THE VILLAGE IDIOTS GUIDE TO AVIATION NAV FORMULAE!!

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DUHHHH!! Hari Nair
Length of arc of circle = /360 x 2R

Length of parallel = /360 x 2RxCos Lat (R=3441 nm).

1 in 60 rule height or dist off /dist along x60 = deg (small angle approximation).
Therefore, 60/60x60 = 1.

Eq dia = 12,749 km, Polar dia =12,706 km, difference -43 km or 1/300 approx.

Length of equator =60x360=21,600 nm. 1nm =length of 1 arc of meridian.
1nm = 1852 m.
1km =1/10,000 of av dist along earths surface from equator to either pole.
1 nm ICAO 1852m. 1 nm, 45lat -1853m. 1 nm 90lat=1843m, 1nm, 0lat=1862m
1km =3280 ft, 1nm=6076.08 ft (approx also used 1nm=6080 ft).
1sm =5280 ft,
1 in =2.54 cm, 1m = 3.281 ft, 1nm= 72,913 in. 54 nm = 100 km.

Dist (spacing) of II of lat along a meridian = 60x ch Lat or ch Lat/360 x2R (R=3441).
Dist (departure) of long along a II of Lat = 60x ch Long x cos Lat or (min) = ch Long x cos Lat

Convergency =ch Long x sin lat x 60. Also (in min), =Departure (kts/60) x tan Lat (for Gyro drift)
Conversion angle = Convergency.
Convergence is angular diff between True North and Grid North.

Scale = Chart Length/ Earth Dist (CL/ED), Scale Factor =CL/RED, always in % age.

Mercator Scale variation = Sec (lat), or to the scale RF multiply denominator by Cos .
Multiply denominator of scale by - Cos 2
nd
Lat/Cos 1
st
Lat

Time in arc 1Long =4 min time, 1hr =15 deg of Long, 1 min time =15 Long, 1 sec time=15 Long.
For westwards flights - If LMT Dep and Arr are same and on a parallel, G/S kts=15x60xCos Lat, ac
speed = cos lat!! For eastward flights-x2.
(on the basis of - 15 Long=1 hr time)

If wind velocity =W, x wind compo is W sin and hd; wind compo is W cos .
To find drift angle, first find x wind compo as above,
Then vector ac speed and x wind compo, drift angle thus is tan
-1
(x wind compo/ ac speed).
When the ac is steered into the drift angle, a head wind compo now is resulted, called effective
wind component. Simple compo found is True wind compo.






Imp- if using a scientific calculator for pulling out drift angle and G/S
Max Dr angle =W/V / TAS x 60.
Actual Dr angle =max Dr angle x sin of wind-to-track angle.
Simple calculated G/S over-optimistic by : (1-cos Actual Dr angle) x (G/S simple calculated)
Gyros both topple at equator, both no drift at equator. Topple = 15.04 x Cos Lat.
at pole horizontal axis only drifts (DI), vertical no drift. Drift = (-) 15.04x Sin Lat.
Apparent drift moving gyro max on 090T co N Hemi.
Total drift = apparent drift + convergency (find d long from G/S and then find convergency)
Total drift is increasingly negative (minus) on easterly hdg.

LOS range(nm)=1.05 h (in ft) VHF range(nm)=1.25(h
1
+h
2
)(ft). Also LOS(nm) = 12(FL)
Range of surface wave(nm)=3x pwr (Watts).


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THE VILLAGE IDIOTS GUIDE TO AVIATION NAV FORMULAE!! 2/4
DUHHHH!! Hari Nair
C=f c=3x10
8
m/s.,
PRP =1/PRF, PW-min range, PRP-max range (divide dist / 2)
Depth of modulation =amplitude of signalamplitude of carrierx100 (%age).
Doppler freq Fr = F+(2V/) x Cos or Fr= F+ 2VF/c x cos x cos ,
for Janus Beam Dopplers, Fr= F+4VF/c x cos x cos

True Alt=Pa +(3.5x TxPa1000), T=OAT-ISA temp. True Alt=Pa +(3.5x TxPa1000), T=OAT-ISA temp.
Density alt= Pa + 119ft T. Density alt= Pa + 119ft T.


TAS=RAS+ (1.75%RAS x alt (thousands of ft)). TAS=RAS+RAS60x Alt (Thousands of ft). TAS=RAS+ (1.75%RAS x alt (thousands of ft)). TAS=RAS+RAS60x Alt (Thousands of ft).
Calibration of ASI is: P = 1/2 x p x V
2
( 1+ 4xV
2
/c
2
) Calibration of ASI is: P = 1/2 x p x V
2
( 1+ 4xV
2
/c
2
)

Mach no=V
T
/C, where C=C=38.98 TK. or 644+1.2T C Mach no=V
Total Air TempC = T
AMB
C + T
RAT
C
,
where RAT=(V
T
(kts)/100)
2
. Total Air TempC = T
T
/C, where C=C=38.98 TK. or 644+1.2T C
C=(F-32)x5/9, F=(Cx9/5)+32 C=(F-32)x5/9, F=(Cx9/5)+32
AMB
C + T
RAT
C
,
where RAT=(V
T
(kts)/100)
2
.

