INTRODUCTION TO

TELEPHONE NETWORK
Understand basic principle of telephone system.
Define telephony and telephony system.
Define subscriber loop.
Explain the subscriber loop by drawing a simplified
subscriber loop showing telephone set connected to
a local exchange.
Identify tip and ring.


Explain the basic functions of a standard telephone set.
Draw a block diagram of a telephone set components :
ringer circuit, on/off hook circuit, equalizer circuit, speaker,
microphone, hybrid network and dialing circuit.
Explain the function of each block.
Explain the bandwidth of a voice channel in a telephone
system.

Communication
Telecommunication
Tele/communications
- The process of transmitting a message between two remote locations.
- Message - could be Voice, Music, Textual, Pictorial (graph, diagram, image,
etc.) or moving image (video).

The telephone network, until the last decade, was almost entirely analog
The telecommunication system is divided into four possible elements.


Telecommunication
End systems
or instruments
Transmission Switching Signaling









There are 3 main parts as shown in above figure
Transmitting transducer
Receiving transducer
One pair wire system

Defination
Telephony is the field of technology involving the
development, application, and deployment of
telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic
transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties.

Telephony system - A system of telecommunications in which
telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of
speech or other sound between points, with or without the use
of wires.
The telephone network is made of 5 major components :


End Instrument (Telephone)
Local Loop
Exchange
Trunk
Transmission Media
Figure : Major components in telephone network
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
The telephone is a familiar end instrument in
telecommunication switching system.
The development of telephone and circuits started around
1850. The table below shows the development of
telephone.


Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
The Main Distribution Frame is situated at the telephone exchange. It is used to
connect the customer (phone user) with the main switching system after
passing through the cabinet. It comprises of all the customers and data which
are situated in one area or district.

The duties of MDF :
To test the phone line.
To execute the jumper process.
To check the problem phone line.
To cut the phone line manually.
To connect the phone line manually

Cabinet
The cabinet is a place to distribute lines to the DP Box before reaching a
customers house.
Connection from the cabinet to the main distributor normally uses the lead
cable of different sizes where each of it has 200 pairs and to be distributed to
about 20 DP Box.
From the cabinet to the DP Box, it uses the plastic cable. In the cabinet, there
are 1800 pairs of terminals.

The Cabinets functions are as follows :
To save the usage of cable and replacing cable would be easier.
To avoid the joint to be opened and this would save cost and time.
To act as a place to perform maintenance checking.
To upgrade the arrangement of lines.


Distribution Point Box (DP)
The DP Boxs function is to make maintenance work and underground cabling
easier.
Usually, the DP Box has 10 pairs but only 8 pairs are used and the others kept
for testing work from DP Box to the main distributor .



Upper Cable
The upper cable is used to make connection with the
customers using the DP Box. The two wire cable normally is
used.

Underground Cable
The underground cable is connected to the cabinet from the
DP through man-holes. The underground cable will end at
the telephone exchange


TIP RING
TIP is the ground side
(positive)
RING is the battery
(negative) side of phone
circuit
TIP is The GREEN wire
which is connected to the
wall jack

RING is The RED wire
which is connected to the
wall jack

it used to provides the
ground return.
it function is to carry the
voice and ringing signal
Usually measures ground
when on-hook
Usually measures -48Volts
when on-hook
It requests the use of the telephone system when the
handset is lifted.
It indicates that the system is ready for use by
receiving a tone, called dialing tone.
It sends the number of the telephone to be called to
the system. This number is initiated by the caller
when the number is pressed or the dial is rotated.
It indicates the state of the call in progress by
receiving tones indicating the status (ringing, busy,
etc).

It indicates an incoming call to the called telephone
by ringing bells or other audible tones.
It changes speech of the calling party to electrical
signals for transmission to a distant party through the
system. It change electrical signals received from a
distant party to speech for the called party.
It automatically adjust for changes in the power
supplied it.
It signals the system that a call is finished when a
caller hang-up the handset.
A telephone set is an apparatus that creates an exact
likeness of sound waves with an electric current. The
essential components of a telephone set are the
ringer circuit, on/off hook circuit, equalizer circuit,
hybrid circuit, speaker, microphone, and a dialling
circuit.








Human speech covers the frequency range of 100 to
7000 Hz (hertz) but research has shown that the
intelligence part of human speech is carried in the
300 - 3400 Hz range. This range is called the Voice
Band.

The Voice Channel has a range of 0 to 4 kHz (4000
Hz). The area from 3400 to 4000 Hz is used for
system control and is called Out of Band Signalling.


35
Voice Channel
0-4,000 Hz
Frequency (Hertz)
Voice Bandwidth 300-3,300 Hz
Guard
Band
Guard
Band
0 300 3,300 4,000
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

Discuss with your partner, sketch the block diagram
of a telephone set.
Two Minute paper