall( %a!e "one so, if t%e
state&ent was not true;
2. .%e facts were wit%in %is
0nowle"ge; an"
C%AIRERSONS
209
G. .%e fact a"&itte" or t%e
inference to 'e "rawn fro& %is
silence is &aterial to t%e issue.
DOCTRINE O+ ADOPTIVE AD3ISSION
An a"opti!e a"&ission is a part(/s
reaction to a state&ent or action '(
anot%er person w%en it is reasona'le to
treat t%e part(/s reaction as an
a"&ission of so&et%ing state" or i&plie"
'( t%e ot%er person. (5st#a(a vs.
/es%e#to 350 S+R. 108)
Sect!#n 99. C#n$e!#n
C#n$e!#n B a categorical
ac0nowle"g&ent of guilt &a"e '( an
accuse" in a cri&inal case, wit%out an(
e-culpator( state&ent or e-planation.
,f t%e accuse" a"&its %a!ing co&&itte"
t%e act in +uestion 'ut alleges a
)ustification t%erefore, t%e sa&e is
&erel( an a"&ission.
.%ere can also 'e a confession of
)u"g&ent in a ci!il case w%ere t%e part(
e-pressl( a"&its %is lia'ilit(.
8UDICIAL CON+ESSION1is one &a"e '(
t%e accuse" 'efore a court in w%ic% t%e
case is pen"ing an" in t%e course of legal
procee"ings t%erein an", '( itself, can
sustain a con!iction e!en in capital
offenses.
E4TRAB8UDICIAL CON+ESSION1is one
&a"e in an( ot%er place or occasion an"
cannot sustain a con!iction <>L*SS its
!oluntariness is pro!en an" <>L*SS
corro'orate" '( e!i"ence of t%e co#pus
(el%ct%.
RE:UIRE3ENTS +OR AN E4TRA8UDICIAL
CON+ESSION TO /E AD3ISSI/LE
1. ,t &ust 'e e-press (Sec. 33,
Rule 130 Rules o" +ou#t)A
2. Aoluntar( (1987 +onst%tut%on;
3. Wit% assistance of co&petent
an" in"epen"ent counsel (1987
+onst%tut%on)A
7. 3ust 'e in writing (R...7*38.
GENERAL RULE: an *K.RA-$<?,C,AL
C@>E*SS,@> is a"&issi'le against t%e
confessor onl(. ,t is inco&petent
e!i"ence against %is co-accuse" for
'eing %earsa( an" 'ecause of t%e #es
%nte# al%os acta rule.
E4CEPTIONS: W%en a"&issi'le against
t%e co-"efen"ants:
1. ,f t%e co-"efen"ants i&plie"l(
ac+uiesce" in or a"opte" sai"
confession;
2. INTERLOC<ING CON+ESSIONS 1
,f t%e accuse" persons
!oluntaril( an" in"epen"entl(
e-ecute" i"entical confession
wit%out collusion, an"
corro'orate" '( ot%er e!i"ence
3. W%ere t%e accuse" a"&itte" t%e
facts state" '( t%e confessant
after 'eing apprise" '( suc%
confession;
7. ,f t%e( are c%arge" as co-
conspirators of t%e cri&e w%ic%
was confesse" '( one of t%e
accuse" an" sai" confession is
use" onl( as corro'orating
e!i"ence;
2. W%ere t%e confession is use" as
circu&stantial e!i"ence to s%ow
t%e pro'a'ilit( of participation
'( t%e co-conspirator;
G. W%en t%e confessant testifie"
for %is co-"efen"ant;
:. W%ere t%e co-conspirator/
e-tra)u"icial confession is
corro'orate" '( ot%er e!i"ence
of recor".
,n line wit% t%e 198: Constitution, illegal
confessions an" a"&issions are
ina"&issi'le against t%e confessant or
t%e a"&itter 4<. are a"&issi'le against
t%e persons w%o !iolate" t%e
constitutional pro%i'ition in o'taining
suc% illegal confessions or a"&issions.
Sect!#n 9?. S!.!l() (ct ( e%!*ence
.%is is t%e secon" part of t%e #es %nte#
al%os acta.
Gene)(l Rule: *!i"ence t%at one "i" or
"i" not "o a certain t%ing at one ti&e is
not a"&issi'le to pro!e t%at %e "i" or
"i" not "o t%e sa&e or si&ilar t%ing at
anot%er ti&e.
S/ecial

E;ce,t!#n:
,t &a( 'e recei!e" to pro!e:
1. specific intent or 0nowle"ge;
2. i"entit(;
3. plan;
4. s(ste&;
5. sc%e&e;
6. %a'it;
7. custo& or usage; an"
8. ot%ers of t%e li0e.
TESTI3ONIAL <NO5LEDGE
GENERAL RULE: A witness can testif(
onl( to t%ose facts w%ic% %e 0nows of %is
personal 0nowle"ge; t%at is, w%ic% are
"eri!e" fro& %is own perception, e-cept
as ot%erwise pro!i"e" in t%ese rules.
REASON +OR E4CLUDING 6EARSA7:
not su')ect to t%e test of trut% 'ecause
t%ere is no opportunit( for cross-
e-a&ination. Also, t%is will 'e a !iolation
of t%e constitutional rig%t to
confrontation.

6EARSA7 RULE
CLASSI+ICATION O+ OUTBO+BCOURT
STATE3ENTS
1. 6EARSA7-- .%ose w%ic% are
consi"ere" as %earsa( an" t%erefore
ina"&issi'le, t%is occurs w%en t%e
purpose for intro"ucing t%e out-of-
court state&ent is to pro!e t%e trut%
of t%e facts asserte" t%erein;
2. NONB6EARSA71 A"&issi'le. .%is
occurs w%en t%e purpose for
intro"ucing t%e state&ent is not to
pro!e t%e trut% of t%e facts asserte"
t%erein 'ut onl( t%e &a0ing of t%e
state&ents an" are a"&issi'le in
e!i"ence w%en t%e &a0ing of t%e
state&ent is rele!ant. .%ese are so-
calle" INDEPENDENTL7 RELEVANT
STATE3ENTS.
3. E4CEPTIONS TO T6E 6EARSA7 RULE
1.%ose w%ic% are %earsa( 'ut are
consi"ere" as e-ceptions to t%e
%earsa( rule an" are t%erefore
a"&issi'le. .%ese are fro& Sections
3: to 7: of Rule 13D.
E4CEPTIONS TO T6E 6EARSA7 RULE
1. ?(ing ?eclaration;
2. ?eclaration Against ,nterest;
3. Act or "eclaration a'out
pe"igree;
7. Ea&il( reputation or tra"ition
regar"ing pe"igree;
2. Co&&on reputation;
G. Res Festae;
:. *ntries in t%e or"inar( course of
'usiness;
8. *ntries in official recor"s;
9. Co&&ercial lists;
1D. Learne" treatises;
11. .esti&on( or "eposition at a
for&er procee"ing.
Re(#n: The" ()e (*.!!-le -" )e(#n
#$ NECESSIT7 (n* TRUST5ORT6INESS.
Bearsa( e!i"ence not o')ecte" to &a(
'e a"&issi'le 'ut, w%et%er o')ecte" to
or not, %as no pro'ati!e !alue an" as
oppose" to "irect an" pri&ar( e!i"ence,
t%e latter alwa(s pre!ails.
Sect!#n 9J. D"!n' *ecl()(t!#n
Re2u!!te:
1. .%at "eat% is i&&inent an" t%e
"eclarant is conscious of t%at
fact;
2. .%at t%e "eclaration refers to
t%e cause an" an" surroun"ing
circu&stances of suc% "eat%;
3. .%at t%e "eclaration relates to
t%e facts w%ic% t%e !icti& is
co&petent to testif( to;
4. .%at t%e "eclaration is offere" in
a case w%erein t%e "eclarant/s
"eat% is su')ect of t%e in+uir(
(t%e !icti& necessaril( &ust
%a!e "ie";
5. .%at t%e state&ent is co&plete
in itself (People vs. /e 8o!a, 203
S+R. 3*3
.o 'e co&plete in itself "oes not &ean
t%at t%e "eclaration &ust recite
e!er(t%ing t%at constitute" t%e #es
&estae of t%e su')ect of %is state&ent,
'ut t%at %is state&ent of an( gi!en fact
s%oul" 'e a full e-pression of all t%at %e
inten"e" to sa( as con!e(ing %is &eaning
in respect of suc% fact.
A "(ing "eclaration &a( 'e oral or
written or &a"e '( signs w%ic% coul" 'e
C%AIRERSONS
211
interprete" an" testifie" to '( a witness
t%ereto.
?(ing ?eclarations fa!ora'le to t%e
accuse" are a"&issi'le.
?(ing "eclaration &a( also 'e regar"e"
as part of t%e #es &estae as t%e( were
&a"e soon after t%e startling occurrence
wit%out t%e opportunit( for fa'rication
or concoction.
?(ing "eclaration is not consi"ere" a
confi"ential co&&unication 'etween
spouses.
A "(ing "eclaration &a( 'e attac0e" on
t%e groun" t%at an( of t%e re+uisites for
its a"&issi'ilit( are not present an" t%e
sa&e &a( 'e i&peac%e" in t%e sa&e
&anner as t%e testi&on( of an( ot%er
witness on t%e stan".
Sect!#n 98. Decl()(t!#n ('(!nt
!nte)et.
Re2u!!te:
1. .%at t%e "eclarant is "ea" or
una'le to testif(;
2. .%at it relates to a fact against
t%e interests of t%e "eclarant;
3. .%at at t%e ti&e %e &a"e sai"
"eclaration t%e "eclarant was
aware t%at t%e sa&e was
contrar( to %is aforesai"
interest; an"
4. .%at t%e "eclarant %a" no
&oti!e to falsif( an" %e 'elie!e"
suc% "eclaration to 'e true.
Sect!#n ?0. +(.!l" )e,ut(t!#n #)
t)(*!t!#n )e'()*!n' ,e*!')ee.
Sect!#n 9= Sect!#n ?0
Act or
"eclaration
a'out #*?,FR**;
Ea&il( reputation
or tra"ition
regar"ing
pe"igree;
Witness nee" not
'e a &e&'er of
t%e fa&il(;
Witness is a
&e&'er of t%e
fa&il(;
.esti&on( is
a'out w%at
"eclarant, "ea"
or una'le to
testif(, %as sai"
concerning t%e
pe"igree of t%e
"eclarant/s
fa&il(.
.esti&on( is a'out
fa&il( reputation
or tra"ition
co!ering &atters
of pe"igree.
Sect!#n ?1: C#..#n )e,ut(t!#n
.%e following &a( 'e esta'lis%e" '(
co&&on reputation:
1. &atters of pu'lic interest &ore
t%an 3D (rs. ol";
2. &atters of general interest &ore
t%an 3D (ears ol";
3. &atters respecting &arriage or
&oral c%aracter an" relate"
facts
4. in"i!i"ual &oral c%aracter