ROD (fpm) = GP angle x GS (kts) x 100/60 Glide path angle = ht/dist x 60 (1 in 60). ROD (fpm) = GP angle x GS (kts) x 100/60 Glide path angle = ht/dist x 60 (1 in 60).















FREQ OF OP RADIO AND NAV AIDS ICAO FREQ OF OP RADIO AND NAV AIDS ICAO
HF 2-22 Mhz.
NDB -200-1750 Khz
VHF 117.975-137 Mhz (137=data ch).

VOR 108-117.975 Mhz
- 108 -112 Mhz (shared with ILS freq band, even first first decimal V-R even)
- 112-117.975 Mhz. TVORs are on the first band.

ILS Localiser 108-112 Mhz (odd first freq)
Glide Slope 329-335 Mhz

Rad alt 4.2 - 4.4 Ghz
Doppler 8.8-13.6 Ghz
Wx radar 3.2 cm, 9.375 Ghz


Compass Max Dev = Tan B/C (Check phase by circle dia). Zero Dev = Tan C/B.
Deviation on a hdg= A + B Sin + C Cos
Dev on a hdg due to B = B x sin hdg
X- reply +63 Mhz , VOR whole decimal
Y- reply - 63 Mhz, VOR half decimal
DME - 960-1215 Mhz
SSR Codes 0000- SSR U/S
2000-Entry non SSR area
7000-conspicuity code
7007 aerial obs
7500- hijack
7600-R/T U/S
7700-a/c in distress
3100-mil a/c emergency

SSR-
ground-1030,
air 1090 Mhz
CP (dist) = DH/(O+H)
PNR (time) = EH/(O+H).
PNR(dist) = EOH /(O+H), E= endurance in h.
Wind effect on NIL wind CP =
Dist x wind compo/TAS = dist the CP shifts
upwind

Substract or add from 360 or 180
Dev on a hdg due to C = C x cos hdg


+B & +C =

Usable up to 70N/S
- +
- +
+ +
- -
o +
- o
Accel errors ANDS North Hemi Accel North, Decel South. Max on East-West, nil on North-
South. No error on mag equator (aclinic line).
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THE VILLAGE IDIOTS GUIDE TO AVIATION NAV FORMULAE!! 3/4
DUHHHH!! Hari Nair
Turning errors due to dip (Z compo), SONU
Liquid swirl error- adds turn error towards north turns in NH. Also, during turns on mag equator,
swirl is sole cause of turning error.


NDB or VOR Double the angle & Time & Dist Flown = Time & Dist from NDB or VOR.
- Time in Secs/Change in Deg = Time (min) to VOR or NDB.
IMP- If turn is less than 90, then multiply value x Sin turn angle.

Pressure 1 hpa=100 pa, 1 mb = 1 hpa, 1013 mb= 101300pa. 1 mb = 100 pa, 1pa=0.01 mb, 1 pa=
1 N/m
2,
, 1 bar = 1000 hpa. 1 in Hg = 1013 / 29.92x 30 =

1016 ft

Wx Radar. Beam width 3, therefore, use width 1.5 with 1in60 to calculate relative height of
base or top of cloud, with respect to aircraft.

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THE VILLAGE IDIOTS GUIDE TO AVIATION NAV FORMULAE!! 4/4
DUHHHH!! Hari Nair

Properties Map Projections

Mercator Std Transverse Oblique Lamberts
Polyconic
Rhumb Line Straight line Curve concave
to nearest pole
Curve concave to
nearest pole
Curve concave to
nearest pole
GC Curve concave to
equator (convex to
nearest pole)
Curve concave
to DM, AM
Practically st
line near DGC,
DM-AM
Curve concave to
DGC
Curve concave to II
of origin, practical
purposes a st line
GC St lines Equator, GCs 90
to eq meridians
DM, AM, GCs
90 to DM, AM
DGC, GCs 90 to
DGC
All meridians semi-
GCsperfect st lines.
GC on II of origin st
line
Useful area Equatorial -600 nm
of equator
600 nm of DM 600 nm of DGC Mid latitudes
Scale correct At equator DM DGC Std IIs
Scale
variation
As Sec of latitude Sec GC dist
from DM
Sec GC dist from
DGC
Correct at std IIs,
contracts within and
expands outside.
Lesser than
Mercator-over 24
lat, scale contracts
only about 1%.
Convergency 0, correct only at
equator.
Correct only at
DM
Correct only at
DGC
Constant for the
chart, correct only at
II of origin. Also
constant of cone=
Sine of II of origin


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