9) Numerical Analysis

Transportation
Infrastructure Engineering
Numerical analysis of historical constructions
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
Cristina Emanuela Lanivschi
1

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi !asi,
!asi, "# $rofessor D. %angeron &tr., '((()(, *omania
Summary
All European countries are rich of monumental +uil,ings an, there is a
consi,era+le amount of e-isting resi,ential masonry +uil,ings in rural areas. !t is
fre.uent that ol, historical masonry structures present significant level of ,amage
an, must +e repaire,. !n fact, conservation, reha+ilitation an, strengthening of the
+uilt heritage an, protection of human lives are clear ,eman,s of mo,ern
societies, /0ouren1o, 2(((3. This re.uires the i,entification of ,eficiencies an, of
,amage of e-isting structures an, appropriate intervention techni.ues. Numerical
mo,elling of masonry structures is an essential tool of evaluating the ,amage
e-tent an, a +asis for a ,ecision a+out the ,esign of appropriate reme,ial
measures.
The paper a,,resses the scope of numerical analysis of ancient masonry
structures. The numerical mo,elling inten,s to assess the sta+ility con,itions of the
fa1a,e of the Cathe,ral of $orto ,ate, from the mi,,le of the 12
th
century.
Although no important visi+le crac4ing is present, the ,eep ,ecay of the granite
stone an, corrosion of steel +ars that connect the stone pieces can in,uce sta+ility
pro+lems of the local salient elements of the fa1a,e. Thus, the a,vance, nonlinear
numerical inten,s to o+tain a safety factor that ena+les to assess the safety level of
the fa1a,e. !n or,er to o+tain such goal, the numerical mo,elling is performe,
5ith the help of a commercial finite element soft5are program D!ANA. The lac4 of
information a+out the stone material properties is overcome from availa+le
information given in /6asconcelos, 2(()3 for ,ifferent types of granite.
1 INTRO!UCTION
The Cathe"ral #$ %#rt#& as it is $#un" t#"ay& is hy'ri" an" $r#(en in a )er)etual
)ast& *here re+c#m'inati#ns #r architectural re"esi,n seem har"ly acce)ta'le is the
near $uture In $act& the cathe"ral is a result #$ the )revi#us rest#rati#n that
re)resents t#"ay the real sel$ #$ the cathe"ral& trans$#rme" int# a m#nument This is
$#r,e" i"entity that cann#t 'e c#nsi"ere" a min#r re)resentati#n #$ the stren,th #$ a
s)eci$ic cultural )eri#"
Article no., !ntersections7!ntersec8ii, 6ol.!!1, 2((9, No.9, Transp. !nfrastr. Engrg. 89
Transportation
C E Lanivschi
The rest#rati#n *#r-s carrie" #ut #n the Cathe"ral "urin, ./
th
century are m#stly
c#ncentrate" in the t#*ers an" the r##$s an" $a0a"es in the *est an" s#uth *in,s
The central $a0a"e is c#m)#se" 'y several salient elements& namely a central
'alc#ny an" t*# lateral )innacles& see Figure 1. The a"vance" "e,ra"ati#n state #$
the ,ranite& #$ the c#lumns 'el#* the re$erre" structures& le" that an au1iliary
structure #$ )r#tecti#n has 'een )lace" in #r"er t# av#i" in2ury #$ )e#)le This
issue re)resents the main reas#n $#r the nee" #$ assessment #$ the sta'ility
c#n"iti#ns #$ the main salient structural elements #$ the $a0a"e3 the 'alc#ny an" the
)innacles
Fi,ure 13 4ie* #$ the t*# salient elements $r#m the central )art #$ the main $a0a"e #$ the
Cathe"ral
. !ESCRI%TION AN! ASSESSMENT OF THE !E5RA!ATION
STATE OF THE T6O SALIENT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The 'alc#ny su'structure c#nsists #$ an alm#st semi+circular sla'& ma"e #$ ,ranite
ashlars that seem t# 'e '#un"e" t#,ether *ith ir#n "#*els The sla' rests #n three
ri's& als# $r#m ,ranite& a central #ne an" t*# mar,inal& that have the $uncti#n #$
increasin, the elements7 sti$$ness The l#a"s that the 'alc#ny has t# un"erta-e
c#me $r#m the massive ,ranite 'alustra"e trans$erre" t# the sla' 'y the seven
,ranite c#lumns that als# seem t# inte,rate steel "#*els& see Figure 2
Transportation
%innacles are massive ,ranite elements& 'ut is "i$$icult t# see *hether the ashlars
are c#nnecte" *ith steel "#*els #r n#t The )rinci)al structural element #$ these
assem'lies is the shell that ta-es #ver the l#a"s $r#m the t*# )ic-s an" transmits
them t# the c#lumns& see Figure 3
Even i$ n# im)#rtant crac-in, is #'serve" #n these elements& ,ranite seem t#
c#nstantly l##se $r#m its mechanical )r#)erties& )r#'a'ly "ue t# *eatherin,& that
may result $r#m the variati#n #$ the m#isture c#ntent #$ the ,ranite "ue t# the
e1istin, *ater in the atm#s)here 8c#nsi"erin, als# that the cathe"ral is situate"
cl#se t# the !#ur# river9& a,in, #$ the st#ne& )#lluti#n etc t#,ether
Fi,ure .3 !etails #$ c#nnecti#n #$ the st#ne in the 'alc#ny:s 'alustra"e an" in the structures
ashlars
As sh#*n in the Figure 3 'el#*& n#t #nly that the st#ne )resents a ,rey s)#tte"
sur$ace& 'ut s#me )hysical an" chemical acti#ns seem t# "eteri#rate the ,ranite t#
its sur$ace "eterminin, sc#urin, an" su)er$icial 'rea-in, #$$& an" als# in the
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material:s structure lea"in, t# hi,her )#r#sity an" als# l#*er mechanical
characteristics 8stren,ths9
It is )r#'a'le that the )innacles st#ne ashlars *ere c#nnecte" t# the 'attlement 'y
m#rtar 2#ints an" ir#n "#*els H#*ever& )resently a "etachment #$ the )innacles
$#rm the 'attlement is #'serve" *hich can 'e attri'ute" t# "eteri#rati#n #$ the
m#rtar 2#ints an" c#rr#si#n #$ the steel 'ars This can a$$ect the *ay in *hich the
"e$#rmati#n #$ the structure #ccurs This $act must necessarily 'e c#nsi"ere" #n the
,e#metry m#"el #$ this structure in terms #$ )r#)er '#un"ary c#n"iti#ns& see
Figure 4
6here structures have 'een altere"& "i$$erences #n the 'ehavi#ur #$ the "i$$erent
)eri#"s #$ mas#nry may )r#"uce si,ns #$ "istress
F#r investi,atin, the "e,ra"ati#ns that #ccur t# the salient elements #$ the $a0a"e& a
5%R ins)ecti#n *as )er$#rme" an" is "escri'e" in the secti#n 'el#*
Transportation