C#..#n Re,ut(t!#n - is t%e "efinite
opinion of t%e co&&unit( in w%ic% t%e
fact to 'e pro!e is 0nown or e-ists. ,t
&eans t%e general or su'stantiall(
un"i!i"e" reputation, as "istinguis%e"
fro& a partial or +ualifie" one, alt%oug%
it nee" not 'e unani&ous.
As a general rule, t%e reputation of
person s%oul" 'e t%at e-isting in t%e
place of %is resi"ence, it &a( also 'e
t%at e-isting in t%e place w%ere %e is
'est 0nown.
EVIDENCE O+ NEGATIVE GOOD REPUTE
W%ere t%e foun"ation proof s%ows t%at
t%e witness was in suc% position t%at %e
woul" %a!e %ear" reports "erogator( to
one/s c%aracter, t%e reputation
testi&on( &a( 'e pre"icate" on t%e
a'sence of reports of 'a" reputation or
on t%e fact t%at t%e witness %a" %ear"
not%ing against t%e person.
Sect!#n ?2: P()t #$ res +estae
RES GESTAE 8 literall( &eans t%ings
"one; it inclu"es t%e circu&stances,
facts, an" "eclarations inci"ental to t%e
&ain fact or transaction necessar( to
illustrate its c%aracter an" also inclu"es
S/ecial

acts, wor"s or "eclaration w%ic% are
closel( connecte" t%erewit% as to
constitute part of t%e transaction.
T5O T7PES O+ RES GESTAE
1. SPONTANEOUS STATE3ENTS
BState&ents &a"e '( a person
w%ile a startling occurrence is
ta0ing place or i&&e"iatel(
prior or su'se+uent t%ereto wit%
respect to t%e circu&stances
t%ereof ;
2. VER/AL ACTS - State&ents
acco&pan(ing an e+ui!ocal act
&aterial to t%e issue, an" gi!ing
it a legal significance.
RE:UISITES O+ AD3ISSI/ILIT7 O+
SPONTANEOUS STATE3ENTS
1. t%ere &ust 'e a startling
occurrence;
2. t%e state&ent &ust relate to t%e
circu&stances of t%e starling
occurrence; an"
3. t%e state&ent &ust 'e
spontaneous.
RE:UISITES O+ AD3ISSI/ILIT7 O+
VER/AL ACTS
1. t%e act or occurrence
c%aracteriCe" &ust 'e e+ui!ocal;
2. !er'al acts &ust c%aracteriCe or
e-plain t%e e+ui!ocal act;
3. e+ui!ocal act &ust 'e rele!ant
to t%e issue; an"
7. !er'al acts &ust 'e
conte&poraneous wit% t%e
e+ui!ocal act.
RES GESTAE !n
c#nnect!#n
0!th (
h#.!c!*(l
(ct
D7ING
DECLARATIONS
3a('e &a"e '(
t%e 0iller %i&self
after or "uring
t%e 0illing @R
t%at of a 3
r"
person
Can 'e &a"e
onl( '( t%e
!icti&
3a( prece"e,
acco&pan( or 'e
3a"e onl( after
t%e %o&ici"al
&a"e after t%e
%o&ici"al attac0
was co&&itte"
attac0 %as 'een
co&&itte"
$ustification in
t%e spontaneit(
of t%e state&ent
.rustwort%iness
'ase" upon its
'eing gi!en in
awareness of
i&pen"ing "eat%
VER/AL ACTS
SPONTANEOUS
STATE3ENTS
.%e #es &estae is
t%e e+ui!ocal
act
.%e #es &estae is
t%e startling
occurrence
Aer'al act &ust
'e conte&pora-
neous wit% or
&ust acco&pan(
t%e e+ui!ocal
act
State&ents &a(
'e &a"e prior,
w%ile or i&&e-
"iatel( after t%e
startling
occurrence
Sect!#n ??. Ent)!e !n #$$!c!(l )ec#)*.
RE:UISITES +OR AD3ISSI/ILIT7 O+
O++ICIAL ENTRIES
1. t%at it was &a"e '( a pu'lic
officer or '( anot%er person
speciall( en)oine" '( law to "o
so; an"
2. t%at it was &a"e '( a pu'lic
officer in t%e perfor&ance of %is
"ut(, or '( anot%er person in t%e
perfor&ance of a "ut( speciall(
en)oine" '( law; an"
3. t%e pu'lic officer or t%e ot%er
person %a" sufficient 0nowle"ge
of t%e facts '( %i& state", w%ic%
&ust %a!e 'een ac+uire" '( %i&
personall( or t%roug% official
infor&ation.
P)#-(t!%e %(lue: onl( pri&a facie
e!i"ence of t%e fact state" t%erein
,t is well settle" t%at entries in t%e
police 'lotter s%oul" not 'e gi!en "ue
significance or pro'ati!e !alue as t%e(
are not conclusi!e e!i"ence of t%e trut%
of t%eir contents 'ut &erel( of t%e fact
t%at t%e( were recor"e" Bence, t%e( "o
not constitute conclusi!e proof. (People
C%AIRERSONS
215
vs. +a)#e#a. 8#. GR No. 138200, .p#%l 30,
2003)
OPINION RULE
GENERAL RULE: @pinion of a witness is
not a"&issi'le.
E4CEPTIONS:
1. @n a &atter re+uiring S#*C,AL
0nowle"ge, s0ill, e-perience or
training w%ic% %e is s%own to
possess (Sec. *9;
2. .%e i"entit( of a person a'out
w%o& %e %as a"e+uate
0nowle"ge (Sec. 50BaC;
3. A %an"writing wit% w%ic% %e %as
sufficient fa&iliarit( (Sec. 50
B)C;
7. .%e &ental sanit( of a person
wit% w%o& %e is sufficientl(
ac+uainte" (Sec. 50 BcC;
2. .%e witness/ i&pressions of t%e
e&otion, 'e%a!ior, con"ition or
appearance of a person (Sec. 50
B(C.
E;,e)t e%!*ence ! (*.!!-le #nl" !$:
a. t%e &atter to 'e testifie"
re+uires e-pertise; an"
'. t%e witness %as 'een +ualifie" as
an e-pert.
B(pot%etical +uestions &a( 'e as0e" of
an e-pert to elicit %is opinion. Courts,
%owe!er, are >@. necessaril( 'oun" '(
t%e e-pert/s fin"ings.
C6ARACTER EVIDENCE
GENERAL RULE: c%aracter e!i"ence is
not a"&issi'le in e!i"ence un"er Sec. 21
of Rule 13D of t%e Re!ise" Rules on
*!i"ence.
E4CEPTIONS:
CRI3INAL CASES:
1. Accuse" &a( pro!e %is goo"
&oral c%aracter w%ic% is
pertinent to t%e &oral trait
in!ol!e" in t%e offense c%arge.
2. .%e prosecution &a( not pro!e
'a" &oral c%aracter of t%e
accuse" unless in re'uttal w%en
t%e latter opens t%e issue '(
intro"ucing e!i"ence of %is goo"
&oral c%aracter.
3. As to t%e offen"e" part(, %is goo" or
'a" &oral c%aracter &a( 'e pro!e"
as long as it ten"s to esta'lis% t%e
pro'a'ilit( or i&pro'a'ilit( of t%e
offense c%arge"
E;ce,t!#n:
1. proof of t%e 'a" c%aracter of t%e
!icti& in a &ur"er case is not
a"&issi'le if t%e cri&e was
co&&itte" t%roug% treac%er(
an" pre&e"itation; an"
2. in prosecution for rape, e!i"ence
of co&plainant/s past se-ual
con"uct, opinion t%ereof or of
%isJ%er reputation s%all not 'e
a"&itte" unless, an" onl( to t%e
e-tent t%at t%e court fin"s t%at
suc% e!i"ence is &aterial an"
rele!ant to t%e case. (Rape
S&ield" RA ,%!% Sec# -)
CIVIL CASES:
.%e &oral c%aracter of eit%er part(
t%ereto CA>>@. 'e pro!e" <>L*SS it is
pertinent to t%e issue of c%aracter
in!ol!e" in t%e case.
AS TO 5ITNESSES:
/#th c)!.!n(l (n* c!%!l B t%e 'a" &oral
c%aracter of a witness &a( alwa(s 'e
pro!e" '( eit%er part( (Sec. 11, Rule
132 'ut not e!i"ence of %is goo" &oral
c%aracter, unless suc% c%aracter %as
'een i&peac%e". (Sec. 17
RULE 191
/URDEN O+ PROO+ AND PRESU3PTIONS
/URDEN O+ PROO+KRIS< O+ NONB
PERSUASION1t%e "ut( of a part( to
present e!i"ence on t%e facts in issue
necessar( to esta'lis% %is clai& or
"efense '( t%e a&ount of e!i"ence
re+uire" '( law.
UPON 56O3 /URDEN O+ PROO+ RESTS:
A. C!%!l C(e
1. t%e plaintiff %as t%e 'ur"en of proof
to s%ow t%e trut% of %is allegations
S/ecial

