Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 11 CA Nam

Mi
ngi c nhu cu down th cho mnh nhn xt

nh
CHUYN 1.
S IN LI
A. PHN L THUYT
I. S IN LI
- S in li l qu trnh cc cht tan trong nc ra ion.
- Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ha tan u phn li ra ion.
+ Nhng cht in li mnh: Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 . . .cc baz mnh:
KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 . . .v hu ht cc mui.
HCl
H++
Cl -
Ba(OH)2
Ba2+
2OH -
- Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt s phn t ha tan phn li ra ion,
phn t cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.
+ Nhng cht in li yu: L cc axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, HF, H2Scc baz
yu: Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 . . .
CH3COOH
CH3COO -
H+
II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI

1. Axit
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+.
HCl
H++
Cl -
- Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H+: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH . . .

- Axit nhiu nc: phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+: H3PO4 . . .
2. Baz
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+.
NaOH
Na+
OH -
3. Hidroxit lng tnh

- Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c
th phn li nh baz.
Th d: Zn(OH)2 l hidroxit lng tnh
Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)2
Zn2+
2OH -
Phn li theo kiu axit:
ZnO2-2 +
Zn(OH)2
2H+
4. Mui
+
- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH 4 ) v
anion l gc axit
- Th d:
NH4NO3
NH +4
NaHCO3
Na++
NO-3
HCO-3
III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ

- Tch s ion ca nc l K H2O =[H+ ].[OH- ] =1,0.10-14 ( 250C). Mt cch gn ng, c th
coi gi tr ca tch s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau.
- Cc gi tr [H+] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng
Mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = 1,0.10-7M hoc pH = 7
Mi trng axit: [H+] > 1,0.10-7M hoc pH < 7
Mi trng kim: [H+] < 1,0.10-7M hoc pH > 7
IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI
1. iu kin xy ra phn ng
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp li
vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:
+ Cht kt ta:
BaCl2
H2SO4
Ba2+
SO2-4
BaSO4
2HCl
CO2
BaSO4
+ Cht bay hi:

Na2CO3
2HCl
CO32-
2H+
2NaCl
CO2
H2O
H2 O
+ Cht in li yu:
CH3COONa
HCl
CH3COOH
CH3COO -
H+
CH3COOH
NaCl
2. Bn cht phn ng
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
I. Cc cng thc lien quan khi gii bi tp ca chng
1. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cc cht in li
nA
V
[A] =
; Trong :
[A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A

nA: S mol ca ion A.
V: Th tch dung dch cha ion A.
2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit - baz mnh

- [H+] = 10-a (mol/l)
a = pH
- pH = -lg[H+]
+
-14
- [H ].[OH ] = 10
1014
[H ] =
[OH ]
II. Cc bi tp c li gii
Cu 1. Trn 100 ml dung dch HNO3 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.05M thu c
dung dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0.1M trung ha dung dch A.
Gii
a. nHNO3 = 0.1* 0.1= 0.01(mol) ; nH2SO4 = 0.1* 0.05 = 0.005(mol)
nSO2 = nH2SO4 = 0.005(mol); nNO = nHNO3 = 0.01(mol); nH = nHNO3 + 2nH2SO4 = 0.02 (mol)
4
[NO3 ] =
0.01
0.005
0.02
= 0.05(M); [SO24 ] =
= 0.025(M); [H ] =
= 0.1(M)
0.2
0.2
0.2
b. [H ] = 0.02 = 0.1(M) = 101(M) pH = 1

0.2
c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau:

* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta hay lm nht t trc n nay l vit PTHH ri
tnh ton da vo PTHH.
HNO3
0.01
H2SO4
0.005
NaOH
NaNO3
Na2SO4
0.01
+
2NaOH
0.01
2H2O
H2 O
VNaOH =
nNaOH 0.02
=
= 0.2 (lit)
CM
0.1
* Cch 2: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th vn dng cch gii da vo PT ion thu gn
gii. y l cch gii ch yu m ta s dng khi gii cc dng bi tp v axit - baz cng
nh cc dng bi tp khc khi s dng PT ion thu gn.
Bn cht ca hai phn ng trn l:
H+
OH-
0.02
0.02
H2 O
nOH = nNaOH = 0.02 (mol) VNaOH =
0.02
= 0.2 (lit)
0.1
Cu 2. Dung dch X cha NaOH 0.1M, KOH 0.1M v Ba(OH)2 0.1M. Tnh th tch dung
dch HNO3 0.2M trung ha 100 ml dung dch X.
Gii
nNaOH = 0.1* 0.1= 0.01(mol); nKOH = 0.1* 0.1= 0.01(mol); nBa(OH)2 = 0.1* 0.1= 0.01(mol)
nOH = nNaOH + nKOH + 2nBa(OH)2 = 0.04 (mol)
Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l
H+
OH-
0.04
0.04
VHNO3 =
nHNO3
CM
0.04
= 0.2 (lit)
0.2
H2 O
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit PT in li ca cc cht sau:
a. HNO3, Ba(OH)2, NaOH, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaHCO3, H2S.
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b. CuSO4, Na2SO4 , Fe2(SO4)3, NaHPO4, Mg(OH)2, CH3COOH, H3PO4, HF.
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Cu 2. Vit PT phn t v PT ion rt gn ca cc phn ng (nu c) khi trn ln cc cht
sau:
a. dd HNO3 v CaCO3
b. dd KOH v dd FeCl3
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c. dd H2SO4 v dd NaOH
d. dd Ca(NO3)2 v dd Na2CO3
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e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)3
f. dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOHva
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g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)2
h. FeS v dd HCl
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i. dd CuSO4 v dd H2S
k. dd NaOH v NaHCO3
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l. dd NaHCO3 v HCl
m. Ca(HCO3)2 v HCl
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Cu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl.
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b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3

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c. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3 (ch dng thm qu tm).
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Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn ng sau
2+
2a. Ba + CO3 BaCO3
+
b. NH 4 + OH NH 3 + H 2O
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c. S2-
+ 2H+ H2S
d. Fe3+ + 3OH-
Fe(OH)3
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e. Ag+ +
Cl- AgCl
f. H+
OH- H2O
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Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dd theo s sau:

a. Pb(NO3)2 +
PbCl2 +
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b. FeCl3
Fe(OH)3 +
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c. BaCl2
BaSO4 +
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d. HCl
CO2
H2 O
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e. NH4NO3 +
NH3
H2 O
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f. H2SO4
H2 O
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Cu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau
a. dd NaOH 0,1M
b. dd BaCl2 0,2 M
c. dd Ba(OH)2 0,1M
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Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A.
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Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M thu c
dung dch C.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C.
b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 CM. Tnh CM.
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Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M thu c dung
dch D.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
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Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau
a. NaOH 0,001M
b. HCl 0,001M
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c. Ca(OH)2 0,0005M
d. H2SO4 0,0005M
(Coi Ca(OH)2 v H2SO4 phn li hon ton c hai nc)

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Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c
dung dch A.
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Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M thu c
dung dch D.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.
c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 1M
cn dng.
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Cu 13. Hn hp dung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung dch
X vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.2M thu c dung dch A.
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Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe3+, 0.02 mol NH 4 , 0.02 mol SO4 v x mol NO3 .
a. Tnh x.
b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0.3 M thu c m gam kt ta v V
lt kh (ktc). Tnh m v V.
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Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1 M thu c
dung dch D v m gam kt ta.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D.
b. Tnh m.
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Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A. Tnh pH
ca dd A
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Cu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd A.
a. Tnh pH ca dd A.
b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)2 1M trung ha dd A
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Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K2CO3 0,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl2 0,1M.
a. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
b. Tnh CM cc ion trong dd sau phn ng.
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Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu c dung
dch X c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu?
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Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2 thnh hai phn bng nhau:
a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.
b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.
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Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp A gm H2SO4 0,015M; HCl 0,03M; HNO3
0,04M. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,2M trung ha ht 200ml dung dch A.
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Cu 22. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp X gm Ba(OH)2 0.015M; NaOH 0.03 M; KOH
0.04M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0.2M trung ha dung dch X.
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Cu 23. Cho dung dch A gm 2 cht HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho 1000 ml dung dch A th
cn 400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam
mui.
a. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A.
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Cu 24. Cho 200 ml dung dch gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45M; v HCl 0,55M tc dng
hon ton vi V lt dung dch C gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 0,01M. Hy tnh th tch
V c kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht? Tnh lng kt ta ?
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Cu 25. Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi
250 ml dung dch NaOH a mol/l, thu c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh a.
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Cu 26. trung ha 500 ml dung dch X cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H2SO4 0,3M cn
bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,3M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M?
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D. PHN BI TP THM
Cu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dd
Ba(OH)2 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH = 12. Hy tm
m v x. Gi s Ba(OH)2 in li hon ton c hai nc.
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Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH)2 0,025 mol/l vi 200 ml dd
H2SO4 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH=2. Hy tm m v
x. Gi s H2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc.
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Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH) 2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v

0,1M. Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M.
Tnh th tch dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y.
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Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3 . Thm t
t dung dch K2CO3 1M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln nht. Tnh th tch
dung dch K2CO3 cn dng.
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2
Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol SO4 v x mol OH .
Dung dch Y c cha ClO4 , NO3 v y mol H+; tng s mol ClO4 v NO3 l 0,04. Trn
X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H2O).

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Cu 6 (A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung
dch cha Na2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc).
Tnh V.
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Cu 7 (A-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml
dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca
dung dch X.
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Cu8
(B-
08).Trn100mldungdchcpH=1gmHClvHNO3vi100mldungdchNaOHnnga
(mol/l)thuc200mldungdchcpH=12. Xc nh gi trcaa(bittrongmidungdch[H+][OH]=10-14).
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Cu 9 (CA-07). Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+ , x mol Cl- v y mol
SO2-4 . Tng khi lng mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca x
v y.
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(CA-08).DungdchXchaccion:Fe3+,
Cu10
SO2-4 ,
NH +4 ,Cl-
.ChiadungdchXthnhhaiphnbng nhau:
-PhnmttcdngvilngddungdchNaOH,unnngthuc0,672ltkh(ktc)v 1,07
gamkt ta;
- Phn hai tc dng vilng d dung dch BaCl2,thu c 4,66 gamkt ta.
Tnh
tngkhilngccmuikhanthuckhiccndungdchX(qutrnhccnchcnc
bay hi).
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Cu11
(CA-
2009).Chodungdchcha0,1mol(NH4)2CO3tcdngvidungdchcha34,2gamBa(OH)2.
Sau phn ng thu c m gamkt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh gi tr ca V v m.
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CHUYN 2.
NIT - PHOTPHO
A. PHN L THUYT
I. NIT
1. V tr - cu hnh electron nguyn t
- V t: Nit th 7, chu k 2, nhm VA ca bng tun hon.
- Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p3.
- Cng thc cu to ca phn t: NN.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- nhit thng, nit tr v mt ha hc, nhng nhit cao nit tr nn hot
ng.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc nit va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. Tuy
nhin tnh oxi ha vn l ch yu.
a. Tnh oxi ha (tc dng vi kim loi, H2,)
0
-3
t
3Mg+ N 2
Mg3 N 2 (magie nitrua)
0
-3
t ,p
N2 +3H2
2N H3
0
xt
b. Tnh kh
0
+2
2N O
N2 + O2
Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O2 khng kh to ra NO2

+2
+4
2N O + O2 2N O2
2. iu ch
a. Trong cng nghip
- Nit c iu ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng.
b. Trong phng th nghim
- un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit
NH4NO3
t0
- Hoc
NH4Cl
N2
NaNO2
t0
2H2O
N2
NaCl
2H2O
II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI

1. Amoniac
a. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l
- Cu to phn t
- Tnh cht vt l: NH3 l mt cht kh, tan nhiu trong nc cho mi trng kim yu.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
* Tnh baz yu
- Tc dng vi nc
NH+4 + OHNH3 + H2O
Trong dung dch amoniac l baz yu. C th lm qu tm ha xanh. Dng nhn bit
NH3.
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui
AlCl3
3NH3
3H2O
Al(OH)3
3NH4Cl
- Tc dng vi axit
NH3
HCl
NH4Cl (khi trng)
* Tnh kh
-3
t
4N H3 +3O2
2N 2 +6H 2O
-3
t0
2N H3 + 3Cl 2 N 2 + 6HCl
ng thi NH3 kt hp ngay vi HCl to thnh khi trng.
c. iu ch
* Trong phng th nghim
2NH4Cl
Ca(OH)2
t0
CaCl2
2NH3
* Trong cng nghip

t ,xt,p
2NH3 (k)
N2 (k) + 3H2 (k)
H<0
- Cc iu kin p dng sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip l

+ Nhit : 450 - 5000C
+ p sut cao: 200 - 300atm
+ Cht xc tc: st kim loi trn thm Al2O3, K2O
2H2O
2. Mui amoni
a. nh ngha - Tnh cht vt l
+
- L cht tinh th ion, gm cation amoni NH 4 v anion gc axit
- Tt c u tan trong nc v in li hon ton thnh ion.

b. Tnh cht ha hc
* Tc dng vi dung dch kim
t
(NH4)2SO4
NH4+
OH -
2NaOH
2NH3 +
NH3
2H2O
Na2SO4
H2O
- Phn ng ny nhn bit ion amoni v iu ch amoniac.