Fi,ure ;3 !eteri#rati#n #$ the ,ranite < "etails in the sla'& )innacles& an" c#lumns
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Fi,ure =3 !etail #$ the "etachin, #$ the )innacles structure $r#m the 'attlement> see als# the
ir#n "#*els #n the 'ac- #$ the elements c#nnectin, the ,ranite ashlars
G$* inspection of the salient elements of the fa1a,e of the Cathe,ral of $orto
The ,e#technical ra"ar ins)ecti#n *as use" in the ins)ecti#n #$ the Se "# %#rt#
Cathe"ral The )rinci)al #'2ective *as t# "etect the steel c#nnect#rs that c#nnect
the vari#us st#ne elements that c#nstitute the church $a0a"e The ins)ecti#n *as
)er$#rme" t# the central 'alc#ny $#r the )avement an" the lateral 'attlements
5enerally& *ere #'taine" relative sh#rt ra"ar )r#$iles& "ue t# the small "imensi#ns
#$ the testin, )laces The 'alc#ny is c#m)#se" #$ #verla))e" st#ne ashlars& $i1e" t#
the *all an" su))#rte"& in the in$eri#r )art 'y st#ne ri's that seem t# 'e c#nnecte"
*ith metallic "#*els The metallic c#nnect#rs that may 'e seen t# the sur$ace #$
the 'alc#ny remaine" unc#vere" 'ecause #$ the c#rr#si#n that& "ue t# the v#lume
increasin, "isinte,rate" the st#ne c#verin, layer The #'2ective *as t# "etect the
steel c#nnect#rs 8visi'le #r n#t9 that e1iste" in the elements The lateral 'attlements
*ere als# investi,ate"& see Figure 5, Figure 6
Transportation