if t%e "efen"ant raises a negati!e
"efense
2. t%e "efen"ant %as t%e 'ur"en of
proof if %e raises an affir&ati!e
"efense on t%e co&plaint of t%e
plaintiff
/. C)!.!n(l C(e
.%e 'ur"en of proof is wit% t%e
prosecution '( reason of t%e
presu&ption of innocence.
<n"er t%e Spee"( .rial Act, if t%e
accuse" is >@. 'roug%t to trial wit%in
t%e ti&e re+uire", t%e infor&ation s%all
'e "is&isse" on t%e &otion of t%e
accuse". ,n t%is case, t%e 4<R?*> @E
#R@@E of supporting suc% &otion is wit%
t%e accuse" (Sec. 13, R. 8*93.
DEGREE O+ PROO+ T6AT SATIS+IES T6E
/URDEN O+ PROO+
A. CIVIL CASES
#repon"erance of e!i"ence
/. CRI3INAL CASES
1. ?o susta%n conv%ct%on -
*!i"ence of guilt 'e(on"
reasona'le "ou't
2. P#el%m%na#! %nvest%&at%on -
*ngen"er a well foun"e" 'elief of
t%e fact of t%e co&&ission of a
cri&e.
3. 3ssuance o" a##ant o" a##est -
#ro'a'le cause, i.e. t%at t%ere is
reasona'le groun" to 'elie!e t%at
t%e accuse" %as co&&itte" an
offense.
6EIRARC67 O+ EVIDENCE
1. proof 'e(on" reasona'le "ou't
2. clear an" con!incing e!i"ence
3. prepon"erance of e!i"ence
7. su'stantial e!i"ence
/u)*en #$ E%!*ence1logical necessit( on
a part( "uring a particular ti&e of t%e
trial to create a pri&a facie case in %is
fa!or or to "estro( t%at create" against
%i& '( presenting e!i"ence.
,n 'ot% ci!il an" cri&inal cases, t%e
'ur"en of e!i"ence lies on t%e part( w%o
asserts an affir&ati!e allegation.
/URDEN O+
PROO+
/URDEN O+
EVIDENCE
?oes not s%ift S%ifts fro& part(
to part( "epen"ing
upon t%e
e-igencies of t%e
case in t%e course
of t%e trial;
Fenerall(
"eter&ine" '(
t%e plea"ings
file" '( t%e
part(
Fenerall(
"eter&ine" '( t%e
"e!elop&ents of
t%e trial, or '( t%e
pro!isions of
su'stanti!e law or
proce"ural rules
w%ic% &a( relie!e
t%e part( fro&
presenting
e!i"ence on t%e
facts allege".
UPON 56O3 /URDEN O+ EVIDENCE
RESTS
A. C!%!l C(e:
.%e plaintiff %as to pro!e %is affir&ati!e
allegations in t%e co&plaint an" t%e
"efen"ant %as to pro!e t%e affir&ati!e
allegations in %is counterclai& an" %is
affir&ati!e "efenses.
/. C)!.!n(l C(e:
.%e #R@S*C<.,@> %as to pro!e its
affir&ati!e allegations in t%e
infor&ation regar"ing t%e ele&ents of
t%e cri&e as well as t%e atten"ant
circu&stances; w%ile t%e ?*E*>S* %as to
pro!e its affir&ati!e allegations
regar"ing t%e e-istence of )ustif(ing or
e-e&pting circu&stances, a'solutor(
causes or &itigating circu&stances.
PRINCIPLE O+ NEGATIVING AVER3ENTS
GENERAL RULE: >egati!e allegations
nee" not 'e pro!e", w%et%er in a ci!il or
cri&inal action.
E4CEPTION: W%ere suc% negati!e
allegations are essential parts of t%e
C%AIRERSONS
215
cause of action or "efense in a ci!il case,
or are essential ingre"ients of t%e
offense in a cri&inal case or "efenses
t%ereto.
B@W*A*R, in ci!il cases, e!en if t%e
negati!e allegation is an essential part of
t%e cause of action or "efense, suc%
negati!e allegation "oes not %a!e to 'e
pro!e" if it is onl( for t%e purpose of
"en(ing t%e e-istence of a "ocu&ent
w%ic% s%oul" properl( 'e in t%e custo"(
of t%e a"!erse part(.
,n cri&inal cases, it is not incu&'ent
upon t%e prosecution to a""uce positi!e
e!i"ence to support a negati!e a!er&ent
t%e trut% of w%ic% is fairl( in"icate" '(
esta'lis%e" circu&stances an" w%ic%, if
untrue, coul" rea"il( 'e "ispro!e" '(
t%e pro"uction of "ocu&ents or ot%er
e!i"ence pro'a'l( wit%in t%e
"efen"ant/s possession or control.
E;(.,le: ,t is not incu&'ent upon t%e
prosecution to pro!e t%at t%e accuse" is
"ri!ing wit%out a license. .%e accuse"
can alwa(s pro"uce %is license to
"ispro!e t%e allegations of "ri!ing
wit%out a license.
PRESU3PTIONS
An inference of t%e e-istence or non-
e-istence of a fact w%ic% courts are
per&itte" to "raw fro& t%e proof of
ot%er facts.
#resu&ptions are e!i"ence accor"ing to
t%e law, w%ic% consi"ers an" regulates
t%e& as suc%. As t%e( constitute
e!i"ence, presu&ptions are irrele!ant
an" t%erefore ina"&issi'le w%en t%e( "o
not correspon" to t%e allegation an" t%e
facts at issue in t%e plea"ings.
CLASSI+ICATION O+ PRESU3PTIONS:
1. PRESU3PTION IS 8URIS OR O+
LA51"e"uction w%ic% t%e law
e-pressl( "irects to 'e &a"e
fro& particular facts.
2. PRESU3PTION IS 6O3INIS OR O+
+ACT1"e"uction w%ic% reason
"raws fro& facts pro!e" wit%out
an e-press "irection fro& t%e
law to t%at effect.
PRESU3PTIONS
O+ LA5
PRESU3PTIONS O+
+ACT
Certain inference
&ust 'e &a"e
w%ene!er t%e
facts appear
w%ic% furnis% t%e
'asis of t%e
inference
A "iscretion is !este"
in t%e tri'unal as to
"rawing t%e
inference
Re"uce" to fi-
rules an" for& a
part of t%e s(ste&
of )urispru"ence
?eri!e" w%oll( an"
"irectl( fro& t%e
circu&stances of t%e
particular case '(
&eans of t%e
co&&on e-perience
of &an0in"
PRESU3PTION IS 8URIS &a( 'e "i!i"e"
into:
1. CONCLUSIVE PRESU3PTION
(Du#%s et (e Du#e1w%ic% is a
presu&ption of law t%at is not
per&itte" to 'e o!erco&e '( an(
proof to t%e contrar(; an"
2. DISPUTA/LE PRESU3PTIONS
(Du#%s tantum1is t%at w%ic% t%e
law per&its to 'e o!erco&e or
contra"icte" '( proofs to t%e
contrar(; ot%erwise, t%e sa&e
re&ains satisfactor(.
CLASSES O+ CONCLUSIVE
PRESU3PTIONS un*e) RULE 191
1. *S.@##*L ,> #A,S (Rule 131, Sec.
2(par. a1w%ene!er a part( %as,
'( %is own "eclaration, act or
o&ission, intentionall( an"
"eli'eratel( le" anot%er to
'elie!e a particular t%ing to 'e
true an" to act upon suc% 'elief,
%e cannot, in an( litigation
arising out of suc% "eclaration,
act or o&ission, 'e per&itte" to
falsif( it.
2. *S.@##*L 4L ?**? (Rule 131,
Sec. 2 (par. '1t%e tenant is not
per&itte" to "en( t%e title of %is
S/ecial

lan"lor" at t%e ti&e of t%e
co&&ence&ent of t%e relation
of lan"lor" an" tenant 'etween
t%e&.
After recogniCing t%e !ali"it( of t%e
lease contract for two (ears, t%e
petitioner spouses are 'arre" fro&
alleging t%e auto&atic cancellation
of t%e contract on t%e groun" t%at
t%e respon"ents lost owners%ip of
t%e %ouse after anot%er ac+uire"
title of t%e lot. (.lca#a7 vs. ?an&&a-
an, et.al, GR No. 128508, .p#%l 9,
2003)
56EN PRESU3PTION O+ DEVIDENCE
5ILL+UL7 SUPPRESSED 5OULD /E
ADVERSE I+ PRODUCEDE 0!ll NOT
(,,l":
1. ,f t%e e!i"ence t%at is wit%%el"
is &erel( corro'orati!e or
cu&ulati!e;
2. ,f t%e e!i"ence is at t%e "isposal
of or e+uall( a!aila'le to 'ot%
parties;
3. ,f t%e suppression is an e-ercise
of a pri!ilege.
Eor t%e presu&ption t%at DA LETTER
DUL7 DIRECTED AND 3AILED 5AS
RECEIVED IN A REGULAR COURSE O+
T6E 3AILE to arise, it &ust 'e pro!e"
t%at t%e letter was properl( a""resse"
wit% postage pre-pai" an" t%at it was
actuall( &aile".
RULE 192
PRESENTATION O+ EVIDENCE
E4A3INATION O+ 5ITNESSES
Sect!#n 1. E;(.!n(t!#n t# -e *#ne !n
#,en c#u)t.
6O5 ORAL EVIDENCE GIVEN1,t is
usuall( gi!en orall(, in open court.
.%erefore, generall(, t%e testi&onies of
witnesses cannot 'e presente" in
affi"a!its.
@ne instance w%en t%e testi&onies of
witnesses &a( 'e gi!en in affi"a!its is
un"er t%e rule on su&&ar( proce"ure.

