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EE4092: Laboratory practice VII

THYRISTOR VOLTAGE CONTROLLER











Instructed by: Mr. Chirath Pathirawasam
Group members :
100116L Ekanayake E.M.H.A.
100255K Kirinde W.M.C.N.S.
100443P Munasinghe D.T.
100494P Senanayake S.B.N.S.
100627E Muthransi L.W.N.
Name : S.B.N.S.Senanayake
Index No : 100494P
Group : G-11
Field : Electrical Engineering
Date of performance : 17.06.2014
Date of submission : 01.07.2014

OBSERVATION SHEET

NAME : S.B.N.S.Senanayake
INDEX NO : 100494P
PRACTICAL : THYRISTOR VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
GROUP NO : G11
DATE OF PER. : 17/06/2014
INSTRUCTED BY : Mr. Chirath Pathirawasam
A.) Single phase half wave controller
V
L
(V) I
L
(DC

A) V
in
(V) E
R
(V) E
C
(V)
3 0.01 98 22 8.5
3 0.01 100 21.5 9
4 0.02 99 21 10
5 0.02 99 20.5 10.5
7 0.03 99 20 12
10 0.03 98 18.5 13.5
12 0.04 98 16.5 15
18 0.06 98 14 16.5
28 0.09 98 10 20
37 0.12 98 5 25
42 0.13 98 0 27

B.) Full wave converter
V
L
(V) I
L
(DC

A) V
in
(V) E
R
(V) E
C
(V)
11 0.11 100 22.5 10.5
12 0.11 100 22 11
14 0.12 100 21.5 11.5
17 0.14 100 20.5 12.5
20 0.16 100 19.5 13
24 0.18 100 18 14
32 0.21 100 18.5 15
45 0.27 100 13.5 17
60 0.30 98 10 18
76 0.41 98 5 21
84 0.44 98 0 22.5

C.) AC Voltage controller
V
L
I
L
(A) V
in
(V) E
R
(V) E
C
(V)
26 0 100 22.5 10.5
30 0 100 22 11
34 0 100 21.5 11.5
40 0 100 20.5 12.5
42 0.1 100 19.5 13
48 0.1 100 18.5 14
56 0.14 100 16.5 15
68 0.18 100 14.5 16.5
82 0.22 100 10.5 19
94 0.23 98 4.5 21.5
98 0.23 98 0 22.5
Single phase full wave controller

Load Voltage and Anode Cathode voltage of thyristor SR
1














Anode Cathode voltage of thyristor SR
1
















AC voltage controller

Anode Cathode voltage of thyristor SR
1
and voltage across diode













Load Voltage















CALCULATION
(a) Single phase half wave controller

Sample calculation
Delay Angle

)
Using the 9
th
row data which were obtained for single phase half wave controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

( )

( )

( )


Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
5.73 137.75
6.71 134.57
8.24 129.07
9.26 125.76
11.80 118.07
15.33 107.76
19.96 95.45
25.65 80.63
36.20 50.13
42.42 22.62
44.12 0


(b) Single phase full wave controller

Sample calculation
Delay Angle

)
Using the 9
th
row data which were obtained for single phase full wave controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

( )

( )

( )



Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
16.10 129.97
18.01 126.87
20.03 123.72
24.40 117.25
27.70 112.62
33.94 104.25
35.71 101.93
55.21 76.91
67.42 58.11
83.50 26.78
88.23 0





(c) AC voltage controller
Sample calculation
Delay angle

)
Using the 9
th
row data which were obtained for AC Voltage Controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

()




Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
34.73 129.97
37.97 126.87
40.67 123.72
46.61 117.25
50.89 112.62
57.17 105.77
66.11 95.45
76.34 82.62
90.66 57.85
97.30 23.64
98.00 0



