A.

Design of Superstructure
1.0 Design Data
1.1. Materials and its Properties:
M25
Fe415
Characteristics Strengthof Concrete fck = 25 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, o
c
= 6.2 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress, o
cbc
= 8.3 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress, t
max
( 0.07*fck) = 1.75 MPa
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-1987, Section III:
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, o
st
= 200 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, o
co
= 170 MPa
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000:
Concrete (cement-Reinforced) = 24 kN/m3
Macadam (binder premix) = 22 kN/m3
1.2. Geometrical Properties:
Effective Span of Bridge = 35.00 m
Numbers of span = 1
Total length of Bridge = 35.8 m
Spacing of Girder = 2.4 m
Rib width of main girder = 400 mm
Overall depth of main girder (D m-g) = 1600 mm
Depth of kerb above deck slab = 225 mm
Nos. of cross girder = 6
Spacing of cross girder = 7.0 m
Rib width of cross girder = 300 mm
Overall depth of cross girder (D c-b) = 1200 mm
Deck slab thickness = 230 mm
Deck slab thickness at edge = 150 mm
Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm
Fillet size (horizontal) = 150 mm
Fillet size (vertical) = 150 mm
Bridge Width:
Carriageway width = 5.5 m
Footpath width = 1.0 m
Kerb width Outer = 0.2 m
Kerb width Inner = 0.175 m
Total Width of Deck Slab = 8.25 m
Total depth of Kerb Outer = 0.375 m
Total depth of Kerb Inner = 0.225 m
F 12 @ 175 c/c F 12 @ 175c/c F 20 @ 200 c/c
F 100 HDP PIPE F 100 HDP PIPE
F 8 @ 200 c/c
F 10, 9 Nos.
0
400
Fig: 1 Bridge Cross Section
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 1
2.0 Design of Slab
2.1 Design of Cantilever slab: The cantilever slab is designed by effective width method.
230 mm at junction with rib
0 mm at free end
1.5 kN/m (assumed)
Impact factor = 54 % (for IRC class A loading)
25 % (for IRC class AA loading)
Dead Load Bending Moment and Shear Force:
S.No. Item Width Depth Unit Wt
1 Railing/Parap
et
1.5 kN 0.4875 m 0.731 kN.m
2 Kerb (outer) 0.225 0.225 24 1.215 kN 0.4875 m 0.592 kN.m
4 Wearing Coat 0.375 0.08 22 0.66 kN 0.075 m 0.05 kN.m
5 Slab 0.6 0.15 24 2.16 kN 0.3 m 0.648 kN.m
Total kN kN.m
= 5.535 kN
= 2.021 kN.m
Live Load Bending Moment and Shear Force:
IRC Class AA and Class A Loading has no effect on cantilever portion.
Thickness of cantilever slab = 230 mm
Taking pedestrain load (LL) = 2.7 kN/m
2
Effective width of slab = 1.0 m
Cantilever length of slab = 0.6 m
Maximum Bending moment = 0.491 kN.m
Shear force at the face of slab = 1.635 kN
Total bending moment = 2.51 kN.m
Design of Section:
Modular Ratio, m = = 11.245
Neutral axis factor, k = = 0.3182
Lever arm factor, j = = 0.8939
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = = 1.1804
Therefore, required effective depth of slab=
d = = 46.127 mm
Effective depth of slab, provided = 184 mm > d req. O.K.
Load / m run
(kN)
Dead load Shear force at theface of rib
Dead load Bending Moment at the face of rib
2.021
Moment Distance
Thickness of slab =
Self weight of Railing =
Assumed
5.535
cbc
o 3
280
st

cbc
m
cbc
m
+
3
1
k

st
j k o
2
1
Rb
M
F 12 @ 175 c/c F 12 @ 175c/c F 20 @ 200 c/c
F 100 HDP PIPE F 100 HDP PIPE
F 8 @ 200 c/c
F 10, 9 Nos.
0
400
Fig: 1 Bridge Cross Section
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 2
Area of steel required, Ast = 76.346 mm
2
Provide | 10 mm bars @ 200 392.5 mm
2
> required, Ok.
Distribution Steel:
Distribution steel is to be provided for 0.3 times live load moment plus 0.2 times dead
load moment.
Moment = 0.55 kN.m
Effective depth = 174 mm
Area of steel required, Ast = 17.724 mm
2
Half reinforcement is to be provided at top and half at bottom.
Provide 10 mm bars 200 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 392.5 mm
2
> required, OK.
Check for min. area of Steel:
Min. area of steel @ 0.12 % = 276 mm
2
< Provided. O.K.
Design for Shear:
Dead load shear = 5.54 kN
Live load Shear = 1.635 kN
Total = 7.17 kN
tan| = 0.000
Shear stress, = 0.039 N/mm
2
Percentage area of tension steel, pt = 0.17 %
Allowable shear stress as per code is given by
( d being in m)
= 0.979
(where )
= 0.500446 1.00
Adopt 1
Value ot = for M25 grade of concrete from code = 0.4 N/mm2
Allowable shear stress
= 0.3916 N/mm2 > , Hence Safe
2.2 Design of Interior Panels: The slab panel is designed by Pigeauds method.
mm c/c, giving area of steel
=
d j
M
st
.
.
o
=
d j
M
st
. . o
=
bd
d
tan M
- V
|
t