PURPOSE: to ena'le t%e court to )u"ge
t%e cre"i'ilit( of t%e witness '( t%e
witness/ &anner of testif(ing, t%eir
intelligence an" t%eir appearance.
:uet!#n ,)#,#un*e* t# ( 0!tne
.ut:
not 'e in"efinite or uncertain;
'e rele!ant;
not 'e argu&entati!e;
not call for conclusion of law;
not call for opinion or %earsa(
e!i"ence;
not call for illegal answer;
not call for self-incri&inating
testi&on(;
not 'e lea"ing;
not 'e &islea"ing;
not ten" to "egra"e reputation
of witness;
not 'e repetitious;
not call for a narration.
Sect!#n 9: R!'ht (n* #-l!'(t!#n #$ (
0!tne.
RIG6TS O+ A 5ITNESS
1. .o 'e protecte" fro& irrele!ant,
i&proper, or insulting +uestions,
an" fro& %ars% or insulting
"e&eanor;
2. >ot to 'e "etaine" longer t%an
t%e interests of )ustice re+uire;
3. >ot to 'e e-a&ine" e-cept onl(
as to &atters pertinent to t%e
issue;
4. >ot to gi!e an answer w%ic% will
ten" to su')ect %i& to a penalt(
for an offense unless ot%erwise
pro!i"e" '( law;
5. >ot to gi!e an answer w%ic% will
ten" to "egra"e %is reputation,
unless it 'e to t%e !er( fact at
issue or to a fact fro& w%ic% t%e
fact at issue woul" 'e presu&e".
/ut ( 0!tne .ut (n0e) t#
the $(ct #$ h! ,)e%!#u $!n(l
c#n%!ct!#n $#) (n #$$ene.
.%e e-ception un"er no. 7 refers to
I33UNIT7 STATUTES w%erein t%e
witness is grante" i&&unit( fro&
cri&inal prosecution for offenses
a"&itte" in %is testi&on(, e.g. un"er
Sec. 8, R.A. 13:9, t%e law pro!i"ing for
t%e forfeiture of unlawfull( ac+uire"
C%AIRERSONS
218
propert(; an" un"er #.?. :79, in
prosecutions for 'ri'er( an" graft.
CLASSI+ICATION O+ I33UNIT7
STATUTES
1. Ue I..un!t" A @nl( pro%i'its
t%e use of witness/ co&pelle"
testi&on( an" its fruit in an(
&anner in connection wit% t%e
cri&inal prosecution of t%e
witness. ,t "oes not ren"er a
witness i&&une fro&
prosecution "espite in!ocation of
rig%t against self incri&ination.
2. T)(n(ct!#n(l I..un!t" B grants
i&&unit( to t%e witness fro&
prosecution for an offense to
w%ic% %is co&pelle" testi&on(
relates.
Eor purposes of e!i"ence, rig%t against
self incri&ination refers onl( to
testi&onial co&pulsion.
Rig%t against self-incri&ination is
grante" onl( in fa!or of in"i!i"uals,
%ence, a corporation cannot in!o0e t%at
pri!ilege as t%e +uestion testi&on( can
co&e onl( fro& a corporate officer or
e&plo(ee w%o %as a personalit( "istinct
fro& t%at of t%e corporation.
Rig%t against self-incri&ination e-ten"s
to a"&inistrati!e procee"ings wit% a
cri&inal or penal aspect.
5ITNESS PROTECTION, SECURIT7, AND
/ENE+IT ACT RA G=81
SEC 10. STATE 5ITNESS 8 person w%o
%as participate" in t%e co&&ission of a
cri&e an" "esires to 'e a witness for t%e
state s%all 'e a"&itte" into t%e progra&
w%ene!er t%e following circu&stances
are present:
1. t%e offense in w%ic% %is
testi&on( will 'e use" is a gra!e
felon( as "efine" un"er R#C or
its e+ui!alent un"er special
laws;
2. a'solute necessit( for %is
testi&on(;
3. t%ere is no "irect e!i"ence
a!aila'le for t%e proper
prosecution of t%e offense
co&&itte";
4. %is testi&on( can 'e
su'stantiall( corro'orate" on its
&aterial points;
5. %e "oes not appear to 'e t%e
&ost guilt(; an"
6. %e %as not at an( ti&e 'een
con!icte" of an( cri&e in!ol!ing
&oral turpitu"e. (Sec. 10
S0#)n St(te.ent 8 4efore an( person is
a"&itte" into t%e progra& %e s%all
e-ecute a sworn state&ent "escri'ing in
"etail t%e &anner t%e offense was
co&&itte" an" %is participation t%erein.
(Sec. 11)

,f %is application is "enie", sai" sworn
state&ent an" ot%er testi&on( gi!en in
support of sai" application s%all not 'e
a"&issi'le in e!i"ence.
A"&ission into t%e progra& s%all entitle
suc% state witness to i&&unit( fro&
cri&inal prosecution for t%e offenses in
w%ic% %is testi&on( will 'e gi!en an"
use". (Sec. 12)
Eailure wit%out )ust cause w%en lawfull(
o'lige" to "o so, s%all 'e prosecute" for
conte&pt. ,f %e testifies falsel( or
e!asi!el(, %e s%all 'e lia'le for per)ur(.
Bis i&&unit( s%all 'e re&o!e" an" %e
s%all 'e su')ect to conte&pt or cri&inal
prosecution. (Sec.13)
Sect!#n ?. O)*e) !n the e;(.!n(t!#n #$
(n !n*!%!*u(l 0!tne.
ORDER:
1. "irect e-a&ination;
2. cross-e-a&ination;
3. re"irect e-a&ination;
4. re-cross e-a&ination.
PURPOSES O+ CROSSBE4A3INATION:
1. .o "iscre"it t%e witness;
2. .o "iscre"it t%e testi&on( of t%e
witness;
3. .o clarif( certain &atters;
4. .o elicit a"&issions fro& a
witness.
S/ecial