* Phn ng nhit phn
t
NH4Cl
NH3 (k)
NH3 (k)
(NH4)2CO3
t0
NH4HCO3
t0
N2
NH4NO3
N2 O
t0
NH3 (k) +
NH4NO2
t0
+
+
HCl (k)
NH4HCO3 (r)
CO2 (k)
H2O (k)
2H2O
2H2O
III. AXIT NITRIC

1. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l
a. Cu to phn t
- Trong hp cht HNO3, nguyn t nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5.

b. Tnh cht vt l
- Axit nitric tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, bc khi mnh trong khng kh m. Axit
nitric khng bn lm: khi un nng b phn hu mt phn theo phng trnh:
4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
- Axit nitric tan trong nc theo bt k t l no. Trn thc t thng dng loi axit c c
nng 68%, D = 1,40 g/cm3.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit
- Axit nitric l mt axit mnh. C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
b. Tnh oxi ho
- Axit nitric l mt trong nhng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh. Tu thuc vo nng ca
axit v bn cht ca cht kh m HNO3 c th b kh n mt s sn phm khc nhau ca
nit.
* Vi kim loi
- Khi tc dng vi kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Pb, Ag,... HNO3 c b kh n
NO2, cn HNO3 long b kh n NO. Th d:
0
+5
+2
+4
Cu+ 4H N O3(
c) Cu(NO3 )2 + 2N O2 + 2H 2O
0
+5
+2
+2
3Cu+8H N O3 (long) 3Cu(NO3 )2 + 2N O+ 4H 2O

- Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Mg, Zn, Al,... HNO3 long c
o
+1
-3
th b kh n N 2O , N 2 hoc NH 4 NO3 .
- Fe, Al b th ng ho trong dung dch HNO3 c, ngui.
* Vi phi kim
5
S 6HNO3 (
c) H2SO4 6NO2 2H2O
* Vi hp cht
2
H2 S + 6H N O3 (c) H2 SO4 + 6 N O2 + 3H2O

3. iu ch
a. Trong phng th nghim
NaNO3(r) + H2SO4(c) HNO3 + NaHSO4
b. Trong cng nghip
- HNO3 c sn xut t amoniac. Qu trnh sn xut gm ba giai on :
+ Giai on 1: Oxi ha NH3 bng oxi khng kh to thnh NO
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
+ Giai on 2: Oxi ho NO thnh NO2.
2NO + O2 2NO2
+ Giai on 3: Chuyn ho NO2 thnh HNO3.
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3.
IV. MUI NITRAT
- Mui nitrat l mui ca axit nitric. Th d, natri nitrat (NaNO3), ng (II) nitrat
(Cu(NO3)2),...
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan nhiu trong nc v l cht in li mnh.
NaNO3 Na+ + NO32. Tnh cht ho hc

- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng mnh (kali, natri, canxi, ...) b phn hu thnh
mui nitrit v oxi:
o
t
Th d : 2KNO3
2KNO2 + O2
- Mui nitrat ca km, st, ch, ng,... b phn hu thnh oxit kim loi tng ng, NO 2
v O2:
o
t
Th d : 2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
- Mui nitrat ca bc, vng, thu ngn,... b phn hu thnh kim loi tng ng, kh NO2
v O2.
o
t
Th d : 2AgNO3
2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
3. Nhn bit ion nitrat
- nhn ra ion NO3 , ngi ta un nng nh dung dch cha NO3 vi Cu v H2SO4
long:
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ +
(xanh)
2NO + 4H2O
(khng mu)
2NO + O2 NO2 (nu )

Phn ng to dung dch mu xanh v kh mu nu thot ra.
V. PHOTPHO
1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a. V tr: th 15, nhm VA, chu k 3 trong bng tun hon.
b. Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p3.
2. Tnh cht vt l
- Photpho c hai dng th hnh: Photpho trng v photpho . Ty vo iu kin m P(t)
c th chuyn thnh P () v ngc li.
- P (t) km bn hn photpho . Do vy bo qun P (t) ngi ta ngm vo nc.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
- Trong cc hp cht, photpho c cc s oxi ha -3, +3, +5.

- Trong cc phn ng ha hc photpho th hin tnh oxi ha hoc tnh kh.
a. Tnh oxi ha
0
-3
t
2P + 3Ca
Ca3 P2 (canxi photphua)
b. Tnh kh
* Tc dng vi oxi
0
+3
t
2P2 O3
- Thiu oxi: 4P + 3O2
0
t0
+5
4P+ 5O2
2P2 O5
- D oxi:
* Tc dng vi Clo
+3
t
2PCl 3
- Thiu clo: 2P+3Cl 2
0
t0
+5
2P+ 5Cl 2
2PCl 5
- D clo:
4. Trng thi t nhin

- Trong t nhin photpho khng tn ti di dng t do. Hai khong vt quan trng ca
photpho l: photphorit Ca3(PO4)2 v apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2.
VI. AXIT PHOTPHORIC - MUI PHOTPHAT
1. Axit photphoric
a. Tnh cht ha hc
- L mt axit ba nc, c mnh trung bnh. C y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit.
H+ + H2PO-4
H3PO4
H+ + HPO2-4
H2PO-4
H+ + PO3-4
HPO2-4
- Khi tc dng vi dung dch kim, ty theo lng cht m to ra cc mui khc nhau.
H3PO4
NaOH
NaH2PO4
H2 O
H3PO4
2NaOH
Na2HPO4
2H2O
H3PO4
3NaOH
Na3PO4
3H2O
b. iu ch
* Trong phng th nghim
P
5HNO3
* Trong cng nghip
H3PO4
5NO2
H2 O
- Cho axit sunfuric c tc dng vi qung apatit hoc photphoric

t
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 (c)
2H3PO4
3CaSO4
- sn xut axit photphoric vi tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta iu ch t P

4P
5O2
t0
P2O5
2P2O5
3H2O
2H3PO4
2. Mui photphat
a. nh ngha
- Mui photphat l mui ca axit photphoric.
- Mui photphat c chia thnh 3 loi
Mui ihirophotphat
: NaH2PO4, NH4H2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2
Mui hirophotphat
: Na2HPO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CaHPO4
Mui photphat
: Na3PO4, (NH4)3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2
b. Nhn bit ion photphat

- Thuc th: dung dch AgNO3
- Hin tng: Xut hin kt ta mu vng
3Ag+ + PO3-4 Ag3PO4 (mu vng)

VII. PHN BN HA HC
- Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho
cy nhm nng cao nng sut ma mng.
1. Phn m
- Phn m cung cp nit ha hp cho cy di dng ion nitrat NO3 v ion amoni NH 4 .
- dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi theo t l % v khi lng nguyn t nit.

a. Phn m amoni
- l cc mui amoni: NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4
- c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi axit tng ng.
2NH3
H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
b. Phn m nitrat
- l cc mui nitrat: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2
- c iu ch bng phn ng gia axit HNO3 v mui cacbonat tng ng.
CaCO3
2HNO3
Ca(NO3)2
CO2 +
2H2O
c. Phn m ur
- (NH2)2CO (cha khong 46%N) l loi phn m tt nht hin nay.
- c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi CO nhit v p sut cao.

t ,p
2NH3
CO
(NH2)2CO
H2 O
- Trong t ur dn chuyn thnh mui cacbonat

(NH2)2CO
2H2O
(NH4)2CO3.
2. Phn ln
3-
- Phn ln cung cp nguyn t P cho cy di dng ion photphat ( PO 4 ).

- dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi theo t l % khi lng P2O5 tng ng vi
lng P c trong thnh phn ca n.
a. Supephotphat
- C hai loi: supephotphat n v supephotphat kp.
* Supephotphat n: Gm hai mui: Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4. c iu ch bng cch
cho qung photphorit hoc apatit tc dng vi axit H2SO4 c.
Ca3(PO4)2
2H2SO4 (c)
Ca(H2PO4)2
CaSO4
* Supephotphat kp: l mui Ca(H2PO4)2. c iu ch qua hai giai on

Ca3(PO4)2 +
3H2SO4
2H3PO4
Ca3(PO4)2 +
H3PO4
3Ca(H2PO4)2
3CaSO4
3. Phn kali
- Phn kali cung cp nguyn t K di dng ion K+.
- dinh dng ca phn K c nh gi theo t l % khi lng K2O tng ng vi
lng K c trong thnh phn ca n.
4. Phn hn hp - Phn phc hp
a. Phn hn hp: cha N, P, K c gi chung l phn NPK.
- Th d: (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3.
b. Phn phc hp: Th d: Phn amophot l hn hp cc mui NH4H2PO4 v
(NH4)2HPO4.
5. Phn vi lng:
- Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy cc nguyn t nh bo, km, mangan, ng dng
hp cht.
I. Bi tp v axit HNO3
* Khi gii bi tp v axit HNO3 ta ch yu da vo phng php bo ton s mol
electron gii bi tp. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l
s mol electron nhng = s mol electron nhn.
- Xc nh ng trng thi s oxi ha u v cui.

* Cc h qu ch yu khi s dng phng php bo ton s mol electron:
- Khi lng mui nitrat thu c (khng c mui NH4NO3) l
mMui = mkim loi + mNO- ; mNO- = 62* s mol electron nhng ho
c nhn .
3
- S mol HNO3 cn dung ha tan ht hn hp cc kim loi
nHNO3 = 4nNO + 2nNO2 + 12nN2 + 10nN2O + 10nNH4NO3

Cu 1. Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng 500 ml dung dch HNO3 CM (va ) thu c
0.01 mol NO, 0.03 mol NO2 v dung dch A cha x gam mui (khng c mui NH4NO3).
a. Tnh gi tr m.
b. Tnh CM (HNO3) dung ban u.
c. Tnh gi tr x.
Gii
* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta thng dng khi gii cc bi tp ha hc thng
thng
Al
4HNO3
0.01
0.04
Al
6HNO3
0.01
0.01
0.06
Al(NO3)3
Al(NO3)3
0.01
NO +
2H2O
3NO2 +
3H2O
0.01
0.03
a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam).

b. CM (HNO3 ) =
nHNO3
V
0.1
= 0.2 (M)
0.5
c. mAl(NO3 )3 = 0.02* 213 = 4.26 (gam)

* Cch 2: Ta da vo phng php bo ton s mol electron v cc h qu ca n gii
bi tp
Al
4
5
N
+
1e
N
O2
0.03
0.03
2
N 5 + 3e N O
0.03
0.01
Al 3 + 3e
0.02 0.06
a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam)

b. nHNO3 = 4* 0.01 + 2* 0.03 = 0.1(mol) CM (HNO3 ) =
nHNO3
V
0.1
= 0.2 (M)
0.5
c. mAl(NO3 )3 = mAl + mNO = 0.54 + 62* 0.06 = 4.26 (gam)

3
Cu 2. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c, d un

nng sinh ra 11.2 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
Gii
Bi ny ta c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin y trong phm vi
chng ny ta c th p dng phng php bo ton s mol electron gii bi tp ny.
* nNO = V = 11.2 = 0.5 (mol)
22.4
22.4
t nCu = x; nAl = y.
Cu0 Cu2 + 2e
2x
x
0
3
Al Al + 3e
y
3y
N 5 + 1e N O2
0.5
0.5
T ta c h PT nh sau
2x + 3y = 0.5
x = 0.1
64x + 27y = 9.1

y = 0.1
a. %Al =
mAl
0.1* 27
* 100 =
* 100 = 29.67% ; %Cu = 100 - %Al = 100 - 29.67 = 70.33%.
mhh
9.1
b. mMui = mkim loi + mNO- = 9.1+ 62* 0.5 = 40.1(gam)

3
II. Bi tp v P2O5, H3PO4 tc dng vi dung dch kim

H3PO4
NaOH
NaH2PO4
H2 O
H3PO4
2NaOH
Na2HPO4
2H2O
H3PO4
3NaOH
Na3PO4
3H2O
t T =
nOH
nH3PO4
. Nu T 1
to mui duy nht NaH2PO4
1<T<2
to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4
T=2
to mui duy nht Na2HPO4
2<T<3
to hn hp hai mui Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4
T3
to mui duy nht Na3PO4.
Ch :
- Khi gii ton dng ny th u tin ta phi xc nh xem mui no c to
thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T. Nu trng hp to hai mui th thng ta s lp h PT
gii BT.
- Nu ra khng cho H3PO4 m cho P2O5 th ta gii hon ton tng t nhng
m nH3PO4 = 2nP2O5
V d: Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1.5M vi 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M thu c
dung dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.
Gii
* nNaOH = 1.5*0.1 = 0.15 (mol); nH3PO4 = 0.1* 1= 0.1(mol)
* T=
nOH
nH3PO4
0.15
= 1.5 to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4. t s mol mi
0.1
mui ln lt l x v y.
H3PO4
NaOH
H3PO4
2NaOH
2y
NaH2PO4
H2 O
2H2O
Na2HPO4
y
x + y = 0.1
x = 0.05 mNaH2PO4 = 0.05* 120 = 6 (gam)
x + 2y = 0.15 y = 0.05 mNa2HPO4 = 0.05* 142 = 7.1 (gam)
Ta c h PT:
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. NH3, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4.
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b. NH4NO3, NaNO3, FeCl3, Na2SO4.
. ...........................................................................................................................................
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c. NH4NO3, NaCl, FeCl3, (NH4)2SO4.
. ...........................................................................................................................................
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d. NH4NO3, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3.
. ...........................................................................................................................................
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Cu 2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng electron.
a. Al
HNO3
N2 O
..............................................................................................................................................
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b. FeO
HNO3
NO
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c. Fe(OH)2
HNO3
NO
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d. Fe3O4
HNO3
NO2 +
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e. Cu
HNO3
NO2 +
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f. Mg
HNO3
N2
..............................................................................................................................................
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g. Al
HNO3
NH4NO3
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h. R
HNO3
N2 O
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i. FexOy
HNO3
NO
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k. Fe3O4
HNO3
NxOy +
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Cu 3. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau.

+HNO3
+H2 O
+HCl
+NaOH
t
dung dch A
B
Kh A
C
a. Kh A
D + H2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
0
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
b. NO2
HNO3
Cu(NO3)2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3)2
CuO
Cu
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(2)
(1)
NH4 NO3
c. N2 NH3
(3)
(4
(8
(6)
(5)
)
NO
NO2
HNO
) 3
(7)
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Cu 4. Cn ly bao nhiu lt kh N2 v H2 iu ch c 67,2 lt kh NH3 (ktc). Bit

hiu sut ca phn ng l 25%.
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Cu 5. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch (NH4)2SO4 1M, un nng nh.
a. Vit phng trnh phn t, phng trnh ion thu gn.
b. Tnh th tch kh thu c iu kin tiu chun.
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Cu 6. Ha tan 3 gam hn hp Cu v CuO trong 1,5 lt dung dch axit HNO 3 1M (long)
thy thot ra 6,72 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh nng mol ca ng (II) nitrat v dung dch axit nitric sau phn ng. Bit
th tch dung dch sau phn ng khng thay i.
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Cu 7. iu ch 5 tn axit nitric nng 60% cn dng bao nhiu tn NH3. Bit s
hao ht NH3 trong qu trnh sn xut l 3,8%.
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Cu 8. t chy hon ton 6,2 gam P trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na2HPO4.
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng.
b. Tnh nng % ca mui trong dung dch thu c sau phn ng.
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Cu 9. thu c mui trung ha, cn ly bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 1M cho tc
dng vi 50 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M.
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Cu 10. Ha tan hon ton 3.2 gam Cu vo dung dch HNO3 0.5M (va ) thu c V
lt kh NO ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht).
a. Tnh gi tr V.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.5M cn dng.
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Cu 11. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 6.72 lit kh N2 ( ktc, l
sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha x gam mui.
Tnh m v x.
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Cu 12. Ha tan m gam Cu bng dung dch HNO3 0.5M (va ) thu c 0.03 mol NO
v 0.02 mol NO2 v dung dch cha x gam mui.
a. Tnh m v x.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.5M cn dng.
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Cu 13. Ha tan 12 gam hn hp Cu v Fe bng dung dch HNO3 c ngui, d thu c

