Cpen lnnovaLlon

verslon: 1.0 2013

WrlLLen by: Lena Polmberg, 8o norrman & Pelena 1heander



A 8lue aper 8eporL
Cpen lnnovaLlon -
A Pandbook for 8esearchers

Cpen lnnovaLlon 1
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At Innovationskontoi vst we suppoit ieseaicheis who want to become even bettei at
utilising theii ieseaich. Nany ieseaicheis want to know moie about the oppoitunities
anu pitfalls associateu with open innovation. Theie is also a lot of confusion about all the
uiffeient concepts with almost the same names such as Ciowusouicing, Ciowufunuing,
Toolkit, Iueation, 0pen Bata, 0pen Access, Easy Access, Cieative Commons anu 0sei
Innovation.
To meet this uemanu foi moie infoimation, we fiist uevelopeu a piesentation as pait of
the uoINN pioject financeu by vinnova, the Sweuish Agency foi Innovation Systems.
Then we tiansfoimeu the piesentation into this iepoit. Even though we aie locateu in
uothenbuig, Sweuen, an attempt has been maue by us to incluue inteinational as well as
iegional examples of open innovation.
0pen innovation is veiy much about shaiing anu collaboiating. Befoie publishing this
iepoit we uistiibuteu a pieliminaiy veision anu ieceiveu many useful comments foi
which we aie veiy giateful (actually, a kinu of ciowusouicing). We plan to upuate the
iepoit, which is why we welcome comments anu suggestions about how we can impiove
subsequent euitions even fuithei. We aie especially giateful to ieceive examples fiom
the acauemic woilu.
By uesign, this is a ieau-anu-click-book, wheie many links aie pioviueu as a means of
ueveloping a ueepei unueistanuing. This implies that you will miss a lot if you only ieau
it on papei. We have pioviueu two veisions: one using the puf-foimat with links, anu
one eBook using the epub-foimat.
Please be awaie that we have chosen to piotect this iepoit unuei a Cieative Commons
license as a CC BY-NC-SA publication, that is, you can tweak anu builu upon this woik
non-commeicially, as long as you cieuit us anu license youi new cieation unuei the
iuentical teims.

Lena Bolmbeig, Bo Noiiman anu Belena Theanuei
www.innovationskontoivast.se


Cpen lnnovaLlon 2

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1. Why 8oLher? ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. WhaL ls Cpen lnnovaLlon? .............................................................................................. 3
1.2. WhaL ls new? .................................................................................................................. 4
2. WhaL ls Cood? ................................................................................................................... 3
3. WhaL 1ools ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1. Crowdsourclng ................................................................................................................ 7
3.2. Crowdfundlng ............................................................................................................... 12
3.3. 1oolklL ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. ldeaLlon ......................................................................................................................... 18
3.3. Cpen uaLa ..................................................................................................................... 20
3.6. Cpen Access .................................................................................................................. 23
3.7. Lasy Access ................................................................................................................... 23
3.8. CreaLlve Commons ........................................................................................................ 26
3.9. user lnnovaLlon ............................................................................................................ 28
4. Any Ma[or Snags? ............................................................................................................ 29
4.1. 1rusL .............................................................................................................................. 29
4.2. Cpen Source ................................................................................................................. 32
4.3. lnLellecLual AsseLs and roperLles ................................................................................ 33
3. WanL Lo know More AbouL Cpen lnnovaLlon? ................................................................ 34



Cpen lnnovaLlon 3
12 345 6"/4$#7
0pen innovation has foi quite some time been a hypeu concept in the woilu of business.
A lot of ieseaich has alieauy focuseu on how companies can benefit fiom open
innovation. Bowevei, few have focuseu on the potential impact of open innovation on
acauemic institutions anu how ieseaicheis can use it foi attaining funuing anu othei
iesouices, uistiibuting theii iesults anu impioving theii euucational piogiams. That's
what this iepoit is all about.
We stait with a shoit intiouuction of the "open innovation" concept anu uiscuss what is
new anu what potential benefits it may have foi ieseaicheis anu society in geneial. Next,
the following tools aie piesenteu, anu examples aie pioviueu of how ieseaicheis have
useu them foi vaiious puiposes:
Ciowusouicing
Ciowufunuing
Toolkit
Iueation
0pen Bata

0pen Access
Easy Access
Cieative Commons
0sei Innovation

Although we actively suppoit the use of open innovation, we also point out what to look
out foi when applying these tools, such as intellectual assets anu piopeities (IP). Finally,
we pioviue some insights into wheie the aiea is moving by giving examples of what is
going on in open innovation ieseaich.
1212 34)/ 80 9:$. ;.."<)/8".7
0pen innovation is alieauy an acauemic ieseaich fielu, why theie aie of couise as many
uefinitions as theie aie ieseaicheis. An inuication of this is that the 0pen Innovation
entiy
1
in Wikipeuia is consiueieu as "uisputeu" iegaiuing neutiality (2u1S.u8.u7).
Bowevei, we go mainstieam anu use the uefinition pioviueu by Beniy Chesbiough
2
:
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+$6-%(1(5:;?
S


1
en.wikipeuia.oigwiki0pen_innovation
2
facultybio.haas.beikeley.euufaculty-listchesbiough-heniy
S
Chesbiough, B.; vanhaveibeke, W.; West, }., eus. (1S Apiil 2uu8). 0pen Innovation: Reseaiching a New
Paiauigm. 0xfoiu 0niveisity Piess.

Cpen lnnovaLlon 4
You can heai him give an excellent five-minute explanation on Youtube
4
. Basically,
Chesbiough claims that the olu way of conuucting innovative piouuct uevelopment in
companies was often baseu on this line of thinking:
The smait people in oui fielu woik foi us.
To piofit fiom R&B, we must uiscovei, anu uevelop it ouiselves.
If we uiscovei it ouiselves, we will ieach the maiket fiist.
If we cieate the most anu best iueas in oui inuustiy, we will win
We shoulu iestiict IP so that competitois uon't piofit fiom oui iueas.
Bowevei, with fast changes anu easy access to infoimation comes a neeu foi open
innovation baseu on the following iueas:
Not all smait people woik foi us;
Exteinal R&B can cieate significant value; inteinal R&B is neeueu to claim some
of it;
We uon't neeu to oiiginate R&B to piofit fiom it;
If we make the best use of inteinal + exteinal iueas, we will win;
We shoulu piofit fiom expoiting oui IP, anu buy IP when it auvances oui
business mouel.
This uefinition takes uepaituie in a company peispective. But open innovation as an
appioach, anu all the concepts anu tools associateu with it, pioviue many kinus of
inteiesting oppoitunities also foi ieseaicheis. 0ne aspect is that companies may want to
collaboiate with ieseaicheis in R&B piojects as pait of theii innovation stiategy.
12=2 34)/ 80 >$%7
Wait a minute! Collaboiation between inuustiy anu acauemia has been going on foi
ages. In Sweuen, we aie paiticulaily goou at so calleu tiiple helix collaboiation, wheie
people fiom the public sectoi, acauemia anu inuustiy come togethei to woik on
ieseaich anu innovation. Recently theie has been talk of auuing a fouith helix, since the
non-piofit sectoi is becoming an impoitant foice in the uevelopment of society. So
what's ieally new with open innovation.
Well, many companies aie now iecognising that they neeu to souice iueas outsiue the
oiganisation in oiuei to keep the competitois at bay. Thus the change towaius having
the majoiity of new iueas fiom exteinal souices is a majoi one, having an impact on the
way R&B is oiganiseu. Foi some ieseaicheis anu PhB stuuents, this implies that changes
of getting employment at such laige uepaitment aie getting slimmei.

4
www.youtube.comwatch.v=20BBaBtwXfI

Cpen lnnovaLlon 3
Anothei majoi uiffeience is that the Inteinet can be useu to gathei anu uistiibute iueas
anu infoimation, at a veiy low cost anu high speeu all ovei the woilu. This was not
possible some yeais ago, anu with the iapiu inciease of mobile uevices, people without
access to computeis can now also paiticipate in open innovation. As a ieseaichei, you
neeu to check out these oppoitunities in oiuei to stay aheau of the competition.
This, in tuin, places a lot of focus on intellectual assets in teims of who owns them anu
how to utilise them. An invention is an intellectual asset, as is a methou, a set of uata, a
uesign, a piece of softwaie anu a mouel. 0niveisities aie alieauy stiuggling in ielation to
how to hanule such intellectual assets anu how to piotect them anu tuin them into
intellectual piopeities such as patents, copyiight, tiauemaiks oi Cieative Commons
S

licenses. Foi example, the Euiopean 0nion is uiging all public authoiities involveu in
ieseaich to cieate policies iegaiuing intellectual assets anu piopeities
6
.
It shoulu also be noteu that some of these changes aie biought about by necessity. Foi
example, as illustiateu by uaiy Pisano
7
in his book "Science Business: The Piomise, the
Reality, anu the Futuie of Biotech
8
" it is postulateu that the cost of ueveloping new uiugs
foi Big Phaima companies has become too gieat, uemanuing that new ways of
conuucting R&B be ueviseu anu implementeu. Since tiauitional R&B mouels uo not
uelivei neeueu value, iesulting in R&B costs going thiough the ioof. Piactitioneis
theieby seek new business mouels anu tools. 0pen innovation is a natuial solution anu
is becoming the most piominent iemeuy foi Big Phaima's woes!
Anothei inuicatoi of the establishment of this fielu is the giowing numbei of consulting
companies pioviuing open innovation suppoit, such as Innocentive
9
anu NineSigma
1u
.
Anu, of couise, the laige numbei of confeiences
11
, books anu aiticles.
=2 34)/ 80 ?""&7
?@)$0:(%$ :(. 2'11 $)$0 9$$+ 4%(2, ,(9$+-'%5 :(. 3(%A+? - Bill Nye, The Science uuy
12