SCOPE OR LI3ITS O+ CROSSB
E4A3INATION
1. ENGLIS6 RULE1w%ere a witness
is calle" to testif( to a particular
fact, %e 'eco&es a witness for
all purposes an" &a( 'e full(
cross-e-a&ine" upon all &atters
&aterial to t%e issue, t%e
e-a&ination not 'eing confine"
to t%e &atters in+uire" a'out in
t%e "irect e-a&ination.
2. A3ERICAN RULE1restricts cross-
e-a&ination to facts an"
circu&stances w%ic% are
connecte" wit% t%e &atters t%at
%a!e 'een state" in t%e "irect
e-a&ination of t%e witness.
Un*e) Ph!l!,,!ne 1u)!*!ct!#n, 0e
$#ll#0 the t0# )ule, ,ec!$!c(ll" un*e)
the $#ll#0!n' !nt(nce:
,n C,A,L CAS*S, we follow t%e En'l!h
Rule, w%ic% allows t%e cross-
e-a&ination to elicit all i&portant facts
'earing upon t%e issue (Sec. G, 'ut t%is
"oes not &ean t%at a part( '( "oing so is
&a0ing t%e witness %is own in
accor"ance wit% Section 2.
We follow t%e A.e)!c(n Rule as to t%e
ACC<S*? or a B@S.,L* W,.>*SS, w%o
&a( onl( 'e cross-e-a&ine" on &atters
co!ere" '( "irect e-a&ination,
DOCTRINE O+ INCO3PLETE TESTI3ON7
W%en cross-e-a&ination cannot 'e "one
or co&plete" "ue to causes attri'uta'le
to t%e part( w%o offere" t%e witness,
t%e inco&plete testi&on( is ren"ere"
inco&petent an" s%oul" 'e stric0en fro&
t%e recor". *-cept w%ere t%e
prosecution witness was e-tensi!el(
cross-e-a&ine" on t%e &aterial points
an" t%ereafter faile" to appear an"
cannot 'e pro"uce" "espite a warrant
for %is arrest. (People vs. Go#ospe)
GENERAL RULE: A part( w%o !oluntaril(
offers t%e testi&on( of a witness in t%e
case is 'oun" '( t%e testi&on( of sai"
witness.
E4CEPTIONS:
A part( is not 'oun" w%en calling t%e
following:
1. a"!erse part(
2. %ostile witness;
3. unwilling witness;
7. witness re+uire" '( law to 'e
presente".
6#t!le 5!tneB A witness &a( 'e
consi"ere" as unwilling or %ostile onl( if
so "eclare" '( t%e court upon a"e+uate
s%owing of:
%is a"!erse interest; or
un)ustifie" reluctance to testif(;
or
%is %a!ing &isle" t%e part( into
calling %i& to t%e witness stan".
Sect!#n =. Rec(ll!n' 0!tne.
GENERAL RULE: After t%e e-a&ination
of a witness '( 'ot% si"es %as 'een
conclu"e", t%e witness cannot 'e
recalle" wit%out lea!e of court.
E4CEPTION: Recall %as 'een e-pressl(
reser!e" wit% t%e appro!al of t%e court
Sect!#n 10. Le(*!n' (n* .!le(*!n'
2uet!#n.
Le(*!n' :uet!#n1Puestion w%ic%
suggests to t%e witness t%e answer w%ic%
t%e e-a&ining part( "esires. ,t is
generall( >@. ALL@W*?.
E4CEPTIONS:
1. @n preli&inar( &atters;
2. @n cross-e-a&ination;
3. .o a"!erse part( witness;
4. .o t%e officers of t%e a"!erse
part( w%o is a )uri"ical person;
5. .o %ostile witness;
6. .o unwilling witness;
7. .o c%il"ren of ten"er age;
8. .o "eaf-&utes;
9. .o t%ose w%o are ignorant;
10. .o t%ose w%o are of wea0 &in"s.
3!le(*!n' :uet!#n- one w%ic% assu&es
as true a fact not (et testifie" to '( t%e
witness, or contrar( to t%at w%ic% %e %as
pre!iousl( state". ,t is >@. allowe".
C%AIRERSONS
219
E4CEPTIONS:
1. w%en wai!e";
2. as0ing %(pot%etical +uestions to an
e-pert witness.
@nl( one counsel s%oul" 'e allowe" to
e-a&ine a witness in a single stage.
Bowe!er, t%e ot%er counsel &a( &a0e
o')ection to testi&on(.
Re(#n:
1. .o protect t%e witness fro&
un"ue an" confusing
interrogation; an"
2. .o secure s(ste& an" 're!it( '(
gi!ing t%e control of t%e
interrogation to a single %an".
WB*> P<*S.,@> #R*L,3,>ARL1w%en t%e
+uestion "oes not touc% on an( issue.
A 2uet!#n th(t .e)el" u''et (
u-1ect 0!th#ut u''et!n' (n (n0e)
#) ( ,ec!$!c th!n' ! n#t ( le(*!n'
2uet!#n. *-a&ple: HState w%et%er
an(t%ing occurre" 'etween (ou an" t%e
"efen"ants on t%e e!ening of $anuar( 9,
2DD3I.
5A7S O+ I3PEAC6ING ADVERSE
PART7IS 5ITNESS
1. 4( contra"ictor( e!i"ence;
2. 4( e!i"ence t%at t%e general
reputation for trut%, %onest(, or
integrit( of t%e witness is 'a"; or
3. 4( prior inconsistent state&ents.
(Sec. 11)
PROCEDURE +OR I3PEAC6ING 5ITNESS
/7 EVIDENCE O+ PRIOR INCONSISTENT
STATE3ENTS >LA7ING T6E PREDICATE@
1. .%e state&ent &ust 'e relate"
to %i& wit% t%e circu&stances of
t%e ti&es an" places an" t%e
persons present;
2. if t%e state&ent 'e in writing
t%e( &ust 'e s%own to t%e
witness 'efore an( +uestion is
put to %i& concerning t%e&; an"
3. Be &ust 'e as0e" w%et%er %e
&a"e suc% state&ents, an" if so,
allowe" to *K#LA,> t%e&.
W%ere t%e pre!ious state&ents of a
witness are offere" as e!i"ence of an
a"&ission, an" not &erel( to i&peac%
%i&, t%e rule on la(ing t%e pre"icate
"oes not appl(.
Sect!#n 1G. 5hen 0!tne .(" )e$e) t#
.e.#)(n*u..
PRESENT RECOLLECTION REVIVED K
REVIVAL O+ PRESENT 3E3OR7 B A
witness &a( 'e allowe" to refres% %is
&e&or( respecting a fact, '( an(t%ing
written or recor"e" '( %i&self or un"er
%is "irection at t%e ti&e w%en t%e fact
occurre", or i&&e"iatel( t%ereafter, or
later so long as t%e fact was fres% in %is
&e&or( an" %e 0new t%at it was
correctl( recor"e".
PAST RECOLLECTION RECORDED K
REVIVAL O+ PAST RECOLLECTION - A
witness &a( also testif( fro& suc%
writing or recor", t%oug% %e retains no
recollection of t%e particular facts, if %e
is a'le to swear t%at t%e writing or
recor" correctl( state" t%e transaction
w%en &a"e, 'ut suc% e!i"ence &ust 'e
recei!e" wit% caution.
PRESENT
RECOLLECTION
REVIVED
PAST
RECOLLECTION
RECORDED
3e&or( is o'scure
'ut t%ere is still
&e&or(;
Recollection is Cero
.%e &ain e!i"ence
is t%e testi&on( of
t%e witness
.%e &ain e!i"ence is
t%e &e&oran"u&.
.%e witness si&pl(
testifies t%at %e
0nows t%at t%e
&e&oran"u& is
correctl( written
'( %i& or un"er %is
"irection; no nee"
to swear.
Witness &ust swear
t%at t%e writing
correctl( states t%e
transaction.
.%e &e&oran"u& fro& w%ic% t%e
witness &a( 'e per&itte" to refres% %is
&e&or( nee" >@. 'e an original writing.
,t is sufficient if it is s%own t%at t%e
witness 0nows t%e cop( to 'e a true one,
an" %is &e&or( refres%e" t%ere'(
S/ecial

ena'les %i& to testif( fro& %is own
recollection of t%e facts, in"epen"ent of
%is confi"ence in t%e accurac( of t%e
cop(.
Sect!#n 1J. 5hen ,()t #$ t)(n(ct!#n,
0)!t!n' #) )ec#)* '!%en !n e%!*ence,
the )e.(!n*e) (*.!!-le.
RULE ON CO3PLETENESS
1. W%en part of an act,
"eclaration, con!ersation,
writing or recor" is gi!en in
e!i"ence '( one part(, t%e w%ole
of t%e sa&e su')ect &a( 'e
in+uire" into '( t%e ot%er; an"
2. W%en a "etac%e" act,
writing, or recor" is gi!en in
e!i"ence, an( ot%er act,
writing or recor" necessar( &a(
also 'e gi!en in e!i"ence.
AUT6ENTICATION AND PROO+ O+
DOCU3ENTS
AUT6ENTICATION1#R@A,>F t%e "ue
e-ecution an" genuineness of t%e
"ocu&ent.
CLASSES O+ DOCU3ENTS:
Eor t%e purpose of t%eir presentation in
e!i"ence, "ocu&ents are eit%er in
#<4L,C or #R,AA.*. (Sec. 19)
PU/LIC DOCU3ENTS:
1. .%e written official acts, or
recor"s of t%e official acts of t%e
so!ereign aut%orit(, official
'o"ies an" tri'unals, an"
pu'lic officers, w%et%er of t%e
#%ilippines, or of a foreign
countr(;
2. ?ocu&ents ac0nowle"ge" 'efore
a notar( pu'lic e-cept last wills
an" testa&ents; an"
3. #u'lic recor"s, 0ept in t%e
#%ilippines, of pri!ate
"ocu&ents re+uire" '( law to 'e
entere" t%erein.
PU/LIC 5RITING DISTINGUIS6ED +RO3
PRIVATE 5RITING:
PU/LIC
5RITING
PRIVATE
5RITING
A t#
(uthent!c!t"
a pu'lic
"ocu&ent is
a"&issi'le
e!i"ence,
wit%out
furt%er
proof of its
genuineness
an" "ue
e-ecution
a pri!ate
writing
&ust 'e
pro!e"
relati!e to
its "ue
e-ecution
an"
genuinene
ss-its
aut%entici
t(-'efore
it &a( 'e
recei!e"
in
e!i"ence.
A t# ,e)#n
-#un*
a pu'lic
instru&ent
is e!i"ence
e!en against
t%ir"
persons, of
t%e fact
w%ic% ga!e
rise to its
"ue
e-ecution
an" to t%e
"ate of t%e
latter;
a pri!ate
writing
'in"s onl(
t%e parties
w%o
e-ecute"
t%e& or
t%eir
pri!ies,
insofar as
"ue
e-ecution
an" "ate of
t%e
"ocu&ent
are
concerne".
A t# %(l!*!t"
#$ ce)t(!n
t)(n(ct!#n
Certain
transactions
&ust 'e in a
pu'lic
"ocu&ent,
ot%erwise
t%e( will not
'e gi!en an(
!ali"it(.
The $#ll#0!n' ()e ,)!%(te 0)!t!n'
0h!ch .(" -e (*.!tte* !n e%!*ence
0!th#ut ,)e%!#u ,)##$ #$ !t
(uthent!c!t" (n* *ue e;ecut!#n:
1. W%en t%e genuineness an" "ue
e-ecution of t%e "ocu&ent is
a"&itte" '( t%e a"!erse part(;
C%AIRERSONS
221
2. W%en suc% genuineness an" "ue
e-ecution are i&&aterial to t%e
issue;
3. W%en t%e "ocu&ent is an
A>C,*>. ?@C<3*>.;
Ancient ?ocu&ent Rule applies onl( if
t%ere are no ot%er witnesses to
"eter&ine aut%enticit(.
=,t is necessar( t%at a part( to an(
"ocu&ent notariCe" '( a notar( pu'lic
appear in person 'efore t%e latter an"
affir& t%e contents an" trut% of w%at
are state" in t%e "ocu&ent. .%e
i&portance of t%is re+uire&ent cannot
'e gainsai". 4( it a pri!ate "ocu&ent is
con!erte" to a pu'lic "ocu&ent, &a0ing
it a"&issi'le in court wit%out furt%er
proof of its aut%enticit(. Eor t%is reason,
it 'e%oo!es e!er( notar( pu'lic to see to
it t%at t%is re+uire&ent is o'ser!e" an"
t%at for&alities for t%e ac0nowle"g&ent
of "ocu&ents are co&plie" wit%./
(P#otac%o vs. 2en(o7a, .+ No. 570*,
8an. 13, 2003)
EBCO33ERCE LA5
R.A. 8J=2
Elect)#n!c D#cu.ent A ,t refers to
infor&ation or representation of
infor&ation, "ate, figures, s(&'ols '(
w%ic% a rig%t is esta'lis%e" or an
o'ligation e-tinguis%e", or w%ic% a fact
&a( 'e pro!e" an" affir&e" w%ic% is
recei!e", recor"e", trans&itte", store",
processe", retrie!e" or pro"uce"
electronicall(.
Elect)#n!c D(t( 3e('e A refers to
infor&ation generate", sent, recei!e" or
store" '( electronic, optical or si&ilar
&eans.
Elect)#n!c S!'n(tu)e A refers to an(
"istincti!e &ar0, c%aracteristic an"Jor
soun" in electronic for&, representing
t%e i"entit( of a person an" attac%e" to
or logicall( associate" wit% t%e
electronic "ata &essage or electronic
"ocu&ent or an( &et%o"olog( or
proce"ures e&plo(e" or a"opte" '( a
person an" e-ecute" or a"opte" '( suc%
person wit% t%e intention of
aut%enticating or appro!ing an
electronic "ata &essage or electronic
"ocu&ent.
RE:UISITES +OR T6E AD3ISSI/ILIT7 O+
ELECTRONIC DOCU3ENT
a. 5he)e the l(0 )e2u!)e* ( *#cu.ent
t# -e !n 0)!t!n', t%e re+uire&ent is
&et '( an electronic "ocu&ent if t%e
sai" electronic "ocu&ent &aintains
its !nte')!t" an" )el!(-!l!t" an" c(n
-e (uthent!c(te* # ( -e u(-le
$#) u-e2uent )e$e)ence.
i .%e electronic "ocu&ent %as
re&aine" co&plete an"
unaltere", apart fro& t%e
a""ition of an( en"orse&ent an"
an( aut%oriCe" c%ange or an(
c%ange w%ic% arises in t%e
nor&al course of
co&&unication, storage an"
"ispla(; an"
ii .%e electronic "ocu&ent is
relia'le in t%e lig%t of t%e
purpose for w%ic% it was
generate" an" in t%e lig%t of all
rele!ant circu&stances.
'. #aragrap% (a applies w%et%er t%e
re+uire&ent t%erein is in t%e for& of
an o'ligation or w%et%er t%e law
si&pl( pro!i"es conse+uences for t%e
"ocu&ent not 'eing presente" or
retaine" in its original for&.
c. W%ere t%e law re+uires t%at the
*#cu.ent -e ,)eente* #) )et(!ne*
!n !t #)!'!n(l $#)., t%at
re+uire&ent is &et '( an electronic
"ocu&ent if
i .%ere e-ist a relia'le
assurance as to t%e integrit( of
t%e "ocu&ent fro& t%e ti&e it
was first generate" in its final
for&; an"
ii .%at "ocu&ent is capa'le of
'eing "ispla(e" to t%e person to
w%o& it is to 'e presente";
pro!i"e" t%at no pro!ision of t%is
act s%all appl( to !ar( an( an"
all re+uire&ents of e-isting laws
on for&alities re+uire" in t%e
e-ecution of "ocu&ents for t%eir
!ali"it(.
S/ecial