4,48 lt kh NO2 ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi
trong hn hp u.
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Cu 14. Ha tan 8,3 gam hn hp Al v Fe bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 8,96 lt
kh NO2 (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha m gam mui.
a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh m.
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Cu 15. Cho 60 gam hn hp Cu v CuO bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 6,72 lt kh
NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.
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Cu 16. Cho m gam hn hp Fe v Al tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 6,72 lt kh
NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 67,7
gam hn hp cc mui khan. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
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Cu 17. Cho 68,7 gam hn hp kim loi Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c,
ngui, d. Sau phn ng thu c 26,88 lt kh NO2 (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v
m gam cht rn B khng tan. Tnh m.
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Cu 10. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c, d un
nng sinh ra 11.2 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh % khi lng mi
kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 11. Cho 19,5 gam mt kim loi M ha tr n tan ht trong dung dch HNO 3 thu c
4,48 lt kh NO ( ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M.
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Cu 13. Chia hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Al thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO3 c, ngui thu c 8,96 lt kh NO2
(gi s ch to ra kh NO2).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HCl thu c 6,72 lt kh.
a. Vit cc pthh.
b. Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp trn. Cc th tch kh c
o kc.
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Cu 14. Ha tan hon ton 24,8g hn hp kim loi gm ng v st trong dung dch
HNO3 0,5M thu c 6,72l (kc) mt cht kh duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng
kh.
a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0,5 M cn dng ho tan ht hn hp trn.
c. Nu cho 1/2 lng hn hp trn vo dung dch HNO3 c, ngui th th tch kh mu
nu thu c ( kc) l bao nhiu?
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Cu 15. Cho 21,8g hn hp kim loi gm bc v st tc dng va vi 1,2 lt dung

dch HNO3 0,5M thu c mt cht kh (X) duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng
kh.
a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh th tch kh (X) thu c kc.
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Cu 16. Chia hn hp Cu v Al lm hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho vo dung dch HNO3 c, ngui th c 8,96 lt kh mu nu bay ra.
Phn 2: Cho vo dung dch HCl th c 6,72 lt kh H2 bay ra.
Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Cc th tch
kh c o kc.
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Cu 17. Cho 11,0 gam hn hp Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long, d th c 6,72 lt
kh NO bay ra (kc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn
hp u.
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Cu 18. Cho hn hp gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c ngui thu c

0,896 lt mu nu kc. Mt khc, nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl
10% thu c 0,672 lt kh kc.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl cn dng.
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Cu 19. Ha tan ht 1,92 gam mt kim loi trong 1,5 lt dd HNO3 0,15M thu c 0,448
lt kh NO ( ktc) v dd A. Bit khi phn ng th tch dd khng thay i.
a. Xc nh kim loi R.
b. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dd A.
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Cu 20. Chia 34,8 gam hn hp kim loi gm Al, Fe v Cu thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn I: Cho vo dung dch HNO3 c ngui, d thu c 4,48 lt kh NO2 ( ktc).
- Phn II: Cho vo dung dch HCl d thu c 8,96 lt H2 ( ktc).
Hy xc nh khi lng ca Al v Fe trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch X cha Al(NO3)3 0,2M, Cu(NO3)2 0,1M v AgNO3 0,2M
tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton 0,9 gam kim loi M bng dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,28 lt
kh N2O(ktc). Xc nh kim loi M.
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Cu 23. Cho m gam Al tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO 3 thu c 44,8 lt hn hp 3
kh gm NO, N2O v N2 ( ktc) c t l mol mol: nNO : nN : nN O = 1: 2 : 3 . Xc nh gi
2
tr m.
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Cu 24. Cho 6,4 g kim loi ha tr II tc dng vi dd HNO3 c, d thu c 4,48 lt
NO2 (kc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh kim loi .
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Cu 25. Cho 15 g hh Cu v Al tc dng vi dd HNO3 long (ly d) thu c 6,72 lt NO

(ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh khi lng ca Cu v Al trong hn hp u.
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Cu 26. Ha tan mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 240 ml dd HNO 3 cho 4,928
lt ( ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v NO2 thot ra.
a. Tnh s mol ca mi kh trong hn hp kh thu c.
b. Tnh nng dung dch HNO3 dng.
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Cu 27. Cho dung dch cha 11,76 gam H3PO4 vo dung dch cha 16,8 gam KOH thu
c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu
28
09).Cho100mldungdchKOH1,5Mvo200mldungdchH3PO40,5M,thucdungdch
(BX.
C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gmcc cht. Xc nh cc cht v khi

lng chng bng bao nhiu?
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Cu29
09).Cho100mldungdchKOH1,5Mvo200mldungdchH3PO40,5M,thucdungdch
(BX.
C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gmcc cht. Xc nh cc cht v khi

lng chng bng bao nhiu?
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Cu 30 (B-08).Cho 0,1 mol P2O5vo dung dch cha 0,35 mol KOH. Dung dch thu c
c cc cht no? Khi lng bng bao nhiu?
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Cu 31. Cho 14,2 gam P2O5 v 100 ml dung dch cha NaOH 1M v KOH 2M thu c
dung dch X. Xc nh cc anion c mt trong dung dch X.
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Cu 32. Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M.
a. Tm khi lng mui thu c?
b. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch to thnh?
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D, PHN BI TP THM
Cu 1 (A-2010). Hn hp kh X gm N2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X
mt thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so
vi He bng 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH3.
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Cu 2. Mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 140 ml dung dch HNO 3 cho 4,928
lt kc hn hp gm hai kh NO v NO2 bay ra.
a. Tnh s mol mi kh to ra.
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit ban u.
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Cu 3. Ho tan Fe trong HNO3 d thy sinh ra hn hp kh cha 0,03 mol NO2 v 0,02
mol NO. Khi lng st b ho tan l bao nhiu gam?
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Cu 4. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Al vo dung dch HNO3 d
thu c hn hp kh X gm NO v NO2 c t l mol tng ng l 2:1. Tnh th tch ca
hn hp kh X (ktc).
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Cu 5. Ha tan hon ton 11 gam hh gm Fe v Al trong dd HNO3 d thu c 11,2 lt

hh kh X (ktc) gm NO v NO2 c khi lng 19,8 gam. Bit phn ng khng to
NH4NH3.
a. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hh X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
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Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 5,94g kim loi R trong dung dch HNO3 long thu c
2,688lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N2O c t khi so vi H2 l 18,5. Xc nh kim
loi R.
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Cu 7. Nung nng 39 gam hh mui gm v KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 n khi lng khng

i thu c rn A v 7,84 lt hn hp kh X ( ktc). Tnh % khi lng ca mi mui
trong hh ban u.
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Cu
(A-09).
Nung6,58gamCu(NO3)2trongbnhknkhngchakhngkh,saumtthigianthuc
4,96gamchtrnvhnhpkhX.HpthhontonXvoncc300mldungdchY.
Tnh pH ca dung dch Y.
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Cu 9. Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c 104,8g hn hp A gm Fe, FeO,

Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3d, thu c dung dch B v
12,096 lt hn hp kh C gm NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi so vi He l 10,167. Tnh gi
tr ca m.
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Cu 10. t chy 5,6g bt Fe nung trong bnh O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO v Fe. Ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 thu c
V lt hn hp kh B (ktc) gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 l 19. Xc nh gi tr
ca V.
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Cu 11. Thu phn hon ton 8,25 gam mt photpho trihalogenua thu c dung dch X.
trung ho X cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 3M. Xc nh cng thc ca photpho
trihalogenua.
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Cu 12. Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch H 3PO4 0,5M. C
cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui. Tnh m.
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Cu13
(B-08).
thtchdungdchHNO31M(long)tnhtcndnghotanhontonmthnhp
Tnh
gm0,15
mol Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l bao nhiu (bit phn ng to chtkh duy nht l NO)?
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Cu14
(A-
09).Cho3,024gammtkimloiMtanhttrongdungdchHNO3long,thuc940,8mlkh
NxOy(sn phmkh duy nht, ktc) c tkhii vi H2bng 22. Xc nh kh NxOyv
kim loi M.
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Cu15
(B-
08).Cho2,16gamMgtcdngvidungdchHNO3(d).Saukhiphnngxyrahonton
thuc0,896ltkhNO(ktc)vdungdchX.
Tnhkhilngmuikhanthuckhilm
bayhi dung dch X.

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Cu 16 (A-07). Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng HNO3,
thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y (ch cha 2 mui
v axit d). T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 19. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
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Cu 17 (B-07). Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho

tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) kh NO (l sn
phm kh duy nht). Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu18
(CA-
08).Nhitphnhonton34,65gamhnhpgmKNO3vCu(NO3)2,thuchnhpkhX
(tkhi ca X so vi kh hiro bng18,8).Tnh khi lng Cu(NO3)2trong hn hp
banu.
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Cu 19 (A-2010). Hn hp kh X gm N2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng

X mt thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi
so vi He bng 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH3.
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Cu 20. Hn hp A gm N2 v H2 vi t l mol 1: 3. To phn ng gia N2 v H2 cho ra
NH3 vi hiu sut H% thu c hn hp kh B. T khi ca A so vi B l 0,6. Tnh gi tr
ca H.
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Cu 21 (B-2010). Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi
ihirophotphat, cn li gm cc cht khng cha photpho. Xc nh dinh dng ca
loi phn ln ny.
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Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton m gam Cu trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 1,12 lt hn hp
kh NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi hi i vi H2 l 16,6. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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CHUYN 3.
CACBON - SILIC
A. PHN L THUYT
I. CACBON
1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a. V tr
- Cacbon th 6, chu k 2, nhm IVA ca bng tun hon
b. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
1s22s22p2. C c 4 electron lp ngoi cng
- Cc s oxi ha ca C l: -4, 0, +2, +4
2. Tnh cht vt l
- C c ba dng th hnh chnh: Kim cng, than ch v fuleren
3. Tnh cht ha hc
- Trong cc dng tn ti ca C, C v nh hnh hot ng hn c v mt ha hc.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc C th hin hai tnh cht: Tnh oxi ha v tnh kh. Tuy
nhin tnh kh vn l ch yu ca C.
a. Tnh kh
* Tc dng vi oxi
0
+4
t
C + O2
CO2 . nhit cao C li kh CO2 theo phn ng
+4
+2
t
C + CO2
2CO
0
* Tc dng vi hp cht
0
+4
t
C + 4HNO3
CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H 2O
b. Tnh oxi ha
* Tc dng vi hidro
0
t 0 , xt
-4
C+ 2H2
CH 4
* Tc dng vi kim loi
0
-4
t
3C+ 4Al
Al4 C3 (nhm cacbua)
0
II. CACBON MONOXIT

1. Tnh cht ha hc
- Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca CO l tnh kh
+2
+4
t
2CO + O2
2CO 2
+2
+4
3CO + Fe2O3 3CO 2 + 2Fe

t0
2. iu ch
0
H2SO4 (c), t
HCOOH
CO
H2O
b. Trong cng nghip: Kh CO c iu ch theo hai phng php

* Kh than t
1050 C
H2 O
CO
H2
* Kh l gas
C
O2
t0
CO2
t
CO2 +
2CO
III. CACBON IOXIT

1. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l
- L cht kh khng mu, nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh.
- CO2 (rn) l mt khi mu trng, gi l nc kh. Nc kh khng nng chy
m thng hoa, c dng to mi trng lnh khng c hi m.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
- Kh CO2 khng chy, khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht.
- CO2 l oxit axit, khi tan trong nc cho axit cacbonic
CO2 (k) +
H2O (l)
H2CO3 (dd)
- Tc dng vi dung dch kim

CO2
NaOH
NaHCO3
CO2
2NaOH
Na2CO3
H2 O
Ty vo t l phn ng m c th cho ra cc sn phm mui khc nhau.

2. iu ch
CaCO3
2HCl
CaCl2
CO2
H2O
b. Trong cng nghip

- Kh CO2 c thu hi t qu trnh t chy hon ton than.
IV. AXIT CACBONIC - MUI CACBONAT
1. Axit cacbonic
- L axit km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O.
- L axit hai nc, trong dung dch phn li hai nc.
H+ + HCO3H2CO3
H+ +CO32HCO-3
2. Mui cacbonat
- Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim, amoni v a s mui hirocacbonat u tan.
Mui cacbonat ca kim loi khc th khng tan.
- Tc dng vi dd axit
+
NaHCO3
HCl
NaCl
CO2
HCO3-
H+
CO2
Na2CO3
2HCl
2NaCl
+ CO2
CO32-
2H+
CO2
H2 O
H2O
+
H2 O
H2 O
- Tc dng vi dd kim
+
NaHCO3
HCO-3
NaOH
Na2CO3
CO32-
OH -
MgCO3(r)
MgO(r) +
2NaHCO3(r)
Na2CO3(r)
+
+
H2 O
H2 O
- Phn ng nhit phn

0
CO2(k)
CO2(k)
H2O(k)
V. SILIC
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Silic c hai dng th hnh: silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Silic c cc s oxi ha: -4, 0, +2 v +4 (s oxi ha +2 t c trng hn).
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc, silic va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh.
a. Tnh kh
0
+4
Si+ 2F2
Si F4
0
+4
t
Si+ O2
Si O 2
0
+4
Si+ 2NaOH + H 2O
Na 2 Si O3 + 2H 2
b. Tnh oxi ha
0
-4
t
2Mg + Si
Mg 2 Si
0
3. iu ch
- Kh SiO2 nhit cao
t
SiO2
2Mg
Si
MgO
VI. HP CHT CA SILIC

1. Silic ioxit
- SiO2 l cht dng tinh th.
- Tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy.
t
SiO2
2NaOH
Na2SiO3
H 2O
- Tan c trong axit HF

SiO2
4HF
SiF4
2H2O
- Da vo tnh cht ny, ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch ln thy tinh.
2. Axit silixic
- H2SiO3 l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc. Khi mt mt phn nc to thnh vt
liu xp l silicagen. Dng ht hi m trong cc thng ng hng ha.
- Axit silixic l axit yu, yu hn c axit cacbinic nn b axit ny y ra khi dung dch
mui.
Na2SiO3
CO2
H2 O
Na2CO3
H2SiO3
3. Mui silicat
- Dung dch m c ca Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 c gi l thy tinh lng.
- Vi tm thy tinh lng s kh chy, ngoi ra thy tinh lng cn c dng ch to
keo dn thy tinh v s.
I. Dng bi tp CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim
Cc PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra
CO2
NaOH
NaHCO3
CO2
2NaOH
Na2CO3
T1
to mui duy nht NaHCO3
t T =
nOH
nCO2
: Nu
H2 O
Nu
1<T<2
to hn hp hai mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3
Nu
T2
to mui duy nht Na2CO3
Mt s lu khi gii bi tp ny:

- Xc nh sn phm no c to thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T.
- Nu to thnh hn hp hai mui thng ta gii bng cch lp h PT.
V d: Sc 2.24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch
A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.
Gii
nCO2 =
2.24
= 0.1(mol); nNaOH = 0.15* 1 = 0.15 (mol)
22.4
T=
nOH
nCO2
0.15
= 1.5 to hn hp hai mui
0.1
t nNaHCO3 = x; nNa2CO3 = y
CO2
x
CO2
NaOH
x
NaHCO3
x
2NaOH
Na2CO3
2y
H2 O
x + y = 0.1
x = 0.05 mNaHCO3 = 0.05* 84 = 4.2 (gam)
x + 2y = 0.15 y = 0.05 mNa2CO3 = 0.05* 106 = 5.3 (gam)
Ta c h PT:
II. Dng bi tp kh oxit kim loi bng kh CO

Oxit Kl
CO
Kl
moxit Kl + mCO = mKl + mCO2
nO (oxit) = nCO nCO2 v mOxitKl = mKl + mO
CO2
V d:Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe3O4 v CuO nung nng n khi phn

ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c dn qua
dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit trong
hn hp u.
Gii
* Cch 1: nCaCO = 5 0.05 (mol) nO(oxit) = nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0.05(mol)
3
100
moxit = mKl + mO = 2.32 + 16* 0.05 = 3.12 (gam)

* Cch 2: nCaCO = 5 0.05 (mol) nO(oxit) = nCO2 = nCO = nCaCO3 = 0.05(mol)
3
100
moxit = mKl + mCO2 - mCO = 2.32 + 44* 0.05- 28* 0.05 = 3.12 (gam)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. NaHCO3
NaOH
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b. NaHCO3 +
HCl
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c. SiO2
HF
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d. CO2
1 mol
NaOH
1 mol
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e. CO2
1 mol
NaOH
2 mol
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f. CO2
1 mol
Ca(OH)2
1 mol
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g. CO2
2 mol
Ca(OH)2
1 mol
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h. CO (d)
Fe2O3
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i. CO (d)
Fe3O4
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Cu 2. t mt mu than (cha tp cht khng chy) c khi lng 0,6 gam trong oxi
d thu c 1,06 m3 (ktc) kh cacbonic. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca cacbon
trong mu than trn.
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Cu 3. Cho 224 ml kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht trong 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,2M. Tnh
khi lng ca nhng cht trong dung dch to thnh.
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Cu 4. Cho 5,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc) sc vo dung dch NaOH d thu c dung dch A. C
cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 5. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch
D. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
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Cu 6. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch
D. Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
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Cu 7. Sc 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch NaOH CM thu c dung dch
A. C cn dung dch A thu c 19 gam hn hp hai mui.
a. Tnh khi lng mi mui.
b. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH em dng.
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Cu 8. Nung 52,65 gam CaCO3 10000C v cho ton b kh thot ra hp th ht vo 500

ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M. Hi thu c mui no? Khi lng l bao nhiu. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng nhit phn CaCO3 l 85%.
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Cu 9. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
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Cu 10. Kh hon ton 23,2 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
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Cu 11. Kh hon ton m gam Fe2O3 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thu c 30 gam kt ta. Tnh m.
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Cu 12. Kh hon ton 2,32 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d thu c m gam cht rn. Ha
tan hon ton cht rn thu c bng dung dch axit HNO3 thu c V lt NO (ktc) l
sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V.
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Cu 13. Kh hon ton m gam gam Fe3O4 bng V lt kh CO (va ) thu c cht rn
C. Ha tan hon ton cht rn C thu c bng dung dch axit HNO3 thu c 6,72 lt
NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V.
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Cu 14 (CA-09). Kh hon ton mt oxit st X nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO

( ktc), sau phn ng thu c 0,84 gam Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO2. Cng thc ca X v
gi tr V ln lt l
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D. PHN BI TP THM
Cu 1. Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe3O4 v CuO nung nng n khi
phn ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c
dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit
trong hn hp u.
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Cu 2. Cho kh CO qua ng cha 15,2g hn hp gm CuO v FeO nung nng. Sau mt
thi gian thu c hn hp kh B v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 3. Dn mt lung kh CO qua ng s ng m gam hn hp CuO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 v

Al2O3 ri cho kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 15 gam
kt ta. Cht rn cn li trong ng s c khi lng 215,0 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 4. Cho V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,02 M th
thu c 0,5 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca V.
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Cu 5. Cho 1,344 lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 2 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,04M

v Ca(OH)2 0,02M thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo H2O thu c dung dch A. Sc V lt kh
CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch A thu c 15 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
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Cu 7 (C-2010). Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 125 ml dung dch

Ba(OH)2 1M, thu c dung dch X. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i. Xc nh
nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch X.
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Cu8
(A-09).Cho0,448ltkhCO2(ktc)hpthhtvo100mldungdchchahnhpNaOH
0,06M v Ba(OH)20,12M, thu cmgamkt ta. Tnh gi trca m.

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Cu9
(A-08).Hpth
honton4,48ltkhCO2(ktc)vo500mldungdchhnhpgm
NaOH0,1M v Ba(OH)20,2M, sinh ra mgam kt ta.Tnh gi trca m.
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Cu 10 (A-07). Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2
nng a mol/l, thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca a.
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Cu11 (CA-08).DnttVltkhCO(ktc)iquamtngsnglngdhnhprngm
CuO, Fe2O3(nhit cao). Sau khi ccphn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh X. Dn
ton b kh X trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)2th to thnh 4 gamkt ta. Tnh gi
tr ca V.
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Cu12
(A-
09).CholungkhCO(d)iqua9,1gamhnhpgmCuOvAl2O3nungnngnkhiphn ng
hon ton, thu c 8,3 gamcht rn. Tnh khi lng CuO c trong hnhp ban u.
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Cu13
COvH2phnngvimtlngdhnhprngm
(A-08).ChoVlthnhpkh(ktc)gm
CuO
Fe3O4nungnng.Saukhiccphnng xyrahonton,khi lnghnhprn gim 0,32 gam.

Xc nh gi trca V.
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CHUYN 4.
I CNG V HA HU C
A. PHN L THUYT
I. M U V HA HC HU C
1. Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ha hc hu c
- Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, mui cacbonat).
- Ha hc hu c l nghnh ha hc nghin cu cc hp cht hu c.
2. Phn loi hp cht hu c
- Thng chia thnh hai loi
+ Hirocacbon
+ Dn xut hirocacbon
3. c im chung ca hp cht hu c
- c im cu to: Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha
tr.
- Tnh cht vt l:
+ Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp.
+ Phn ln khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c.
- Tnh cht ha hc:
+ Cc hp cht hu c thng km bn vi nhit v d chy.
+ Phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm v theo nhiu hng
khc nhau, nn to ra hn hp nhiu sn phm.
4. S lc v phn tch nguyn t
a. Phn tch nh tnh
* Mc ch: Xc nh nguyn t no c trong hp cht hu c.
* Nguyn tc: Chuyn cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n
gin ri nhn bit chng bng cc phn ng c trng.
b. Phn tch nh lng
* Mc ch: Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t c trong phn t hp
cht hu c.
* Nguyn tc: Cn chnh xc khi lng hp cht hu c, sau chuyn nguyn t C

CO2, H H2O, N N2, sau xc nh chnh xc khi lng hoc th tch ca cc cht
to thnh, t tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t.
* Biu thc tnh ton:
mC =
mCO2 .12
44
(g) ;
mH =
m H2O .2
18
(g) ;
mN =
VN 2 .28
22, 4
(g)
- Tnh c: %C = mC .100 ; %H = m H .100 ; %N = m N .100 ; %O = 100-%C-%H-%N

a
II. CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C

1. Cng thc n gin nht
a. nh ngha
- Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t trong phn t.
b. Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht
- Thit lp cng thc n gin nht ca hp cht hu c CxHyOz l thit lp t l
x : y : z = nC : nH : nO =
mC m H mO
; x : y : z = %C : %H : %O
:
:
12 1 16
12
1
16
2. Cng thc phn t

a. nh ngha
- Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong
phn t.
b. Cch thit lp cng thc phn t
- C ba cch thit lp cng thc phn t
* Da vo thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t (t dng)
- Cho CTPT CxHyOz: ta c t l
M 12.x 1.y 16.z
=
=
=
100 %C %H %O
T ta c: x = M.%C ; y = M.%H ; z = M.%O

12.100
1.100
16.100
* Da vo cng thc n gin nht (thng dng)

* Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm chy (t dng)
B. HNG DN GII BI TP
Phn bi tp chng ny ch yu l lp CT n gin nht v CTPT. Mt s cng
thc sau yu cu chng ta phi nm vn dng trong vic gii bi tp chng ny.
Cho hp cht X c CT: CxHyOzNt.
* nC = nCO2 ; nH = 2nH2O; nN = 2nN2 ; mO = mX - (mC + mH + mN) nO = mO
16
x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN.
* dA /B =
MA
M A = dA /B * M B
MB
V d:t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO2, 0,9 gam
H2O v 224ml N2 (o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca (A).
Gii
t CT n gin nht ca A l CxHyOzNt
nC = nCO2 =
5.28
0.9
= 0.12 (mol) ; nH = 2* nH2O = 2*
= 0.1(mol) ;
44
18
nN = 2nN2 = 2*
0.224
= 0.02 (mol)
22.4
mO = mA - (mC + mH + mN) = 2.46 (0.12*12+0.1*1+0.02*14) = 0.64 (gam)

nO = mO = 0.64 = 0.04 (mol)
16
16
x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN = 0.12 : 0.1 : 0.04 : 0.02 = 6 : 5 : 2 : 1

CT n gin nht ca A l: C6H5O2N
dA / kk =
MA
M A = dA /B * 29 = 123 t
29
CTPT ca A l: C6H5O2N
ta suy ra: CT n gin nht chnh l CTPT.
C. BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1. Oxi ha hon ton 0,6 gam hp cht hu c A thu c 0,672 lt CO 2 (ktc) v
0,72 gam H2O. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t cht A.
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Cu 2. Oxi ha hon ton 0,67 gam -caroten ri dn sn phm oxi ha qua bnh 1 ng
dd H2SO4 c, sau qua bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d. Kt qu cho thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,63 gam; bnh 2 c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t
-caroten.
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Cu 3. Tnh khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht sau:

a. Cht A c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 2,07.
b. Th tch hi ca 3,3 gam cht X bng th tch ca 1,76 gam kh oxi (o cng
iu kin).
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Cu 4. Kt qu phn tch nguyn t cho thy limonen c cu to t hai nguyn t C v
H, trong C chim 88,235% v khi lng. T khi hi ca limonen so vi khng kh
gn bng 4,69. Lp cng thc phn t ca limonen.
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Cu 5. t chy hon ton 0,3 gam cht A (phn t ch cha C, H, O) thu c 0,44 gam
kh CO2 v 0,18 gam nc. Th tch hi ca 0,3 gam cht A bng th tch ca 0,16 gam
kh oxi (o cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca cht A.
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Cu 6. Anetol c khi lng mol phn t bng 148 g/mol. Phn tch nguyn t cho thy
anetol c %C=81,08%; %H=8,1%, cn li l oxi. Lp cng thc n gin nht v cng
thc phn t ca anetol.
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Cu 7. Hp cht X c % khi lng C, H v O ln lt l 54,54%, 8,1% v 36,36%. Khi

lng phn t ca X l 88g/mol. Lp cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 8. Hp cht Z c cng thc n gin nht l CH3O v c t khi hi so vi hidro l
31. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Z.
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Cu 9. t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO2, 0,9 gam
H2O v 224ml N2 (o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca (A).
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Cu 10. t chy hon ton 5,6 lt cht kh hu c, th thu c 16,8lt CO2 v 13,5 gam
H2O. Cc cht kh (o ktc). Lp cng thc phn t, bit rng 1 lt kh cht hu c ktc
nng 1,875 gam.
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Cu 11. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hp cht hu c (D) cn va 14,4 gam oxi, thy
sinh ra 13,2 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam nc.
a. Tm phn t khi cu (D).
b. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (D).
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Cu 12. t a gam cht (X) cn 0,3 mol O2 thu c 0,2 mol CO2, 0,3 mol H2O. Hy xc
nh a gam, cng thc n gin ca (X)?
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Cu 13. t chy hon ton 9,9 gam cht hu c (A) gm 3 nguyn t C, H v Cl. Sn
phm to thnh cho qua bnh ng H2SO4 m c v Ca(OH)2 th thy khi lng cc
bnh ny tng ln lt l 3,6 gam v 8,8 gam.
a. Tm cng thc nguyn (A).

b. Xc nh CTPT, bit (A) ch cha 2 nguyn t Clo.
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Cu 14. t chy hon ton 112 cm3 mt hydrocacbon (A) l cht kh (ktc) ri dn
sn phm ln lt qua bnh (I) ng H2SO4 m c v bnh (II) cha KOH d ngi ta
thy khi lng bnh (I) tng 0,18 gam v khi lng bnh (II) tng 0,44 gam.
Xc nh CTPT (A).
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Cu 15. t chy hon ton hp cht hu c gm C, H, Cl, sinh ra 112 cm3 CO2 (o
ktc) v 0,09 gam H2O. Cng t hp cht h c cho tc dng AgNO3 th thu c
1,435 AgCl. Lp CTPT cht hu c. Bit rng t khi hi cht so vi He l 21,25.
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Cu 16. Mt cht hu c c t l khi lng mC : mH : mO = 12 : 2,5 : 4. Bit rng c 0,1
mol cht hu c c khi lng 7,4 gam.
a. Lp CTPT cht hu c.
b. Vit CTCT cc ng phn.
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Cu 17. t chy hon ton 1,608 gam Cht (A), thu c 1,272 gam Na 2CO3, 0,528gam
CO2. Lp CTPT (A). Bit rng trong phn t ch cha 2 nguyn t Na.
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CHUYN 5.
HIDROCACBON NO
A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANKAN
1. Khi nim - ng ng - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- Ankan l hidrocacbon no mch h c CTTQ CnH2n+2 (n1). Hay cn gi l Parafin
- Cc cht CH4, C2H6, C3H8 . CnH2n+2 hp thnh dy ng ng ca ankan.
b. ng phn
- T C4H10 tr i c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C).
- Th d: C5H10 c ba ng phn:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2CH3; CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3; CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3
c. Danh php
- Nm tn cc ankan mch khng nhnh t C1 C10
- Danh php thng.
- n - tn ankan tng ng (n- ng vi mch C khng phn nhnh)
- iso - tn ankan tng ng (iso- C th hai c nhnh -CH3).
- neo - tn ankan tng ng (neo- C th hai c hai nhnh -CH3).
- Danh php quc t: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + an
1
Th d: C H3 - C H(CH3 ) - C H 2 - C H3 (2-metylbutan)
- Bcca nguyn t C trong hirocacbon no c tnh bng s lin kt ca n vi cc
nguyn t C khc.
I
IV
III
II
Th d: C H3 - C(CH3 )2 - C H(CH3 ) - C H 2 - C H3
2. Tnh cht vt l
- T CH4 C4H10 l cht kh.
- T C5H12 C17H36 l cht lng.
- T C18H38 tr i l cht rn.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th bi halogen (c trng cho hidrocacbon no)
- Clo c th th ln lt tng nguyn t H trong phn t metan
CH4
askt
Cl2
CH3Cl
HCl
CH3Cl
askt
Cl2
CH2Cl2 +
HCl
CH2Cl2 +
askt
Cl2
CHCl3
HCl
CHCl3
askt
Cl2
CCl4
HCl
- Cc ng ng ca metan cng tham gia phn ng th tng t metan

Th d
CH3-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
1-clopropan (43%)
as
250C
CH3-CHCl-CH3
2-clopropan
(57%)
- Nhn xt: Nguyn t H lin kt vi nguyn t C bc cao hn d b th hn nguyn

t H lin kt vi nguyn t C bc thp hn.
b. Phn ng tch.
t , xt
Cn H2n+2
Cn H2n + H2
0
t , xt
Cn H2n+2
Cn'H2n' + CmH2m+2 (n = n' + m)
0
- Th d
CH2=CH2
CH3-CH3
5000 C, xt
C4H10
CH4
C
C32H
H64
C
C2H
H6
t0C,
xt
+ H2
+
+
+
4 8
H2
- Phn ng oxi ha.

