Newton conjectured that the same type of force is responsible in both the cases. The motion of the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. This force is provided by the force of attraction of the earth. If there were no such force, the moon would pursue a uniform straight line motion.
Newton conjectured that the same type of force is responsible in both the cases. The motion of the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. This force is provided by the force of attraction of the earth. If there were no such force, the moon would pursue a uniform straight line motion.
Newton conjectured that the same type of force is responsible in both the cases. The motion of the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. This force is provided by the force of attraction of the earth. If there were no such force, the moon would pursue a uniform straight line motion.
height falls towards the earth. We know that all the planets go around the Sun. The moon goes around the earth. In all these cases, there must be some force acting on the objects, the planets and on the moon. Isaac Newton could grasp that the same force is responsible for all these. This force is called the gravitational force. Gravitation We know that the moon goes around the earth. n object when thrown upwards, reaches a certain height and then falls downwards. It is said that when Newton was sitting under a tree, an apple fell on him. The fall of the apple made Newton start thinking. !e thought that" if the earth can attract an apple, can it not attract the moon# Is the force the same in both cases# !e conjectured that the same type of force is responsible in both the cases. !e argued that at each point of its orbit, the moon falls towards the earth, instead of going off in a straight line. So, it must be attracted by the earth. $ut we do not really see the moon falling towards the earth. Take a piece of thread. Tie a small stone at one end. !old the other end of the thread and whirl it round, as shown in %ig. &. 'ou will note the motion of the stone that the stone moves in a circular path with a certain speed and changes direction at every point. The change in direction involves change in velocity or acceleration. The force that causes this acceleration and keeps the body moving along the circular path is acting towards the centre. This force is called the centripetal (meaning )centre*seeking+, force. -elease the thread. gain, you will note the direction of motion of the stone that in the absence of this force, the stone flies off along a straight line. This straight line will be a tangent to the circular path. The motion of the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. The centripetal force is provided by the force of attraction of the earth. If there were no such force, the moon would pursue a uniform straight line motion. It is seen that a falling apple is attracted towards the earth. ccording to the third law of motion, the apple does attract the earth. $ut according to the second law of motion, for a given force, acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object ./0. (1,2. The mass of an apple is negligibly small compared to that of the earth. So, we do not see the earth moving towards the apple. Similarly in our solar system, all the planets go around the Sun. $y arguing the same way, we can say that there e3ists a force between the Sun and the planets. %rom the above facts Newton concluded that not only does the earth attract an apple and the moon, but all objects in the universe attract each other. This force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational force. Universal Law of Gravitation /very object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s0uare of the distance between them. The force is along the line joining the centres of two objects. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 1 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
4et two objects and $ of masses 5 and m lie at a distance d from each other as shown in %ig. 6. 4et the force of attraction between two objects be %. ccording to the universal law of gravitation, the force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. That is, nd the force between two objects is inversely proportional to the s0uare of the distance between them, that is, 7ombining /0s. (&, and (6,, we get Where 8 is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitation constant. $y multiplying crosswise, /0. (1, gives % 9 d 6 : 8 5 9 m The SI unit of 8 can be obtained by substituting the units of force, distance and mass in /0. (;, as N m 6 kg *6 . The value of 8 was found out by !enry 7avendish (&<=& > &?&@, by using a sensitive balance. The accepted value of 8 is A.A<= 9 &@>&& N m 6 kg *6 . We know that there e3ists a force of attraction between any two objects. 7ompute the value of this force between you and your friend sitting closeby. 7onclude how you do not e3perience this forceB Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation The universal law of gravitation successfully e3plained several phenomena which were believed to be unconnected" i. the force that binds us to the earthC ii. the motion of the moon around the earthC iii. the motion of planets around the SunC and iv. the tides due to the moon and the Sun. Free Fall /arth attracts objects towards it. This is due to the gravitational force. Whenever objects fall towards the earth under this force alone, we say that the objects are in free fall. While falling, there is no change in the direction of motion of the objects. $ut due to the earth+s attraction, there will be a change in the magnitude of the velocity. ny change in velocity involves acceleration. Whenever an object falls towards the earth, an acceleration is involved. This acceleration is due to the earth+s gravitational force. Therefore, this acceleration is called the acceleration due to the gravitational force of the earth (or acceleration due to gravity,. It is denoted by g. The unit of g is the same as that of acceleration, that is, m s *6 . We know from the second law of motion that force is the product of mass and acceleration. 4et the mass of the stone in activity &@.6 be m. We already know that there is acceleration involved in falling objects due to the gravitational force and is denoted by g. Therefore the magnitude of the gravitational force % will be e0ual to the product of mass and acceleration due to the gravitational force, that is, %rom /0s. (1, and (A, we have Where M is the mass of the earth, and d is the distance between the object and the earth. 4et an object be on or near the surface of the earth. The distance d in /0. (<, will be e0ual to R, the radius of the earth. Thus, for objects on or near the surface of the earth, X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 2 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
The earth is not a perfect sphere. s the radius of the earth increases from the poles to the e0uator, the value of g becomes greater at the poles than at the e0uator. %or most calculations, we can take g to be more or less constant on or near the earth. $ut for objects far from the earth, the acceleration due to gravitational force of earth is given by /0. (<,. To Calculate the Value of g To calculate the value of g, we should put the values of 8, 5 and - in /0. (D,, namely, universal gravitational constant, 8 : A.< 9 &@ >&& N m 6 kg *6 , mass of the earth, 5 : A 9 &@ 61 kg, and radius of the earth, - : A.1 9 &@ A m. Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity of the earth, g : D.? m s >6 . Motion of Objects Uner the Influence of Gravitational Force of the !arth We know that an object e3periences acceleration during free fall. %rom /0. (D,, this acceleration e3perienced by an object is independent of its mass. This means that all objects hollow or solid, big or small, should fall at the same rate. ccording to a story, 8alileo dropped different objects from the top of the 4eaning Tower of Eisa in Italy to prove the same. s g is constant near the earth, all the e0uations for the uniformly accelerated motion of objects become valid with acceleration a replaced by g. The e0uations are" Where u and v are the initial and final velocities and s is the distance covered in time, t. In applying these e0uations, we will take acceleration, a to be positive when it is in the direction of the velocity, that is, in the direction of motion. The acceleration, a will be taken as negative when it opposes the motion. Mass The mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. nd greater the mass, the greater is the inertia. It remains the same whether the object is on the earth, the moon or even in outer space. Thus, the mass of an object is constant and does not change from place to place "eight The earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on the mass (m, of the object and the acceleration due to the gravity (g,. The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth. We know that That is The force of attraction of the earth on an object is known as the weight of the object. It is denoted by W. Substituting the same in /0. (&1,, we have s the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth, the SI unit of weight is the same as that of force, that is, newton (N,. The weight is a force acting vertically downwardsC it has both magnitude and direction. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 3 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