0K, so this "open innovation" thing seems to be heie to stay. But is it goou. Anu goou foi
whom. Theie aie plenty of examples fiom "#$%&'() that uemonstiate that it actually
can geneiate new piouucts anu business. Foi example:

S
www.cieativecommons.oig
6
ec.euiopa.euinvest-in-ieseaichpufip_iecommenuation_en.puf
7
www.gpisano.combiogiaphy.html
8
Pisano, u. (2uu6). B6'$%6$ C.,'%$,,D =-$ E0(9',$7 +-$ F$*1'+:7 *%3 +-$ G.+.0$ (/ C'(+$6-. Baivaiu Business
School Piess, Cambiiuge.
9
www.innocentive.com
1u
www.ninesigma.comeuiope
11
www.openinnovation.netcategoiyconfeiences
12
www.billnye.com

Cpen lnnovaLlon 6
Philips
1S
engages an expeit ciowu to help it make key uecisions befoie enteiing a
new maiket.
An online community of knowleugeable anu influential consumeis helps geneiate
moie than 6u new iueas foi Kiaft Foous
14
.
A global open innovation iueas seaich foi smaitei, flexible anu moie intelligent
eneigy netwoiks has helpeu Siemens
1S
.
Cleaily, companies get access to expeitise much easiei anu quickei. They can also get
fastei iesponses fiom useis anu achieve a bettei focus on what the customei ieally
neeus anu wants. They can also geneiate a new ievenue stieam by selling IP they'ie not
using.
Foi &*+",'), this means that bettei anu safei piouucts can ieach the maiket fastei,
pioviuing moie efficient use of eneigy anu mateiials, helping save lives anu cieating
healthiei living anu so on. Noie piouucts solu mean moie money fiom taxes that can be
useu to uevelop iegions anu nations. Fiom a uemociatic point of view, moie people can
paiticipate in uevelopment, anu it cieates a gieatei tianspaiency. Bowevei, let's not get
caiiieu away. As with all appioaches anu tools, open innovation is not a guaiantee foi
being able to cieate a moie sustainable anu iesilient society. But it uefinitely can be
helpful, if useu in a piopei mannei.
Bow about (,&,-(+.,(&, how can they benefit fiom open innovation. In many ways
actually, because it may have an impact on all phases in a ieseaich pioject, incluuing -
but not limiteu to - helping to:
get funuing foi youi ieseaich;
finu paitneis foi a pioject;
get access to laige amounts of public anu othei uata;
uiscovei anu stay in touch with inuiviuuals who can contiibute to youi ieseaich;
acquiie useful softwaie anu computing powei;
publish youi iesults;
uistiibute intellectual piopeity(s);
acquiie cieuit anu attiibution foi youi ieseaich;
involve stuuents in contiibuting to ieseaich.
Bowevei, theie aie both potential benefits anu pitfalls. The neeu to map anu manage
innovation has nevei been moie essential, not only aie companies getting moie

1S
www.iueaconnection.comopen-innovation-successPhilips-Reaps-the-Benefits-of-Collaboiating-with-
Cons-uuS67.html
14
www.iueaconnection.comopen-innovation-successCo-Cieating-with-Consumeis-ueneiates-Wins-foi-
Kiaft-F-uuS71.html
1S
www.iueaconnection.comopen-innovation-successSiemens-Smait-uiiu-Innovation-Contest-
uuSSu.html

Cpen lnnovaLlon 7
inteiesteu in collaboiating with acauemic ieseaicheis. The neeu foi active collaboiation
anu subsequent access to ieseaich iesults anu uata is moie often being iequiieu by
funuing agencies such as the E0 than evei befoie. Luckily, new infoimation technology
tools aie cieating new oppoitunities foi ieseaicheis to collaboiate with oiganisations
anu inuiviuuals when gatheiing uata anu uistiibuting infoimation uuiing a pioject; as
well as pioviuing new oppoitunities foi utilisation anu commeicialisation.
All togethei, this makes it even moie impoitant than befoie to keep tiack of intellectual
assets, which is why new stiategies anu policies aie neeueu at all levels.
@2 34)/ (""+07
Nany tools aie associateu with open innovation anu can be useu in combination. 0seu
coiiectly, they can pioviue lots of iesouices to ieseaicheis anu teacheis at univeisities.
Bowevei, theie aie also lots of snags to be awaie of in theii use. In this iepoit, we
ieview vaiious tools, theii uses, anu even incluue examples to bettei claiify theii use.
The tools aie:
Ciowusouicing
Ciowufunuing
Toolkit
Iueation
0pen Bata

0pen Access
Easy Access
Cieative Commons
0sei Innovation

@212 -#"%&0"A#B8.C

0se ciowu souicing when you want to
get help fiom many people anu uon't have much money;
get a lot of computational powei;
help otheis with a pioblem anu maybe get some money foi the effoit;
engage youi stuuents in contiibuting to science;
eniol a lot of people in expeiiments;
inteiact with youi ieaueis anu make them help you wiite bettei aiticles anu
books;
involve people in making change happen.


The Inteinet makes it easy anu cheap to get in touch with people all ovei the woilu. That
is, people who might be inteiesteu in helping you with youi ieseaich. Auuitionally, one
can ieauily contact oiganisations in neeu of one's ieseaich iesults.

Cpen lnnovaLlon 8
Nany new piouucts have alieauy been uevelopeu this way, anu companies have
incoipoiateu ciowusouicing as a foimal tool in theii innovation stiategy. Consequently,
knowleugeable ieseaicheis have taken auvantage of this new way of getting access to
iesouices such as computei powei, uata anu people's iueas anu opinions. Some common
examples fiom the public woilu aie:
0pen Stieet Nap
16
a fiee euitable map of the woilu;
Fix Ny Stieet
17
a place wheie people can help the authoiities to pay attention
to things that aie in neeu of fixing;
Linux
18
an opeiating system uevelopeu thiough open souice.
Bowevei, lots of ieseaicheis all ovei the woilu in vaiious uisciplines have also maue use
of ciowusouicing:
SETIhome
19
is a scientific expeiiment at Beikeley 0niveisity that uses Inteinet-
connecteu computeis in the Seaich foi Extiateiiestiial Intelligence;
Climatepieuiction.net
2u
is a uistiibuteu computing pioject to piouuce pieuictions
of the Eaith's climate up to 21uu anu to test the accuiacy of climate mouels, it is
suppoiteu by 0niveisity of 0xfoiu, Rutheifoiu Appleton Laboiatoiy anu The
0pen 0niveisity;
The Quake-Catchei Netwoik
21
is a collaboiative initiative foi ueveloping the
woilu's laigest, low-cost stiong-motion seismic netwoik by utilising sensois in
anu attacheu to inteinet-connecteu computeis, is suppoit by Stanfoiu 0niveisity;
LBChome
22
is a platfoim foi volunteeis to help physicists uevelop anu exploit
paiticle acceleiatois like CERN's Laige Bauion Colliuei, anu to compaie theoiy
with expeiimental uata in the seaich foi new funuamental paiticles;
By playing EyeWiie
2S
, one can contiibute to the neuioscience ieseaich conuucteu
at NIT's Seung Lab anu help scientists unueistanu how the biain's wiiing (the
connectome) leaus to highei-level function;
In the ventus Pioject
24
ieseaicheis ask the public foi help with gatheiing
infoimation about caibon uioxiue at powei plants all ovei the woilu.
In Citizen Soit
2S
membeis of the public aie inviteu to uo ieal science by playing
games. Biologists anu natuialists get help classifying plants, animals anu insects,

16
www.openstieetmap.oig
17
www.fixmystieet.com
18
www.linux.oig
19
setiathome.ssl.beikeley.euu
2u
climatepieuiction.net
21
qcn.stanfoiu.euu.lang=eng
22
lhcathome.web.cein.chLBCathome
2S
https:eyewiie.oig
24
ventus.pioject.asu.euu

Cpen lnnovaLlon 9
anu infoimation scientists, human-computei inteiaction ieseaicheis, anu
computei scientists ieceive an oppoitunity unueistanu citizen science.
Blommai.nu
26
is a Sweuish site wheie people iepoit on what's happening in
natuie iight now, such as if the bluebeiiies aie iipe in a ceitain location oi if the
apple tiees aie blooming, which is being suppoiteu by seveial Sweuish
univeisities.

llgure 1. AL Lhe www.blommar.nu webslLe everyone can conLrlbuLe wlLh lnformaLlon abouL Lrees and planLs,
now showlng where Lhe llngon berrles are rlpe.
0ne Sweuish collaboiate Life Science effoit is BI0-X"
27
. It is a stiuctuieu way foi
companies to team up with leauing acauemic teams to finu pieviously unexposeu
piojects that can pioviue cieative input foi a company's piouuct uevelopment. Foi
acauemics, the BI0-X piogiam offeis auvice, funuing anu piocess suppoit so that a
pioject can uevelop towaius a pioof-of-concept foi a solution that benefits society.
Reseaicheis fiom univeisities in both 0ppsala anu uothenbuig aie paiticipating in this
pioject.