(a) (b)
Fi,ure ?3 Central 'alc#ny3 8a9 in$eri#r ri's that su))#rt the sla'& 8'9 )resence #$ steel
c#nnect#rs in the 'alc#ny:s sla'
Fi,ure @3 Le$t 'attlement $r#m the $aca"e #$ the Cathe"ral #$ %#rt#
On the superior face of the balcony *ere )er$#rme" vari#us ra"ar )r#$iles&
l#n,itu"inal 8)arallel t# the $a0a"e9 an" transversal )r#$iles 8)er)en"icular t# the
$a0a"e9 It *as #'serve" that the ashlars are n#t c#nnecte" t# the *all& 'y ai" #$
steel c#nnect#rs The #nly steel c#nnect#rs "etecte" *ere& ,enerally& the #nes that
*ere visi'le t# the sur$ace #$ the 'alc#ny:s sur$ace
The )rinci)al results #$ the ins)ecti#n may 'e seen in the Figure 7 These )r#$iles
are visi'le #$ ar#un" ?? ns as re$erence hy)er'#les #$ the ri's that su))#rt the 'ase
#$ the 'alc#ny Aet*een the su))#rtin, ri's ar#un" =. ns *as "etecte" The
avera,e )r#)a,ati#n vel#city *as c#m)ute" #$ ar#un" 11? cmBns& that is the
n#rmal value $#r the ,ranite st#ne It *as n#t "etecte" any si,nal t# )r#ve $issures
#r any #ther "eteri#rati#ns
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Fi,ure C3 L#n,itu"inal ra"ar )r#$ile at 1? cm $r#m the $aca"e:s *all
Fi,ure D3 L#n,itu"inal ra"ar )r#$ile at =/ cm $r#m the $a0a"e:s *all
joint steel connector
High intensity signal
derived, possibly,
from a more open
horizontal joint
interference caused by a
possible existent metallic
connector at the surface
of the balcony
supporting ribs
steel connector
high intensity signal
derived, possibly,
from a more open
horizontal joint
reduced signal due
to the presence of a
metallic connector
to the surface
supporting ribs
Transportation
On the inferior face of the balcony *ere )er$#rme" s#me transversal )r#$iles t#
an" 'et*een the ri's In the Figures 9, 10 are sh#*n the #'taine" )r#$iles #n t*#
#$ the ri's that su))#rt the 'alc#ny Fr#m '#th )r#$iles it is )#ssi'le t# #'serve the
thic-ness #$ the ashlars an" the )#siti#n #$ the steel c#nnect#rs #n the #))#site
sur$ace 8that c#rres)#n"s t# the in$eri#r sur$ace #$ the 'alc#ny9 It is als# )#ssi'le
t# veri$y the )resence #$ steel c#nnect#rs in the "e)th #$ ar#un" ; t# @ cm
Fi,ure E3 Ra"ar )r#$ile #$ the le$t su))#rtin, ri'
surface of the rib
steel connector
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Fi,ure 1/3 Ra"ar )r#$ile #$ the mi""le su))#rtin, ri'
o the left si!e battle"ent *ere )er$#rme" $#ur tests& t*# h#ri(#ntal an" #ther t*#
vertical The e1istence #$ t*# steel salient elements that ma"e the c#nnecti#n
'et*een t*# ,ranite in"e)en"ent ashlars ma"e im)#ssi'le the ra"ar ins)ecti#n in
that res)ective in$luence area Even s#& neither "e$iciency n#r steel c#nnect#rs
*ere "etecte" in this (#ne& see Figures 11, 12.
Fi,ure 113 H#ri(#ntal ra"ar )r#$ile
steel connector
inferior face of the balcony
Transportation
Fi,ure 1.3 4ertical ra"ar )r#$ile
As a remar- c#ncernin, the results #$ the ra"ar ins)ecti#n& it is t# 'e )#inte" #ut
that material "ecay is 'r#u,ht a'#ut 'y chemical& )hysical an" 'i#l#,ical acti#ns
an" may 'e accelerate" *hen these acti#ns are m#"i$ie" in an un$av#ura'le *ay
8$#r e1am)le )#lluti#n& etc9 The main c#nseFuences are the "eteri#rati#n #$ the
sur$aces& the l#ss #$ material an"& $r#m the mechanical )#int #$ vie*& a re"ucti#n #$
stren,th C#nservati#n #$ the material characteristics is there$#re an im)#rtant tas-
$#r the c#nservati#n #$ hist#ric 'uil"in,s an" maintenance is the 'est *ay t# $ul$il
this ,#al This is #$ )articular im)#rtance 'ecause *hilst Gt# )reventG "ecay is
usually )#ssi'le& Gt# re)airG is #$ten much m#re "i$$icult an" uncertain
horizontal
joint
Transportation
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. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE T6O SALIENT ELEMENTS OF
THE MAIN FAHA!E OF THE CATHE!RAL OF %ORTO
Hist#ric herita,e 'uil"in,s have c#m)le1 ,e#metrical sha)es& as als# ha))ens *ith
the t*# elements& the 'alc#ny an" the )innacles F#r an as cl#se as )#ssi'le
a))r#1imati#n #$ the sha)e& $inite elements #$ ty)e CH1@/ 8./ n#"es 'ric-
elements9 an" CT%=? 81? n#"es elements9 *ere use" t# "iscrete the #'2ects an" t#
create the three "imensi#nal $inite element mesh t# *hich n#"es the c#m)utati#n
*ill 'e )er$#rme"

