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Phasor Diagrams for Transformer on Load

Phasor Diagrams for Transformer on Load


Consider a transformer supplying the load as shown in the Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
The various transformer parameters are,
R
1
= Primary winding resistance
X
1
= Primary leakage reactance
R
2
= Secondary winding resistance
X
2
= Secondary leakage reactance
Z
L
= Load impedance
I
1
= Primary current
I
2
= Secondary current = I
L
= Load current
now
1
=
o
+
2
'
where I
o
= No load current
I
2
'= Load component of current decided by the load
= K I
2
where K is transformer component
The primary voltage V
1
has now three components,
1. -E
1
, the induced e.m.f. which opposes V
1

2. I
1
R
1
, the drop across the resistance, in phase with I
1

3. I
1
X
1
, the drop across the reactance, leading I
1
by 90
o



The secondary induced e.m.f. has also three components,
1. V
2
, the terminal voltage across the load
2. I
2
R
2
, the drop across the resistance, in phase with I
2

3. I
2
X
2
, the drop across the reactance, leading I
2
by 90
o



The phasor diagram for the transformer on load depends on the nature of the load power
factor. Let us consider the various cases of the load power factor.

1.1 Unity power factor load, cos
2
= 1
As load power factor is unity, the voltage V
2
and I
2
are in phase. Steps to draw the phasor
diagram are,
1. Consider flux as reference
2. E
1
lags by 90
o
. Reverse E
1
to get -E
1
.
3. E
1
and E
2
are inphase
4. Assume V
2
in a particular direction
5. I
2
is in phase with V
2
.
6. Add I
2
R
2
and I
2
X
2
to to get E
2
.
7. Reverse I
2
to get I
2
'.
8. Add I
o
and I
2
' to get I
1
.
9. Add I
1
R
1
and to -E
1
to get V
1
.
Angle between V
1
and I
1
is
1
and cos
1
is primary power factor. Remember that I
1
X
1
leads
I
1
direction by 90
o
and I
2
X
2
leads I
2
by 90
o
as current through inductance lags voltage across
inductance by 90
o
. The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig.2

Fig. 2 Phasor diagram for unity power factor load

Lagging Power Factor Load, cos
2

As load power factor is lagging cos
2
, the current I
2
lags V
2
by angle
2
. So only changes in
drawing the phasor diagram is to draw I
2
lagging V
2
by
2
in step 5 discussed earlier.
Accordingly direction of I
2
R
2
, I
2
X
2
, I
2
', I
1
, I
1
R
1
and I
1
X
1
will change. Remember that whatever
may be the power factor of load, I
2
X
2
leads I
2
by 90
o
and I
1
X
1
leads I
1
by 90
o
.
The complete phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Phasor diagram for lagging power factor

Loading Power Factor Load, cos
2

As load power factor is leading, the current I
2
leads V
2
by angle
2
. So change is to draw I
2
leading I
2
by angle
2
. All other steps remain same as before. The complete phasor diagram is
shown in the Fig. 4

Fig. 4 Phasor diagram for leading power factor

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