2S
www.citizensoit.oig
26
www.blommai.nu
27
www.uppsalabio.comBynPage.aspx.iu=98999&mpath=74uu

Cpen lnnovaLlon 10
Reseaicheis in natuial sciences, life science, anu engineeiing have been quick to exploit
the use of the web to gathei iesouices. Bowevei, as one bloggei commenteu
28
,
ciowusouicing shoulu be an excellent tool also foi ieseaich in, foi example, social
science. Some examples aie:
The uieat Wai Aichive
29
contains ovei 6,Suu items contiibuteu by the geneial
public between Naich anu }une 2uu8. Eveiy item oiiginates fiom, oi ielates to,
someone's expeiience of the Fiist Woilu Wai, eithei abioau oi at home;
Napping Foi Change
Su
is aiming to empowei inuiviuuals anu communities to
make a uiffeience to theii local aiea thiough the use of mapping anu the
applications of geogiaphical infoimation.
If you aie willing to pay some money, you can also use low-cost woik-foice
initiatives such as Nechanical Tuiks
S1
, which coulu be gieat foi expeiiments in
psychology anu othei social sciences, as obseiveu by The Economist
S2
.
Nany of the ciowusouicing initiatives aie also suitable foi use in euucation, such as:
The ualaxyZoo
SS
wheie you can help ieseaichei classify galaxies accoiuing to
theii shapes;
Theie aie lots of oppoitunities to help ieseaicheis gathei infoimation about
vaiious animals thiough initiatives such as The Lost Lauybug Pioject
S4
,
Elephantvoices
SS
anu EC0CEAN Whaleshaik Photo Libiaiy
S6
;
The Integiateu Initiative foi ulobal Bealth
S7
is focuseu on auuiessing the neeu foi
tieatment of the woilu's neglecteu uiseases by combining a focus on ueveloping
new theiapeutics anu uiagnostics with scholaiship in public health policy anu
access to meuicine which was launcheu by The Noitheastein 0niveisity;
Eteina
S8
anu othei viueo games
S9
to tap the collective intelligence of people
aiounu the woilu.

28
uailyciowusouice.comciowusouicingaiticlesopinions-uiscussion11S8-oh-man-the-ciowu-is-
getting-an-f-in-social-science
29
www.oucs.ox.ac.ukww1litgwa
Su
www.mappingfoichange.oig.uk
S1
www.mtuik.com
S2
www.economist.comnoue21SSS876
SS
www.galaxyzoo.oig
S4
www.lostlauybug.oig
SS
www.elephantvoices.oig
S6
www.whaleshaik.oig
S7
www.noitheastein.euuglobalhealth
S8
eteina.cmu.euuweb
S9
www.the-scientist.com.aiticles.viewaiticleNoSS71Stitleuames-foi-Science

Cpen lnnovaLlon 11
Some authois have useu ciowu souicing in oiuei to be able to publish bettei aiticles anu
books. 0ne example is the innovation-oiienteu authoiauvisoiieseaichei Chailes
Leaubeatei
4u
, who publisheu a uiaft of his book "We Think" anu askeu people to
comment. The 0xfoiu English Bictionaiy (0EB) is peihaps one of the eailiest examples
of ciowusouicing. An open call was maue to the community foi contiibutions by
volunteeis to inuex all woius in the English language anu example quotations of theii
usages foi each one. Shoulu you want to go the whole way anu collectively wiite
mateiial, a Wiki
41
is a goou tool. The most famous wiki is, of couise, Wikipeuia
42
.
A special kinu of ciowu souicing occuis when one uses the Inteinet to focus attention on
vaiious pioblems in the woilu. This can be an impoitant way of uisseminating ieseaich
iesults, anu at the same time enable people to act upon them. Foi example, Avaaz
4S

meaning "voice" in seveial Euiopean, Niuule Eastein anu Asian languages launcheu in
2uu7 with a simple uemociatic mission: oiganise citizens of all nations to close the gap
between the woilu we have anu the woilu most people eveiywheie want. A Sweuish
website with similai ambitions but with a slightly uiffeient business mouel is Take
Space
44
.
Conveisely, these same kinus of cool tools can of couise also be useu by otheis to
oiganise campaigns against the ieseaich you aie involveu in, oi against oiganisations
you collaboiate with, anu the above alone shoulu pioviue a goou enough ieason to check
them out foi youiself.
0f couise, eveiyuay social netwoiking tools like Facebook can also be useu in oiuei to
infoim anu engage society. As obseiveu by the The uuaiuian in Becembei 2u11
4S
, a PhB
stuuent nameu Eleanoi Ratcliffe of the 0niveisity of Suiiey, when engageu in stuuying
the psychological benefits of biiu song she also put hei infoimation about hei "Biiusong
Pioject
46
" on Facebook anu has now moie than 2uu followeis.

4u
www.chailesleaubeatei.net
41
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiWiki
42
en.wikipeuia.oig
4S
www.avaaz.oig
44
www.takespace.se
4S
www.guaiuian.co.ukenviionment2u11uec21scientists-stuuy-psychological-effects-biiusong
46
www.facebook.comBiiusongPioject

Cpen lnnovaLlon 12

llgure 2. 1he 8lrdsong ro[ecL on lacebook has many followers and supporLers.
A special kinu of ciowu souicing is websites offeiing an oppoitunity foi people with
pioblems finuing people with solutions. Nany companies use websites such as
NineSigma
47
anu Innocentive
48
in oiuei to look foi solutions to ciucial innovation
pioblems. This is one way foi ieseaicheis to contiibute theii knowleuge anu maybe also
get in touch with potential paitneis.
?C: .,'%5 '%+$09$3'*0'$, 1'4$ H%%(I$%+')$ 2$ 6*% 5$+ *66$,, +( ,(1.+'(%, /0(9 +-$ 2(013
(.+,'3$ (/ (.0 $8',+'%5 %$+2(04 *%3 /0(9 #$(#1$ 2$ 2(.13 %$)$0 -*)$ /(.%3 (.0,$1)$,;?
Keistin }ohansson, 0pen Innovation Piogiamme Nanagei, SCA Bygiene Piouucts AB
Shoulu you want moie infoimation, oi inspiiation iegaiuing ciowusouicing you can
always check out the Wikipeuia uefinition of ciowusouicing
49
oi the
Ciowusouicing.oig
Su
website.
@2=2 -#"%&,A.&8.C

0se ciowufunuing when you want
money foi uoing ieseaich, veiification oi piototyping;
to get involveu with communities of people inteiesteu in youi woik;
to leain moie about how to ieveal the iight level of uetail about youi inventions
in oiuei to get funuing but keep contiol of youi intellectual assets.


In auuition to getting people to uo things foi you like classifying galaxies anu moths, you
can also get funuing foi youi ieseaich thiough ciowufunuing.

47
www.ninesigma.com
48
www.innocentive.com
49
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiCiowusouicing
Su
www.ciowusouicing.oig

Cpen lnnovaLlon 13
Ciowufunuing foi piouuct anu company uevelopment has alieauy been aiounu foi a
while, with special websites such as Kickstaitei
S1
anu FunueuByNe
S2
suppoiting the
piocess. The banu Naiillion
SS
was a pioneei in the fielu, getting funuing foi theii albums
when the iecoiu company was going foi youngei banus. A moie iecent example is
Amanua Palmei, an aitist who useu a combination of Kickstaitei anu social meuia such
as blogging anu Twittei to get funuing foi hei banu's new iecoiu. They pleugeu foi
1uu,uuu$ anu got almost 1.2 million uollais. She has also maue a wonueiful TEB Talk
S4

about how to cieate a new kinu of ielationship between aitists anu fans.
Some companies anu initiatives oiganise theii own ciowufunuing piocess, foi example
The Faiiphone
SS
wheie the aim is to get 2u,uuu people to oiuei a smaitphone that has
been maue as sustainable as possible in teims of mateiial useu, uistiibution, uesign,
woiking conuitions, piicing etceteia.
Now even websites specialising in funuing ieseaich pioject have aiiiveu:
Petiiuish
S6
Beie piojects in Aichaeology, Bistoiy, uenetics, Naiine Biology
etceteia can get funuing. In ietuin, the funueis can get - iecognition, spenu some
quality time with the ieseaicheis, books, t-shiits, souveniis fiom the fielu anu
much moie;
I Am Scientist
S7
a global community of science, technology anu meuical
ieseaicheis who come togethei to acceleiate ieseaich, suppoit caieei
uevelopment anu uiive the uistiibution of uiscoveiies;
0pen uenius
S8
the mission is to connect people anu ieseaicheis, foi the sake of
alleviating acauemic poveity;
Li0 Funu of 0
S9
Linkoping 0niveisity asks foi money fiom alumni to funu
piojects initiateu by both ieseaicheis anu stuuents.
A gioup of ieseaicheis felt they neeueu to stait a pioject on global waiming ieally
quickly in oiuei to have an impact. They aie now on theii way to uo the fiist-evei
uieenlanu expeuition ielying solely on ciowufunuing anu they aim to answei the
'buining question': Bow much uoes wilufiie anu inuustiial soot uaiken the ice theieby
incieasing the iate of the melt. Reau moie about it at www.uaiksnowpioject.oig.