8a9 8'9
Fi,ure 1;3 CHX60 finite element brick, 20 nodes and (b) CTP45 - ed!e, "5 nodes
The material m#"el is a smeare" crac-in, #ne& an" is 'ase" #n a c#ntinu#us ty)e
m#"ellin, #$ the )r#'lem *here the )#ssi'le e1istence #r "evel#)ment #$
"isc#ntinuities is inc#r)#rate" #nt# the stressBstrain c#nstitutive la*s #$ the
material& s# that a ,enerali(e" c#nstitutive m#"el is use" $#r the $racture" material
that *ill 'e n#n+linear an" *ith s#$tenin, Alth#u,h this meth#" may 'e use" *ith
a $i1e" FE mesh "urin, the *h#le analysis& it usually 'rin,s ass#ciate" a lar,e
num'er #$ material )arameters
The three "imensi#nal ,e#metrical m#"els #$ the 'alc#ny an" the )innacles *ere
carrie" #ut in AUTOCA! C#arse meshes c#m)#se" #$ Fua"rilateral an" )rismatic
sha)e s#li" 'ric-s *ere "e$ine" This )r#ce"ure *as $#ll#*e" s# that re$inement #$
the mesh in !IANA c#ul" 'e easier
The '#un"ary c#n"iti#ns c#nsi"ere" t# the salient structural elements un"er
analysis aim at simulatin, the real c#nnecti#n c#n"iti#ns #$ these elements t# the
$a0a"e Thus& $#r the 'alc#ny& the c#nstraints *ere "e$ine" $#r all the sur$aces $r#m
Transportation
the e",e *here the sla' is $i1e" t# the *all The c#nstraint "e,rees #$ $ree"#m *ere
I& Y& J translati#ns& t# "escri'e the actual $i1e" c#nnecti#n& see :igure 1"/a3
F#r the )innacles& the c#nstraints *ere "e$ine" at the 'asis #$ the c#lumn an" als#
#$ the shell& c#nsi"erin, the I& Y& J translati#ns restraine"& see :igure 1" /+3
8a9

