NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO.

- 2012AE06BIV
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Term Assignment on
PROCESSING OF PADDY/RICE





Submitted by Arpit Kumar Rohilla






NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Rice Processing :


Rice in its basic form is known as "rough rice" and is still covered by a non-edible hull or husk.
At the mill, rough rice is processed through sorting machines that clean the kernels and
remove foreign matter.
The hull is then removed leaving brown rice with the bran layers still surrounding the rice
kernel. Grains of brown rice may be milled by removing the bran layers, revealing white rice.
Because the most nutritious layers of the rice grain have been removed in the milling process,
the white rice is enriched to restore the original levels of thiamin, niacin and iron.
Some of the rice is separated to go through an extra initial processing step that will turn it into
parboiled rice.
Parboiled rice is subjected to steaming or parboiling while still a brown rice, causing nutrients
from the outer husk to move into the grain itself.




NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Milling Of Rice :-
Milling rice paddy removes the husk and bran layer to produce white rice. Rice is best milled at 13-14%
moisture and the best results are attained when the process is completed in a number of stages. An efficient
mill will remove the husk (20%), the bran or meal (8-10%) and leave 70% as white rice. Rice grown in irrigated
systems should attain 60% white rice as head rice (unbroken white kernels) and rain fed systems 40-50% as
head rice.
There are a number of different types of rice mills and processing being used. These include:
1. Hand pounding using a mortar with a pestle results in very high number of broken rice and leaves
brown rice (meal layer still attached). Cleaning of the husk is done by winnowing
2. A one step milling process where the husk and the bran are removed in one pass and white rice is
produced directly from the paddy. The single pass rice mill is an adaptation of the "Engleberg" coffee
huller. This process results in many broken kernels, low white rice recovery of 50-55% and head rice
yields less than 30%. The fine brokens are often mixed in with the bran and the ground rice husk.
3. A two-step process where the husk and the bran are removed separately. These mills are often called
compact rice mills and in many countries have superseded the Engleberg mill. The two-stage mill has
separate hulling and the polishing processes. Rubber rollers remove the husk and the brown rice is
then polished with a steel friction whitener. These mills have a capacity of 0.5 to 1 ton per hour paddy
input and are often used for custom milling in the rural areas. The milling performance of the compact
rice mill is superior to the single pass huller with milling recoveries normally above 60%.
4. A multi-stage process where rice passes through a number of different operations and machines from
paddy to white rice. The milling process in larger commercial mills combines a number of operations
that produces higher quality and higher yields of white rice from paddy rice. The process involves:
Pre-cleaning the paddy prior to milling
Removing the husk or outer layer from the paddy
Polishing or whiting the brown rice to remove the bran layer
Separating the broken grains from the whole kernels
Bagging the milled rice
Managing the by products













NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Rice processing flow chart :-

Primary Processing :-




NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Rice Processing Story :-





NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Secondary Processing :-











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Engineering Interventions :-
(a) Machineries for paddy planting and harvesting :
Instead of using old planting , harvesting and processing method of paddy crop ,
now a days agricultural engineers have invented different types of implements
and machineries.
(i) Paddy Transplanter :
A rice transplanter is a specialized transplanter fitted to transplant rice seedlings
onto paddy field.
Although rice is grown in areas other than Asia, rice transplanters are used
mainly in East, Southeast, and South Asia. This is because rice can be grown
without transplanting, by simply sowing seeds on field, and farmers outside Asia
prefer this fuss-free way at the expense of reduced yield.
A common rice transplanter comprises:
a seedling tray like a shed roof on which mat type rice nursery is set;
a seedling tray shifter that shifts the seedling tray like a carriage of typewriters;
and
plural pickup forks that pick up a seedling from mat type nursery on the
seedling tray and put the seedling into the earth, as if the seedling were taken
between human fingers.

Paddy Transplanter

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(ii) Paddy Harvester :





1. Function : For harvesting and windrowing non-lodging paddy
varieties. It is a self propelled unit and width of
coverage is 0.75 m.
2. Specification :
i. Type : Self propelled
ii. Power requirement : 3 hp kerosene engine, 1 operator and 2 women labourers
to collect and bundle the cut crop
iii. Overall dimensions : 2200 x 850 x 1170 mm
iv. Capacity : 1 ha / day
3. General Information : The machine consists of gear box, ground wheels,
handle, cutter bar assembly, star wheels and gathering
header assembly. The crop should be manually
harvested along the four sides of the field for a width of
0.5m and cleared from the field for providing space to
the machine. At one corner an area of 2 x 1.5m should be
manually harvested to place the machine initially in the
field. Since the harvested crop is discharged at the right
side of the reaper the harvested should be turned always
to the left side.