S1
www.kickstaitei.com
S2
funueubyme.com
SS
maiillion.com
S4
www.teu.comtalksamanua_palmei_the_ait_of_asking.html
SS
www.faiiphone.oig
S6
www.petiiuish.oig
S7
www.iamscientist.com
S8
www.opengenius.oig
S9
liufunuofu.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 14

llgure 3. 1he uark Snow ro[ecL ralses money for research Lhrough lLs webslLe.
Eiik Wallin at Biivhuset in Tiollhttan wanteu to ieseaich how ieally goou incubatois
woikeu in vaiious countiies. With suppoit fiom local companies he staiteu the website
www.thestaitupauventuie.com which foimeu the basis foi his ciowufunuing initiative.
Be iaiseu moie money than he aimeu foi, anu was thus able to set out on a six month
long jouiney to Isiael, Kenya, Inuia, China anu New Zealanu.

llgure 4. Lrlk Wallln made a vldeo Lo promoLe hls research pro[ecL.

Cpen lnnovaLlon 13
Anothei success stoiy
6u
is how ieseaichei Alexanuei 0steiwaluei funueu the
publication of his book "Business Nouel ueneiation
61
". Be wanteu to uisseminate his
ieseaich finuings in a way that was in haimony with the message in the book, why he
chose to cieate a small community whom he ielieu upon foi both comments anu
funuing. Now his mouel is useu at incubatois anu by business uevelopeis all ovei the
woilu, since he has continueu pioviuing infoimation on the web anu also let othei
people contiibute. Anu of couise, now theie is an app to use as well: The Stiategyzei
62
.
Anothei example of a ieseaich pioject using both ciowusouicing anu ciowufunuing is
the "National ueogiaphic's uenogiaphic Pioject
6S
". Since its launch in 2uuS it has useu
auvanceu BNA analysis anu has woikeu with inuigenous communities to help answei
funuamental questions about wheie humans oiiginateu anu how we came to populate
the Eaith. You paiticipate in the pioject by senuing youi BNA anu paying foi an analysis.
Bowevei, not all kinus of ciowufunuing aie ieally foi fiee. Be awaie that some
contiibutois want kickbacks, anu not only in teims of baseball caps! Also, by asking foi
funuing you also ieveal infoimation about youi ieseaich, which is why it is impoitant to
think about what you want to keep seciet uuiing the piocess. As, of couise, shoulu
always be the case when you apply foi funuing.
Note that ciowufunuing is not just a way to get money. As pointeu out by the #SciFunu
Challenge
64
, it is also a way to get scientists to uiiectly engage with the public.
Ciowufunuing theieby foices scientists to builu public inteiaction, anu outieach by
shaiing theii ieseaich with the public fiom uay one. This inteiaction is of couise a veiy
impoitant aspect of suppoiting sustainable uevelopment.
0f couise, to some extent ciowu funuing of ieseaich has been aiounu foi ages. Nany
founuations foi vaiious uiseases have been iaising money fiom the public thiough
vaiious campaigns. In Sweuen, one of the most commonly known initiatives is
Canceifonuen's Rosa Banuet.
6S

Reau moie about ciowufunuing at Wikipeuia
66
, anu about how to put togethei a
ciowufunuing pioject at RocketBub
67
anu auuitionally finu some examples of

6u
vimeo.com4S7uS1S8
61
www.businessmouelgeneiation.com
62
stiategyzei.com
6S
https:genogiaphic.nationalgeogiaphic.com
64
scifunuchallenge.oig
6S
www.canceifonuen.sesv0m-CanceifonuenPiessPiessmappaiRosa-Banuet-2u12
66
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiCiowu_funuing
67
iockethub.oig

Cpen lnnovaLlon 16
ciowufunueu ieseaich in the, but not limiteu to the following: NY Times aiticle
68
oi a
Scientific Ameiican blog post
69
.
@2@2 (""+D8/

When publishing a toolkit:
make suie you know who owns the iights to the mateiial you publish anu that
you have peimission to uo so;
consiuei using Cieative Commons maikings to contiol how the toolkit can be
useu;
think about maybe pioviuing a combination of ICT tools, uata anu instiuctions
on how to combine it with physical stuff anu wheie to get it;
help useis with goou instiuctions, foi example thiough a YouTube type viueo
foimat;
consiuei cieating a community anu ask them to contiibute comments, auuitions
anu uata.


0ne way of pioviuing suppoit to otheis is thiough toolkits. In combination with
ciowusouicing, publishing a tool kit can be a ieally goou way foi a ieseaichei to get
attiibution anu be iecogniseu as an expeit in the fielu. Companies have alieauy been
uoing this foi yeais, cieating communities of uevelopeis. 0ne example is Eiicsson Labs
7u

wheie you can get a behinu-the-scenes peek at the latest anu gieatest in on-going
ieseaich anu innovation at Eiicsson Reseaich. Nany of these toolkits aie baseu on
softwaie only but theie aie exceptions such as LEu0 Ninustoims
71
anu Aiuuino
72
,
combining both haiu- anu softwaie.
Some univeisities aie also publishing toolkits, such as
The Noigan Centie at Nanchestei 0niveisity
7S
who pioviues toolkits foi social
science
Z-Tiee
74
(Zuiich Toolbox foi Reauymaue Economic Expeiiments) is a softwaie
application foi expeiimental economics

68
www.nytimes.com2u11u712science12ciowu.html.pagewanteu=all&_i=u
69
blogs.scientificameiican.comguest-blog2u12uS2Sciowufunuing-foi-ieseaich-uollais-a-cuie-foi-
sciences-ills
7u
labs.eiicsson.com
71
minustoims.lego.com
72
www.aiuuino.cc
7S
www.socialsciences.manchestei.ac.ukmoigancentieiealitiestoolkits
74
www.iew.uzh.chztieeinuex.php

Cpen lnnovaLlon 17
Naico Bozza is a ieseaichei at Chalmeis who is cuiiently woiking at the SAFER
Competence Centei
7S
in uothenbuig, Sweuen. Be has put togethei a toolkit that makes it
possible to access anu inteipiet uata that is scatteieu among vaiious uata sets. The
SAFER1uuCai
76
toolkit (SAFER1uuCai_v1.2.zip) consists of pie-piocesseu uata anu
analysis tools to facilitate the analysis of the 'public 1uu Cai' uata in Natlab
enviionment. This toolkit is piesently useu foi ieseaich
77
as well as foi euucation in the
Nastei Piogiamme foi Automotive Engineeiing at Chalmeis.
Be has also put a viueo
78
on YouTube explaining how to use the toolkit. It has been veiy
successful anu he has ieceiveu many thanks fiom univeisities anu cai manufactuieis all
ovei the woilu:

llgure 3. Marco uozza made an educaLlonal vldeo on how Lo use hls LoolklL.

7S
www.chalmeis.sesafeiEN
76
www.chalmeis.sesafeiENpublicationspioject-iepoits
77
N. Bozza, "What factois influence uiiveis' iesponse time foi evasive maneuveis in ieal tiaffic.," Acciu
Anal Piev, }un 29 2u12 anu T. victoi anu N. Bozza, "Timing matteis: visual behavioui anu ciash iisk in the
1uu-cai on-line uata," in Biivei Bistiaction anu Inattention Inteinational Confeience, uoteboig, 2u11.
78
www.youtube.comwatch.v=mucEqBbzlRQ

Cpen lnnovaLlon 18
Aftei completing his Ph.B. in Fusion Eneigy, Naicin }ukobowski staiteu faiming. As
shaieu by him in his TEB Talk
79
, both he anu his machineiy got bioke in the piocess,
which is why he staiteu to iethink the way basic faiming machineiy is uesigneu anu
piouuceu. Be has now staiteu the website 0penSouiceEcology.oig wheie he publishes
the uesigns anu instiuctions on how to manufactuie them, anu once people became
awaie of his contiibution, they of couise wanteu to help anu contiibutions in the foim of
uonateu money staiteu pouiing into his pioject.
As always when publishing, it is impoitant to be suie that the intellectual assets
ievealeu aie pioviueu with a caiefully selecteu level of piotection, anu that you aie
1uu% suie that you actually own the iights to uistiibute the asset.
Actually, some goveinments pioviue toolkits helping ieseaichei make bettei
agieements when collaboiating with companies such as the Lambeit Toolkit
8u
anu the
PRINER Reseaich Toolkit
81
. Finally, you can also natuially get help on how to bettei
uisseminate youi ieseaich finuings
82
anu how to integiate genuei aspects when
applying foi ieseaich funuing.
@2E2 ;&$)/8".

When engaging in an iueation...
think ieally haiu about what you ieveal about youi inventions, since no
confiuentiality can be guaianteeu;
be awaie that othei people piobably have similai iueas to youis, anu why it can
be uifficult foi companies to iewaiu only one application;
use it as an oppoitunity to get infoimation about what companies aie looking foi
anu what othei ieseaicheis anu inventois aie up to.