8'9
Fi,ure 1=3 Final mesh an" the '#un"ary c#n"iti#ns $#r 8a9 the 'alc#ny an" 8'9 the )innacles
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The material use" in the c#nstructi#n #$ the cathe"ral an" namely #$ the $a0a"e is a
t*# mica me"ium ,raine" ,ranite It is 'elieve" that it has a hi,h *eatherin,
"e,ree& havin, in vie* its yell#* c#l#ur an" $r#m visi'le su)er$icial "etachments
Aase" #n the sim)li$ie" )etr#,ra)hical "escri)ti#n #$ the ,ranite use" $#r
c#nstructi#n& the mechanical )r#)erties a"#)te" *ere similar t# the )r#)erties
,iven 'y 4asc#ncel#s 8.//?9 This auth#r carrie" #ut an e1ten"e" e1)erimental
characteri(ati#n #n "istinct ty)es #$ ,ranite *ith "i$$erent )etr#,ra)hical
characteristics F#r a *eathere" t*# mica me"ium ,raine" ,ranite the )r#)erties
summari(e" in ta'le 'el#*& *ere c#nsi"ere"
%r#)erties #$ %TA ,ranites
fc (N/mm
2
) E (N/mm
2
) ft (N/mm
2
) Gf (N/mm)
60.40 100! 1.6 0."#4

The )r#)erties *ere #'taine" $r#m an e1ten"e" e1)erimental )r#,ram The
c#m)ressive stren,th $
c
an" Y#un, m#"ulus E *ere #'taine" $r#m unia1ial
c#m)ressive tests& *hereas& the tensile stren,th& $
t
& an" $racture ener,y& 5
$
& resulte"
$r#m "irect tensile tests
Fi,ure 1?3 Stress+"is)lacement "ia,rams $#r ,ranite %TA #n "irecti#n )er)en"icular t# the
$#liati#n )lane
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A#th elements& the 'alc#ny an" the )innacles& *ere su'2ecte" Fuite t# the same
l#a" ty)es& 'asically their #*n *ei,ht
F#r the l#,,ia& the *ei,ht *as "e$ine" as an e1ternal l#a"& )ressure actin, #n all
u))er h#ri(#ntal sur$aces The l#a"s *ere c#m)ute" $#r each ri' an" its
c#rres)#n"in, v#lume #$ the sla'& c#nsi"erin, the v#lume multi)lie" *ith the
"ensity #$ the ,ranite #$ .@// -,Bm
;
The *ei,ht #$ the massive 'alustra"e *as als#
a))lie" t# the 'alc#ny& #n the e",e& #n the c#rres)#n"in, c#lumns sur$aces
F#r the )innacles& it *as m#re "i$$icult t# calculate 'y han" the a))lie" l#a"s& s#
that the #*n *ei,ht #$ the elements *as c#nsi"ere" $#r the "ensity #$ ,ranite #$
.@// -,Bm
;
an" the ,ravity accelerati#n #$ ED1 mBs
.
actin, "#*n*ar"s& in the
ne,ative sense #$ the ,l#'al J a1is The c#mman" is structure" as %RO%ERTY
LOA!S 5RA4ITY S6 ALL +ED1 J& *here S6 is the name #$ the c#nsi"ere"
l#a" an" ALL means that the ,ravity is a))lie" $#r all elements #$ the structure
Granite ; linear isotropic material approach
The #nly nee"e" )arameters use" $#r the linear analysis *ere the Y#un, m#"ulus
an" the %#iss#nKs rati# The synta1 $r#m the "ata $ile use" in the analysis is3
'MATERI'
1 YOUNG 15008E-01
POISON 2.800E-01
In the $#ll#*in,& s#me #$ the results *ill 'e )#inte" #ut in #r"er t# ma-e clear the
the initial c#n"iti#n #$ the element This analysis all#*s the un"erstan"in, #$ the
stress an" strain $iel"s an" thus the "etecti#n #$ the )#ssi'le critical )#ints *here
ma1imum )rinci)al stresses #ccur
The stress "istri'uti#n #n the Y ,l#'al "irecti#n& the ma1imum )rinci)al strains& the
minimum )rinci)al stresses #n "e$#rme" mesh an" the stress "ia,ram $#r the linear
elastic a))r#ach are "is)laye" $r#m Figure 16.
Fr#m the n#rmal stress "istri'uti#n )resente" in the Figure 16& it is #'serve" that
the ma1imum values a))ear at the su))#rt& *here ma1imum 'en"in, m#ments
#ccur It is n#te" that in $act& the structure 'ehaves as a cantilever
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Syy stress "istri'uti#n Ma1imum )rinci)al stresses