The value of g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given place, the weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass, say m, of the object, that is, W m. It is due to this reason that at a given place, we can use the weight of an object as a measure of its mass. The mass of an object remains the same everywhere, that is, on the earth and on any planet whereas its weight depends on its location. "eight of an Object on the Moon We have learnt that the weight of an object on the earth is the force with which the earth attracts the object. In the same way, the weight of an object on the moon is the force with which the moon attracts that object. The mass of the moon is less than that of the earth. Fue to this the moon e3erts lesser force of attraction on objects. 4et the mass of an object be m. 4et its weight on the moon be Wm. 4et the mass of the moon be Mm and its radius be Rm. $y applying the universal law of gravitation, the weight of the object on the moon will be 4et the weight of the same object on the earth be We. The mass of the earth is M and its radius is R. %rom /0s. (D, and (&;, we have, Substituting the values from Table in /0s. (&A, and (&<,, we get Fividing /0. (&?a, by /0. (&?b,, we get Thrust an #ressure !ave you ever wondered why a camel can run in a desert easily# Why an army tank weighing more than a thousand tonne rests upon a continuous chain# Why a truck or a motorbus has much wider tyres# Why cutting tools have sharp edges# In order to address these 0uestions and understand the phenomena involved, it helps to introduce the concepts of the net force in a particular direction (thrust, and the force per unit area (pressure, acting on the object concerned. 4et us try to understand the meanings of thrust and pressure by considering the following situations" $ituation %& 'ou wish to fi3 a poster on a bulletin board, as shown in %ig =. To do this task you will have to press drawing pins with your thumb. 'ou apply a force on the surface area of the head of the pin. This force is directed perpendicular to the surface area of the board. This force acts on a smaller area at the tip of the pin. $ituation '& 'ou stand on loose sand. 'our feet go deep into the sand. Now, lie down on the sand. 'ou will find that your body will not go that deep in the sand. In both cases the force e3erted on the sand is the weight of your body. 'ou have learnt that weight is the force acting vertically downwards. !ere the force is acting perpendicular to the surface of the sand. The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust. When you stand on loose sand, the force, that is, the weight of X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 4 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
your body is acting on an area e0ual to area of your feet. When you lie down, the same force acts on an area e0ual to the contact area of your whole body, which is larger than the area of your feet. Thus, the effects of forces of the same magnitude on different areas are different. In the above cases, thrust is the same. $ut effects are different. Therefore the effect of thrust depends on the area on which it acts. The effect of thrust on sand is larger while standing than while lying. The thrust on unit area is called pressure. Thus, Substituting the SI unit of thrust and area in /0. (6@,, we get the SI unit of pressure as NGm 6 or N m >6 . In honour of scientist $laise Eascal, the SI unit of pressure is called pascal, denoted as Ea. #ressure in Fluis ll li0uids and gases are fluids. solid e3erts pressure on a surface due to its weight. Similarly, fluids have weight, and they also e3ert pressure on the base and walls of the container in which they are enclosed. Eressure e3erted in any confined mass of fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions. (uo)anc) Take an empty plastic bottle. 7lose the mouth of the bottle with an airtight stopper. Eut it in a bucket filled with water. 'ou see that the bottle floats. Eush the bottle into the water. 'ou feel an upward push. Try to push it further down. 'ou will find it difficult to push deeper and deeper. This indicates that water e3erts a force on the bottle in the upward direction. The upward force e3erted by the water goes on increasing as the bottle is pushed deeper till it is completely immersed. Now, release the bottle. It bounces back to the surface. The force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth acts on the bottle in the downward direction. So the bottle is pulled downwards. $ut the water e3erts an upward force on the bottle. Thus, the bottle is pushed upwards. We have learnt that weight of an object is the force due to gravitational attraction of the earth. When the bottle is immersed, the upward force e3erted by the water on the bottle is greater than its weight. Therefore it rises up when released. To keep the bottle completely immersed, the upward force on the bottle due to water must be balanced. This can be achieved by an e3ternally applied force acting downwards. This force must at least be e0ual to the difference between the upward force and the weight of the bottle. The upward force e3erted by the water on the bottle is known as upthrust or buoyant force. In fact, all objects e3perience a force of buoyancy when they are immersed in a fluid. The magnitude of this buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid. "h) Objects Float or $in* "hen #lace on the $urface of "ater We place piece of cork and an iron nail of e0ual mass on the surface of the water. The cork floats while the nail sinks. This happens because of the difference in their densities. The density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume. The density of cork is less than the density of water. This means that the upthrust of water on the cork is greater than the weight of the cork. So it floats (%ig. ;,. The density of an iron nail is more than the density of water. This means that the upthrust of water on the iron nail is less than the weight of the nail. So it sinks. Therefore objects of density less than that of a li0uid float on the li0uid. The objects of density greater than that of a li0uid sink in the li0uid. +rchimees, #rinciple rchimedes+ principle, stated as follows" When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. rchimedes+ principle has many applications. It is used in designing ships and submarines. 4actometers, which are used to determine the purity of a sample of milk and hydrometers used for determining density of li0uids, are based on this principle -elative .ensit) s you know, the density of a substance is defined as mass of a unit volume. The unit of density is kilogram per metre cube (kg m >= ,. The density of a given X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 5 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