Some companies have ieally embiaceu 0pen Innovation anu exploie many ways to get
new iueas. 0ne way of uoing this is thiough competitions. At the same time, they can
also maiket theii piouucts anu enhance theii bianu. In the 0pen Innovation woilu, such
competitions aie calleu H3$*+'(%. Some examples aie:
www.ecomagination.com by uE
www.iueastoim.se by BELL

79
www.teu.comtalkslangengmaicin_jakubowski.html
8u
www.ipo.gov.uklambeit
81
www.ieseaichtoolkit.oiginuex.phpabout
82
clouu1.gunet.oigcms.php.iu=uisseminating_ieseaich_online

Cpen lnnovaLlon 19
Such competitions can be quite luciative. Accoiuing to this Silicon Republic aiticle
8S
, uE
maue 0S$18bn in ievenues fiom piouucts cieateu thiough its Ecomagination
piogiamme, the company has ievealeu in the Ecomagination 2u1u Annual Repoit.
The uuaiuian noticeu that seveial companies ciowusouice in oiuei to cieate sustainable
innovations.
84
They compaieu two companies who set up iueations in two uiffeient
ways: 0nilevei anu Aaihus Watei. The foimei claimeu exclusive iight to all IPR but the
lattei only wants the iight to use the solution in theii opeiations. As always, it's goou to
ieau the small piint!
Foi a ieseaichei, paiticipating in a competition can be a goou way of uisseminating
knowleuge geneiateu thiough ieseaich. Bowevei, it is impoitant to ieau the small piint
since few companies can guaiantee any confiuentiality anu the veiy act of applying to
the competition can in itself be consiueieu as a publication fiom an IP piioi ait
peispective. That is, if you aie consiueiing patenting an invention, paiticipating in such a
competition may not ieally be a goou iuea, oi at least you piobably neeu some
piofessional auvice befoie enteiing.
Checking out these competitions is a goou way of getting a feel foi what kinu of new
knowleuge companies aie looking. Since contiibutions aie sometimes uisplayeu anu can
be voteu on, it's also a goou way of collecting infoimation about what otheis aie uoing in
youi fielu.
Peihaps the next step foi ieseaicheis woulu be to have competitions wheie all kinus of
people anu oiganisations can suggest ieseaich questions.
A gioup of Sweuish ieseaicheis in vaiious oiganisations focusing on tiaffic-ielateu
issues have come togethei to publish infoimation anu uata on a common website:
Tiafiklab
8S
. This initiative has been highly piaiseu by othei ieseaicheis, companies anu
authoiities.
In oiuei to geneiate anu enhance the use of theii uata, they oiganiseu an innovation
competition: Tiavel Back
86
. In this competition, uevelopeis can use the coue anu uata
available on the Tiafiklab website to uesign new seivices.

8S
www.siliconiepublic.comclean-techitem224S4-ecomagination-geneiates-us
84
www.theguaiuian.comsustainable-businesscompanies-ciowusouice-sustainable-innovation-watei
8S
www.tiafiklab.se
86
tiavelhack.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 20

llgure 6. 1he 1ravel Pack compeLlLlon aLLracLs all klnds of Leams.
@2F2 9:$. G)/)
0pen uata is the iuea that ceitain uata shoulu be fieely available to eveiyone to use anu
iepublish as they wish, without iestiictions fiom copyiight, patents oi othei
mechanisms of contiol. Examples aie such uata collecteu by the goveinment, since that
is paiu foi by tax money. Wikipeuia has pioviueu a goou uefinition of 0pen Bata
87
as
well as examples.
Fiom a ieseaich peispective, the open uata movement can open up uata souices that
have been uifficult to get access to in the past. This means that uata fiom moie souices
can be combineu, making it possible to ieseaich moie complex ielationships.
An inteinational example of open uata is the Woilu Intellectual Piopeity 0iganisation
Re: Reseaich initiative
88
, wheie infoimation about neglecteu tiopical uiseases is
gatheieu anu uistiibuteu. 0ne of the oiganisations behinu it is AstiaZeneca.
In 2u12, the Sweuish goveinment
89
maue a uecision to uevelop a technical platfoim foi
public open uata: 0ppna uata
9u
. 0ne example of how authoiities pioviue uata that can be

87
en.wikipeuia.oigwiki0pen_uata
88
www.wipo.intieseaichen
89
iegeiingen.sesbu16S24a197u78
9u
www.oppnauata.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 21
useful foi ieseaich is an initiative wheie infoimation about watei
91
in teims of lakes anu
iiveis is pioviueu.

llgure 7. 1hls open daLa webslLe provldes lnformaLlon abouL Lhe lakes and rlvers ln Sweden.
Anothei way of thinking about open uata is of couise how you as a ieseaichei can
pioviue public access to youi uata. As always, you neeu to consiuei how this uata can be
useu, ethical aspects, to what extent you ieally own the uata set, anu how you can make
otheis auu to the infoimation.
The Sweuish Institute of Inteinational Affaiis is an inuepenuent institute anu a platfoim
foi ieseaich anu infoimation on foieign affaiis anu inteinational ielations. Its mission is
to infoim anu eniich the public uebate by piomoting inteiest in anu knowleuge of
foieign affaiis anu inteinational ielations. 0ne way they uo this is though a website with
infoimation about seveial countiies they aie stuuying. They call it Lanuguiuen
92
.

91
www.viss.lansstyielsen.se
92
www.lanuguiuen.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 22

llgure 8. AL Landgulden some lnformaLlon ls for free buL more deLalls can be provlded for a fee.
0pen uata can of couise be combineu with othei open innovation tools. The Sweuish
iueation Big Apps
9S
encouiage competing teams to use public open uata in oiuei to
cieate applications. The iueation is suppoiteu by companies, associations anu vinnova,
the Sweuish Agency foi Innovation Systems.

llgure 9. 1he Swedlsh 8lg App ldeaLlon uslng publlc open daLa sLarLed ln 2013.

9S
bigapps.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 23
Neveitheless, please keep in minu that to open up uata in this way takes a lot moie
eneigy anu effoit than one might imagine. Wheieas, often uata is gatheieu in vaiious
uissimilai uatabases anu even sometimes in spieausheets. Since the uata has been useu
by expeits only, labels anu explanations may neeu to be elaboiateu anu oi even auueu,
making its use by the public pioblematic. So befoie chaiging aheau anu simply
publishing uata, always think about the costs to uevelop anu maintain such a site. Anu of
couise, to what extent you actually have the iight to publish the uata.
@2H2 9:$. IBB$00
?"#$% *66$,, J"KL ', +-$ #0*6+'6$ (/ #0()'3'%5 .%0$,+0'6+$3 *66$,, )'* +-$ '%+$0%$+ +( #$$0M
0$)'$2$3 ,6-(1*0: N(.0%*1 *0+'61$,;? Wikipeuia
94

Piofessoi Petei Subei
9S
at Eailham College has publisheu a goou oveiview
96
of the
concept, as a iesult of his own ieseaich into the topic. 0ne of his main points is that open
access "compatible with copyiight, peei ieview, ievenue (even piofit), piint,
pieseivation, piestige, quality, caieei-auvancement, inuexing, anu othei featuies anu
suppoitive seivices associateu with conventional scholaily liteiatuie. The piimaiy
uiffeience is that the bills aie not paiu by ieaueis anu hence uo not function as access
baiiieis."
In Apiil 2u12, a memo fiom Baivaiu Libiaiy
97
waineu the univeisity's moie than 2uuu
teaching anu ieseaich staff that it no longei coulu affoiu the cost of the many jouinal
publisheis, which bill the libiaiy aiounu $S.Sm a yeai. Insteau, they encouiageu the staff
to use open access insteau in this veiy explicit way:
O; PQ*4$ ,.0$ +-*+ *11 (/ :(.0 (2% #*#$0, *0$ *66$,,'R1$ R: ,.R9'++'%5 +-$9 +( SKBT
'% *66(03*%6$ 2'+- +-$ /*6.1+:M'%'+'*+$3 (#$%M*66$,, #(1'6'$, JGL;
U; I(%,'3$0 ,.R9'++'%5 *0+'61$, +( (#$%M*66$,, N(.0%*1,7 (0 +( (%$, +-*+ -*)$
0$*,(%*R1$7 ,.,+*'%*R1$ ,.R,60'#+'(% 6(,+,V 9()$ #0$,+'5$ +( (#$% *66$,, JGL;
W; H/ (% +-$ $3'+(0'*1 R(*03 (/ * N(.0%*1 '%)(1)$37 3$+$09'%$ '/ '+ 6*% R$ #.R1',-$3 *,
(#$% *66$,, 9*+$0'*17 (0 '%3$#$%3$%+1: /0(9 #.R1',-$0, +-*+ #0*6+'6$ #0'6'%5
3$,60'R$3 *R()$; H/ %(+7 6(%,'3$0 0$,'5%'%5 JGL;
X; I(%+*6+ #0(/$,,'(%*1 (05*%'Y*+'(%, +( 0*',$ +-$,$ ',,.$, JGL;
Z; @%6(.0*5$ #0(/$,,'(%*1 *,,(6'*+'(%, +( +*4$ 6(%+0(1 (/ ,6-(1*01: 1'+$0*+.0$ '% +-$'0
/'$13 (0 ,-'/+ +-$ 9*%*5$9$%+ (/ +-$'0 $MN(.0%*1, +( 1'R0*0:M/0'$%31: (05*%'Y*+'(%,
JGL;
[; @%6(.0*5$ 6(11$*5.$, +( 6(%,'3$0 *%3 +( 3',6.,, +-$,$ (0 (+-$0 (#+'(%, JGL;