Ma1imum )rinci)al strains "e$#rme" Minimum )rinci)al stresses #n the
sha)e #$ the 'alc#ny
Stress "ia,ram in the critical secti#n
Fi,ure 1@3 Results $r#m the linear analysis #$ the 'alc#ny
Transportation
As e1)ecte"& the n#rmal stress "ia,ram al#n, a cr#ss secti#n "e$ine" at the su))#rt
is linear& see Figure 16 Tensile stresses #ccur at the u))er )art #$ the secti#n&
*hereas the ma1imum n#rmal c#m)ressive stresses #ccur at the in$eri#r $i're
Fr#m the "istri'uti#n #$ the ma1imum an" minimum )rinci)al stresses it can 'e
seen that l#* values #$ '#th tensile an" c#m)ressive stresses are )resent& *hen
c#m)are" *ith the mechanical stren,ths
Als# $#r the )innacles as $#r the l#,,ia& the linear analysis is )er$#rme" t#
em)hasi(e the actual state #$ the salient elements #$ the cathe"ral:s $a0a"e an" als#
as a )reliminary ste) $#r runnin, the n#nlinear analysis The results are )#ste"
'el#*& in terms #$ "is)lacements& stresses an" strains& see Figure 17.

S(( stress "istri'uti#n Ma1imum )rinci)al stresses

Ma1imum )rinci)al strains "e$#rme" Minimum )rinci)al stresses #n the
sha)e #$ the )innacles
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Stress "ia,ram in a critical secti#n
Fi,ure 1C3 Results $r#m the linear analysis #$ the )innacles
Granite ; &meare, crac4 mo,el 5ith strain ,ecomposition approach
Fr#m the results #$ the linear analysis an" 'ase" #n the mechanical )r#)erties #$
,ranite& it is )#ssi'le t# #'serve that material n#nlinearity sh#ul" #ccur "ue t#
tensile crac-in, In $act& similarly t# c#ncrete& the ,ranite e1hi'its a much l#*er
value #$ the tensile stren,th than the c#m)ressive stren,th
There$#re& the $ailure is e1)ecte" t# #ccur 'ecause #$ tensile stresses that mi,ht
#ccur in the u))er $i'res #$ the l#,,ia an" in the shell 'el#n,in, t# the )innacles
su'structure Thus& $#r m#"ellin, the 'ehavi#ur #$ the ,ranite& a smeare" crac-in,
m#"el *as c#nsi"ere" an" is "escri'e" 'el#*
Crac-in, is s)eci$ie" as a c#m'inati#n #$ tensi#n cut+#$$& tensi#n s#$tenin, an"
shear retenti#n
The $un"amental $eature #$ the "ec#m)#se" crac- m#"el is the "ec#m)#siti#n #$
the t#tal strain L int# an elastic strain L

e
an" a crac- strain L

cr
3
cr e
+ =
5ranite is m#"ele" as a c#m'inati#n #$ c#nstant tensi#n cut+#$$& linear tensi#n