substance, under specified conditions, remains the same. Therefore the density of a substance is one of its characteristic properties. It is different for different substances. %or e3ample, the density of gold is &D=@@ kg m *= while that of water is &@@@ kg m *= . The density of a given sample of a substance can help us to determine its purity. It is often convenient to e3press density of a substance in comparison with that of water. The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to that of water" Since the relative density is a ratio of similar 0uantities, it has no unit X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 6 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Gravitation /arth attracts everything towards it by an unseen force of attraction. This force of attraction is known as gravitation or gravitation pull. Universal Law of Gravitation /very object in the universe attracts other object by a force of attraction, called gravitation, which is directly proportional to the product of masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the s0uare of distance between them. This is called 4aw of 8ravitation or Hniversal 4aw of 8ravitation. The distance is considered between the centres of the objects. Suppose there are two objects having mass 5 and m respectively. The distance between their centres is e0ual to d. The force of attraction is %. Therefore, from 4aw of 8ravitation which states that force of attraction by which an object attracts other object is directly proportional to the product of their masses, Now, 4aw of 8ravitation also states that force of attraction by which an object attracts other object is inversely proportional to the s0uare of distance between them. Now from e0uation (i, and (ii, we get Where, 8 is the proportionality constant and called Hniversal 8ravitation 7onstant. %rom e0uation (iii, The e3pression (iii, and (iv, are called e3pression for Hniversal 4aw of 8ravitation. This 4aw is applicable everywhere in universe, thus it is known as HNII/-S4 4W J% 8-IITIJN. SI Hnit of 8 The value of 8 was found out by !enry 7avendish, a $ritish philosopher and scientist. Importance of Hniversal 4aw of 8ravitation > This 4aw is applicable to every object in the universe. This law e3plains the cause of revolution of moon around earth and revolution of planets around sun. This law e3plains the cause of neap and tide due to moon and sun. Free Fall When an object falls from any height under the influence of gravitational force only, it is known as free fall. In the case of free fall no change of direction takes place but the magnitude of velocity changes because of acceleration. This acceleration acts because of the force of gravitation and is denoted by )g+. This is called acceleration due to gravity. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 7 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
/3pression for acceleration due to gravitation )g+. 4et mass of the object put under free fall : m. nd acceleration due to gravity : g. Therefore, according to Newton+s Second 4aw of 5otion which states that %orce is the product of mass and acceleration, % : m 3 g *****************(i, Now, according to Hniversal 4aw of gravitation, Thus, from above two e3pressions, we get Where, g is acceleration due to gravity, 8 is the Hniversal 8ravitational 7onstant. 5 is the mass of earth. nd d is the distance between object and centre of earth. When object is near the surface of earth When an object is near the surface of earth, the distance between object and centre of the earth will be e0ual to the radius of earth because the distance of object is negligible in comparison of the radius of earth. 4et the radius of earth is e0ual to -. Therefore, after substituting )-+ at the place of )d+ we get, Since, earth is not a perfect sphere rather it has obli0ue shape. Therefore, radius at the e0uator is greater than at the poles. Since, value of )g+ is reciprocal of the s0uare of radius of earth, thus, the value of )g+ will be greater at the poles and less at the e0uator. nd the value of )g+ will decrease with increase of distance of object from earth. Calculation of value of g Therefore, after substituting the value of 8, 5 and - in the e3pression for )g+ we get. 5otion of an object under the influence of gravitational force of earth The e3pression for )g+ is written as Since, the value of )g+ does not depend upon the mass or distance of an object, therefore, all objects fall over the earth with the same rate. The e0uations for motion are as follows" Therefore, the e0uations of motion are also applied to calculate the velocity, distance, etc by replacing )a+ by )g+. fter substituting )g+ at the place of )a+ we get above e0uations as follows" X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 8 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
In the calculationC initial velocity (u,, final velocity (v,, time taken (t,, or distance covered (s,, the value of )g+ is taken as positive in the case of object moving towards earth and taken as negative in the case of object is thrown in opposite direction of earth. Mass 5ass is the measurement of inertia and inertia is the property of any object which opposes the change in state of the object. It is inertia because of which an object in rest has tendency to remain in rest and an object in motion has tendency to remain in motion. Inertia depends upon the mass of an object. Jbject having greater mass has greater inertia and vice versa. 5ass of an object remains constant everywhere, i.e. mass will remain same whether that object is at the moon, at the earth or anywhere in the universe. Weight" /arth attracts every object towards it. We know that force is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity. This means, % : m K g ***********************(i, The force by which earth attracts an object towards it is called the weight of the object, which is the product of mass (m, of the object and acceleration due to gravity (g,. Weight is denoted by )W+. Therefore, by substituting in the e3pression )% : mg+ we get, W : m 3 g ******************************(ii, Since weight is the force which is acting vertically downwards, therefore, weight has both magnitude and direction and hence it is a vector 0uantity. Since the value of )g+ is always constant at a given place, Therefore, e3pression )W : m 3 g+ can be written as follows" W L m ********************(iii, This means weight of any object is directly proportional to its mass, i.e. weight will increase with the increase of mass and decrease with decrease in mass. This is the cause that weight of any object is the measure of its mass. The unit of weight Since, weight of an object is e0ual to the force by which an object is attracted towards earth, therefore, unit of weight is same as the unit of force. Therefore, Hnit of weight is )newton (N,+. Weight of an Object on the Surface of Moon Since, weight of an object on the earth is the force by which earth attracts that very object towards it. In similar way, weight of an object on the surface of moon or any other planet is the force by which moon or any other planet will attract the object towards it. We know that, The 5ass of /arth : ;.D? 3 &@ 61 kg -adius of earth : A.=< 3 &@ A m 5ass of moon : <.=A 3 &@ 66 kg -adius of moon : &.<A 3 &@ A m X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 9 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Since, mass of the moon is less than that of earth, therefore, moon will e3ert less force of attraction on any objectC in comparison to the earth. 4et mass of an object is )m+ The weight of the object on earth is We The weight of the object on moon is Wm 5ass of the earth is 5 5ass of the moon is 5m -adius of earth is - -adius of moon is -m cceleration due to gravity on earth is )g+ cceleration due to gravity on moon is )gm+. Therefore, Weight of the object on earth We : m 3 g $y substituting the value of )g+ from the e3pression of Hniversal 4aw of 8ravitation we get Weight of the object on moon Wm : m 3 gm $y the e3pression of universal law of gravitation, Jr, Weight of an object on the moon : &GA of the weight of the object on earth. Thrust an #ressure Thrust "* %orce e3erted by an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust. Eressure "* %orce e3erted by any object per unit area is called pressure. Where, p is pressure, % is thrust or force and is the surface area of the object. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 10 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Since, pressure is indirectly proportional to the surface area of the object, thus, pressure increases with decrease in surface area and decreases with increase in surface area. SI unit of Eressure The unit of force is newton (N, and unit of area is s0uare meter Therefore, by substituting the unit of force and are in e0uation (i, we get In the honour of $laise Eascal, the SI unit of pressure is known as pascal. Jne pascal is e0ual to the & newton per s0uare meter. Jr, & pascal : N m > 6 Thrust and pressure in everyday life (a, Eressure e3erted by a brick * stretched brick kept on the ground e3erts less pressure than a brick kept on the ground in standing position. This happens because the surface area of contact of brick in stretched position is more in comparison to the brick in standing position. nd we know that pressure increases with decrease in surface area and vice versa. Thus, in the case of stretched position a brick e3erts less thrust over the ground in comparison to the brick kept in standing position. (b, 7amel can run easily over the sand. The feet of a camel are large. 4arger feet mean larger area which results in low pressure. Fue to this cam can easily walk on sand without sinking its feet. (c, Tank easily can run over sand and mud. 7aterpillar tracksC surrounding the wheels provide a larger surface area. Fue to this, a tank can move on any terrain without sinking. (d, Tractor has broader tyres * Tractors are made mainly for agriculture purpose. $ecause of broader tyres, a tractor e3erts less pressure over the ground as pressure decreases with increase in surface area or contact and hence easily runs over the muddy field. (e, Jne end of a nail is pointed > When a nail is pushed in a wall or wood, it is pushed from pointed side. $ecause of pointed shape, nail e3erts more pressure over the wall or wood and is easily pushed by hammering. (f, The straps of school bag are broader > Since larger surface area e3erts less pressure, therefore school bags with broader straps e3ert less pressure over the shoulder of a student while being slung over the shoulder and a student feels it easy to carry even a heavy bag with more books. (g, Mnife with sharp edge cuts easily compare to one with blunt edge > Mnife with sharp edge e3erts more pressure because of less area in contact with an object, such as vegetable and hence it cuts more easily than a knife with blunt edge. Pressure in Fluids ny solid object e3erts pressure because of weight. Similarly, since fluids also have weight, thus they e3ert pressure. 8as and li0uid both are considered as fluids. %luids e3ert pressure in all directions over the inner walls of a container in which they are kept. (uo)anc) $uoyancy is the upward force e3erted by fluids over the surface are of contact of an object which is immersed in fluids. $uoyancy is also known as upward thrust. Why does an object sink or float over water When an object is immersed in water, it e3erts pressure over water due to its weight. t the same time water also e3erts upward thrust over the object. If the force e3erted by the object is greater X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 11 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
than the upward thrust or buoyancy by water, the object sinks in water otherwise it floats over water. $uoyancy in everyday life > (a, Swimming in water "> nyone can be able to swim in water because of upward thrust e3erted by water. (b, %lying of bird or aero plane "> Since air is a fluid, thus it also e3erts upward thrust over the object. Therefore, because of upward thrust of air a bird or aero plane can fly in air. %actors which affect buoyancy Volume of the object Densit of the !ui" Iolume of the object > $uoyancy or upward thrust e3erted by a fluid increases with the volume of the object immersed in it. Fensity of the fluid > The buoyant force or upward thrust increases with increase in density of the fluid. Fenser li0uid e3ert more upward thrust. This is the cause that it is easier to swim in sea water rather than fresh water. Sea water is saline. Salts dissolved in sea water increase the density and hence it e3erts more upward thrust than fresh water. Fensity 5ass per unit volume of an object is called density or mass density. Fensity is denoted by 8reek letter rho (N,. Where, m is mass of object and I is the volume of that object. SI Hnit of density The SI unit of mass is kg and SI unit of volume is cubic meter. Therefore, by substituting the unit of mass and volume in the e3pression of density we get Relative density %or convenience the density of water is e3pressed in comparison of water. Thus, when density of a substance is e3pressed in comparison with water, it is called relative density. -elative density has no unit, because it is the ratio of similar 0uantity. Eractical application of density Water is taken as reference material because it is easily available at most of the places and it is easy to carry out the measurement related to density in field visit. When the relative density of a substance is less than &, it will float in water otherwise it will sink in water. The relative density of ice is @.D&, thus, it floats in water. If the relative density of an object is less than &, compare to the li0uid in which it is immersed, the object will sink otherwise object will float. #$chime"es% P$inci&le rchimedes+ Erinciple states that when an object is immersed fully or partially in a li0uid, it e3periences an upward force which is e0ual to the weight of li0uid displaced by the object. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 12 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
pplication of rchimedes+ Erinciple When the weight of displaced li0uid by an object is greater than the weight of object, the object will float in li0uid and when the weight of li0uid will be smaller than that of the weight of the object, the object will sink in li0uid. (a, In submarines > In submarines, there is a tank which can be filled or emptied as per re0uirement. It is called buoyancy tank. When submarines have to go inside the water, the buoyancy tank is filled with water, so that, the weight of the submarines would become more than the weight of water displaced by it. nd when submarines have to come over the surface of water, the buoyancy tank is emptied and water is replaced by air. In this condition, the weight of water displaced by submarines will become more than the weight of submarines and submarine comes over the surface of water. (b, ir balloons > To raise the air balloon in airC the air inside the balloon is heated. ir e3pands because of heat and becomes lighter. Thus, the balloon gets and upward thrust from the surrounding air and rises up. (c, Ships > ship is much heavier than water, yet it floats on water. This happens because of uni0ue shape of the ship. $ecause of its shape, the volume of the ship is larger compared to its weight. Fue to this, water displaced by the ship provides a proper upward thrust to the ship and the ship floats on water. Gravitation (Worksheet-1) Fill in the Blanks 1. Geocentric model i.e. the Earth is the orbital center of all celestial bodies was proposed by _____. 2. Heliocentric model was proposed by ______. 3. According to Heliocentric theory the _____ is at centre and _______ move around it. 4. ______ stated that every planet moves around the sun in closed elliptical orbit, with the ___ at one focus . 5. The force which keeps the obect moving in a circular path is called _____ force. !t always acts towards the _____. 6. The force of attraction between two obects is ______ proportional to the product of their masses and _____ proportional to the s"uare of distance between them. 7. #epler$s %aw of ______ states that a line that connects a planet to the &un sweeps out e"ual ______ in the plane of the planet$s orbit in _____time intervals. 8. The value of 'niversal Gravitation constant (G) is ________ *m + kgs ,+ . 9. The mass of the earth is ________ kg. 10. The mass of an obect _____ (varies-does not vary) on the earth as well as on the moon. .ut its weight is ______(same-different) on both places. 11. /hen obects of different masses and si0es are dropped from same height would reach ground at ______ (same time-different times), considering negligible air resistance. 12. Acceleration due to gravity (g) is _______ (dependent-independent) of mass. 13. The value of g on the earth$s surface is ______. 14. The value of g at poles is ______ (lower-higher) than its value at e"uator. 15. The value of g ________ (increases-decreases) as we go upwards from the earth$s surface. 16. The value of g ________ (increases-decreases) as we go downwards from the earth$s surface. 17. The &! unit of weight is _____. 18. /eight of an obect is the product of ______ and ________. 19. At the center of the earth, acceleration due to gravity is _______. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 13 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