CnH2n+2 +
3n +1
O2 nCO2
2
nH2O ( n H 2O > n CO2 )
4. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim:
CaO, t
- CH3COONa
NaOH
- Al4C3 +
12H2O
3CH4
CH4
+
Na2CO3
4Al(OH)3
b. Trong cng nghip: i t kh thin nhin, kh m du v t du m.

II. XICLOANKAN
1. Khi nim - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- Xicloankan l mt loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt

vng khp kn. C CTTQ l CnH2n (n3).
- Th d:
(xiclopropan)
(xiclobutan)
b. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + xicol + tn mch C chnh (vng) + an

- Th d:
-CH3
(metylxiclopropan)
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th
b. Phn ng cng m vng
- Cng H2: Ch c Xiclopropan v xiclobutan
- Cng Br2 v HX (X: Cl, Br): Ch c xicolpropan
c. Phn ng tch
- Thng ch c xiclohexan v metylxiclohexan.
d. Phn ng oxi ha:
t0
nCO2 + nH2O
CnH2n + 3n O2
3. iu ch:
- c iu ch t vic chng ct du m. Ngoi ra cn c iu ch t ankan tng
ng.
Phn bi tp ankan l phn bi tp c bn, lm nn tng ta gii cc bi tp ha
hc sau ny. Do vy yu cu chng ta cn phi nm chc vn dng khi ta gp cc dy
ng ng khc. chng ny ch yu ta gii quyt dng bi tp lp cng thc phn t
ca ankan.
CTPT ca ankan l: CnH2n+2. lp CTPT ca ankan ta c th s dng mt trong cc
cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n + 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi
ra.
* Cch 2: n =
nCO
nankan
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta
s gp sau ny. nankan = nH2O - nCO2 n =
nCO2
nankan
nCO2
nH2O nCO 2
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T

tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankan ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt
ankan c CT l Cn H 2n2 . T tnh gi tr n .
V d 1:t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g
H2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.
Gii
t CTPT ca 2 ankan l Cn H2n2 .

nCO2 =
n=
17.6
11.7
= 0.4 (mol); nH2O =
0.65 (mol)
44
18
nCO2
nankan
nCO2
nH2O nCO 2
0.4
= 1.6 . T suy ra CTPT ca hai ankan l: CH4 v
0.65 0.4
C2H6.
V d 2:t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
Gii
nhh =
3.36
4.48
= 0.15 (mol); nCO2 =
= 0.2 (mol)
22.4
22.4
t nCH4 = a, nC2H6 = b
CH4
a
C2H6
b
CO2
a
2CO2
2b
a + b = 0.15 a = 0.1
Ta c h PT:
a + 2b = 0.2 b = 0.05
0.1
* 100 = 66.67 (%)

%CH 4 =
0.15
%C2H6 = 100 - 66.67 = 33.33 (%)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ankan ng vi cng thc phn t C4H10,
C5H12 v C6H14. Gi tn theo danh php thng v tn thay th.
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Cu 2. Vit CTCT ca cc ankan c tn sau:
a. pentan, 2-metylbutan, isobutan v 2,2-imetylbutan.
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b. iso-pentan, neo-pentan, 3-etylpentan, 2,3-imetylpentan.
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Cu 3. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thng v danh php thay th:
a. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3;
b. CH3-(CH2)4-CH3
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c. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3;
d. CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3
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Cu 4. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thay th.

a. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3
b. CH3-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3
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c. CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH3
d. CH3-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH2-CH3
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a. CH4
1 mol
Cl2
askt
1 mol
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b. C2H6
1 mol
Cl2
askt
1 mol
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c. CH3-CH2-CH3
1 mol
Br2
askt
1 mol
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0
d. CH4
O2
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0
e. CH3COONa
CaO, t
NaOH
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f. Al4C3
H2 O
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Cu 6. Vit PTHH iu ch cc ankan sau t cc cht tng ng:

Metan, 2-clobutan, iso-propyl clorua.
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Cu 7 (A-08). Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Cl2 (askt) theo t l s mol 1 : 1.
a. Xc nh s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c.
b. Vit PTHH to cc sn phm mono clo tng ng .
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Cu 8. Khi clo ha C5H12 vi t l mol 1:1 thu c mt sn phm th monoclo duy nht.
a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 9. Khi clo ha mt ankan c cng thc phn t C6H14, ngi ta ch thu c 2 sn
phm th monoclo.
a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 10. Ankan Y mch khng nhnh c cng thc n gin nht l C2H5.
a. Tm cng thc phn t, vit CTCT v gi tn Y.

b. Vit PTHH phn ng ca Y vi Clo khi chiu sng (t l 1:1), ch r sn phm chnh.
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Cu 11. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C3H8 (ktc) thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v m gam
nc. Tnh m v V.
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Cu 12. t chy hon ton V lt kh C4H10 (ktc). Ton b sn phm chy sc vo dung
dch nc vi trong d thu c 40 gam kt ta.
a. Tnh V.
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Cu 13. t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon X thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 9
gam nc. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
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Cu 14. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc) thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v m
gam nc.
a. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
b. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
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Cu 15. Khi t chy hon ton mt ankan A th th tch Oxi phn ng bng 5/3 ln th
tch ca kh CO2 sinh ra trong cng iu kin. Xc nh cng thc ca ankan A.
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Cu 16. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan B (ktc) cn 11,2 lt O2 (ktc).

a. Xc nh cng thc ca B.
b. Tnh khi lng CO2 v nc sinh ra.
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Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
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Cu 18. Xicloankan n vng X c t khi hi so vi nit bng 2. Lp cng thc phn t
ca X.
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Cu 19. Khi t chy hon ton 3.6 gam ankan X thu c 5.6 lt CO2 (ktc). Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 20. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp gm C2H6 v C3H8 ( ktc) ri cho sn phm
chy i qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong c
d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng m g, bnh 2 tng 22 g.
a. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
b. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
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Cu 21. t chy hon ton m g hn hp gm CH4, C2H6 v C4H10 thu c 3,3g CO2 v
4,5 g H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 22. Mt hn hp 2 ankan k tip c khi lng 24,8 gam c th tch tng ng l
11,2 lt ( ktc). Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ankan.
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Cu 23. t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g

H2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.
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Cu 24. Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8 (ktc) thu
c 16,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v x gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca X.
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Cu 25. t chy hon ton 11,2 lt hn hp propan v butan (ktc) ri cho tt c sn

phm chy thu c vo dung dch NaOH th thu c 95,4 gam Na 2CO3 v 84 gam
NaHCO3.
a. Tnh thnh phn % v s mol ca hn hp.
b. Tm th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn thit dng trong trng hp trn.
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Cu 26. t chy hon ton 0,01 mol ankan (A). Dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh
Ca(OH)2 d ngi ta thu c 4 gam kt ta.
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca Ankan (A).
b. B l ng ng lin tip ca A. B tc dng vi clo (askt) theo t l mol 1:1. Ngi ta
thu c 4 sn phm. Hy xc nh CTCT ng ca (B).
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Cu 27. Mt hn hp gm 2 ankan X v Y l ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng 10,2
gam. t chy hon ton hn hp cn 36,8 gam O2.
a. Tnh khi lng CO2 v H2O to thnh.
b. Tm CTPT ca 2 ankan.
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Cu 28. Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4,
C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO2 v
y gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y.
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Cu 29. Hn hp (X) gm 2 ankan A, B lin tip nhau trong dy ng ng c
d X/He = 16,6 . Xc nh CTPT ca A, B v tnh % V ca hn hp.

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Cu 30. Mt ankan c thnh phn % cc nguyn t: %C = 84,21; %H = 15,79. T khi
hi ca ankan i vi khng kh l 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ankan.
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Cu 31. t chy hon ton 3,6 g mt ankan A thu c 11g CO2 v 5,4g nc. Khi clo
ha A theo t l mol 1:1 to thnh dn xut monoclo duy nht. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT
ca A.
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D. PHN BI TP THM
Cu 1. Hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi
64 gam O2 (d) ri dn sn phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thu c 100 gam
kt ta. Kh ra khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0OC v 0,4 atm. Xc nh cng thc phn
t ca A v B.
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Cu 2 (A-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn
phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn
ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 3. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,132 mol H2O.
Khi X tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1:1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy
nht. Xc nh tn gi ca X.
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Cu 4 (B-08). Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn
t cacbon bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch
CO2 ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1:1).
a. Xc nh s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra.
b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 5 (A-08). Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp
Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H 2 bng
12. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 6 (A-07). Khi brom ho mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht
c t khi hi so vi hiro l 75,5. Xc nh tn ca ankan .
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Cu 7. Khi t chy hon ton hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip thu c 7,84 lt kh
CO2 (ktc) v 9,0 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan.
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Cu 8. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng
ng cn dng 6.16 lt O2 (kc) v thu c 3.36 lt CO2 (kc). Tnh gi tr ca m.
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CHUYN VI.
HIDROCACBON KHNG NO
HIDROCACBON THM
A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANKEN
1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim:
- Anken l hidrocacbon khng no mch h c mt ni i trong phn t. C CTTQ l
CnH2n (n 2 )
- Cc cht C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 . . . CnH2n (n2) hp thnh dy ng ng ca anken.
b. ng phn: C hai loi ng phn
- ng phn cu to: (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt i)
Th d: C4H8 c ba ng phn cu to.
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH=CH-CH3; CH2=C(CH3)-CH3
- ng phn hnh hc (cis - trans): Cho anken c CTCT: abC=Ccd. iu kin xut
hin ng phn hnh hc l: a b v c d.
Th d: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 c hai ng phn hnh hc
H
CH3
C=C
H3C
H3C
C=C
H
trans - but-2-en
CH3
H
cis - but-2-en
c. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn ankan nhng thay ui an = ilen.
+ V d: C2H4 (Etilen), C3H6 (propilen)
- Danh php quc t (tn thay th):
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + en
4
+ V d: CH3 - CH = CH - CH 3
1
(C4H8)
But-2-en
C H 2 = C(CH3 ) - C H3
(C4H8)
2 - Metylprop-1-en
2. Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng th
- T C2H4 C4H8 l cht kh.
- T C5H10 tr i l cht lng hoc cht rn.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng cng (c trng)
* Cng H2: CnH2n
H2
Ni, t 0
CH2=CH-CH3 +
* Cng Halogen: CnH2n
CH2=CH2
H2
Ni, t 0
Br2
CnH2n+2
CH3-CH2-CH3
X2
CnH2nX2
CH2Br-CH2Br
Phn ng anken tc dng vi Br2 dng nhn bit anken (dd Br2 mt mu)
* Cng HX (X: Cl, Br, OH . . .)
HOH
CH3-CH2OH
HBr
CH3-CH2Br
Th d: CH2=CH2 +
CH2=CH2 +
- Cc anken c cu to phn t khng i xng khi cng HX c th cho hn hp hai sn

phm
CH3-CH=CH2
HBr
CH3-CH2-CH2Br (spp)
1-brompropan
CH3-CHBr-CH3 (spc)
2-brompropan
- Quy tc Maccopnhicop: Trong phn ng cng HX vo lin kt i, nguyn t H

(phn mang in dng) ch yu cng vo nguyn t C bc thp hn (c nhiu H
hn), cn nguyn hay nhm nguyn t X (phn mang in m) cng vo nguyn t
C bc cao hn (t H hn).
b. Phn ng trng hp:
iu kin: Phn t phi c lin kt i C=C.
( CH2-CH2 )n
nCH2=CH2
Etilen
Polietilen (P.E)
TH (t 0 , xt)
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n
t0
3n
O2
2
nCO2
nH2O ( n H 2O = n CO2 )
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Anken c th lm mt mu dung dch B2 v dung dch thuc
tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit anken v hp cht cha lin kt .
4. iu ch
0
H 2SO4 , 170 C
CnH2n
a. Phng th nghim: CnH2n+1OH
b. iu ch t ankan: CnH2n+2
t 0 , p, xt
CnH2n
H2O
H2
II. ANKADIEN
1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php
a. nh ngha: L hidrocacbon khng no mch h, trong phn t cha hai lin kt C=C,
c CTTQ CnH2n-2 (n 3 )
- V d: CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CH-CH=CH2 . . .
b. Phn loi: C ba loi:
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i lin tip.
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau bi mt lin kt n (ankadien lin hp).
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau t hai lin kt n tr ln.
c. Danh php:
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn anka mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + ien.
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (buta-1,3-ien)
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng cng (H2, X2, HX)
* Cng H2:
Ni, t
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
2H2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
* Cng brom:
Cng 1:2
-80 C
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
Br2 (dd)
CH2=CH-CHBr-CH2Br
(spc)
Cng 1:4
40 C
Br2 (dd)
CH2Br-CH=CH-CH2Br
(spc)
Cng ng thi vo hai lin kt i
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
2Br2 (dd)
CH2Br-CHBr-CHBr-CH2Br
* Cng HX
Cng 1:2
-80 C
HBr
0
CH2=CH-CHBr-CH3 (spc)
40 C
HBr
0
Cng 1:4
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
CH2=CH-CH2-CH2Br (spc)
b. Phn ng trng hp:

- VD: nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
p, xt, t 0
( CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )n
Cao su buna
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton
2C4H6
8CO2
11O2
t0
6H2O
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken th ankadien c th lm mt mu dung

dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankadien.
3. iu ch
- c iu ch t ankan tng ng bng phn ng tch H2.
CH3CH2CH2CH3
xt, t 0
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
xt, t 0
2H2
CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2
2H2
III. ANKIN
1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- L hidrocacbon khng no mch h trong phn t c mt lin kt C C , c CTTQ l
CnH2n-2 (n 2).
- Cc cht C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 . . .CnH2n-2 (n 2) hp thnh mt dy ng ng ca axetilen.
b. ng phn
- Ch c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt C C ). Ankin
khng c ng phn hnh hc.
- Th d: C4H6 c hai ng phn
CHC-CH2-CH3; CH3-CC-CH3.
c. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn gc ankyl + axetilen
C2H2 (axetilen), CHC-CH3 (metylaxetilen)
+ VD:
- Danh php thay th:

S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr ni 3 + in
4
CH3 - CH 2 - C CH
4
But-1-in
C H3 - C C- C H 3
But-2-in
2. Tnh cht ha hc:

a. Phn ng cng (H2, X2, HX, phn ng ime ha v trime ha).
- Th d
+ Cng H2
+
H2
CH2=CH2 +
H2
CHCH
Ni, t 0
CH2=CH2
Ni, t 0
CH3-CH3
Nu dng xc tc Pd/PbCO3 hoc Pd/BaSO4, ankin ch cng mt phn t H2 to anken

CHCH
Pd/PbCO , t 0
H2
Br2
CH2=CH2
+ Cng X2
CHCH
CHBr=CHBr
CHBr=CHBr + Br2
CHBr2-CHBr2
+ Cng HX
CHCH
HgCl2
150-2000 C
HCl
CH2 =CHCl
+ Phn ng ime ha - trime ha

2CHCH
xt, t
3CHCH
600 C
xt
CH2=CH-CCH (vinyl axetilen)
C6H6
b. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi:

- iu kin: Phi c lin kt 3 u mch.
R-CCH
AgNO3 + NH3
R-CCAg +
NH4NO3
Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Ank-1-in

c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton:
CnH2n-2
3n -1
O2
2
nCO2
(n-1)H2O ( n CO2 > n H2O )
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken v ankadien, ankin cng c kh nng
lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankin.
3. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim: CaC2
2H2O
b. Trong cng nghip: 2CH4

15000 C
C 2 H2
C2H2
+
+
3H2
IV. BENZEN V DY NG NG:

1. ng ng - ng phn - Danh php:
a. ng ng: Dy ng ng ca benzen c CTTQ l CnH2n-6.
Ca(OH)2
b. ng phn: ng phn v v tr tng i ca cc nhm ankyl xung quanh vng

benzen (o, m, p).
- V d: C8H10
CH3
C2H5
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
c. Danh php: Gi tn theo danh php h thng.

S ch v tr nhm ankyl + tn ankyl + benzen.
- VD: C6H5CH3 (metylbenzen).
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th:
* Th nguyn t H vng benzen
- Tc dng vi halogen
+
Br2
Br
bt Fe
+
HBr
Cho ankyl benzen phn ng vi brom c bt st th thu c hn hp sn phm th brom

ch yu vo v tr ortho v para.
- VD:
CH3
bt Fe
+ Br2
CH3
-Br
+ HBr
CH3
+ HBr
Br
- Phn ng gia benzen v ng ng vi axit HNO3 xy ra tng t nh phn ng vi

halogen.
- Quy tc th H vng benzen: Cc ankyl benzen d tham gia phn ng th nguyn
t H ca vng benzen hn benzen v s th u tin v tr ortho v para so vi
nhm ankyl.
* Th nguyn t H mch chnh

- C6H5CH3
Br2
t0
C6H5CH2Br +
HBr
b. Phn ng cng:
- Cng H2 v cng Cl2.
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Toluen c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm cn
benzen th khng. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Toluen.
- Phn ng oxi ha hon ton:
CnH2n-6
3n - 3
O2
2
nCO2
(n-3)H2O
V. STIREN:
1. Cu to: CTPT: C8H8; CTCT:
CH=CH2
2. Tnh cht ha hc:

a. Phn ng vi dung dch Br2. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit stiren.
b. Phn ng vi H2.
c. Tham gia phn ng trng hp lin kt i C=C.
VI. NAPTTALEN:
1. Cu to phn t:
- CTPT: C10H8. CTCT:
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
- Tham gia phn ng th v tham gia phn ng cng.
1. Lp CTPT ca anken
CTPT ca anken l: CnH2n. lp CTPT ca anken ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch
sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2: n =
nCO2
nanken

tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai anken ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt
anken c CT l Cn H 2n . T tnh gi tr n .
2. Lp CTPT ca ankin
CTPT ca ankin l: CnH2n-2. lp CTPT ca ankin ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch
sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n - 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi
ra.
* Cch 2: n =
nCO2
nankin
; nankin = nCO2 - nH2O n =
nCO2
nankin
nCO2
nCO 2 nH2O

tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankin ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt
ankin c CT l Cn H 2n2 . T tnh gi tr n .
V d 1:t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO 2 (cc th
tch kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh
CTCT ca X.
Gii
Do X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y t ta c th suy ra X l Ankin.
t CTPT ca X l: CnH2n-2.
nX =
2.24
6.72
= 0.1(mol); nCO2 =
= 0.3 (mol)
22.4
22.4
n=
nCO2
nankin
0.3
= 3 CTPT ca X l C3H4. CTCT ca X l: CHC-CH3
0.1
V d 2: t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau

cn 26.88 lt kh oxi. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
Gii
t CTPT ca 2 anken l Cn H 2n .
nanken =
6.72
26.88
= 0.3 (mol); nO2 =
= 1.2 (mol)
22.4
22.4
Cn H2n
0.3
3n
O2
2
n CO2 +
n H2 O
1.2
1.2 = 0.3* 3n
2
n = 2.67. Vy CT ca hai anken l: C2H4 v C3H6.
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn (cu to) anken ng vi CTPT l C4H8 v C5H10 v gi
tn theo tn thay th.
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Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc anken c tn gi sau:

a. Butilen, 2-metylbut-2-en, pent-1-en, 2,3-imetylpent-2-en.
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b. Propilen, hex-1-en, etilen, 2-metylpent-1-en, iso-butilen.
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Cu 3. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3, CH2=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
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b. CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CH2=CH-CH3, CH2=CH2.
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a. CH3-CH=CH-CH3
H2
Ni, t
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b. CH2=CH-CH3
Br2
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c. CH2=C(CH3)-CH3
HBr
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d. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
H2 O
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e. CH3-CH=CH-CH3
HBr
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0
f. C2H4
O2
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p, xt, t 0
g. nCH2=CH2
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p, xt, t 0
h. nCH2=CH-CH3
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p, xt, t 0
i. nCH2=CHCl
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Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau i t cc cht hu c tng ng.
PE, PVC, etilen, propilen, 2-clopropan, ancol etylic.
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Cu 6 (A-08). Cho cc cht sau: CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2, CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH2CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=CH-CH3, CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2. Cht no c ng phn hnh hc.
Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis-trans ca n.
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Cu 7. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ankin ng vi CTPT l C4H6 v C5H8 v gi tn theo

tn thay th.
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Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc ankin c tn gi sau:
a. Metyl axetilen, etyl metyl axetilen, imetyl axetilen, 3-metylbut-1-in, pent-1-in.

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b. Hex-2-in, axetilen, 3,4-imetylpent-1-in.
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Cu 9. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CHCH-CH2-CH3, CHC-CH(CH3)-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
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b. CH3-CC-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CHCH-CH3, CHCH.

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0
a. CHC-CH3
Ni, t
H2
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0
b. CHC-CH3
Pd, PbCO3 , t
H2
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c. CHC-CH3
Br2
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d. CHCH
1 mol
HCl
1 mol
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2
e. CHCH
H2 O
Hg
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xt (ime ha)
f. 2CHCH
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0
600 C, xt (trime ha)
g. 3CHCH
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Cu 11. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc mono me tng ng.
Axetilen, vinyl clorua, benzen, vinyl axetilen.
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Cu 12. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau:
a. CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C2H5Cl C2H4.
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b. CH4
C2H2
C4H4
C4H6
polibutadien
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c. CH4
C2H2
C6H6
C6H5Br
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d. C2H6
C2H4
PE
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e. CH4
C2H2
Vinyl clorua PVC
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Cu 13. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.

a. CH4, C2H4, C2H2 v CO2.
b. But-1-in v but-2-in
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c. Benzen, hex-1-en v toluen
d. Benzen, stiren v toluen
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Cu 14. T CH4 v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc, hy vit cc PTHH iu ch:
Cao su buna, benzen, PE v PVC.
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Cu 15. Vit CTCT cc ng phn benzen ng vi CTPT C8H10 v gi tn cc ng phn
.
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0
a. C6H5CH3
Br2
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0
b. C6H5CH3
Br2
Fe, t
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c. C6H5CH3
HNO3(c)
H2SO4 (c), t
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d. C6H5CH=CH2
Br2
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e. C6H5CH=CH2
HBr
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0
e. nC6H5CH=CH2
p, xt, t
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Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3.36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen thu c 8.96 lt kh
CO2 v m gam nc (cc kh u c o ktc).
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 18. t chy hon ton hn hp kh C3H6 v C4H8. Ton b sn phm chy thu c
dn qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 (c), bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d. Thy khi
lng bnh 1 tng 9 gam, bnh 2 tng m gam. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 19. t chy hon ton 2.24 lt hn hp kh propilen v butilen. Ton b sn phm
chy thu c sc qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta
v thy khi lng bnh tng ln m gam.
a. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 20. Dn t t 3,36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom thy

dung dch b nht mu v khng c kh thot ra. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng
4,9 gam.
a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn.
b. Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 21. Dn t t 4,48 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom d
thy c 80 gam brom phn ng.
a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn.
b. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 22. t chy hon ton 0.672 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen cn 2.688 lt kh oxi.

Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c m gam
kt ta.
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 23. t chy hon ton 4.48 lt hn hp hai anken X (ktc) l ng ng k tip ca
nhau thu c 11.2 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Tnh % th tch mi anken trong hn hp ban u.
. .........................................................................................................................................
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Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau

cn 26.88 lt kh oxi.
a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Cho hn hp X qua dung dch brom d, tnh khi lng brom tham gia phn
ng.
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Cu 25. Oxi ha hon ton 0,68 gam ankadien X thu c 1,12 lt CO2 (ktc).
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Vit CTCT c th c ca X.
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Cu 26. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp kh gm metan v etilen i qua dung dch brom d, thy
dung dch b nht mu v c 1,12 lt kh thot ra. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu
chun. Tnh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 27. Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3 thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh
c o iu kin tiu chun.
a. Tnh % theo th tch etilen trong A.
b. Tnh m.
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Cu 28. Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom

d, thy cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X trn qua dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3 thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun.
a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh % theo th tch v theo khi lng mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 29. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2 (cc th tch
kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh CTCT
ca X.
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Cu 30. Hidrocacbon X l cht lng c t khi hi so vi khng kh l 3,17. t chy

hon ton X thu c CO2 c khi lng bng 4,28 ln khi lng H2O. nhit
thng X khng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Khi un nng X lm mt mu dung dch
KMnO4. Tm CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
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Cu 31. Cho benzen tc dng vi lng d HNO3 c c xc tc H2SO4 c iu ch
nitrobenzen. Tnh khi lng nitrobenzen thu c khi dng 1 tn benzen vi hiu sut
78%.
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Cu 32. Trng hp 5,6 lt C2H4 (ktc) nu hiu sut phn ng t 90% th khi lng
polime thu c l bao nhiu?
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Cu 33. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C3H6 ( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh ng
dung dch nc vi trong c d thy khi lng bnh tng m(g). Xc nh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 34. Hn hp X gm C2H4 v C2H2. Dn 1,12 lt hn hp X i qua bnh ng dung
dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 2,4 g kt ta vng. Xc nh th tch ca C2H4 v C2H2 o
c iu kin chun?
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Cu 35. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp kh C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) thu c 11,2 lt
kh CO2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh khi lng nc sinh ra.
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Cu 36. Mt hn hp gm hai anken c th tch 11,2 lt (ktc) k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng. Khi cho hn hp i qua dung dch brom th thy khi lng bnh brom tng
ln 15,4 g.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anken.
b. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 37. Cho (A) v (B) l 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau. Cho 13,44 lt (ktc) hn hp
2 anken (A) v (B) qua bnh ng dung dch Br2 thy bnh Br2 tng ln 28 gam.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B.
b. Cho hn hp 2 anken + HCl thu c 3 sn phm. Hy cho bit CTCT ca (A) v (B).
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Cu 38. Dn 4,48 lt hn hp gm C2H4 v C3H4 (ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch Br2 d
thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. Tnh phn trm th tch ca C3H4 trong hn hp.
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Cu 39. Cho 12,60 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip tc dng va vi dung
dch Br2 thu c 44,60 gam hn hp sn phm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2
anken.
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Cu 40. Chia 16,4 gam hn hp gm C2H4 v C3H4 thnh2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 tc
dng va vi dung dch cha 56,0 gam Br2. Phn 2 cho tc dng ht vi H2 (Ni, t0),
ri ly 2 ankan to thnh em t chy hon ton th thu c x gam CO 2. Tnh gi tr
ca x.
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Cu 41. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp 2 ankin l ng ng k tip thu c 9,0
gam nc. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankin.
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Cu 42. t chy hon ton hn hp 2 anken thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh th
tch kh O2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng chy.
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Cu 43. t chy hon ton hn hp 3 anken ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1
ng dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d, thy khi lng
bnh 1 tng m gam v khi lng bnh 2 tng (m + 5,2) gam. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 44. Khi cho 0,2 mol mt ankin tc dng vi AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 (d) thu
c 29,4 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankin.
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D. PHN BI TPTHM
Cu 1 (A-07). Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi
lng phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh
hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
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Cu 2 (B-2008). t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh
ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p
sut). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 3 (B-2010). Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H2

bng 11,25. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (cc th tch kh o
ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca ankan v anken.
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Cu 4 (A-07). Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua
bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol Br2
gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca
2 hirocacbon.
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Cu 5 (B-08). Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch
brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li
1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc).
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Cu 6 (A-2010). un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt
bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d),
sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z
(ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 7 (B-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm
hu c duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu nc brom; t

khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 13. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anken.
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Cu 8 (C-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua
Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Tnh hiu sut ca phn
ng hiro ho.
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Cu 9 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H2 (xc tc Pd/PbCO3,
t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 10. Hn hp X gm mt olefin M v H2 c khi lng phn t trung bnh 10.67 i
qua Ni un nng thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H2 l 18. Bit M phn ng ht.
Xc nh CTPT ca M.
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Cu 11 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H2 (xc tc Pd/PbCO3,
t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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CHUYN VII
DN XUT HALOGEN - ANCOl - PHENOl
A. PHN L THUYT
I. DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIDROCACBON
1. Khi nim
- Khi thay th nguyn t hidro ca phn t hidrocacbon bng nguyn t halogen ta c
dn xut halogen c CTTQ: RCl
+ V d: CH3Cl, C6H5Cl
- Bc ca dn xut halogen: Chnh l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi C.
+ V d:
Bc I: CH3CH2Cl (etyl clorua)

Bc II: CH3CHClCH3 (isopropyl clorua)
Bc III: (CH3)C-Br (tert - butyl bromua)
2. Tnh cht ha hc:

a. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH:
t
RX
NaOH
ROH
NaX
CH3CH2OH +
0
CH3CH2Br
NaOH
NaBr
b. Phn ng tch hidro halogenua:

- CH3-CH2Cl + KOH
C2 H5OH
t0
CH2=CH2
KCl +
H2 O
- PTTQ: (i vi dn xut halogen no, n chc, mch h)

CnH2n+1X
KOH
C2 H5OH
CnH2n +
t0
KX
H2O
- Quy tc Zaixep: Nguyn t X tch vi nguyn t H C bc cao hn.