Eor e!i"entiar( purposes, an electronic
"ocu&ent s%all 'e t%e functional
e+ui!alent of a written "ocu&ent un"er
e-isting laws.
/URDEN O+ PROO+: .%e person see0ing
to intro"uce an electronic "ata &essage
or electronic "ocu&ent in an( legal
procee"ing %as t%e 'ur"en of pro!ing its
aut%enticit( '( e!i"ence capa'le of
supporting a fin"ing t%at t%e electronic
"ata &essage or electronic "ocu&ent is
w%at t%e person clai&s it to 'e.
RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
(.u&ust 1, 2001)
3(nne) #$ Authent!c(t!#n #$ elect)#n!c
*#cu.ent:
1. 4( e!i"ence t%at it %as 'een
"igitall( signe" '( t%e person
purporte" to %a!e signe" t%e
sa&e;
2. 4( e!i"ence t%at ot%er
appropriate securit( proce"ures
or "e!ices as &a( 'e aut%oriCe"
'( t%e Supre&e Court or '( law
for aut%entication of electronic
"ocu&ents were applie" to t%e
"ocu&ent.
3. 4( ot%er e!i"ence s%owing its
integrit( an" relia'ilit( to t%e
satisfaction of t%e )u"ge.
Authent!c(t!#n #$ Elect)#n!c
S!'n(tu)e:
1. .%e electronic signature is t%at
of t%e person to w%o& it
correlates;
2. 4( an( ot%er &eans pro!i"e" '(
law;
3. 4( an( ot%er &eans satisfactor(
to t%e )u"ge as esta'lis%ing t%e
genuineness of t%e electronic
signature.
/u!ne Rec#)* ( E;ce,t!#n t# the
6e()(" Rule:
A &e&oran"u&, report, recor" or "ata
co&pilation of acts, e!ents, con"itions,
opinions or "iagnoses, &a"e '(
electronic, optical, or ot%er si&ilar
&eans at or near t%e ti&e of or fro&
trans&ission or suppl( of infor&ation '(
a person wit% 0nowle"ge t%ereof, an"
0ept in t%e regular course or con"uct of
'usiness acti!it(, an" suc% was t%e
regular practice to &a0e t%e
&e&oran"u&, report, recor" or "ata
co&pilation '( electronic, optical, or
si&ilar &eans, all of w%ic% are s%own '(
t%e testi&on( of t%e custo"ian or ot%er
+ualifie" witnesses, is e-cepte" fro& t%e
rule on %earsa( e!i"ence.
.%is presu&ption &a( 'e o!erco&e '(
e!i"ence of t%e untrustwort%iness of t%e
source of infor&ation or t%e &et%o" or
circu&stances of t%e preparation,
trans&ission or storage t%ereof.
3ET6OD O+ PROO+:
All &atters relating to t%e a"&issi'ilit(
an" e!i"entiar( weig%t of electronic
"ocu&ent &a( 'e esta'lis%e" '( an
affi"a!it stating facts of "irect personal
0nowle"ge of t%e affiant or 'ase" on
aut%entic recor"s . .%e affi"a!it &ust
affir&ati!el( s%ow t%e co&petence of
t%e affiant to testif( on t%e &atters
containe" t%erein.
C)# E;(.!n(t!#n: .%e affiant s%all 'e
&a"e to affir& t%e contents of t%e
affi"a!it in open court an" &a( 'e cross-
e-a&ine" as a &atter of rig%t '( t%e
a"!erse part(.
C%AIRERSONS
225
C. O++ER AND O/8ECTION
Sect!#n 9?. O$$e) #$ e%!*ence.
5h" ,u),#e
#$
#$$e)
.ut -e ,ec!$!e* 1
to
"eter&ine w%et%er t%at piece of
e!i"ence s%oul" 'e a"&itte" or not.
4ecause suc% e!i"ence &a( 'e
a"&issi'le for se!eral purposes un"er
t%e "octrine of &ultiple a"&issi'ilit(, or
&a( 'e a"&issi'le for one purpose an"
not for anot%er, ot%erwise t%e a"!erse
part( cannot interpose t%e proper
o')ection. *!i"ence su'&itte" for one
purpose &a( not 'e consi"ere" for an(
ot%er purpose '( t%e )u"ge.
W%ere t%e e!i"ence is ina"&issi'le
for t%e purpose state" in t%e offer, it
&ust 'e re)ecte", t%oug% t%e sa&e &a(
'e a"&issi'le for anot%er purpose. .%e
reason is t%at t%e a"!erse part( is
pre!ente" fro& o')ecting to t%e
a"&issi'ilit( t%ereof on groun"s ot%er
t%an t%ose a!aila'le to &eet t%e state"
purpose.
,n Mata .da# De Onate /s# CA, t%e
Court allowe" e!i"ence not for&all(
offere" to 'e a"&itte" an" consi"ere"
'( t%e trial court pro!i"e" t%e following
re+uire&ents are present:
1. t%e sa&e &ust %a!e 'een "ul(
i"entifie" '( testi&on( "ul(
recor"e";
2. t%e sa&e &ust %a!e 'een
incorporate" to t%e recor"s of
t%e case.
Sect!#n 95. 5hen t# .(&e #$$e).
WB*> @EE*R @E .*S.,3@>,ALJ@RAL
*A,?*>C* 3A?*1at t%e ti&e t%e witness
is calle" to testif(.
I3PLIED O++ER - *!er( ti&e a +uestion
is as0e" of a witness, t%ere is an i&plie"
auto&atic offer of t%e e!i"ence soug%t
to 'e elicite" '( t%e +uestion. ,f t%ere
is an( o')ection to t%e +uestion, t%e
sa&e &ust 'e raise" i&&e"iatel(,
ot%erwise, t%ere is a wai!er.
.B*R*E@R*, oral e!i"ence is alwa(s
'eing offere" twice:
1. 'efore t%e witness testifies; an"
2. e!er( ti&e a +uestion is as0e" of
%i&.
56EN O++ER O+ DOCU3ENTAR7 AND
O/8ECT EVIDENCE S6OULD /E 3ADE1
after t%e part( %as presente" %is
testi&onial e!i"ence. 4efore %e rests,
%e &ust &a0e a for&al offer of all %is
"ocu&entar( an" o')ect e!i"ence an"
specif( t%e purposes for w%ic% %e is
offering t%ese e!i"ence.
PROCEDURE /E+ORE DOCU3ENTAR7
AND O/8ECT EVIDENCE CAN /E
CONSIDERED /7 T6E COURT
1. &ar0ing;
2. i"entification;
3. aut%entication;
4. for&al offer; an"
5. if t%e e!i"ence is e-clu"e", an
offer of proof.
S/ecial
Eor&al offer of e!i"ence
@')ection: groun"s
Feneral 8 i&&aterial or irrele!ant
Sut(!ne*
*!i"ence offere"
will not 'e allowe"
to 'e presente" in
court
O%e))ule*
*!i"ence will 'e
allowe" to 'e
presente" in court
Re&e"( of offeror
.en"er of e-clu"e"
e!i"ence
#resentation of
e!i"ence offere"
@')ection; to
"en(
presentation 8
generalJspecific
groun"s
Sut(!ne*
Puestion pose"
will not 'e
per&itte" e.g.
&islea"ing; re!ise
t%e +uestion J
ten"er of
e-clu"e" e!i"ence
O%e))ule*
Puestions will
'e allowe"