20. The value of G was found out by _______ by using a ________. Gravitation Important Formulae Answers: 1. 2tolemy +. 3opernicus 4. sun, planets 5. #epler$s %aw of 6rbits, &un 7. 3entripetal, centre 8. directly, inversely 9. %aw of Areas, areas, e"ual :. 8.89 ; 1< ,11
=. 8. > 1< +5 kg 1<. does not vary, different 11. same time 1+. independent 14. =.: m-s + 15. higher 17. decreases 18. decreases 19. *ewton (*) 1:. mass of the obect(m), acceleration due to gravity(g) 1=. 0ero. +<. Henry 3avendish, sensitive balance Gravitation ?ohannes #epler , proposed laws of planetary motion NCERT Q & A, Study Notes, Numerical Problems, Questions asked in CBSE Papers. Q1: What was geocentric moel! Who propose this theor"! Answer@ 2tolemy a Greek mathematician and astronomer proposed geocentric model around 1+7 AA. According to this model, the earth is in the center and sun, other planets and stars move around it. To e>plain retrograde motion of planets, he also proposed that those planet also move in small circle. The geocentric theory held valid till 1754 AA when 3opernicus proposed heliocentric model. Q#: What was heliocentric theor"! Who propose this! Answer@ 3opernicus proposed heliocentric model around 1754 AA. he proposed that the sun is in the center and all planets move around it. Q$: What is retrograe motion o% planets (sa" mars planet)! Answer@ Betrograde motion is the apparent backward motion of planets (e.g. Cars) as seen from the earth against the background of stars.E.g. Cars planet when seen from the earth, appears to move in a loop. This had pu00led the astronomers for a long time till 3opernicus proposed heliocentric model. %ater .rahe and #epler solved it by telling the world the planets move in elliptical path. (3lick here to read more about this.) X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 14 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Q&:What are the 'epler (aws that govern the motion o% the planets! Answer@ #epler three laws are@ 1. THE %A/ 6D 6B.!T&@ All planets move in elliptical orbits. with the &un at one focus. +. THE %A/ 6D ABEA&@ A line that connects a planet to the &un sweeps out e"ual areas in the plane of the planet$s orbit in e"ual time intervals. !t implies that the planet will move most slowly when it is farthest from the &un and most rapidly when it is nearest to the &un. 3' THE %A/ 6D 2EB!6A&@ The s"uare of the orbital period (T) of any planet is proportional to the cube is of its orbit (r) i.e. T + r 4
Q)(*+,-./+B0, #111): 0tate the universal law o% gravitation2 Answer@ Every obect of the universe attracts other obect. The force of attraction between the two obects is proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to the s"uare of the distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line oining the centres of the obects. !f m1 and m+ are the two obects separated by a distance d, then force attraction between them is@ D E Gm1m+-d + where G is the universal Gravitation constant E 8.89 ; 1< ,11
*m + -kg + Q3(*+,-.): What is the importance o% 4niversal (aw o% Gravitation! or Q(+B0, #111): 0tate an" one phenomena relate to the 4niversal (aw o% Gravitation2 Answer@ The law is universal i.e. it is applicable to all bodies, whether the bodies are big or small, whether they are celestial or terrestrial. !t successfully e>plains various phenomena@ 1. the force that binds us to the earth. +. the motion of the moon around the earth 4. the motion of planets around the &un 5. the tides due to the moon and the &un. 7. it also helps us finding the masses of planets and stars. Q5(+B0, #111): Wh" is G calle the 4niversal +onstant! Answer@ At any place in the universe and at any time, the value of G is found to be constant for any two bodies. Thus G is called the universal constant of gravitation. !t is defined as force of attraction acting between two obects of mass 1 kg each placed at a distance of 1 m. Cathematically, G E D.d + -m1m+ Thus the &! unit of the universal constant of gravitation is *m + -kg + . The value of G is 8.89 ; 1< ,11 *m + -kg + Q6: Who measure the value o% G %irst time7 e8perimentall"! Answer@ Henry 3avendish Q9(+B0, #111/*+,-.): What is the gravitational %orce :etween the ,arth an a :o" calle! In which irection oes it occur! Answer@ /eight of the body or gravity. !t always acts towards the centre of the earth i.e. vertically downwards. Q11: An o:;ect moves in a circular motion ue to centripetal %orce7 acting towars the center2 .he moon also rotates aroun the earth! <oes centripetal %orce acts on it! Wh" oes the moon not %all on the earth! or Q(*+,-.):I% the moon attracts the earth7 wh" oes the earth not move towars the moon! Answer@ Fes the centripetal force acts on the moon. This force is due to gravitational force between the earth and the moon and it acts on both the obects. Gravitational force is always attractive, still the moon does not fall on the earth, because the tangential speed (due to centripetal force) of the moon make it escape from the gravitational force and is enough to hold it in its orbital path. Q11: .he earth an the moon are attracte to each other :" gravitational %orce2 <oes the earth attract the moon with a %orce that is greater or smaller or the same as the %orce with which the moon attracts the earth! Wh"! Answer@ The two obects attract each other with e"ual forces of attraction but in opposite directions. Q1#: =ow gravitational %orce is i%%erent %rom or similar to magnetic %orce (:etween two magnets) or coulom: %orce (:etween two charge o:;ect)! X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 15 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Answer@ &imilarity@ These three forces follow inverse s"uare rule i.e. force between the two obects is inversely proportional to the s"uare of distance between them. Aifference@ /hile gravitational force is always attractive, magnetic force and coulomb forces can be attractive or repulsive (e.g. *orth,*orth pole repel each other.). Among the three, gravitational force is the weakest. Q1$(*+,-.): +alculate the %orce o% gravitation :etween the earth an the 0un7 given that the mass o% the earth > 3 ? 11 #& kg an o% the 0un > # ? 11 $1 kg2 .he average istance :etween the two is 12) ? 11 11 m2 Answer@ Given, mass of the earth (mE) E 8 ; 1< +5 kg mass of the sun (m&) E + ; 1< 4< kg Aistance between the bodies (d) E 1.7 ; 1< 11 m Gravitational 3onstant (G) E 8.89 ; 1< ,11 *m + -kg + Applying formula of *ewton$s %aw of Gravitation, D E GmEm&-d + E 8.89 ; 1< ,11 ; 8 ; 1< +5 ; + ; 1< 4< - (1.7 ; 1< 11 ) + D E :<.<5 ; 1< ,11G+5G4< - +.+7 ; 1< ++ E 47.79 ; 1< 54,++ E 47.79 ; 1< +1 D E $2)3 ? 11 ## * Q1&(+B0, #111): .he ,arth attracts an apple2 <oes the apple also attract the ,arth! I% it oes7 wh" oes the ,arth not move towars the apple! Answer@ According to *ewton$s law of gravitation, both apple and the earth attract each other with e"ual force but in opposite directions. Also they they produce different accelerations depending on the mass of the obect. !t means apple also attract the Earth. &ince the mass of the earth is e>tremely large as compared to mass of the apple, acceleration of the earth due to this force of attraction is very low (of order 1< ,+7 m-s + ). Cathematically, mass of an apple (mapple) E 17<g E <.17 kg mass of the earth (mE) E 8 ; 1< +5 kg acceleration acting on apple due to gravity (g) of earth E =.: m-s + /eight of the apple E mapple; g E <.17 ; =.: E 1.59 * ( Earth also e>periences 1.59 * force. i.e. mE ; a E 1.59* a E 1.59 - 8 ; 1< +5 E +.57 ; 1< ,+7 m-s + (e>tremely small value) Q1)(+B0, #111): =ow is gravitational %orce o% attraction :etween two :oies a%%ecte i% (i) @ass o% :oth :oies is ou:le2 (ii) <istance :etween them is halve2 Answer@ The gravitational force between two obects is directly proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to the s"uare of the distance between them. (i) if mass of both bodies is doubled, the force of the attraction will increase by 5 time. (ii) if distance between them is halved, the force of attraction will increase by 5 times. !n case above two cases occur in parallel, the force of attraction will increase by 18 times. Q13(*+,-./+B0, #111): What happens to the %orce :etween two o:;ects7 i% (i) the mass o% one o:;ect is ou:le! (ii) the istance :etween the o:;ects is ou:le an triple! (iii) the masses o% :oth o:;ects are ou:le! Answer@ The gravitational force between two obects is directly proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to the s"uare of the distance between them. D E Gm1m+-d +