II. ANCOL
1. nh ngha - Phn loi
a. nh ngha
- Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t C no. V d: C2H5OH
- Bc ancol l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi nhm OH.
Th d
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH:
ancol bc I
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH:
ancol bc II
ancol bc III
CH3-C(CH3)2-OH:
b. Phn loi
- Ancol no, n chc, mch h (CnH2n+1OH): V d: CH3OH . . .

- Ancol khng no, n chc mch h: CH2=CH-CH2OH
- Ancol thm n chc: C6H5CH2OH
-OH
- Ancol vng no, n chc:
xiclohexanol
- Ancol a chc: CH2OH-CH2OH (etilen glicol), CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (glixerol)

2. ng phn - Danh php
a. ng phn: Ch c ng phn cu to (gm ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr
nhm OH).
- Th d C4H10O c 4 ng phn ancol
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH;
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2OH
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH;
CH3-C(CH3)2-OH
b. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ic
+ V d: C2H5OH (ancol etylic)
- Danh php thay th: Tn hidrocacbon tng ng vi mch chnh + s ch v tr
nhm OH + ol
4
+ V d: CH3 CH(CH3 )CH 2 CH 2OH (3-metylbutan-1-ol)

3. Tnh cht vt l
- Tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc. tan trong nc gim dn khi
s nguyn t C tng ln.
4. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th H ca nhm OH
* Tnh cht cung ca ancol
2C2H5OH
2Na
2C2H5ONa
H2
* Tnh cht c trng ca ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k

- Ha tan c Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. Phn
ng ny dng nhn bit ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k.
2C3H5(OH)3
b. Phn ng th nhm OH
Cu(OH)2
[C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu
2H2O
* Phn ng vi axit v c
t
C2H5 - OH
H - Br
C2H5Br +
H2 O
* Phn ng vi ancol
0
H 2SO4 , 140 C
2C2H5OH
C2H5OC2H5 +
H2 O
ietyl ete
0
H 2SO4 , 140 C
- PTTQ: 2ROH
R-O-R
H2O
c. Phn ng tch nc
0
H 2SO4 , 170 C
C2H5OH
- PTTQ:
C 2 H4
H SO , 1700 C
2
4
CnH2n+1OH
H2 O
CnH2n +
H2 O
d. Phn ng oxi ha:

- Oxi ha khng hon ton:
+ Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l andehit
t
RCH2OH +
CuO
RCHO
Cu
H 2O
+ Ancol bc hai khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l xeton.

R-CH(OH)-R
+ CuO
R-CO-R
Cu +
H 2O
+ Ancol bc III kh b oxi ha.

- Oxi ha hon ton:
CnH2n+1OH
t0
3n
O2
2
nCO2
(n+1)H2O
5. iu ch:
a. Phng php tng hp:
0
- iu ch t anken tng ng: CnH2n+
H2 O
H2SO4 , t
CnH2n+1OH
- iu ch Glixerol i t anken tng ng l CH2=CH-CH3.

b. Phng php sinh ha: iu ch C2H5OH t tinh bt.
+H2 O
C6H12O6
(C6H10O5)n
t 0 , xt
enzim
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH
2CO2
II. PHENOL
1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php
a. nh ngha: Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm -OH lin kt trc
tip vi nguyn t C vng benzen.
- V d: C6H5OH (phenol) . . .
b. Phn loi:
- Phenol n chc: Phn t c mt nhm -OH phenol.
- Phenol a chc: Phn t cha hai hay nhiu nhm -OH phenol.
c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhm th + phenol
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th nguyn t H ca nhm OH
- Tc dng vi kim loi kim
2C6H5OH
2Na
2C6H5ONa
H2
C6H5ONa
H2 O
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz

C6H5OH
NaOH
b. Phn ng th H ca vng benzen: Tc dng vi dung dch Brom (Phn ng ny dng

nhn bit phenol).
C6H5OH
3Br2
C6H2Br3OH
3. iu ch: iu ch phenol ta c s sau:

C6H6
C6H5Br
C6H5ONa
C6H5OH
3HBr
1. Lp CTPT ca ancol
* CT ca ancol no a chc: CnH2n+2-a(OH)a hoc CnH2n+2Oa.
* CT ca ancol no n chc: CnH2n+1OH.
lp cng thc phn t ca ancol chng ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau (
y ta ch xt ancol no):
* Cch 1: M = 14n + 18 (n chc) hoc M = 14n + 2 + 16a. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu
cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2: n =
nCO
nancol
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta
s gp sau ny. nancol = nH2O - nCO2 n =
nCO2
nancol
nCO2
nH2O nCO 2
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht. T tnh gii tr n.

* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ancol
c CT l Cn H 2n 2Oa . T tnh gi tr n .
V d 1:t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam
H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Gii
t CTPT ca X l CnH2n+1OH.
nCO2 =
n=
4.4
3.6
= 0.1(mol); nH2O =
0.2 (mol)
44
18
nCO2
nancol
nCO2
nH2O nCO 2
0.1
= 1 . T suy ra CTPT ca ancol l: CH3OH.
0.2 0.1
2. Bi tp tch nc ca ancol to ete

i vi phn bi tp ny, ancol tch nc to ete thng l ancol no n chc. Do
vy ta ch xt i vi ancol no n chc.
2ROH
ROR +
H2 O
mancol = mete + mH2O v nancol = 2nH2O

* Lu :
- i vi phn ny a s ta vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng gii bi tp.
- Nu bi cho hn hp nhiu ancol th ta quy v mt ancol gii v cch gii
ta xem nh l mt ancol vi PTHH nh sau
2ROH ROR H 2O
V d 2:un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng
k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%).
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
Gii
t CT ca hai ancol l 2ROH .
mH2O = mancol - mete = 12.9 - 10.65 = 2.25 (gam) nH2O =
nancol = 2nH2O = 0.25 (mol) M ROH =
2.25
= 0.125 (mol)
18
m 12.9
=
= 51.6
n 0.25
R + 17 = 51.6 R = 34.6 . Vy cng thc phn t hai ancol l: C2H5OH v C3H7OH
3. Bi tp v oxi ha ancol bc 1 v 2
Ta ch xt ancol no n chc
0
CnH2n+1OH
CuO
nO (CuO) = nancol = nandehit hoc xeton = nCu
CnH2n
+ Cu
+ H2 O
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ancol ng vi CTPT C3H8O, C4H10O, C5H12O v gi
tn theo danh php thay th.
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Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc ancol c tn gi sau:

a. Ancol iso-propylic, ancol etylic, ancol n-propylic, etanol, propan-1-ol.
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b. 3-metylbutan-1-ol, 2-metylbutan-2-ol, pentan-1-ol, 2-metylpropan-2-ol.
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Cu 3. Gi tn cc ancol sau theo danh php thay th.
a. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH; CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3.
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b. CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH; CH3OH, CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2OH

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t
a. CH3Cl
NaOH
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t
b. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
KOH
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0
c. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl
KOH
C2 H5OH, t
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0
d. CH3-CHCl-CH2CH3
NaOH
C2 H5OH, t
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a. CH3OH
Na
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b. C3H5(OH)3
Na
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c. ROH
HCl
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d. C2H5OH
H 2SO4 , 140 C
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0
H 2SO4 , 170 C
e. C2H5OH
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0
H 2SO4 , 170 C
f. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3
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t
g. C2H5OH
CuO
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t
h. iso-C3H7OH
CuO
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t
i. n-C3H7OH
CuO
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t
k. C2H5OH
O2
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t
l. CnH2n+1OH
O2
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a. C6H5OH
Na
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b. C6H5OH
KOH
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c. C6H5OH
Br2
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0
d. C6H5OH
HNO3 (c)
H 2SO4 (c), t
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Cu 7. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Etanol, etilen, propan-2-ol, propilen
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Cu 8. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau:
a. Metan axetilen
etilen
etanol
axit axetic
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b. Benzen brombenzen
natri phenolat
phenol
2,4,6-tribromphenol
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Cu 9. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:

a. Etanol, glixerol, nc v benzen.
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b. Phenol, etanol, glixerol, nc.
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c. Propan-1,2-iol; propan-1,3-iol.
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d. Propan-1,2,3-triol; propan-1,3-iol; 2-metylpropan-2-ol.
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Cu 10. T axetilen, vit PTHH ca cc phn ng iu ch: etyl bromua (1); 1,2ibrometan (2); vinyl clorua (3).
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Cu 11. T propen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht

sau: propan-2-ol (1); propan-1,2-iol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 12. T benzen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht
sau: 2,4,6-tribromphenol (1); 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy
ra.
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Cu 13. Cho 12,2 gam hn hp X gm etanol v propan-1-ol tc dng vi Na d thu
c 2,8 lt kh (ktc).
a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 14. t chy hon ton 5,5 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol CH3OH v C2H5OH thu
c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v m gam nc.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.

b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. un nng hn hp X vi xc tc H2SO4 c nhit 1400C thu c hn hp 3 ete.
Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 15. t chy hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol C2H5OH v n-C3H7OH.
Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu
c 50 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh tng ln m gam.
a. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 16. Cho 11 gam hn hp hai ancol no n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng
tc dng ht vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
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Cu 17. t chy hon ton 0.1 mol mt ancol no, n chc X cn V lt O 2 (ktc) thu
c 6.72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v gam nc.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. Tnh V bng cc phng php khc nhau.
Cu 18. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam
H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 19. un nng 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol no n chc, l ng ng k tip vi
H2SO4 c 140OC, thu c 12,5 gam hn hp 3 ete (h = 100%).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
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Cu 20. Cho 3,7 gam mt ancol no, n chc, mch h tc dng vi Na d thy c 0,56
lt kh thot ra ( ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 21. Cho 14 gam hn hp A gm phenol v etanol tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24
lt kh H2 (ktc).
b. Tnh % mi cht trong hn hp A.
c. Cho 14 gam hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 () th thu c bao nhiu gam
axit picric (2,4,6-trinitrophenol).
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Cu 22. Cho hn hp A gm etanol v phenol tc dng vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H 2
(ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi nc brom va thu c 19,86 gam kt ta
trng.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht c trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 23. Cho natri tc dng hon ton vi 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc,
mch h k tip trong dy ng ng sinh ra 5,6 lt kh H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol trn.
b. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 24. Chia hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thnh hai phn bng nhau.
t chy ht phn (1) thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Phn (2) tc dng ht
vi natri th thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh V.
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Cu 25. t chy ht hn hp gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol.
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Cu26. Cho 0,1 mol ru X phn ng ht vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2(ktc). S
nhm chc -OH ca ru X l bao nhiu?
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Cu 27. Chia m gam hn hp hai ancol thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: t chy hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
Phn 2: ehirat ha hon ton thu c hn hp 2 anken. Nu t chy ht 2 anken th
thu c bao nhiu gam nc?
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Cu 28. Oxi ho 4,96 gam X l mt ancol (ru) n chc bc 1 (h=100%), ri ly
anehit thu c cho tc dng ht vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3, thu c
66,96 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc ca X .
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Cu 29. Oxi ho hn hp X gm C2H6O v C4H10O thu c hn hp Y gm 2 anehit.
Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 (d) thu c m gam Ag. Cng lng
X nh trn, nu cho tc dng vi Na d th thu c 1,12 lt kh H2(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca
m.
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Cu 30. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam
H2O. Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%). Tnh s gam ete thu c.
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Cu 31. un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng
k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%).
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
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Cu 32. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc A v B thuc cng mt
dy ng ng, ngi ta thu c 70,4 gam CO2 v 39,6 gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 33. Chia 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho
tc dng ht vi Na, thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn 2 tch nc thu c m gam
hn hp 6 ete (h=100%). Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 34 (B-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, hai
chc, mch h) cn va V lt kh O2, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O (cc
th tch kh o ktc). Tnh Gi tr ca V.
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D. PHN BI TP THM
Cu 1 (B-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc,
mch h, c cng s nhm -OH) cn va V lt kh O2, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 va
12,6 gam H2O (cc th tch kh o ktc). Tnh gi tr ca V.
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Cu2
(C-
08).tchyhontonmtru(ancol)achc,mchhX,thucH2OvCO2vitls
tng ng l 3:2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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mol
Cu 3 (B-2007). X l ancol (ru) no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6
gam oxi, thu c hi nc v 6,6 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
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Cu 4 (B-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc
cng dy ng ng), thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu
un nng m gam X vi H2SO4 c th thu c x gam hn hp cc ete. Tnh gi tr ca x.
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Cu5
(B-
08).unnngmtru(ancol)nchcXvidungdchH2SO4ctrongiukinnhit thch
hp sinh ra cht hu c Y, tkhi hi ca X so vi Y l 1,6428. Xc nh cng thc phn
t ca X.
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Cu 6 (A-2010). Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va
4,8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 23,76 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
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Cu 7 (CA-08). Oxi ho ancol n chc X bng CuO (un nng), sinh ra mt sn phm
hu c duy nht l xeton Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi kh hiro bng 29). Xc nh cng
thc cu to ca X.
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Cu 8 (B-07). Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung
nng. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn
hp hi thu c c t khi so vi hiro l 15,5. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 9. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O.
Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao
nhiu?
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Cu 10. Cho 15,6 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Nu cho 15,6 gam
X tch nc to ete (h = 100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao nhiu?
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Cu 11 (A-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy

ng ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu 12 (C-2010). Cho 10 ml dung dch ancol etylic 460 phn ng ht vi kim li Na
(d), thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Bit khi lng ring ca ancol etylic nguyn cht
bng 0,8 g/ml. Tnh gi tr ca V.
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CHUYN IV
ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC
A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANDEHIT
1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha: Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt
trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d: HCHO, CH3CHO...
b. Danh php:
- Tn thay th ca cc andehit no n chc mch h nh sau:
Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + al
4
V d: C H3 C H(CH3 ) C H 2 C HO (3-metylbutanal)
- Tn thng ca mt s anehit: Andehit + tn axit tng ng
V d: HCHO (andehit fomic), CH3CHO (andehit axetic) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh
a. Tnh oxi ha: Phn ng cng H2 (to thnh ancol bc I):
RCHO +
H2
Ni, t 0
RCH2OH
b. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha

R-CHO + 2AgNO3 + H2O +
3NH3
t0
R-COONH4 +
2Ag
2NH4NO3
t
R-CHO +
2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH
RCOONa + Cu2O + 3H2O

( gch)
Cc phn ng trn dng nhn bit andehit.