Aut%entication an" i"entification can 'e
"ispense" wit% if t%ere is a stipulation
on t%e "ue e-ecution an" genuineness of
t%e pri!ate "ocu&ent.
,f it is a pu'lic "ocu&ent, t%en t%ere is
>@ >**? for aut%entication.
STAGES IN T6E PRESENTATION O+
DOCU3ENTAR7 EVIDENCE
1. IDENTI+ICATION
4( %(ent%"%cat%on is &eant proof t%at
t%e "ocu&ent 'eing presente" is t%e
sa&e one referre" to '( t%e witness
in %is testi&on(.
2. 3AR<ING
All e-%i'its s%oul" 'e &ar0e" to
facilitate t%eir i"entification. .%e
&ar0ing &a( 'e &a"e at t%e pre-trial
or "uring t%e trial.
.%e plaintiff an" t%e prosecution
use capital letters (HAI, H4I, HCI,
etc. an" t%e accuse" use Ara'ic
nu&'ers (H1I, H2I, H3I, etc.
,f t%e e-%i'it is presente" in
connection wit% an affi"a!it, li0e in
support or in opposition to a &otion
to "is&iss, t%e wor"s H3otion to
?is&issI s%oul" 'e a""e" after t%e
letter or nu&'er.
3. AUT6ENTICATION
.%e proof of a "ocu&ent/s "ue
e-ecution an" genuineness if t%e
purpose is to s%ow t%at it is genuine,
or t%e proof of its forger(, if t%e
purpose is to s%ow t%at t%e "ocu&ent
is a forger(.
7. INSPECTION
<n"er Sect%on 18 o" Rule 132,
w%ene!er a writing is s%own to a
witness, it &a( 'e inspecte" '( t%e
a"!erse part(.
2. +OR3AL O++ER
After t%e ter&ination of t%e
testi&onial e!i"ence, t%e proponent
will t%en &a0e a for&al offer an"
state t%e purpose for w%ic% t%e
"ocu&ent is presente". (Rule 132,
Sec. 3*)
G. O/8ECTIONS
.%e o')ection to t%e intro"uction or
presentation of t%e "ocu&ent s%all 'e
&a"e w%en it is for&all( offere" in
e!i"ence. (Rule 132, Sec. 30)
.%ere is a "istinction 'etween
i"entification of "ocu&entar( e!i"ence
an" for&al offer of "ocu&entar(
e!i"ence as an e-%i'it:
1. ,n !*ent!$!c(t!#n #$
*#cu.ent()" e%!*ence, t%e
sa&e is "one in t%e course of t%e
trial an" is acco&panie" '( t%e
&ar0ing of t%e e!i"ence as an
e-%i'it.
2. ,n $#).(l #$$e) #$ (
*#cu.ent()" e%!*ence ( (n
e;h!-!t, t%e sa&e is "one w%en
t%e part( %as presente" %is
testi&onial e!i"ence.
.%e &ere fact t%at a particular
"ocu&ent is i"entifie" an" &ar0e" as an
e-%i'it "oes not &ean t%at it will 'e or
%as 'een offere" as part of t%e e!i"ence
of t%e part(. .%e part( &a( "eci"e to
for&all( offer it if it 'elie!es t%is will
a"!ance its cause, or it &a( "eci"e not
to "o so at all.
Sect!#n 9G. O-1ect!#n
CLASSI+ICATION O+ O/8ECTIONS
1. Gene)(l O-1ect!#n 8 ?oes not go
'e(on" "eclaring t%e e!i"ence as
i&&aterial, inco&petent,
irrele!ant or ina"&issi'le; an"
2. S,ec!$!c O-1ect!#n 8 States w%(
or %ow t%e e!i"ence is irrele!ant
or inco&petent. 5<ampleE
@')ection to t%e +uestion for
'eing lea"ing.
3ODES O+ E4CLUDING INAD3ISSI/LE
EVIDENCE
1. O-1ect!#n - w%en t%e e!i"ence
is offere".
2. 3#t!#n t# t)!&e #ut #) E;,un'e
8 proper in t%e following cases:
a. w%en t%e witness answers
pre&aturel( 'efore t%ere is
reasona'le opportunit( for
t%e part( to o')ect (Sec. 39);
'. unresponsi!e answers;
c. answers t%at are
inco&petent, irrele!ant, or
i&proper (Sec. 39);
C%AIRERSONS
225
". unco&plete" testi&onies
w%ere t%ere was no
opportunit( for t%e ot%er
part( to cross-e-a&ine;
e. con"itionall( a"&itte"
e!i"ence not later
su'stantiate".
Sect!#n ?0. Ten*e) #$ e;clu*e*
e%!*ence
5h(t ! Dten*e) #$ e;clu*e*
e%!*enceEC
W%ere t%e court refuses to per&it t%e
counsel to present testi&on( w%ic% %e
t%in0s is co&petent, &aterial an"
necessar( to pro!e %is case, t%e &et%o"
of properl( preser!ing t%e recor" to t%e
en" t%at t%e +uestion &a( 'e sa!e" for
t%e purpose of re!iew, is t%roug% t%e
&a0ing of an offer of proof.
Pu),#e:
1. to infor& t%e court w%at is
e-pecte" to 'e pro!e"; an"
2. procuring e-ceptions to t%e
e-clusion of t%e offere"
e!i"ence so t%at t%e appellate
court &a( "eter&ine fro& t%e
recor" w%et%er t%e propose"
e!i"ence is co&petent.
6#0 .(*e:
a. As to *#cu.ent()" #) #-1ect
e%!*ence:
3a( %a!e t%e sa&e attac%e" to or
&a"e part of t%e recor".
'. As to #)(l e%!*ence:
3a( state for t%e recor" t%e na&e
an" ot%er personal circu&stances
of t%e witness an" t%e su'stance
of t%e propose" testi&on(.
O++ER O+
PROO+KTENDER
O+ E4CLUDED
EVIDENCE
O++ER O+
EVIDENCE
@nl( resorte" to if
a"&ission is
refuse" '( t%e
court for purposes
of re!iew on
appeal.
Refers to
testi&onial,
"ocu&entar( or
o')ect e!i"ence t%at
are presente" or
offere" in court '( a
part( so t%at t%e
court can consi"er
%is e!i"ence w%en it
co&es to t%e
preparation of t%e
"ecision
RULE ON CONTINUING O/8ECTIONS A ,f
t%e sa&e class of e!i"ence is presente"
'( a proponent an" it is o')ecte" to '(
t%e a"!erse part(, an" a court %as
alrea"( &a"e a ruling on t%e o')ection,
t%e a"!erse part( "oes not %a!e to
repeat t%e o')ection all o!er again. .%e
a"!erse part( can )ust tell t%e court t%at
%e is gi!ing a continuing o')ection to t%e
line of +uestion propoun"e". .%e
a"!antage of t%is, is on appeal, it will
appear on t%e recor" of t%e case t%at
t%ere is an o')ection &a"e in t%e trial
court. ,t is alwa(s i&portant t%at t%e
recor"s in"icate t%at an o')ection %as
'een &a"e 'ecause an o')ection t%at
%as not 'een &a"e is a wai!er.
*!i"ence presente" "uring t%e %earing of
t%e &otions will also 'e consi"ere"
e!i"ence "uring trial of t%e case.
RULE 199
5EIG6T AND SU++ICIENC7 O+ EVIDENCE
5EIG6T O+ EVIDENCE1pro'ati!e !alue
or cre"it t%at t%e court gi!es to
particular e!i"ence a"&itte" to pro!e a
fact in issue.
PREPONDERANCE O+ EVIDENCE1
e!i"ence w%ic% is of greater weig%t or
&ore con!incing or superior weig%t of
e!i"ence t%an t%at w%ic% is offere" in
opposition to it.
REASONA/LE DOU/T 1 "ou't
engen"ere" '( an in!estigation of t%e
w%ole proof an" an ina'ilit(, after suc%
in!estigation, to let t%e &in" rest eas(
upon t%e certaint( of guilt. A'solute
certaint( of guilt is not "e&an"e" '( t%e
law to con!ict a person c%arge" for t%e
co&&ission of an offense, 'ut &oral
certaint( is re+uire" as to e!er(
proposition of proof re+uisite to
constitute t%e offense.
E:UIPONDERANCE O+ EVIDENCE 1 .%e
e!i"ence of 'ot% parties w%en place" on
t%e "i!ision scale is 'alance. ,n ci!il
S/ecial