(i) Aoubled !f m1 becomes +m1 D*ew E G+m1m+-d + E +(Gm1m+-d + ) E +D (ii) 6ne fourth and one,ninth if distance between obects is doubled i.e. +d, D*ew E Gm1m+- (+d) + E Gm1m+-5d + D*ew E D-5 if distance is tripled i.e. 4d, D*ew E Gm1m+-(4d) + E Gm1m+-=d + D*ew E D-= (iii) four times !f both masses are doubled i,e, +m1 and +m+ D*ew E G+m1+m+-d + E 5(Gm1m+-d + ) E 5D Q15: An o:;ect is place at the sur%ace o% the earth an is at istance - %rom the center o% the earth2 .he o:;ect weighs 161*2 What will :e its weight i% it is at istance $- %rom the center o% the earth2 Answer@ +<*. HHint@ &ee logic in I18,=(i)J Q16: <oes the %orce o% attraction :etween two o:;ects epen on the properties o% intervening meium! Answer@ *o. Q19: <oes (aw o% gravitation o:e" *ewtonAs thir law o% motion! Answer@ Fes. Q#1(*+,-.): What is %ree %all! Answer@ The falling of a body from height towards the earth under the influence of gravitation force of the earth alone only is called free fall. Q#1: <e%ine AgA or acceleration ue to gravit"! <oes it epen on the mass o% the :o" (near the sur%ace o% the earth)e8periencing AgA! X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 16 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Answer@ The constant acceleration e>perienced by a freely falling obect towards the earth is called acceleration due to gravity (g). !ts average value on the surface of the earth is =.: m-s + . !t does not depend on the mass of the body e>periencing $g$. i.e. g E GmE-B + E =.: m-s + . where mE is the mass of the earth, B is the radius of the earth and G is the universal constant. Q##: (a)(+B0, #111) What is the relationship :etween g an G! (:) 0how mathematicall" whether g (acceleration ue to gravit" on the earth) epens on the mass o% the o:;ect itsel% or not2 (c) 0how that %or a given location on the sur%ace o% the earth g is almost constant2 Answer@ %et CE is the mass of the earth, m is the mass of the obect on the surface of the earth. B is the radius of the earth g is the acceleration due to gravity and G is the universal constant. According to *ewton$s second law, Dorce on the body due to acceleration due to gravity is D E mass(m) ; acceleration due to gravity(g) E m;g ... (!) 'sing *ewton$s law of gravitation, the force of attraction D E GmCE-B + ... (!!) &ince both these forces are e"ual, e"uating ! and !!, mg E GmCE-B + ( g E GCE-B + ...(!!!) The above e"uation (!!!) shows, acceleration due to gravity(g) is independent of its mass. !t depends on the mass of the earth(or planet) and the distance between the two obects. Dor a given location on the surface of the earth, CE and B are constant. ) for that location value of g is constant. Q#$: =ow oes value o% AgA var" on the earth! What are the %actors responsi:le %or this! Answer@ The value of $g$ varies slightly from location to location. !t is due to the following reasons@ 1. Earth is not sphere but ellipsoid. i.e. it is flattened at the poles. E"uator radius is more than 2olar radius. ) Kalue of g is ma>imum at the poles and minimum at e"uator. +. Earth$s mass is not uniformly distributed. &ince density of the earth crust varies region to region, g also varies. 4. Earth is rotating on its a>is. 5. Altitude@ As we move away from the earth, the distance increases, value of g also decreases. 7. Aepth@ As we move towards, g increases to certain depth and after that it starts decreasing and is 0ero at the centre of the earth. * The value of $g$ varies at different places, this property is used to detect mineral ores, mines and oil fields. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 17 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
Q#&: What happens to AgA e8perience :" a :o" when it moves up the earthAs sur%ace! Answer@ /hen a body moves up the earth surface, the value of $g$ decreases because its distance from the centre of the earth increases. %et h E height of the body from the earth$s surface and BE is the radius of the earth. Acceleration at height $h$ will be@ gh E GCE-(BEG h) + E GCE-BE + ; BE + -(BEG h) +
( gh E gBE + -(BEG h) +
(where g E GCE-BE + E =.:1 m-s + .) Q#): At what height a:ove the sur%ace o% the earth7 the value o% AgA :ecomes 3&B o% its value at the sur%ace o% the earth2 .ake raius o% the earth > 3&11 km2 Answer@ %et g E acceleration due to gravity at the earth surface. Given gh E acceleration due to gravity at height h E <.85g .ecause, gh E gBE + -(BEG h) + ( <.85g E gBE + -(BEG h) + ( <.85 (BEG h) + E BE + ( <.:(BEG h) E BE ( <.:h E (1 , <.:)BE ( h E + ; 85<< - : E 1311 km Q#3(*+,-.): Wh" is the weight o% an o:;ect on the moon 1/3th its weight on the earth! Answer@ %et $m$ be the mass of an obect. BE be radius of the earth E 85<<km E 8.5 ; 1< 8 m CE E mass of the earth E 7.=: ; 1< +5 kg BC E radius of the moon. E 1.95 ; 1< 8 m CC E mass of the moon E 9.48 ; 1< ++ kg /E E weight of an obect on the earth. /C E weight of an obect on the moon. 'sing *ewton$s %aw of gravitation, /E E GCEm-BE + /C E GCCm-BC + ( /C-/E E CC-BC + ; BE + -CE E CCBE + -CEBC + ( /C-/E E (9.48 ; 1< ++ )(8.5 ; 1< 8 ) + -(7.=: ; 1< +5 )(1.95 ; 1< 8 ) + ( /C-/E E <.187 E 1-8 ( /C E /E-8 Q#5(*+,-.): Gravitational %orce acts on all o:;ects in proportion to their masses2 Wh" then7 a heav" o:;ect oes not %all %aster than a light o:;ect! Answer@ All obects fall under the influence of gravity and e>perience constant acceleration (g). g E GCE-B + &ince g is constant for a location and independent of mass of the obect, heavy obects do not fall faster than light obects. Q#6(*+,-.): What is the magnitue o% the gravitational %orce :etween the earth an a 1 kg o:;ect on its sur%ace! (@ass o% the earth is 3 ? 11 #& kg an raius o% the earth is 32& ? 11 3 m)2 Answer@ Given, BE radius of the earth E 8.5 ; 1< 8 m CE E mass of the earth E 8 ; 1< +5 kg G E 'niversal Gravitational 3onstant E 8.89 ; 1< ,11 *m + -kg + m E mass of obect E 1kg According to *ewton$s %aw of gravitation, the gravitation force (D) is D E GCEm-BE + D E (8.89 ; 1< ,11 )(8 ; 1< +5 )(1)-(8.5 ; 1< 8 ) + D E 926* Q#9: <e%ine mass2 Answer@ The mass of the body is the "uantity of matter it contains. !t is the measure of inertia of the body. !t is a scalar "uantity. !ts &! unit is kg. The mass of an obect is constant and does not change from place to place. Q$1(+B0, #111): <e%ine weight! =ow it is relate to mass! Answer@ The weight of the body is the force e>perienced by the body due to its gravity. !t is a vector "uantity and always directs towards the centre of the earth. The &! unit of weight is *ewton (*). !ts cgs unit is dyne. 1* E 1< 7 dyne /eight is also called force of gravity on the body. /eight and mass are related as follows@ /eight E mass(m) ; acceleration due to gravity(g) E mg Q$1(+B0, #111): @ass o% an o:;ect is 11 kg2 What is its weight on the ,arth! (g > 926 m/s # 2) Answer@ /eight E mass(m) ; acceleration due to gravity(g) E mg / E 1< ; =.: E 96* Q$#(*+,-./+B0, #111): What are the i%%erences :etween the mass o% an o:;ect an its weight! Answer@ @ass Weight 1. !t is the "uantity of the matter contained in the body. 1. !t is the gravitational force of attraction on the body by the earth(planet). 2. &! unit is kg 2. &! unit is *ewton(*) 3. !t is a scalar "uantity i.e. has magnitude only. 3. !t is a vector "uantity i.e. has both magnitude and direction. e.g. 6n the Earth, its direction is always towards the centre of the earth-planet. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 18 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