3. iu ch
- iu ch andehit ta i t ancol bng phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton.
t
CH3CH2OH
CuO
O2
CH3CHO
- i t hidrocacbon.
2CH2=CH2
xt, t 0
2CH3CHO
Cu
H2 O
II. XETON
1. nh ngha
- L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm
C=O
lin kt trc tip vi hai
nguyn t C.
-V d: CH3-CO-CH3 (imetyl xeton), CH3-CO-C6H5 (metyl phenyl xeton) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Cng H2to thnh ancol bc II.
+
H2
CH3-CO-CH3
R-CO-R
Ni, t
RCH(OH)R
H2
Ni, t 0
CH3CH(OH)CH3
- Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.

3. iu ch
- Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II.
t
CH3CH(OH)CH3
+ CuO
CH3-CO-CH3
Cu
H2 O
- i t hidrocacbon.
III. AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha
- L nhng phn t hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -COOH lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d: HCOOH, CH3COOH, . . .
b. Danh php
- Tn thay th ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h nh sau:
Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic
5
- V d: C H3 C H(CH3 )C H 2 C H 2 COOH (Axit-4-metylpentanoic)

2. Tnh cht vt l
- Axit tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc v tan gim dn khi s
nguyn t C tng ln.
- Nhit si cao hn ancol tng ng do lin kt H gia cc nguyn t bn hn lin kt
H gia cc phn t ancol.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit: C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CH3COOH
NaOH
CH3COONa
H2O
2CH3COOH
ZnO
(CH3COO)2Zn +
H2 O
2CH3COOH
CaCO3
(CH3COO)2Ca
CO2 +
2CH3COOH
Zn
(CH3COO)2Zn +
H2O
H2
b. Phn ng th nhm -OH (phn ng este ha):

RCOOH
H ,t
ROH
H ,t
CH3COOH +
RCOOR
C2H5OH
H2O
CH3COOC2H5
H2 O
etyl axetat
4. iu ch axit axetic
a. Ln men gim
C2H5OH
men gim
O2
CH3COOH
H2 O
b. Oxi ha andehit axetic

2CH3CHO +
xt
O2
2CH3COOH
c. Oxi ha ankan
d. T metanol
t , xt
CH3OH
CO
CH3COOH
y l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic.

V d 1:Cu1 (C-08).Chohnhpgm 0,1molHCHOv0,1molHCOOHtcdngvilng
dAg2O
(hoc
AgNO3)
trongdungdchNH3,
unnng.Saukhiccphn
ngxyrahonton,khilngAgto thnh l bao nhiu?

Gii
HCHO
0.1
HCOOH
0.4
0.1
4Ag
2Ag
0.2
mAg = 0.6*108 = 64.8 (gam)
V d 2:Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200
ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
Gii
nNaOH = 0.2*1 = 0.2 (mol)
t n HCOOH = x; n CH3COOH = y
HCOOH
x
CH3COOH
y
NaOH
HCOONa
H2 O
CH3COONa +
H2 O
x
+
NaOH
y
x + y = 0.2
x = 0.1 mHCOOH = 46*0.1 = 4.6 (gam)
Ta c h PT:
46x
+
60y
=
10.6
y
=
0.1
mCH3COOH = 60*0.1 = 6 (gam)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT ca cc andehit c CTPT l C4H8O v gi tn chng theo tn thay th.
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Cu 2. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thng:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH2=CHCHO.
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Cu 3. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thay th:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH3CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO,
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CHO.
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Cu 4. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:

a. Andehit acrylic, andehit propionic, andehit axetic, 2-metylbutanal.
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b. 2,2-imetylbutanal, andehit fomic, 3,4-imetylpentanal, andehit oxalic.
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a. CH3CHO +
AgNO3
NH3
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b. RCHO
AgNO3
NH3
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Ni, t
c. CH3CHO +
H2
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0
d. RCHO
H2
Ni, t
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2
e. CHCH
H2 O
Hg
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f. CH2=CH2 +
O2
xt
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Ancol etylic, ancol iso-propylic, ancol n-propylic, andehit axetic, andehit fomic.
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Cu 6. Vit CTCT, gi tn cc axit (theo danh php thay th) c CTPT C4H8O2.
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Cu 7. Gi tn cc axit sau theo danh php thng:
HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH2=CHCOOH,
CH2=C(CH3) COOH, HOOC-COOH.
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Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Axit acrylic, axit propionic, axit axetic, axit -2-metylbutanoic.

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b. Axit - 2,2-imetylbutanoic, axit fomic, axit - 3,4-imetylpentanoic, axit oxalic.
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a. CH3COOH
Na
.........................................................................................................................................
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b. HCOOH
KOH
.........................................................................................................................................
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0
c. CH3COOH
C2H5OH
H3SO4 (
c), t C
.........................................................................................................................................
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d. RCOOH
ROH
H3SO4 (
c), t C
.........................................................................................................................................
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e. C2H5OH
O2
men gim
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Etyl axetat, axit axetic, axit fomic.
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Cu 11. Hon thnh chui phn ng sau:
(1)
a. Metan
(2)
(3)
(4)
metyl clorua
metanol
metanal
axit fomic.
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(1)
(2)
(3)
b. Etanol
andehit axetic
axit axetic
etyl axetat.
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(1)
(2)
c. Propen
propan-2-ol
axeton.
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(1)
(2)
(3)
d. Etilen
andehit axetic
axit axetic
etyl axetat.
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Cu 12. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Andehit axetic, axit axetic, glixerol v etanol.
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b. Axit fomic, andehit axetic, axit axetic, ancol etylic
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c. Propan-1-ol, propan-1,2-iol, andehit axetic, axit axetic.
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Cu 13. T metan v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c axit fomic v
axit axetic. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
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Cu 14. Trung ha 16,6 gam hn hp axit axetic v axit fomic bng dung dch natri
hiroxit thu c 23,2 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh thnh phn % khi lng mi
axit trong hn hp u.
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Cu
15
(CA-09).Cho0,1molhnhpXgmhaianehit
tipnhautrongdyng
no,nchc,mchh,k
ngtcdngvilngddungdchAgNO3trongNH3,unnng
thuc32,4gamAg. Xc nh CTPT ca anehit trong X.

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Cu 16. Cho 0,94 g hn hp hai anehit n chc, no, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anehit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi andehit trong hn hp u.
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Cu 17. t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mt andehit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
3,6 gam nc. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
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Cu 18. Cho hn hp X gm 2 anehit ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H2 (Ni, t0), thu
c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton Y thu c 6,6 gam CO2 v 4,5 gam H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit trong X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi andehit trong hn hp X.
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Cu 19. Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200
ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
a. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
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Cu 20. trung ho 8,8 gam mt axit cacboxylic mch khng nhnh thuc dy ng
ng ca axit fomic cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Xc nh cng thc cu to v tn
gi ca axit .
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Cu 21. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu
c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mi axit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
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Cu22
(CA-
08).unnng6,0gamCH3COOHvi6,0gamC2H5OH(cH2SO4lmxctc,hiusutphn ng
este ho bng50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh.
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Cu 23. Hn hp A gm X, Y l 2 axit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng. Cho 10,6 gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
b. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp A.
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Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6 gam mt axit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 3,6
gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
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Cu 25. t chy hon ton 0,88 gam 2 axit l ng phn ca nhau thu c 1,76 gam
CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 axit.
b. Vit CTCT ca 2 axit .
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Cu 26. t chy hon ton 8,8 gam mt axit no, n chc X cn 11,2 lt kh O2 (ktc).
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.
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Cu 27. Cho 90 gam axit axetic tc dng vi 69 gam ru etylic (H2SO4 xc tc). Khi
phn ng t ti cn bng th 66% lng axit chuyn thnh ete, khi lng este sinh ra
l bao nhiu gam?
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Cu 28. Trung ha hon ton 3 gam mt axit cacboxilic no n chc X cn dng va
100ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tn gi ca X l g?
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Cu 29. Cho 1,74gam mt anehit no, n chc phn ng hon ton vi AgNO3/NH3
sinh ra 6,48 gam bc kim loi. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anehit.
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Cu 30. Cho 0,92 gam hn hp gm axetilen v anehit axetic phn ng hon ton vi
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 5,64gam hn hp rn. Xc nh thnh phn % cc
cht trong hn hp u.
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Cu 31. Cho 10,9 g hn hp gm axit acrylic v axit propionic phn ng hon ton vi
Na thot ra 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tham gia phn ng cng H2 hon
ton th khi lng sn phm cui cng l bao nhiu?
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Cu 32. Hn hp X c khi lng 10g gm axit axetic v anehit axetic. Cho X tc dng
vi lng d dd AgNO3 trong amoniac thy c 21,6g Ag kt ta. trung ha X cn
Vml dd NaOH 0,2M. Gi tr ca V bng bao nhiu?
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D. PHN BI TP THM
Cu1 (C-08).Chohnhpgm 0,1molHCHOv0,1molHCOOHtcdngvilng dAg2O
(hoc
AgNO3)
trongdungdchNH3,
unnng.Saukhiccphn
ngxyrahonton,khilngAgto thnh l bao nhiu?

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Cu 2 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gamanehit n chc X phnng hon ton vi mt lng d
Ag2O(hoc AgNO3) trongdungdchNH3unnng,thucm gam Ag.Hotanhontonm
gamAgbngdungdch HNO3c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2(sn phmkhduy nht, ktc). Xc
nh cng thc ca X.
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Cu 3 (B-07). Khi oxi ho 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng.
Xc nh cng thc ca anehit.
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Cu4
(B-08).Cho3,6gam
axitcacboxylicno,nchcXtcdnghontonvi500mldungdchgm
KOH0,12MvNaOH0,12M.Ccndungdchthuc8,28gamhnhpchtrnkhan.
Xc
nh cng thc phn tca X.

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Cu 5 (C-2010). Cho 45 gam axit axetic phn ng vi 69 gam ancol etylic (xc tc
H2SO4c), un nng, thu c 41,25 gam etyl axetat. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng este
ho.
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Cu6
(C-
08).unnng6,0gamCH3COOHvi6,0gamC2H5OH(cH2SO4lmxctc,hiusutphn ng
este ho bng50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh.
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Cu 7 (A-2010). Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng
d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam
mui amoni ca hai axit hu c. Tnh gi tr ca m.
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Cu8
(C-
09).HirohohontonhnhpMgmhaianehitXvYno,nchc,mchh,ktip
nhautrongdyngng(MX<MY),thuchnhphaiancolc
lnhnkhilng
Ml1gam.tchyhontonMthuc30,8gamCO2.
khilng
Xc
nh
cngthcvphntrmkhilngca X trong hn hp M.
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Cu 9 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gamanehit n chc X phnng hon ton vi mt lng d
Ag2O(hoc AgNO3) trongdungdchNH3unnng,thucm gam Ag.Hotanhontonm
gamAgbngdungdch HNO3c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2(sn phmkhduy nht, ktc). Xc
nh cng thc ca X.
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Cu10
(A-08).Trungho5,48gam
hnhpgm
axitaxetic,phenolvaxitbenzoic,cndng600mldung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung

dchsauphn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cht rnkhan. Tnh gi tr m.
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Cu 11 (B-07). trung ho 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng
200 gam dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Xc nh cng thc ca Y.
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Cu 12 (B-07). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V
lt O2 (ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Tnh gi tr ca V.
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Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 11 CA Nam

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Mi

ngi c nhu cu down th cho mnh nhn xt

II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI

- Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H+: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH . . .

3. Hidroxit lng tnh

Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)2

Phn li theo kiu axit:

III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ

+ Cht bay hi:

[A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A

2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit - baz mnh

b. [H ] = 0.02 = 0.1(M) = 101(M) pH = 1

c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau:

nOH = nNaOH = 0.02 (mol) VNaOH =

nOH = nNaOH + nKOH + 2nBa(OH)2 = 0.04 (mol)

b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3

Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dd theo s sau:

(Coi Ca(OH)2 v H2SO4 phn li hon ton c hai nc)

Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH) 2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v

X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H2O).

Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O2 khng kh to ra NO2

II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI

NH+4 + OHNH3 + H2O

NH4Cl (khi trng)

* Trong cng nghip

- Cc iu kin p dng sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip l

- Tt c u tan trong nc v in li hon ton thnh ion.

- Phn ng ny nhn bit ion amoni v iu ch amoniac.

III. AXIT NITRIC

- Trong hp cht HNO3, nguyn t nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5.

Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

3Cu+8H N O3 (long) 3Cu(NO3 )2 + 2N O+ 4H 2O

H2 S + 6H N O3 (c) H2 SO4 + 6 N O2 + 3H2O

NaNO3 Na+ + NO32. Tnh cht ho hc

3. Nhn bit ion nitrat

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ +

2NO + O2 NO2 (nu )

- Trong cc hp cht, photpho c cc s oxi ha -3, +3, +5.

4. Trng thi t nhin

* Trong cng nghip

- Cho axit sunfuric c tc dng vi qung apatit hoc photphoric

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 (c)

- sn xut axit photphoric vi tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta iu ch t P

: NaH2PO4, NH4H2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2

: Na2HPO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CaHPO4

: Na3PO4, (NH4)3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2

b. Nhn bit ion photphat

3Ag+ + PO3-4 Ag3PO4 (mu vng)

- dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi theo t l % v khi lng nguyn t nit.

- c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi CO nhit v p sut cao.

- Trong t ur dn chuyn thnh mui cacbonat

- Phn ln cung cp nguyn t P cho cy di dng ion photphat ( PO 4 ).

* Supephotphat kp: l mui Ca(H2PO4)2. c iu ch qua hai giai on

s mol electron nh- ng = s mol electron nhn.

- Xc nh ng trng thi s oxi ha u v cui.

- S mol HNO3 cn dung ha tan ht hn hp cc kim loi

nHNO3 = 4nNO + 2nNO2 + 12nN2 + 10nN2O + 10nNH4NO3

a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam).

c. mAl(NO3 )3 = 0.02* 213 = 4.26 (gam)

a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam)

c. mAl(NO3 )3 = mAl + mNO = 0.54 + 62* 0.06 = 4.26 (gam)

Cu 2. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c, d un

64x + 27y = 9.1

b. mMui = mkim loi + mNO- = 9.1+ 62* 0.5 = 40.1(gam)

mO = mA - (mC + mH + mN) = 2.46 (0.1212+0.11+0.02*14) = 0.64 (gam)