94
en.wikipeuia.oigwiki0pen_access
9S
https:plus.google.com1u9S77SS679618SuSS2u6about
96
www.eailham.euu~peteisfosoveiview.htm
97
isites.haivaiu.euuicbicb.uo.keywoiu=k77982&tabgioupiu=icb.tabgioup14S448

Cpen lnnovaLlon 24
\; B'5% 6(%+0*6+, +-*+ .%R.%31$ ,.R,60'#+'(%, *%3 6(%6$%+0*+$ (% -'5-$0M.,$ N(.0%*1,
J]L;
^; Q()$ N(.0%*1, +( * ,.,+*'%*R1$ #*: #$0 .,$ ,:,+$97 J]L;
_; H%,',+ (% ,.R,60'#+'(% 6(%+0*6+, '% 2-'6- +-$ +$09, 6*% R$ 9*3$ #.R1'6 J]L; P J'R'3L
In a similai way, The Acauemic Senate of the 0niveisity of Califoinia passeu an 0pen
Access Policy
98
in }uly 2u1S, ensuiing that futuie ieseaich aiticles authoieu by faculty at
all 1u campuses of 0C will be maue available to the public at no chaige. The policy
coveis moie than 8,uuu 0C faculties at all 1u campuses of the 0niveisity of Califoinia,
anu as many as 4u,uuu publications a yeai. By gianting a license to the 0niveisity of
Califoinia piioi to any contiactual aiiangement with publisheis, faculty membeis can
now make theii ieseaich wiuely anu publicly available, ie-use it foi vaiious puiposes, oi
mouify it foi futuie ieseaich publications.
Chalmeis 0niveisity of Technology also has a policy uemanuing ieseaicheis to negotiate
open access agieements with publisheis in oiuei to secuie knowleuge uissemination.
The Chalmeis Libiaiy has publisheu infoimation about open access
99
to suppoit
ieseaicheis in this enueavoui.
Since open access goes against tiauitional publishing piactices, theie have been a lot of
uiscussions conceining to what extent this piactice ieally is helpful oi not. Some
examples aie these aiticles fiom Reuteis
1uu
, The uuaiuian
1u1
anu BCL
1u2
.
The publisheis aigue that they will lose so much ievenue that it will not be possible foi
them to keep jouinals any longei. This coulu leau to less contiol anu thus lowei the
quality of the mateiial. The same aigument was useu as ciitique against Wikipeuia, but
ieseaich has uemonstiateu that the same amount of eiioi seems to occui uespite meuia
but if publisheu on the web it becomes easiei to coiiect.
This has openeu a maiket foi new kinus of publisheis with uiffeient business mouels.
0ne of them is PL0S
1uS
a non-piofit publishing anu auvocating oiganisation wanting to
acceleiate auvances in science anu meuicine. Libiaiian Belena Stjeinbeig at Lunu
0niveisity uiu an inteiview with ieseaichei Eiik Svensson on Youtube in English calleu

98
osc.univeisityofcalifoinia.euuopenaccesspolicy
99
www.lib.chalmeis.seopen_access
1uu
in.ieuteis.comaiticle2u12u716us-science-publishing-iuINBRE86Fu0B2u12u716
1u1
www.guaiuian.co.ukhighei-euucation-netwoikblog2u12aug1uuk-open-access-ieseaich-
uebate-iounu-up
1u2
www.uclab.comopen_access_uebate_still_iages.asp
1uS
www.plos.oig

Cpen lnnovaLlon 23
"Naking youi ieseaich iesults 0pen Access" about the pios anu cons of open access
publishing
1u4
".
Be awaie that ieseaich-funuing agencies such as the E0 aie staiting to look into open
access anu even uemanuing that all ieseaich funueu by them shoulu be publisheu
openly, as is aigueu in this aiticle by Science Business
1uS
. The Sweuish ieseaich funuing
agencies The Sweuish Reseaich Council
1u6
anu Foimas
1u7
both alieauy have such
iequiiements.
New softwaie pioviuing suppoit foi open access has been uevelopeu such as The 0pen
Science Fiamewoik
1u8
. It is pait netwoik of ieseaich mateiials, pait veision contiol
system, anu pait collaboiation softwaie. The puipose of the softwaie is to suppoit the
scientist's woikflow anu help inciease the alignment between scientific values anu
scientific piactices.
In the futuie, open innovation anu open access might change the way ieseaicheis get
cieuit foi theii woik. The emphasis touay on which jouinals anu how many citations in
jouinals may be exchangeu in the not too uistant futuie foi how many unique
uownloaus by ieal people anu citations on the Inteinet in online magazines, blogs anu
twits actually exist foi the publication.
@2J2 K)05 IBB$00
When it comes to measuiing ieseaich utilisation anu uissemination, patents is a populai
categoiy. Not because it is a gieat measuiement of how much value it cieates foi society,
since that is veiy uifficult to measuie, but simply because it is veiy easy to measuie.
Nany patents have in fact nevei been useu to cieate piouucts.
The 0niveisity of ulasgow wanteu to bieak this tienu anu staiteu to make it possible foi
companies anu oiganisations to use some of theii patents foi fiee. They calleu the
concept Easy Access IP. Now many moie univeisities have followeu anu togethei they
make up the Easy Access IP 0iganisation
1u9
.

1u4
www.youtube.comwatch.v=a8q0L_nhKRu
1uS
www.sciencebusiness.netnews7S827Boiizon-2u2u-ieseaich-aiticles-to-be-accessible-foi-fiee
1u6
www.vi.se
1u7
www.foimas.se
1u8
opensciencefiamewoik.oig
1u9
www.easyaccessip.oig.uk

Cpen lnnovaLlon 26
In Sweuen, the fiist univeisity to exploie this ioau is Nittuniveisitetet
11u
. Because
Sweuish law gives the iights to innovations to the ieseaichei him oi heiself, it becomes
a bit tiickiei to manage what is uone with assets heie in Sweuen.

llgure 10. Several unlverslLles collaboraLe on developlng Lhe Lasy Access concepL.
If you ueciue to go foi a patent in oiuei to contiol an innovation but aie not inteiesteu in
getting any money foi it, this coulu be one way of making suie that youi knowleuge
comes to use. Bowevei, be awaie that patents cost a lot of money to obtain, anu
maintain anu the puipose behinu patents is to communicate innovations, not to keep
them a seciet.
As a ieseaichei one might also eventually be in neeu of access to inventions fiom otheis,
anu if this is the case, a goou place to stait looking anu consiuei joining is iBiiugeSN
Netwoik. Wheiein the stateu objective is to uiive tianspaiency anu access to univeisity
uevelopeu innovations such that they aie maue available uiiectly to the public anu
subject mattei expeits, all coming togethei to shaie iueas anu infoimation. Thiough the
iBiiugeSN Netwoik
111
, ieseaicheis anu those seeking innovations can easily seaich foi
anu obtain the iesouices they neeu.
@2L2 -#$)/8<$ -"MM".0
Want to let people shaie anu use youi photogiaphs, but not allow companies to sell
them. Looking foi access to couise mateiials fiom the woilu's top univeisities. Want to
encouiage ieaueis to ie-publish youi blog posts, as long as they give you cieuit. Looking
foi songs that you can use anu iemix, ioyalty-fiee.

11u
www.miun.sesvBelwebbaiNI0NInnovationnaiingsliv-och-samhalleeasy-access
111
www.ibiiugenetwoik.oig

Cpen lnnovaLlon 27
Then you uefinitely want to become pait of the Cieative Commons
112
woilu. In fact, you
alieauy aie, since this iepoit is publisheu unuei a Cieative Commons license, but you
uon't know that because you piobably skippeu the foiewoiu, uiun't you.!.
The absolutely best intiouuction to Cieative Commons is the viueo "A Shaieu
Cultuie
11S
", publisheu by the Cieative Commons community. It's infoimative anu
engaging anu, of couise, publisheu unuei a Cieative Commons license.

llgure 11. A very lnformaLlve and beauLlful vldeo descrlblng Lhe baslcs of CreaLlve Commons.
As a ieseaichei, you aie focusing a lot on wiiting aiticles foi establisheu jouinals.
Bowevei, you often piouuce lots of mateiial that might not be suitable foi jouinals (oi at
least, the euitois may think so). Publishing mateiial on the web, foi example methous in
hanubooks, anu using a Cieative Commons license is a goou way of utilising ieseaich
anu still get cieuit foi it.
Theie aie seveial licenses to choose fiom, anu they aie all fiee. You have to ueciue
whethei oi not you want cieuit foi youi woik, if it can be useu foi commeicial puiposes
anu to what extent othei people can change oi auu anything.