cases, t%is &eans t%at t%e court will rule
in fa!or of t%e part( w%o %as no 'ur"en
of proof. ,n cri&inal cases, t%is &eans
ac+uittal of t%e accuse".
POSITIVE TESTI3ON7 DISTINGUIS6ED
+RO3 NEGATIVE TESTI3ON7:
#@S,.,A* .*S.,3@>L1is w%en t%e
witness affir&s t%at a fact "i" or "i" not
occur;
>*FA.,A* .*S.,3@>L1is w%en a witness
states t%at %e "i" not see or 0now of t%e
occurrence of a fact.
#ositi!e testi&on( %as greater weig%t
t%an negati!e e!i"ence.
ALI/I - &ust 'e esta'lis%e" '( positi!e,
clear an" satisfactor( e!i"ence.
@ne of t%e wea0est "efenses 'ecause of
t%e facilit( wit% w%ic% it can 'e
fa'ricate", )ust li0e a &ere "enial.
(People vs. 5spe#an7a, G.R. No. 139217-
2*, 8une 27, 2003)
Re2u!!te:
1. s%owing t%at not onl( is t%e
accuse" so&ew%ere else; an"
2. 'ut also it was p%(sicall(
i&possi'le for %i& to 'e at t%e
scene of t%e cri&e at t%e ti&e of
its co&&ission.
OUT O+ COURT IDENTI+ICATION: .%e
Supre&e Court %as %el" t%at on t%e
a"&issi'ilit( an" relia'ilit( of out-of-
court i"entification of suspects, courts
%a!e a"opte" t%e Htotalit( of
circu&stancesI test w%ic% utiliCes t%e
following factors:
1. t%e witness/ oppo#tun%t! to v%e
t%e cri&inal at t%e ti&e of t%e
cri&e;
2. t%e witness/ (e&#ee o" attent%on
at t%at ti&e;
3. t%e accu#ac! o" an! p#%o#
(esc#%pt%on gi!en '( t%e witness;
4. t%e level o" ce#ta%nt!
"e&onstrate" '( t%e witness at
t%e i"entification;
5. t%e len&t' o" t%me 'etween t%e
cri&e an" t%e i"entification; an"
6. t%e su&&est%veness o" t'e
%(ent%"%cat%on proce"ure
W%en t%e i"entit( of t%e appellant is not
esta'lis%e" 'e(on" reasona'le "ou't,
ac+uittal necessaril( follows. Con!iction
for a cri&e rests on t%e strengt% of t%e
prosecution/s e!i"ence, ne!er on t%e
wea0ness of t%at of t%e "efense.
,n e!er( cri&inal prosecution, t%e
prosecution &ust pro!e two t%ings: >1@
t%e co&&ission of t%e cri&e an" >2@ t%e
i"entification of t%e accuse" as t%e
perpetrator of t%e cri&e Cursor(
i"entification "oes not suffice to con!ict
t%e accuse". W%at is nee"e" is positi!e
i"entification &a"e wit% &oral certaint(
as to t%e person of t%e offen"er. (People
vs. 2a&u%n&, GR No. 1**090, 8une 20,
2003)
*(ewitness i"entification is often
"ecisi!e of t%e con!iction or ac+uittal of
an accuse". ,"entification of an accuse"
t%roug% &ug s%ots is one of t%e
esta'lis%e" proce"ures in pinning "own
cri&inals %owe!er, to a!oi" c%arges of
i&per&issi'le suggestion, t%ere s%oul"
'e not%ing in t%e p%otograp% t%at woul"
focus attention on a single person.
(People vs. @%llena, GR No. 1*0000, ;ct.
1*, 2002)
A police line-up is &erel( a part of t%e
in!estigation process '( police
in!estigators to ascertain t%e i"entit( of
offen"ers or confir& t%eir i"entification
'( a witness to t%e cri&e. #olice
officers are not o'lige" to asse&'le a
police line-up as a con"ition s%ne Fua
non to pro!e t%e i"entit( of an offen"er.
,f on t%e 'asis of t%e e!i"ence on %an",
police officers are certain of t%e i"entit(
of t%e offen"er, t%e( nee" not re+uire
an( police line-up an(&ore. (?ap(asan,
8#. vs. People, GR No. 1*13**, Nov. 21,
2002)

RES IPSA LO:UITUR (.%e t%ing spea0s
for itself- a &a-i& for t%e rule t%at t%e
fact of t%e occurrence of an in)ur(,
ta0en wit% t%e surroun"ing
circu&stances, &a( per&it an inference
or raise a presu&ption of negligence, or
&a0e out a plaintiff/s pri&a facie case,
an" present a +uestion of fact for t%e
"efen"ant to &eet wit% an e-planation.
C%AIRERSONS
228
.%e "octrine is si&pl( a recognition of
postulate t%at as a &atter of co&&on
0nowle"ge an" e-perience, t%e !er(
nature of certain t(pes of occurrences
&a( )ustif( an inference of negligence
on t%e part of person w%o controls t%e
instru&entalit( causing t%e in)ur(, in t%e
a'sence of so&e e-planation '( %i&.
Bowe!er, it "oes not "ispense wit% t%e
re+uire&ent of proof of negligence.
RULE ON PARTIAL CREDI/ILIT7
+(lu !n un#, +(lu !n #.n!-u >+(le
!n #ne th!n', $(le !n e%e)"th!n'@
,f t%e testi&on( of t%e witness on a
&aterial issue is willfull( false an" gi!en
wit% an intention to "ecei!e, court &a(
"isregar" all t%e witness/ testi&on(.
.%is is >@. a &an"ator( rule of e!i"ence
'ut is applie" '( t%e courts in its
"iscretion.
I3PORTANT:
a. ?eals onl( wit% t%e weig%t of
e!i"ence an" not a positi!e rule
of law.
'. .%e witnesses/ false or
e-aggerate" state&ents on ot%er
&atters s%all not preclu"e t%e
acceptance of suc% e!i"ence as
is relie!e" fro& an( sign of
false%oo".
c. .%e court &a( accept an" re)ect
portions of t%e witness/
testi&on( "epen"ing on t%e
in%erent cre"i'ilit( t%ereof.
.%e cre"i'ilit( of witnesses is 'est
"eter&ine" '( t%e trial )u"ge, w%o %as
t%e "irect opportunit( to o'ser!e an"
e!aluate t%eir "e&eanor on t%e witness
stan". .%e trial court/s fin"ings of fact
will not 'e "istur'e" on appeal, unless
t%ere is a clear s%owing t%at it plainl(
o!erloo0e" &atters of su'stance w%ic%,
if consi"ere", &ig%t affect t%e results of
t%e re!iew. >People vs. Pacuancuan, GR
No. 1**589, 8une 10, 2003)
,n rape cases, t%e lone testi&on( of t%e
offen"e" part(, if free fro& serious an"
&aterial contra"ictions, is sufficient to
sustain a !er"ict of con!ictionN/ (People
vs. 5spe#an7a)
.%e sole, uncorro'orate" testi&on( of
an accuse" w%o turne" state witness
&a( suffice to con!ict %is co-accuse" if
it is gi!en un%esitatingl( an" in a
straig%tforwar" &anner an" is full of
"etails w%ic% '( t%eir nature coul" not
%a!e 'een t%e result of "eli'erate
aftert%oug%t, ot%erwise, it nee"s
corro'oration, t%e presence or lac0 of
w%ic% &a( ulti&atel( "eci"e t%e case of
t%e prosecution an" t%e fate of t%e
accuse". (People vs. Sun&a, GR No.
120029, 2a# 27, 2003)
Sect!#n. 9 E;t)(1u*!c!(l c#n$e!#n, n#t
u$$!c!ent ')#un* $#) c#n%!ct!#n.
An e-tra)u"icial confession is not
sufficient groun" for con!iction <>L*SS
corro'orate" '( e!i"ence of co#pus
(el%ct%.
CORPUS DELICTI1t%e actual co&&ission
'( so&eone of t%e particular cri&e
c%arge".
T0# Ele.ent:
1. t%e e-istence of a certain act or
result w%ic% is t%e 'asis of t%e
cri&inal c%arge
2. t%e e-istence of a cri&inal
agenc( as t%e cause of t%e act or
result.
.%e i"entit( of t%e accuse" is not a
necessar( ele&ent of t%e corpus "elicti.
+o#pus (el%ct% in its legal sense refers to
t%e fact of t%e co&&ission of t%e cri&e,
not to t%e p%(sical 'o"( of t%e "ecease"
or to t%e as%es of a 'urne" 'uil"ing or1
as in t%e present case1to t%e s&uggle"
cigarettes. .%e co#pus (el%ct% &a( 'e
pro!en '( t%e cre"i'le testi&on( of a
sole witness, not necessaril( '( p%(sical
e!i"ence suc% as t%ose afore&entione".
(R%mo#%n vs. People, GR No 1*0*81,
.p#.30, 2003)
Sect!#n ?. C!)cu.t(nt!(l e%!*ence,
0hen u$$!c!ent.
,t is sufficient for con!iction if:
a. .%ere is &ore t%an one
circu&stance;
S/ecial

'. .%e facts fro& w%ic% t%e
inferences are "eri!e" are
pro!en; an"
c. .%e co&'ination of all t%e
circu&stances is suc% as to
pro"uce a con!iction 'e(on"
reasona'le "ou't. (People vs.
Gu%'ama, G.R. No. 120113, 8une
25, 2003)
?irect proof of pre!ious agree&ent to
co&&it a cri&e is not necessar( to pro!e
conspirac( as it &a( 'e "e"uce" fro&
t%e acts of t%e perpetrators 'efore,
"uring an" after t%e co&&ission of t%e
cri&e w%ic% are in"icati!e of a co&&on
"esign, concerte" action an"
concurrence of senti&ents. (Se##ano vs.
+., GR No. 123890, 8un. 25, 2003)
W%at is essential in a prosecution for t%e
illegal sale of pro%i'ite" "rugs is proof
t%at t%e transaction or sale actuall( too0
place an" t%e presentation in court of
t%e co#pus (el%ct% w%ic% %as two
ele&ents: (1 proof of t%e occurrence of
a certain e!ent an" (2 a person/s
cri&inal responsi'ilit( for t%e act.
(People vs. +o#pu7, GR No. 1*8919, /ec.
17, 2002)
D!)ect e%!*ence *!t!n'u!he* $)#.
c!)cu.t(nt!(l e%!*ence.
D!)ect E%!*ence
C!)cu.t(nt!(l
E%!*ence
esta'lis%es t%e
e-istence of a
fact in issue
wit%out t%e ai" of
an( inference or
presu&ption.
"oes not pro!e t%e
e-istence of a fact
in issue "irectl(,
'ut &erel(
pro!i"es for
logical inference
t%at suc% fact
reall( e-ists.
t%e witnesses
testif( "irectl( of
t%eir own
0nowle"ge as to
t%e &ain facts to
'e pro!e".
eac% proof is gi!en
of facts an"
circu&stances
fro& w%ic% t%e
court &a( infer
ot%er connecte"
facts w%ic%
reasona'l( follow,
accor"ing to t%e
co&&on
e-perience of
&an0in".
C%AIRERSONS

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