GRAPHS

(a) Single phase half wave controller







Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
137.75
5.73
3
134.57
6.71
3
129.07
8.24
4
125.76
9.26
5
118.07
11.80
7
107.76
15.33
10
95.45
19.96
12
80.63
25.65
18
50.13
36.20
28
22.62
42.42
37
0
44.12
42




















0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay angle (Deg)
Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle
for Single Phase Half Wave Controller
Theoritical Practical


(b) Single Phase Full Wave Controller







Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
129.97
16.10
11
126.87
18.01
12
123.72
20.03
14
117.25
24.40
17
112.62
27.70
20
104.25
33.94
24
101.93
35.71
32
76.91
55.21
45
58.11
67.42
60
26.78
83.50
76
0
88.23
84
















0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay angle (Deg)
Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for
Single Phase Full Wave Controller
Theoritical Practical



(c) AC Voltage Controller







Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
129.97
34.73
26
126.87
37.97
30
123.72
40.67
34
117.25
46.61
40
112.62
50.89
42
105.77
57.17
48
95.45
66.11
56
82.62
76.34
68
57.85
90.66
82
23.64
97.30
94
0
98.00
98








20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay angle (Deg)
Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for
AC Voltage Controller
Theoretical Practical

DISCUSSION

Applications of voltage controller in practice

1. Light dimmers

Light dimmer are used to vary the intensity of the light. It can be done by varying the supplied
power to the light. And the power supplied to the light can be changed by changing the voltage.
Thyristors can change voltage wave form by changing the firing angle. That results the variable
rms value of the voltage at lamp. This allows only parts of the waveform to pass to the lamp.
The brightness of the lamp is determined by the power transferred to it. Higher the firing angle
greater the waveform chopped resulting low power delivered to lamp and then more it dims.

2. Speed control of a motor
Using thyristors, AC voltage can be adjusted and it is done by setting its ON/OFF time.
That can directly turn on and off the AC voltage at every half cycle of the AC voltage
applied to the motor. Then the speed control is obtained by the phase control method by
controlling the rms value of the AC voltage by changing the firing angle (by varying OFF
periods) of the thyristor.

3. HVDC electricity transmission

Since modern thyristors can switch power on the scale of megawatts, thyristor valves
have become the heart of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) conversion either to or
from alternating current by means of both electrically triggered (ETT) and light triggered
(LTT) thyristors. The valves are arranged in stacks usually suspended from the ceiling of
a transmission building called a valve hall. Thyristors are arranged into a diode
bridge circuit and to reduce harmonics are connected in series to form a 12 pulse
converter. Each thyristor is cooled with deionized water, and the entire arrangement
becomes one of multiple identical modules forming a layer in a multilayer valve stack
called a quadruple valve. Three such stacks are typically mounted on the floor or hung
from the ceiling of the valve hall of a long distance transmission facility.



4. Motor soft starter

A motor soft starter is a device used with AC electric motors to temporarily reduce the
load and torque and electrical current surge of the motor during startup. Electrical soft
starters can use to control the current flow and therefore the voltage applied to the motor.
Typically, the voltage is controlled by reverse-parallel-connected silicon-controlled
rectifiers (thyristors), but in some circumstances with three-phase control, the control
elements can be a reverse-parallel-connected SCR and diode.

5. Thyristor-assisted tap changers

Thyristor-assisted tap changers use thyristors to take the on-load current while the main
contacts change over from one tap to the next. This prevents arcing on the main contacts and
can lead to a longer service life between maintenance activities.

6. Induction heating

Induction heaters convert the supplied electrical energy to heat energy. And the electrical
energy is controlled by a voltage regulator. Typically an induction heater operates at
either medium frequency or radio frequency ranges. Three main components form the
basis of a modern induction heater including the power unit (power inverter), the work
head (transformer) and the coil (inductor). Power control for the system can be achieved
by a variety of methods. Many latter day units feature thyristor power control which
works by means of a full wave AC drive varying the primary voltage to the input
transformer. And there are also some other voltage regulators too.


REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_controller
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_heater

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