s#$tenin, an" c#nstant shear retenti#n& see Figure 1# M#"e I $racture ener,y is
release" in the element i$ the tensile stress is vi#late" an" the "e$#rmati#ns l#cali(e
in the element < the results "e)en" #n the mesh re$inement
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C#nstant tensi#n cut+#$$ Linear tensi#n s#$tenin,
Fi,ure 1D3 5ranite m#"el
S#me vari#us n#nlinear analysis #$ the 'alc#ny *as run& $#r a 'etter "escri)ti#n #$
the element:s 'ehavi#ur Thus& the $irst n#nlinear analysis *as run $#r a
t#tal l#a" $act#r #$ ;? an" a ma1imum num'er #$ iterati#ns #$ =/& havin, as results
#nly )artially #)en crac-s S#& a 'i,,er t#tal l#a" $act#r ha" t# 'e c#nsi"ere" an"
the sec#n" n#nlinear analysis *as )er$#rme"& *ith a increasin, #$ l#a" $act#r until
=D The 'alc#ny *as cl#se t# $ailure& 'ut the c#m)lete c#lla)se #$ the structure
*as achieve" $#r the =DE ma1imum l#a" $act#rs an" =?/ ma1imum num'ers #$
iterati#ns
The synta1 #$ the $inal c#mman" $ile #$ the 'alc#ny n#nlinear analysis is )resente"
herein& s# that a 'etter vie* #$ the l#a" ste)s c#nsi"ere" in c#m)utati#n t# 'e
availa'le t# the rea"er
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN LOAD
LOADNR=1
BEGIN STEPS
BEGIN EXPLIC
SIZES 1.0 0.1(38 0.01(! 0.001(50
END STEPS
SA"E ALL
END LOAD
BEGIN ITERAT
MET#OD NE$TON REGULA
Transportation
C E Lanivschi
MAXITE=%50
LINESE ETAMAX=1.0 ETAMIN=0.1 PSI=0.8 DETA=0.1 MAXLS=10
BEGIN CON"ER
SIMULT
&ORCE NE$RE& CONTIN TOLCON=0.0001 TOLABT=1.E'%
DISPLA NE$RE& CONTIN TOLCON=0.0001 TOLABT=1.E'%
ENERGY NE$RE& CONTIN TOLCON=0.0001 TOLABT=1.E'%
END CON"ER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
(END
The $irst crac- a))eare" $#r a l#a" $act#r #$ 1D& em)hasi(in, the 'e,innin, #$ the
n#nlinear 'ehavi#ur #$ the structure The re)#rt that !IANA )r#vi"e" the user is3

STEP ) TERMINATED* CON"ERGENCE A&TER 1 ITERATION
TOTAL LOAD &ACTOR+ LOADING( 1 ( 1.800E'00
CRAC,ING LOGGING SUMMARY
GROUP NAME NCRAC,* NOPEN* NCLOSED* NACTI"E* NINACTI* NARISES*
NRE-OPENS* NCLOSES
SLAB 2 2 0 2 0 2
0 0
RIBS 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
TOTAL MODEL 2 2 0 2 0 2
0 0
An#ther characteristic ste) in the n#nlinear analysis is c#rres)#n"in, t# the $ailure
#$ the element Thus& the $inal ste) *ill 'e analyse" as 'e$#re& in terms #$ stress
"istri'uti#n an" strains
The results #'taine" $#rm the n#nlinear analysis is )resente" in the $#ll#*in,
Transportation

Syy stress "istri'uti#n $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e #$ the 'alc#ny

Ma1imum )rinci)al strains $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e #$ the 'alc#ny
Transportation
C E Lanivschi

Minimum )rinci)al stresses an" the "e$#rme" sha)e #$ the 'alc#ny $#r the $irst crac- sta,e
an" $#r the $ailure sta,e
Stress "ia,ram in the critical secti#n $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e $#r the
'alc#ny
Fi,ure 1E3 N#n+linear analysis results $#r the 'alc#ny
S(( stress "istri'uti#n $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e #$ the )innacles
Transportation
Ma1imum )rinci)al strains $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e #$ the )innacles
Minimum )rinci)al stresses an" the "e$#rme" sha)e $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the
$ailure sta,e #$ the )innacles
Transportation
C E Lanivschi