4. Cost of the unit : Rs.45,000/-
5. Salient features : Labour - 1 operator and 2 women
labourer to collect and bundle the cut crop
Height of cut - 50 mm
Fuel consumption - 1 litre/ha


(iii) Combine Harvester :
NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name
derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvestingreaping, threshing,
and winnowinginto a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine
are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize), soybeans and flax (linseed). The waste straw left behind on
the field is the remaining dried stems and leaves of the crop with limited nutrients which is either
chopped and spread on the field or baled for feed and bedding for livestock.
Combine harvesters are one of the most economically important labor saving inventions, enabling a
small fraction of the population to be engaged in agriculture.



Conventional combine harvester (cut)

1) Reel
2) Cutter bar
3) Header auger
4) Grain conveyor
5) Stone trap
6) Threshing drum
7) Concave
8) Straw walker
9) Grain pan
10) Fan
11) Top Adjustable sieve
12) Bottom sieve
13) Tailings conveyor
14) Rethreshing of tailings
15) Grain auger
16) Grain tank
17) Straw chopper
18) Driver's cab
19) Engine
20) Unloading auger
21) Impeller




NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Combine harvester in paddy field

Combine Harvester


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(iv) Small Rice/Wheat Harvester :

The Small rice/wheat combine harvester machine is a kind of multi-functional combine
harvester, which has been granted the national patent, independently developed by the
company through learning advanced technology home and abroad as well as combining its
own development experience. The Small rice combine harvester is mainly used for
harvesting rice grain and wheat grain; It is special suit for hills and mountains or areas
where general combined harvesters can not enter in, very convenience for the farming. We
have tested the machine with KUBOTA harvester together, they have similar efficiency,
crushing rate, loss rate, the difference is capacity, KUBOTA is designed for large scale
harvesting, while this mini harvester is exclusive in small land rice harvesting.


Mini Rice/Wheat Harvester Types and Its Own Advantages
Rubber wheel type rice harvester has outstanding advantages at working in dry and flat
farmland. The rubber wheel is flexible to move and easy to adjust direction.

For wet or
muddy farm land,
using the
triangular belt
type rice
harvester is a reasonable choice. The triangle type can ensure a safe and smooth movement in
the muddy paddy land. This small paddy harvester can also fully show its advantages in
rugged paddy field for the triangle belt design is a great help for keeping balance and stability.




NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Compared with the same model Rice Harvester, this Flexible Paddy Harvesting
Machine Enjoy Following Features :

1. This diesel engine rice harvester integrates function of straw pulling out and rice threshing.
2. More safe and easy to operate due to its compact machine design and structure.
3. High threshing rate and low seeds loss rate, can be match to KUBOTA rice harvester, but
our rice harvester has much lower price.
4. Made of high quality steel, sturdy and durable.
5. Considerate after-sale service, professional and in-time.

Compared with Large Combine Harvester, the Mini Paddy Harvester has the
following Outstanding Characteristics :

1. Both suitable for home
and commercial use. Low investment
and quick payback.
2. Relatively simple structure, low
maintenance and repair cost.
3. High legerity and climbing ability ,
suitable for mountainous areas, hills
and muddy farmland.











(b) Various processing units for paddy processing :

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(i) Huller :
The purpose of hulling machine is to remove the husk from the paddy grain with
minimum damage to the bran layer and as far as possible not to break the brown rice.
The most common machine used for paddy hulling in India is Engleberg huller.


(ii) Centrifugal dehusker :

NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Centrifugal dehusker shells paddy due to imapact. The paddy grains are subjected to a
centrifugal force by means of a rotating impeller with a rotational speed ranging between
2500-3000 rpm. It creates an impact force sufficient to shell paddy grains.





(iii) Rubber roll sheller :

Rubber roll sheller consists of two rubber rolls rotating in opposite direction at different
speed. A feeder feed paddy uniformly to machine.
Paddy is fed in to machine. One of roll is fixed while the other is adjustable to obtained desired
clearance between them. Difference in surface speeds of rolls develop a shearing force on grain
surface resulting in the opening and braking the husk.






NAME - ARPIT KUMAR COAE&T, CCS HAU, HISAR ADMISSION NO. - 2012AE06BIV
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Rubber-roll sheller









(iv) Husk separator :
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(v) Paddy separator :



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(vi) Rubber-roll sheller with husk separator :



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(vii) Vertical whitening cone :



(viii) Horizontal abrasive whitener :








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(ix) Rice polisher :

Vertical polishing conelea
1. Leather strips 2. White rice 3. Bran





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References :
http://www.google.co.in/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.hau.ernet.in/
http//www.indiastat.com/
http://www.mapsofindia.com/
http://www.fao.org/
http://www.airea.net/
http://www.agriharyana.nic.in/
http://www.nfsm.gov.in/
http://www.farming-machine.com/product/harvesting-
machine/mini-paddy-harvester.html
http://www.tnau.ac.in/aecricbe/aetc/farmmac.htm
Book : Unit operations of agricultural processing
(By KK Singh & KM Sahay)