112
cieativecommons.oig
11S
www.youtube.comwatch.v=1BKm96Ftfko

Cpen lnnovaLlon 28
Foi this iepoit we choose the combination CC BY NC SA. This means that you can tweak
anu builu upon this woik non-commeicially, as long as you cieuit us anu license youi
new cieation unuei the iuentical teims. When you think about it, it makes peifect sense.
All the infoimation you neeu is on CieativeCommons.oig
114
. You can also ieau moie
about how it was cieateu
11S
in 2uu1 at Wikipeuia anu listen to some ciitical voices.
@2N2 O0$# ;.."<)/8".
A special case of ciowusouicing is to take auvantage of the knowleuge anu cieativity of
the most enthusiastic useis of youi piouucts, the so-calleu Leau 0seis.
A whole methou has been uevelopeu on how to uo this, wheie the basic steps aie:
1. Stait off the Leau 0sei piocess;
2. Iuentification of Neeus anu Tienus;
S. Iuentification of Leau 0seis anu secuie inteiviews;
4. Concept Besign (Woikshop)
Foi moie infoimation, please see the NIT Leau 0sei Pioject Banubook
116
oi go to
Leauusei.com
117
.
0ne example of how this can be uone is the initiative fiom the Package Aiena, a
collaboiation clustei of ieseaicheis anu companies in vimlanu, Sweuen. They wanteu
to get some iueas on how to uevelop the concept of using a 'Boggy Bag', that is to make
the concept moie populai heie in Sweuen, wheie the tiauition uoes not exist. To
encouiage this new concept, they aiiangeu a woikshop on the topic anu this is the
invitation
118
:

114
cieativecommons.oig
11S
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiCieative_Commons
116
web.mit.euuevhippelwwwLeau 0sei Pioject Banubook (Full veision).puf
117
www.leauusei.com
118
www.attityuikailstau.sewp-contentuploaus2u12uSInbjuuan_Naltiutva.puf

Cpen lnnovaLlon 29

llgure 12. lnvlLaLlon Lo a user lnnovaLlon workshop on how Lo develop a doggy bag concepL for Swedes.
0ne of the leauing ieseaicheis behinu the Leau 0sei Innovation concept is Eiic von
Bippel
119
at NIT. Be has maue a YouTube viueo
12u
wheie he talks about the ielationship
between open innovation anu usei innovation.
E2 I.5 P)Q"# R.)C07
0f couise, as with all tools, one neeus to know how to use them. Anu conveisely it is
often the case that not eveiything is out in the open when it comes to open innovation.
In this section the issue of tiust, anu what to think about when publishing something as
open souice, anu how to make suie that what you shaie with otheis is ieally youis to
uistiibute, i.e. intellectual assets anu piopeities, will be uiscusseu.
E212 (#A0/
At the 0pen Innovation in the Life Science Sectoi confeience
121
in Baicelona, Spain,
18th-2uth Apiil 2u12, Naicel Schieuuei uoeuheijt ueliveieu a speech calleu "0pen
Innovation BSN". 0ne of his conclusions was:

119
web.mit.euuevhippelwww
12u
www.youtube.comwatch.v=pxvu4obm8XN&featuie=ielateu

Cpen lnnovaLlon 30
?E$(#1$ *0$ R: /*0 +-$ 9(,+ '9#(0+*%+ $1$9$%+ '% +-$ 0$*1',*+'(% (/ "#$% H%%()*+'(%; "#$%
H%%()*+'(% ', *R(.+ #$(#1$7 +-$'0 9'%3,$+, *%3 +-$ 2*: +-$: *0$ 3$*1'%5 2'+- $*6- (+-$0?
0pen innovation collaboiation is often uone in consoitia with many oiganisations of
uiffeient kinus anu sizes. The aim is piobably to woik togethei foi a long time on
complex matteis with many high potential iisks anu iewaius associateu with the
pioject. Since it's about R&B, the piocess is uncleai anu changes can occui quickly in the
enviionment anu amongst the paitneis.
Accoiuing to Schieuuei, tiue collaboiation can only take place if the open innovation
enviionment is chaiacteiiseu by:
Nutual tiust;
0pen inteinal communication;
Entiepieneuiial behavioui;
Nulti-uisciplinaiy collaboiation acioss oiganisation anu geogiaphic boiueis;
Collaboiation with exteinal paities;
Necessaiy iesouices anu tools;
Absence of incompiehensive anu ieuunuant iules.
At the same confeience, Anuy Paisons talkeu about "Builuing a co-cieation cultuie in
exteinal R&B: Expeiience fiom the ceeuu in ulaxoSmithKline". Be suggests the following
stiategies:
Focus on ueliveiy of value;
Embiace uiveisity anu uiffeient peiceptions;
Leveiage youi competitive euge;
Be awaie of how you make uecisions.
You can't ieplace tiust with legal uocuments, even though wiitten agieements aie of
couise also necessaiy. Foitunately, theie aie seveial methous that can be useu in oiuei
to establish anu sometimes even iegaining tiust:


121
www.maicusevans-confeiences-paneuiopean.commaicusevans-confeiences-event-
uetails.asp.EventIB=1874u

Cpen lnnovaLlon 31
Appieciative Inquiiy
122
;
Fishbowl Conveisations
12S
;
}ohaii Winuow
124
;
0pen Space Technology;
Scenaiio Planning
12S
;
S0AR
126
insteau of SW0T
127
;
Woilu Caf
128
.


All these appioaches aie uiiecteu towaius tianspaiency, commitment, iecognition anu
leaining. They aie ueceptively simple, yet one shoulu consiuei consulting an expeit
befoie applying them in one's pioject, if one has not been to such a session befoie the
implementation of the tool. Theie aie a numbei of subtle aspects one neeus to know
about, appieciate, anu apply in oiuei to be successful anu ieally cieate the tiust one
wants.
Applying such methous coulu help cieate answeis to ciucial questions such as Why
shoulu we collaboiate. What uo we want to achieve. What's in it foi me anu eveiybouy
else. Bow shoulu we collaboiate. Who shoulu be involveu (oiganisations anu
inuiviuuals) anu what uo they iequiie. When is it impoitant to communicate. What anu
how shall we communicate inteinallyexteinally. What neeus to be in place in oiuei to
be successful, anu how uo we make suie that happens (iisk management). Bow uo we
ueal with bieakuowns. Bow uo we make suie we iecognisecelebiate piogiess.
A goou way to begin is to stait with a small pioject. If possible, uoing job shauowing anu
exchange of peisonnel can be useful in oiuei to leain moie about methous anu cultuies.
Naybe the collaboiation takes place in a science paik, wheie it's possible to shaie a joint
lunch place to encouiage infoimal exchange. Finuing anu encouiaging tiust-builuing
inuiviuuals at vaiious levels is also goou. Baving a joint website anu always
communicating simultaneously oi jointly is also an excellent appioach.
As a ieseaichei, when collaboiating with companies in open innovation collaboiation, it
is a ieally goou iuea fiom the stait to agiee with the othei paity on the natuie of the
collaboiation. Naikus Peikmann anu Ammon Saltei at Impeiial College in Lonuon have
publisheu a goou aiticle on this topic calleu "Bow to Cieate Piouuctive Paitneiships
With 0niveisities
129
" available in the NIT Sloan Nanagement Review. Foi example, an
open long-teim collaboiation going aftei gianu challenges is veiy uiffeient fiom uoing

122
appieciativeinquiiy.case.euu
12S
www.kstoolkit.oigFish+Bowl
124
en.wikipeuia.oigwiki}ohaii_winuow
12S
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiScenaiio_planning
126
appieciativeinquiiy.case.euupiacticeexecutiveBetail.cfm.coiu=SSS1
127
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiSW0T_analysis
128
www.thewoilucafe.com
129
sloanieview.mit.euuthe-magazine2u12-summeiSS417how-to-cieate-piouuctive-paitneiships-
with-univeisities

Cpen lnnovaLlon 32
shoit-teim ieseaich as an extenueu woikbench foi a company. As the title inuicates, this
aiticle is wiitten fiom the company peispective but sometimes it's goou to take a look
fiom anothei angle.
E2=2 9:$. R"A#B$
0ne of the most famous examples of open souice coue is the opeiating system Linux,
1Su

anu the web ieauei Nozilla Fiiefox
1S1
.
Bowevei, open souice uoesn't just mean access to the souice coue. The uistiibution
teims of open-souice softwaie must comply with the following ciiteiia:
1. Fiee Reuistiibution;
2. Fiee Souice Coue;
S. The fieeuom of Beiiveu Woiks;
4. Integiity of The Authoi's Souice Coue;
S. No Bisciimination Against Peisons oi uioups;
6. No Bisciimination Against Fielus of Enueavoi;
7. Bistiibution of License;
8. License Nust Not Be Specific to a Piouuct;
9. License Nust Not Restiict 0thei Softwaie;
1u. License Nust Be Technology-Neutial.
If you'ie the slightest bit unsuie about all this, please check out 0pensouice.oig.
0ne example of ieseaicheis using open souice is the BioPatRec
1S2
, a platfoim that
allows you to easily implement algoiithms to be testeu in a ieal-life anu challenging
pioblem: to contiol aitificial limbs thiough pattein iecognition of bioelectiic signals. In
auuition to the open souice coue, these ieseaicheis fiom Chalmeis have also pioviueu
viueos anu instiuctions.