Stress "ia,ram in a critical secti#n $#r the $irst crac- sta,e an" $#r the $ailure sta,e #$ the
)innacles
Fi,ure ./3 N#n+linear analysis results $#r the )innacles
Aut& $#r havin, an #vervie* #n the elements structural 'ehavi#ur& the l#a" <
"is)lacement "ia,rams are c#nsi"ere"& t# "escri'e their "evel#)ment *ith the
increasin, #$ the l#a"& see Figure 21

8a9 8'9
Fi,ure .13 L#a"<"is)lacement "ia,ram 8a9 $#r the 'alc#ny an" 8'9 $#r the )innacles
; CONCLUSIONS
The m#"i$ie" atm#s)heric $act#rs "urin, time 'ecause #$ the air an" *ater
)#lluti#n lea" t# "eteri#rati#n #$ the su)er$icial layers #$ ,ranite st#ne& raisin, the
Fuesti#n *hether these #rnamental elements ris- t# c#lla)se #r n#t
Transportation
Ta'le 1 < 'alc#ny linear analysis results
The resultin, sa$ety level #$ the element& i$ #nly c#nsi"erin, its linear 'ehavi#ur is
1@=
Ta'le . < 'alc#ny n#n+linear analysis results
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
First crac stage !"timate fai"ure stage
S##
(N/cm
2
)
$%
(N/cm
2
)
E%
(cm)
f%
(cm)
S##
(N/cm
2
)
$%
(N/cm
2
)
E%
(cm)
f%
(cm)
0.164
$0."#6
0.1%1
$0.44
10
$1
0.&
10
$4
0.#&
10
$6
0.
10
$1
0."%#
$1.#&
0."%&
$0.#1&
0."#6
10
$"
0.6!!
10
$6
0.""
The sa$ety $act#r that *as #'taine" $r#m the n#nlinear analysis *as #$ =DE.
Ta'le ; < )innacles linear analysis results
Ta'le = < )innacles n#n+linear analysis results
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
First crac- sta,e Ultimate $ailure sta,e
S((
8NBm
.
9
%1
8NBm
.
9
E1
$1
8m9
S((
8NBm
.
9
%1
8NBm
.
9
E1
$1
8m9
&AL'ONY
LINEAR ANALYSIS
S##
(N/cm
2
)
$%
(N/cm
2
)
E%
(cm)
f%
(cm)
'eal granite
properties
0.&1 ( 10
$1
$0.1#1 ( 10
$1
0.& ( 10
$1
$0.#0" ( 10
$1
0."% ( 10
$4
0."16 ( 10
$6
0."%! ( 10
$1
$INNA'LES
LINEAR ANALYSIS
S((
(N/mm
2
)
$%
(N/m
2
)
E%
f%
(m)
'eal granite
properties
0.11 ( 106
$0.#&% ( 10$6
0.144 ( 10$6
$0.%#1 ( 10
0.&!# ( 10$
$0.#6 ( 10$6
0.%# ( 10$4
Transportation
C E Lanivschi
/1D=M 1/
C
+/@;?M 1/
C
/.; M 1/
C
+
/11CM1/
C
/1?C M 1/
+;
+/?@E M 1/
+?
/E1C M 1/
+;
/@1@ M 1/
C

+/./D M 1/
D
/C=D M 1/
C
+/;D M 1/
C
/11C M 1/
+.
+/.== M 1/
+=
/;/; M
1/
+.
*here S
yy
& S
((
< n#rmal stresses
%1 < ma1imum )rinci)al stresses
E1 < ma1imum )rinci)al strains
$
1
+ "e$#rmati#n
Thus& as it can 'e seen $r#m the ta'les& the stresses that actually #ccur in the
elements are $ar smaller than the stren,ths #$ the c#nsi"ere" ,ranite ty)e& havin,
sa$ety $act#rs #$ =D $#r the 'alc#ny an" m#re than @@ $#r the )innacles

9) Numerical Analysis

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9) Numerical Analysis

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Transportation

5ranite is m#"ele" as a c#m'inati#n #$ c#nstant tensi#n cut+#$$& linear tensi#n

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