@ass Weight 4. !t is a measure of inertia of the body. 4. !t is the measure of the gravity. 5. !t is measured by physical or beam balance. 5. !t is measured by spring balance calibrated to read in *ewton scale or #g,/t. 6. !t is constant for a body and does not change from place to place. 6. !t is not constant but varies as the value of gravity changes place to place. Q$$: Wh" the value o% g is greater at the poles than at the eCuator! Answer@ The value of $g$ for an obect on the surface of the earth can be e>pressed as@ g E GCE-B + where B is radius of the earth, G is universal constant and CE is the mass of the earth. &ince G and CE are constant, g 1-B + .ecause E"uator radius (Be") is more than 2olar radius (B2). ) Kalue of g is greater at the poles than that of at e"uator. 6r The value of g increases as we move e"uator to poles. Q$&(*+,-.): Amit :u"s %ew grams o% gol at the poles as per the instruction o% one o% his %riens2 =e hans over the same when he meets him at the eCuator2 Will the %rien agree with the weight o% gol :ought! I% not7 wh"! D=int: .he value o% g is greater at the poles than at the eCuatorE2 Answer@ %et $m$ be the mass of the gold. .ecause weight E mass ; acceleration E mg ) /eight of the gold at poles (/2) E mg2 and /eight of gold at e"uator (/E") E mgE" + g2 L gE" ( /2 L /E" 6r gold at the e"uator weighs less than at the poles. Hence, AmitMs friend will not agree with the weight of the gold bought. Q$)(*+,-.): Gravitational %orce on the sur%ace o% the moon is onl" 1/3th as strong as gravitational %orce on the ,arth2 What is the weight in newtons o% a 11 kg o:;ect on the moon an on the ,arth! What is the value o% AgA at the sur%ace o% the moon! Answer@ weight E mass ; acceleration E mg Given mass of the obect (m) E 1<kg Kalue of g on the earth E =.: m-s + . /eight of the obect on the earth (/E) E 1< ; =.: E 96*. /eight of the obect on the moon (/C) E 1-8th of /E E =:-8 E 132$& * acceleration due to gravity at the moon$s surface E /C -m E 18.45 - 1< E 123$ m/s # . Q$3(+B0, #111): Write the stanar eCuations o% motion when an o:;ect is thrown upwars with some initial velocit"! Answer@ /hen an obect is thrown upwards with initial velocity (u), it reaches to certain height(h) and its velocity (v) becomes 0ero. Then it starts to fall. !n this case, the acceleration due to gravity (g) is opposing the vertical upward motion and is taken as negative(,ve). E"uations become@ v E u G at ( < E u , gt ( u > gt & E ut G Nat + ( h > ut - Fgt # v + , u + E+a& ( < , u + E,+gh ( u # > #gh Q$5: Write the stanar eCuations in the %orm when an o:;ect is roppe %rom a height! Answer@ /hen an obect is dropped from a height(h), its initial velocity(u E <) is 0ero. !t begins to free fall i.e. under the influence of gravity. !t means the acceleration due to gravity(taken as positive), will accelerate the obect and it reaches ground with some final velocity (v). E"uations of linear motion become@ v E u G at ( v > gt & E ut G Nat + ( h E < G Ngt + ( h > Fgt # v + , u + E+a& ( v # > #gh Q$6: Is acceleration ue to gravit" a vector or a scalar! Write its 02I2 unit2 Answer@ !t is a vector "uantity and hence has both magnitude and direction. The &! unit is m-s + .
Q$9(*+,-.): A :all is thrown verticall" upwars with a velocit" o% &9 m/s2 +alculate (i) the ma8imum height to which it rises2 (ii)the total time it takes to return to the sur%ace o% the earth2 Answer@ Given, initial velocity (u) E 5= m-s final velocity the ball reaches ma>. height (v) E < m-s acceleration due to gravity (g) E ,=.: m-s + . g is ,ve because it opposed the vertical motion. height (h) ball will reach E O m Time of ascent i.e. time taken to reach ma>. height (t) E O s 'sing e"uation v + , u + E+a&, ( < + , 5= + E ,+(=.:)h X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 19 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
( h E (5= ; 5=)-1=.8 E 5=<-5 E 1##2) m 'sing e"uation v E u G at i.e. < E 5= , =.:t ( t E 5=-=.: E 7s &ince Time of ascent E Time of descent. Total time the ball will take to reach ground E 7 G 7 E 11s Q&1(*+,-.): A stone is release %rom the top o% a tower o% height 1923 m2 +alculate its %inal velocit" ;ust :e%ore touching the groun2 Answer@ Given initial velocity (u) E < m-s Dinal velocity (v) E O height (distance) h E 1=.8 m acceleration due to gravity (g) E G=.: m-s + . g is taken as Gve because it will accelerate the vertical motion. 'sing e"uation v + , u + E+a&, ( v + , < E +gh ( v + E + ; =.: ; 1=.8 E (1=.8) + ( v E 1923 m-s Q&1(*+,-.): A stone is thrown verticall" upwar with an initial velocit" o% &1 m/s2 .aking g > 11 m/s # 7 %in the ma8imum height reache :" the stone2 What is the net isplacement an the total istance covere :" the stone! Answer@ Given, initial velocity (u) E 5< m-s Dinal velocity when stone reaches at ma>. height (v) E < m-s Acceleration due gravity in upward motion of stone g E ,=.: m-s + g is taken ,ve because it opposed the vertical motion. ma>. height the stone will reach (h) E O 'sing e"uation v + , u + E+a&, ( < , u + E ,+gh ( h E u + -(+g) E (5<) + -(+ ; 1<) E 61m !t means the stone will reach upto :<m height and then it comes back to ground(original position). Total Aistance covered by stone E + ; :< E 131m *et displacement E 'pward Aisplacement G Aownward Aisplacement E :< G (,:<) E 1m Q&#(*+,-.): A stone is allowe to %all %rom the top o% a tower 111 m high an at the same time another stone is pro;ecte verticall" upwars %rom the groun with a velocit" o% #) m/s2 +alculate when an where the two stones will meet2 Answer@ %et us assume both stones meet at time $t$. Height of the tower (h) E 1<<m 0tone 1 roppe %rom the top o% a tower: initial velocity of the stone (u) E < m-s acceleration due to gravity (g) is Gve E G=.: m-s + At time t, it will cover distance (h1), then using e"uation & E ut G Nat + ( h1 E < G Ngt + E (N)(=.:)t + E 5.=t + 0tone # thrown upwars: initial velocity (u) E +7 m-s acceleration due to gravity (g) is negative E , =.: m-s +
At time t, +nd stone reaches height (h+), then using e"uation & E ut G Nat + ( h+ E +7t , Ngt + E +7t , (N)(=.:)t + E +7t , 5.=t + .ecause Total height h E 1<< m E h1 G h+ ( 5.=t + G +7t , 5.=t + E 1<< ( +7t , 1<< ( t E 5s. !n 5 seconds, both stones will meet. h1 (height from top) E 5.= ; 18 E 9:.5m or 1<<, 9:.5 E +1.8m from ground. .oth stones will meet at #123 m from ground. (*ote@ !f you take g E 1< m-s + , the height will come as +<m) Q&$: A :all is thrown upwars %rom the groun o% a tower with a spee o% #1 m/s2 .here is a winow in the tower at the height o% 1)m %rom groun2 =ow man" times an when will the :all pass the winow! (g > 11 m/s # ) Answer@ Given, initial velocity (u) E +< m-s Ca> height the ball will reach (h) E O 'sing e"uation u + E +gh, ( h E +< + -(+;1<) E +<m This means ball will reach the height of +<m and comes back. !t will pass the window two times. X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 20 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
%et us calculate the time ball will take to reach 17 m height. 'sing e"uation, h = ut - gt 2 17 E +<t , 10t 2
( 7t 2 , +<t G17 E < ( t 2 , 5t G4 E < ( t 2 , t , 4t G4 E < ( t(t ,1) ,4(t ,1) E < ( (t ,1)(t , 4) E < ( t E 1s and 4s .all will pass the window at 1s and 4s respectively. Q&&: A :all is thrown up an is caught :" the pla"er a%ter & secons2=ow high i it go an with what velocit" was it thrown! =ow %ar :elow the :all will :e %rom its highest point a%ter $ secons %rom start! Answer@ &ince we know that, Time of Ascent E Time of Aescent. ( Time taken by ball to reach highest point E 5 -+ E +s %et u be the initial velocity the ball is thrown upwards. At its highest point (h), final velocity (v) E < m-s 'sing e"uation v E u G at ( < E u , +g ( u E + ; =.: E 1923 m/s The ball was thrown with initial velocity 1=.8 m-s Ca>imum height it will reach, h = ut - gt 2 ( h E 1=.8 ; + , 9.8 2 2 E 1=.8 ; + , 1=.8 E 1923 m After t E 4 seconds, the distance traveled will be h3 = ut - gt 2 E 1=.8 ; 4 , 9.8 3 2 E 7:.: , 55.1 E 15.9 m wrt ground. .all$s position w.r.t. to its high point E 1=.8 , 15.9 E &29m Q&): A :all is thrown with some velocit" AuA m/s2 0how that uner %ree %all7 it will %all the groun with same velocit"2 Answer@ /hen the ball is thrown upwards, it will reach certain height (h) and starts falling. At height $h$, the final velocity will be (v) E <. Ca>. height reached by the ball, (acceleration E ,g) 'sing e"uation v + , u + E+a& ( < + , u + E , +gh ( h E u + -+gh ... (i) !n second case when the ball starts to fall, the initial velocity E <. !t will accelerate due to gravity i.e. a E Gg and reach ground with velocity (say v2) 'sing e"uation v + , u + E+a& ( v2 + , < + E+gh ( v2 + E +g u + -+g (from e"n. i) ( v2 + E u + ( v2 E u ) the ball will reach ground with same velocity. Q&3: <e%ine thrust2 Answer@ !t is a type of force which acts normal (perpendicular) to the surface. Q&5: .wo stones A an B are roppe %rom a multistorie :uiling2 A is roppe %rom 111 m an a%ter some time B is roppe %rom )1 m height2 Both o% them reach the earth at the same time2 Will the" have eCual velocit" while reaching the groun ! +alculate an %in out the answer (take g >11 m/s # )2 Answer@ Dor stone A, height (h) E 1<<m and a E g E 1<m-s +
(taken as Gve) !nitial velocity (u) E < m-s, Dinal velocity vA E O 'sing e"uation, v + , u + E+a& ( vA + , < + E+gh E + ; 1< ; 1<< E +<<< ( vA E (2000) = &&25# m/s