1Su
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiLinux
1S1
en.wikipeuia.oigwikiNozilla_Fiiefox
1S2
https:coue.google.compbiopatiec

Cpen lnnovaLlon 33

llgure 13. vldeo accompanylng Lhe 8loaL8ec open source code.
As always, befoie publishing anything as pait of open souice, check that you have the
legal iight to publish it. It is also goou to think though how to hanule a potential
community that wants to use anu uevelop youi coue.
E2@2 ;./$++$B/A)+ I00$/0 ).& S#":$#/8$0
0pen Innovation ieally may sounu veiy laiu back, that is, just shaiing anu collaboiating
in oiuei to cieate a bettei woilu, iight. Bowevei, to some extent it is quite the opposite.
In oiuei to shaie intellectual assets such as methous, mouels, uata, softwaie, uesigns anu
inventions you ieally neeu to keep tiack of who has the iight to what in the asset
lanuscape. This is often uesciibeu in agieements at uiffeient levels, that is, unless the
paiticipants have been veiy thoiough in uesciibing the backgiounu, i.e. the intellectual
assets uevelopeu befoie the pioject that will be useu, anu have veiy goou piocesses foi
hanuling the assets uevelopeu within the pioject this can be a veiy messy business.
Intellectual assets shoulu not be confuseu with intellectual piopeities, oi IP foi shoit
1SS
.
When you take measuies to piotect youi intellectual assets, foi example by applying foi
a patent, then youi asset becomes youi piopeity. 0thei ways aie tiauemaiks anu
pattein piotection. Theie aie special iegulations iegaiuing softwaie. As mentioneu

1SS
Noie about intellectual assets vs piopeity at www.innovationskontoivast.se

Cpen lnnovaLlon 34
befoie, one way of managing the contiol of infoimation such as uocuments, viueos,
photos anu uata is to publish it with a Cieative Commons license.
If you uon't caie about managing youi intellectual assets, you coulu actually enu up with
somebouy else taking contiol of them anu making suie nobouy else can use them. Quite
the opposite of making them available to the whole woilu, as is the objective of many
ieseaicheis. You also have to be awaie of how piopeities you license to othei
oiganisations aie useu. In iesponse to uemanus fiom stuuent anu health activists
1S4
,
Yale 0niveisity, the ownei of the key patent on an impoitant BIv tieatment (stavuuine),
piessuieu Biistol-Nyeis Squibb, the licensee of this patent, to agiee not to enfoice the
patent in South Afiica, thus making it available to moie people.
F2 3)./ /" T."% P"#$ I*"A/ 9:$. ;.."<)/8".7
This iepoit pioviues a biief intiouuction to open innovation anu how to apply it in
acauemic settings. If you want to leain moie about the iecent uevelopments in the aiea,
oi come in contact with some of the open innovation expeits in the West Sweuen iegion,
you'll finu some goou places to stait youi exploiation below.
A lot has happeneu since Beniy Chesbiough staiteu talking about open innovation.
Inueeu, to some extent he's alieauy changeu his minu a bit since 2uuS. In this YouTube
viueo
1SS
he talks about what's he thinks iight now. IBN publisheu an inteiview with him
in 2u11
1S6
. Be has also begun looking at the ielationship between open innovation anu
sustainability
1S7
.
In auuition, Chesbiough has also publisheu a iepoit calleu "0pen Innovation anu Public
Policy in Euiope
1S8
" togethei with Piofessoi Wim vanhaveibeke, of ESABE in Baicelona,
vleiick Nanagement School anu the 0niveisity of Basselt, in Belgium. This iepoit
combines new ieseaich anu analysis on open innovation with focuseu inteiviews of
majoi paiticipants in the Euiopean innovation system. Togethei the iecommenuations
compiise an infoimal "chaitei" foi E0 open innovation policy.
In uothenbuig, seveial ieseaicheis aie looking into open innovation. 0ne of them is
Susanne 0llila at Chalmeis, who iuns the pioject "Nanaging 0pen Innovation
1S9
".

1S4
www.salon.com2uu1uSu1aius_8
1SS
www.youtube.comwatch.v=Lbi}_9W70BN
1S6
ibm-news.tmcnet.comnews2u11u9SuS8189S1.htm
1S7
www.openinnovation.netfeatuieuheniy-chesbioughs-piesentation-at-hit-baicelona-woilu-
innovation-summit
1S8
sciencebusiness.net0uiRepoitsRepoitBetail.aspx.RepoitIu=2S
1S9

https:www.chalmeis.setmeSvoiganisationavuelningaimanagementfoiskningspiojektmanaging
-open-innovation

Cpen lnnovaLlon 33
Although ieseaich on open innovation is incieasing, moie ieseaich is neeueu about how
opening up the boiueis of the innovation piocess affects manageiial piactices,
oiganizational uesign anu those paiticipating in the collaboiation. The pioject is focuseu
on stuuying SAFER
14u
, an open innovation aiena foi vehicle anu tiaffic safety, but
the finuings aie also of inteiest to othei intei-oiganizational collaboiations involving
multiple paitneis. Recently, she staiteu the ieseaich gioup "Nanaging In-
Between", focusing on manageiial piactices foi innovation in new, emeiging
oiganisations, which will fuithei the knowleuge cieateu in the pioject thiough a numbei
of collaboiative piojects that aie cuiiently being set up. Togethei with some colleagues
she has also wiitten an aiticle
141
about the uevelopment of the open innovation fielu.
Anothei open innovation ieseaichei is Bjoin Remnelanu Wikhamn at the 0niveisity of
uothenbuig. Togethei with gioup of ieseaicheis he has staiteu the website
0penInnovationubg.se. Be has also publisheu a book in Sweuish calleu "0ppen
innovation" anu uiu a lectuie at ESPRI
142
on this topic (in Sweuish). Recently he anu his
colleagues staiteu a pioject on 0pen Innovation anu uenuei
14S
.
At the Stockholm School of Economics, Robin Teiglanu anu hei ieseaich team aie
woiking on seveial open innovation ieseaich piojects anu have wiitten numeious
papeis on these. 0ne aiea of ieseaich investigates ciowufunuing in Sweuen anu how
entiepieneuis, anu in paiticulai IT entiepieneuis, have iesponueu to the incieaseu
availability of ciowufunuing in Sweuen. A iepoit commissioneu by .SE was publisheu in
}une 2u1S
144
. A seconu aiea of ieseaich focuses on open entiepieneuiship, which is the
piocess thiough which entiepieneuis who aie active in open souice communities gain
access to iesouices anu expeitise thiough builuing theii social capital within the
community. The ieseaicheis have investigateu open entiepieneuiship within two global
communities: 0penSimulatoi - the open souice viitual woilu platfoim community anu
Bitcoin - the viitual cuiiency. A thiiu pioject focuses on how fiims that sponsoi open
souice communities manage these communities anu the iesulting impact on the fiim's
innovation capacity. The subject of this ieseaich is eZ Systems - a Noiwegian softwaie
fiim. Finally, one ieseaich aiea looks at how open innovation, ciowufunuing, open
entiepieneuiship, SB piinting, anu othei aspects of the new inuustiial ievolution aie
impacting economic anu social uevelopment in Afiica. This is pait of a laigei stuuy
commissioneu by 0NIB0, the 0niteu Nations Inuustiial Bevelopment 0iganization.
Noie infoimation on Robin's ieseaich can be founu on hei homepage:
www.knowleugenetwoiking.oig.

14u
www.chalmeis.sesafei
141
Elmquist N., Fieubeig T., 0llila S. (2uu9) "Exploiing the fielu of open innovation" Euiopean }ouinal of
Innovation Nanagement, vol. 12 No. S, pp. S26-S4S
142
www.esbii.sefoielasning.asp.link=visafoielas&iu=19u
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www.fas.sesvPiojektkatalog.aienue=26S77
144
www.iis.seuocsCiowufunuing_among_IT_Entiepieneuis_in_Sweuen.puf

Cpen lnnovaLlon 36
If you want moie infoimation about open innovation, theie aie many useful websites
such as 0peninnovation.net anu 0peninnovation.eu. Anu of couise, theie is always the
0pen Innovation
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entiy in Wikipeuia to check out.
As we have saiu befoie, collaboiative ieseaich is not a new thing. With iespect to the
uiiveis piesenteu befoie, we aie inclineu to agiee with the quote below, which by no
means makes it less impoitant to leain moie about open innovation. Quite the opposite,
in fact!
?G'%*11:7 2-*+ 2'11 R$ +-$ /.+.0$ (/ (#$% '%%()*+'(%` Q: #0$3'6+'(% ', +-*+ 2$ ,-(.13 %(+ R$
,.0#0',$3 +( 1$*0% +-*+ 2'+-'% * 3$6*3$7 +-$ +$09 2'11 /*3$ *2*:; a(+ R$6*.,$ +-$ 6(%6$#+
-*, 1(,+ '+, .,$/.1%$,,7 R.+7 (% +-$ 6(%+0*0:7 R$6*.,$ '+ -*, R$$% /.11: '%+$50*+$3 '%
'%%()*+'(% 9*%*5$9$%+ #0*6+'6$,; b-'6- (05*%'Y*+'(% 6*% *//(03 +( *,,.9$ '+ -*, %(+-'%5
+( 1$*0% %(0 5*'% /0(9 +-$ 0$,+ (/ +-$ 2(013?
Buizingh, E.K.R.E., 0pen innovation: State of the ait anu futuie peispectives
146
.
Technovation (2u1u), uoi:1u.1u16j.technovation.2u1u.1u.uu2

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en.wikipeuia.oigwiki0pen_innovation
146
www.iug.nlstaffk.i.e.huizinghopeninnovationstate.puf