=
v
co c
k k t t . .
2 1
=
5 . 0 7 . 0 14 . 1
1
> = d k
1 25 . 0 5 . 0
2
> + = k
bd
A
s
=
>
=
2
k
co
t
4 . 0
2 1
= K K
c
t
v
t
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 3
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Short span of slab, Bs = 2.375 m
Long span of slab, Ls = 2.5 m
Calculation of Bending moments
a) Due to Dead load:
Self weight of wearing coat = 1.76 kN/m
2
Self weight of deck slab = 5.52 kN/m
2
Total = 7.28 kN/m
2
Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Piegauds curves are used to
calculate bending moments.
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.95
As the panel is loaded with UDL,
u/Bs = 1
v/Ls = 1
Where, u & v are the dimensions of the loaded area.
From the Pigeauds curve,
m1 = 0.037
m2 = 0.037
Total dead load W =43.225 kN
Moment along short span, M1 = W (m1 +0.15m2) = 1.84 kN-m
Moment along long span, M2 = W (0.15m1 +m2) = 1.84 kN-m
Considering effects of continuity, 0.8
Moment along short span, M1 = 1.47 kN-m
Moment along long span, M2 = 1.47 kN-m
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 5
b) Due to Live load: Class A Loading
IRC Class A Loading: For maximum bending moment one wheel of 57kN should be placed at the
centre of span and other at 1.2 m from it as shown. Neglecting small eccentricity of 80mm.
Tyre contact length along short span, Y = 0.5 m
Tyre contact length along long span, X = 0.25 m
Imaginary load W3 = W2 is placed on the other side of W1 to make loading symmetrical.
Due to loads W2 & W3 Bending moment at center of panel will be that due to load W1 and half.
Fig: 6
5
7
k
N
W1
W2
Y
Y
X X
5
7
k
N
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 6
Bending moment due to load W1:
Wheel load, W1 = 57 kN
Loaded length, u = 0.699 m
Loaded width, v = 0.470 m
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.95
u/Bs = 0.29
v/Ls = 0.19
From the Pigeauds curve,
m1 = 0.1387
m2 = 0.1387
Moment along short span,
= 9.092 kN-m
Moment along long span,
= 9.092 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 9.092 kN-m
M2 = 9.092 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W2:
Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Y-Y
Wheel load, W2 = 57 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 173.48 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 1.670 x 0.699 m
Loaded area = 1.167 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 202 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.95
u/Bs = 0.668
v/Ls = 0.294
From the Pigeauds curve,
m1 = 0.0843
m2 = 0.0843
Moment along short span,
= 19.631 kN-m
Moment along long span,
= 19.631 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 19.631 kN-m
M2 = 19.631 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 0.73 m X 0.699 m
Loaded area = 0.510 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 88 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.95
u/Bs = 0.292
v/Ls = 0.294
From the Pigeauds curve,
m1 = 0.1313
m2 = 0.0552
Moment along short span,
= 12.353 kN-m
Moment along long span,
= 6.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 12.353 kN-m
M2 = 6.628 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 3.639 kN-m
M2 = 6.502 kN-m
Total Bending Moment due to load W1 & W2 will be,
M1 = 12.7 kN-m
M2 = 15.6 kN-m
Design Bending Moment due to LL:
M1 = 12.7 kN-m
M2 = 15.6 kN-m
Calculation of Shear Force
a) Due to Dead load:
Dead load shear force = 7.28 kN
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
M1= W(m1+0.15m2)
M1= W(m1+0.15m2)
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
M1= W(m1+0.15m2)
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 7
b) Due to Live load: IRC Class A loading
Shear force due to load W1: 57 kN
Dispersion width in the direction of short span = 1.12 m
For maximum shear force, the load should be placed at distance of 0.56 m from web
of girder. In this position second load will be as shown.
Effective width for first wheel =
Where, x= 0.55 m
bw= 0.41 m
L/B= 1.1 o = 2.6
Therefore, Effective width = 1.509 m
But distance between axels is 1.2 m and hence effective width overlaps.
Average effective width / wheel = m
Load W1 = kN
Load per meter width of slab = kN/m
And shear force = kN
Shear force including impact & continuity = kN
Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments,
M1 = 14.20 kN-m
M2 = 17.06 kN-m
Total Design Shear force,
S.F. = 38.84 kN
Effective depth required,
d = 109.7 mm
Use 30 mm Clear cover & 12 mm dia
Effective depth available = 194 mm O.K.
Area of steel required along short span,
Ast = 409 mm2
42.08
31.56
1.35
57.00
31.56
bw
l
x
1 x + |
.
|

\
|

bw l x 1 x + |.| \|
=
Rb
M
=
d j
st
M
o
F 12 @ 175 c/c
F 100 HDP PIPE
F 8 @ 200 c/c
F 10, 9 Nos. 1000
375 7500
57 KN 57 KN
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 8
Check for minimum area of steel:
264 mm2
Provide 12 mm bars 175 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 645.943 mm
2
> required.
Effective depth for long span = 183 mm
Area of steel required along long span,
Ast = 522 mm2
Provide 12 mm bars 175 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 645.943 mm
2
> required.
Check for shear:
Nominal shear stress,
t
v = 0.200 N/mm
2
Provided percentage area of tensile steel = 0.28 %
Permissible shear stress, Kt
c
= 1.16 x 0.266 = 0.309 N/mm
2
> tv
O.K.
Min. area of steel @
=
d j
st
M
o
=
d b
Vu
GIDA Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Page 9