Dor stone ., initial velocity (u) E < m-s, height h E 7<m, Dinal velocity (vB ) E O 'sing e"uation, v + , u + E+a& ( vB + , < + E +gh E + ; 1< ; 7< E 1<<< ( vB E (1000) = $123 m/s ) .oth stones will reach ground with different velocities. ,$a-itation .ol-e" /uestions 01ume$ical &$oblems 1' 2o3 "oes the fo$ce of g$a-itation bet3een t3o objects change 3hen the "istance bet3een them is $e"uce" to half4 #ns3e$0 3hen the "istance bet3een the objects is $e"uce" to half the g$a-itational fo$ce inc$eases b fou$ times the o$iginal fo$ce' 2' 5he g$a-itational fo$ce acts on all objects in &$o&o$tion to thei$ masses' 6h7 then7 a hea- object "oes not fall X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 21 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
faste$ than a light object4 #ns3e$0 #ccele$ation "ue to g$a-it "oes not "e&en" on mass of object ' 2ence7 all bo"ies fall 3ith the same accele$ation &$o-i"e" the$e is no ai$ o$ othe$ $esistance 3' 5he ea$th an" the moon a$e att$acte" to each othe$ b g$a-itational fo$ce' Does the ea$th att$act the moon 3ith a fo$ce that is g$eate$ o$ smalle$ o$ the same as the fo$ce 3ith 3hich the moon att$acts the ea$th4 6h4 #ns3e$0 #cco$"ing to 1e3ton%s 3$" la3 of motion 8-e$ action has e9ual $eaction in o&&osite "i$ection' .ince7 5he ea$th su$face att$acts the moon 3ith the same fo$ce 3ith 3hich the moon att$acts the ea$th an" cancel them 4' :f the moon att$acts the ea$th7 3h "oes the ea$th not mo-e to3a$"s the moon4 #ns3e$0 5he ea$th is much la$ge$ than the moon so7 the accele$ation &$o"uce" on the ea$th su$face cannot be notice"' 5' 6hat is the im&o$tance of ;ni-e$sal <a3 of ,$a-itation4 #ns0 5he$e a$e man im&o$tance of ;ni-e$sal <a3 of ,$a-itation 1' 5he fo$ce of att$action that bin"s us to the ea$th7 2' 5he motion of &lanets mo-ing a$oun" the sun7 3' the motion of moon a$oun" the ea$th 4' 5he occu$$ing of ti"es "ue to sun an" moon' 6 6hat is ,$a-itation4 #ns3e$0 ,$a-itation is the fo$ce of att$action bet3een t3o objects in the uni-e$se' i= ,$a-itation ma be the att$action of objects b the ea$th' 8g 0> :f a bo" is "$o&&e" f$om a ce$tain height7 it falls "o3n3a$"s "ue to ea$th%s g$a-it' :f a bo" is th$o3n u&3a$"s7 it $eaches a ce$tain height an" then falls "o3n3a$"s "ue to the ea$th%s g$a-it' ii= ,$a-itation ma be the att$action bet3een objects in oute$ s&ace'8g 0> #tt$action bet3een the ea$th an" moon' #tt$action bet3een the sun an" &lanets 7' 6hat is ?ent$i&etal fo$ce4 #ns3e$0 6hen a bo" mo-es in a ci$cula$ &ath7 it changes its "i$ection at e-e$ &oint' 5he fo$ce 3hich @ee&s the bo" in the ci$cula$ &ath acts to3a$"s the cent$e of the ci$cle' 5his fo$ce is calle" cent$i&etal fo$ce' :f the$e is no cent$i&etal fo$ce7 the bo" 3ill mo-e in a st$aight line tangent to the ci$cula$ &ath' 8' .tate ;ni-e$sal la3 of g$a-itation4 #ns3e$0 5he uni-e$sal la3 of g$a-itation states that7 A8-e$ object in the uni-e$se att$acts e-e$ othe$ object 3ith a fo$ce 3hich is "i$ectl &$o&o$tional to &$o"uct of the masses an" in-e$sel &$o&o$tional to the s9ua$e of the "istance bet3een them'% 9' :n 3hat "i$ection "oes the buoant fo$ce on an object imme$se" in a li9ui" act4 X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 22 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
#ns0 5he buoant fo$ce acts on an object in the -e$ticall u&3a$" "i$ection th$ough the cente$ of g$a-it of the "is&lace" li9ui"' 10' # stone is $elease" f$om the to& of a to3e$ of height 19'6 m' calculate its Bnal -elocit just befo$e touching the g$oun"' #ns0 ,i-en that7 u C 07 g C 9'8 ms D2 7 s C 19'6 m 1o37 - 2 > u 2 C 2gs o$7 - 2 > 0 C 2 E 9'8 E 19'6 C F19'6= 2 o$7 - C 19'6 ms D1 F - is G-e "ue to "o3n3a$" "i$ection= .ol-e" /uestion on ?lass :H I .cience I ,$a-itation I 5he ;ni-e$sal <a3 Jf ,$a-itation' /'1' 6hen 3e mo-e f$om the &oles to the e9uato$' 2ence7 the -alue of A g % "ec$eases' 6h #ns0 5he sha&e of ea$th is an elli&se so 3hen 3e mo-e f$om the &oles to the e9uato$ the $a"ius of the ea$th K inc$eases' 2ence7 the -alue of A g % "ec$eases because -alue LgL is in-e$sel &$o&o$tional to the $a"ius of ea$th' g C ,MNK 2 /' 2' 6hat is the "iO$ence bet3een cent$ifugal fo$ce an" cent$i&etal fo$ce4 #ns0 ?ent$i&etal Po$ce Fi= :t is the fo$ce that @ee&s a bo" in ci$cula$ &ath' Fii= :t acts to3a$" the cente$' ?ent$ifugal Po$ce Fi= :t is the &seu"o fo$ce that t$ies to ma@e a bo" ! oO the ci$cula$ &ath' Fii= :t acts out3a$" the cente$' /'3' 8E&lain 0?ent$ifugal fo$ce an" ?ent$i&etal fo$ce4 #ns0 # fo$ce 3hich is $e9ui$e" to mo-e a bo" unifo$ml in a ci$cle is @no3n as cent$i&etal fo$ce' 5his fo$ce acts along the $a"ius an" to3a$"s the cente$ of the ci$cle7 ?ent$ifugal fo$ce a$ises 3hen a bo" is mo-ing actuall along a ci$cula$ &ath7 b -i$tue of ten"enc of the bo" to $egain its natu$al st$aight line &ath' 5his fo$ce acts along the $a"ius an" a3a f$om the cente$ of the ci$cle' /'4 an ast$onaut has 80 @g mass on ea$th Fa=3hat is his 3eight on ea$th4 Fb= 3hat 3ill be his mass an" 3eight on ma$s 3he$e gC3'7 mNs 2 #ns0 Mass of ast$onaut C 80 @g 6eight on ea$th C mg C F80=F9'8= 1 C 784 1 6eight on ma$s C mgL C F80=F3'7= 1 C 296 1 /'5' # ce$tain &a$ticle has a 3eight of 301 at a &lace 3he$e the accele$ation "ue to g$a-it is 9'8 mNs 2
Fa= 6hat a$e its mass an" 3eight at a &lace 3he$e accele$ation "ue to g$a-it is X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 23 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
3'5 mNs s9ua$e Fb= 6hat a$e its mass an" 3eight at a &lace 3he$e accele$ation "ue to g$a-it is 0 #ns Fa= 6eight of the bo"7 6 C 30 1 Cmg Mass of the bo"7 m C 6Ng C30 N 9'8C 3'06 @g 1e3 3eight of the bo"7 6L C mgL C F3'06= F3'5= 1 C 10'71 1 Fb= ' Mass $emains the same but 3eight becomes Qe$o' /'6' De$i-e the in-e$se s9ua$e of 1e3ton' #ns0 <et a &lanet of mass m $e-ol-es a$oun" the sun of mass M in nea$l ci$cula$ o$bit of $a"ius $7 3ith a constant angula$ -elocit R' <et 5 be the time &e$io" of the $e-olution of the &lanet a$oun" the sun' then C 2N5 5he cent$i&etal fo$ce acting on the &lanet7 P C m$ 2 C m$ F2N5= 2 C F4 2 m$=N5 2 >>>>>>Fi= #cco$"ing to Selle$%s thi$" la3 T5he s9ua$e of the time &e$io" of $e-olution of a &lanet a$oun" the sun is "i$ectl &$o&o$tional to the cube of semi majo$ aEis of its elli&tical o$bitU 5 2 $ 3 5 2 C S $ 3 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>Fii= 2e$e7 S is &$o&o$tionalit constant' f$om Fi=an" Fii= P C F4 2 m$=N S $ 3 P C F4 2 N S=E VmN $ 2 W P mN$ 2 #cco$"ing to 1e3ton7 the g$a-itational att$action bet3een the sun an" the &lanet is mutual' .o if P "e&en"s u&on the mass of the &lanet m then it shoul" also be "i$ectl &$o&o$tional to the mass of the sun7 M' 2ence7 4 2 N S M 4 2 N S C , M P C , FMmN$ 2 = 5his is 1e3ton%s la3 of g$a-itation' /77' 6hat is the "iOe$ence bet3een g$a-it an" g$a-itation4 #ns0 ,$a-it is "eBne" as the abilit of ea$th to att$act anothe$ bo" b -i$tue of thei$ masses' ,$a-itation is the &henomenon 3hich eE&lains the fo$ce of att$action bet3een t3o masses se&a$ate" b a ce$tain "istance' 5his fo$ce is @no3n as ,$a-itational Po$ce /'8'6hat a$e these 0FF i= P$o"uct Kule Fii= :n-e$se .9ua$e $ule Fiii= ;ni-e$sal g$a-itational constant i-= ;ni-e$sal la3 of g$a-itation0 #ns0 Fi= P$o"uct $ule0 Po$ce bet3een t3o mass se&a$ate" b a "istance is "i$ectl &$o&o$tional to the &$o"uct of the t3o masses' Fii= :n-e$se s9ua$e la3 means that the fo$ce is in-e$sel &$o&o$tional to the X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 24 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.
s9ua$e of the "istance bet3een t3o objects' ,$a-itational fo$ce is an eEam&le of in-e$se s9ua$e la3' 5he $elation bet3een the fo$ce of g$a-itation an" "istance is P1N$2 Fiii=;ni-e$sal g$a-itational constant0 5he constant of &$o&o$tionalit is calle" the uni-e$sal g$a-itational constant' ,$a-itational constant is "eBne" as the fo$ce of att$action bet3een t3o unit masses @e&t at unit "istance' Po$ eEam&le if 3e choose m 17 m 2 such that7 m 1 C m 2 C 1 an" @ee& them at a unit "istance F$ C1=7 g$a-itational constant is e9ual to g$a-itation fo$ce of att$action bet3een them Fi-= ;ni-e$sal la3 of g$a-itation0 a fo$ce of att$action bet3een t3o masses se&a$ate" b some "istance' 5he g$a-itational fo$ce bet3een t3o bo"ies is "i$ectl &$o&o$tional to the &$o"uct of thei$ masses an" in-e$sel &$o&o$tional to the s9ua$e of the "istance bet3een them' X/MATH/C.P.VERMA Page 25 VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartment Se!t"r-#; R"$%n%; &e' (e)$%-11008*; P$+ 011-2,*-#222; #818#88.,*.