Sonatrach Drilling Equipments

Development Phase
September October 2005

abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation
2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Equipment
By Pratap Thimaiah
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Introduction-Drilling Rig
Device to drill, case and
cement Oil and gas
wells.
Correct procedure for rig
selection :
1. Design of the well.
2. Establish the various loads
to be expected during
drilling & testing
operations.
3. Compare ratings of
existing rigs and design
loads.
4. Selection appropriate rig
and its components
Development Phase
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Drilling Rigs
Types
Marine
Bottom Supported
Platform
Self contained
tendered
Barge
Jack up
Floating
Semi submersible
Drill ship
Land
Conventional
Mobile
Jacknife
Portable mast
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Drilling Rigs
Development Phase
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The Drilling Rig
Components
Hoisting
Rotating System
Circulating system
Tubulars
Pressure control
Derrick capacity & substructure
Total power requirements
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Drilling Rig
Development Phase
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Hoisting Equipment
Main Components
Hoisting tower structure
The draw works and its accessories
Drilling line
Control panel
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Hosting Tower
There are 3 main types of structures:
Derrick,
Mast
Trailerized guyed mast.
Development Phase
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The Derrick
Dynamic derrick
(ships, semisubmersibles)
Standard derrick
(jackups)
Examples of derricks
A = Vertical distance between the rig floor &
crown block beams
B= Distance between adjacent feet
C = V-door opening
D = Smallest width of the derrick
E = Distance between the crown block floor
and the pulley block
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Function is to provide vertical
height required to raise sections of
pipe from or lower them into hole.
Designed to withstand wind and
compressive loads.
Shape of a pointed pyramid with
one foot in each corner resting on
square angles
Metal structure can be either
welded or bolted.
Mobile rigs offshore generally use
this construction
The Derrick
Development Phase
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The Mast
Crown
Catline Sheave
Racking board
Coreline unit
Ladder
Mast
Tong counter weight
A frame
15'-10" 3' -1"
The mast
Drill line
Hook
block
Wireline spool
Drum
Drawworks
A frame
Fastline
Fastline
Breakover
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Schematic diagram showing how a mast is erected
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Shaped like a pointed and can be
rotated for easy mantle or
dismantle.
Pulled in upright position using the
draw works and special hoisting
cable.
Suited mainly for onshore drilling
operations that require good
mobility.
Racking board is in a cantilever
position and lengths of pipe
racked on floor called set back.
Technical specifications such as
resistance to wind loads, width of
base, free height available etc are
similar to derrick.
The Mast
Development Phase
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Drilling line
Top section
Middle section
Hydraulic ram
Erection link
Deadline anchor
Traveling Block
Folding mast
Bottom
section
Trailerized Mast
The Guyed Trailerized Mast
12'-
7"
6' -8"
7'-2 1/2"
40'-0"
2'-6"
1'-6"
30'-0"
2' -6"
3'-0"
14'-0"
13' -9"
5'-0" 9' -6" 20'-9" 9'-6"
44'-6"
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Type of mast mainly
used with light weight
rigs and workover rigs.
It telescopes in two or
three sections and
working position is
forward slant.
Require specific guy
wires for each rigs.
Most of these are truck
mounted.
Exceptional to exceed a
depth of 3000m
because of
unavailability of free
height.
The Guyed Trailerized Mast
Development Phase
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D E
A
C
Truck-mounted drilling rig
B
Guy wire layout
A A
B
D
C
D
C A
B
B
A C
A
A
Guyed Trailerized Mast
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Substructures
These serve to raise the
rig floor to leave room
for wellhead assemblies
and BOP stacks.
Can be separate from
hoisting system.
Hoist mast sits directly
on the box structure
Development Phase
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Hoisting Mechanisms
This figure give us idea of how the drilling line is strung up and the
components part of the system.
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Hoisting Mechanisms
Deadline:
The drilling line is secured to a specific deadline anchor, which measures
the tension on that end of the line.
It allows new lengths of lines to be run into the system in order to
relieve the worn parts of the line
Crown Block:
It is the set of pulleys (sheaves) on which the drilling line passes
through.
It is supported by the top platform of the drilling mast of derrick.
Provides a means of taking drilling line from hoisting drum to t ravelling
block.
Crown block is stationary
The Travelling Block and Hook:
They are normally manufactured in a solid block and diamond shaped
containing number of sheaves (less than crown block).
Drilling line is wound continuously on the crown and travelling blocks.
The hook has a shock absorber to lessen stresses when the load i s
picked up and make screwing connections easier.
Development Phase
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Hoisting Mechanisms
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Hoisting Mechanisms
Drilling Line:
Has a metal core with six steel wire
strands braided, or cabled, around it.
Diameter vary widely depending on
the type of rig, but generally do not
exceed 1.5 inches.
The total line service is expressed in
tons per kilometre or per mile, and
will be used as a reference points to
initiate maintenance operations such
as slipping and cutting off drilling line.
Fast Line:
This is the end of the drilling line that is
reeled up on the drawworks drum.
Drum
Development Phase
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Hoisting Mechanisms
The Drawworks:
It is the heart of the drilling rig and provides hoisting & braking power
required to raise or lower pipes
Principle parts are
Drum
Transmits torque required for hoisting or braking.
Stores drilling line required to move travelling block.
Brakes
Stop and sustain weights imposed when lowering pipe
Transmission
Provides a means of changing direction and speed of travelling blocks
Catheads
Attached to both ends of draw works
Used for lifting and moving equipment on rig floor
In fact, it is the capacity of the drawworks that characterizes a rig and
indicates the depth rating for the borehole that can be drilled.
Auxiliary Brakes: The braking capacity of the band system is not
dynamically adequate when heavier loads are lowered into the well. Two
types of mechanism are used:
The Hydrodynamic Brake.
The Eddy-Current Brake.
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Rig Floor and Equipment
There are 2 types of tools and equipment in the drilling rig:
Hoisting : Elevator, Slips.
Screwing, making up and breaking out the drill string:
Manual make up tongs.
Development Phase
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Rotating System
Equipments used to achieve bit
rotation.
Main parts are
Swivel
Kelly
Rotary drive
Rotary Table
Drill Pipe
Drill collars
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Rotary Table:
This mechanical apparatus is very simple and requires
only little maintenance.
Opening in the rotary table accepts the Kelly bushing.
Allows the largest bit to run in hole.
Lower portion is contoured to accept slips that grip the
drill string and prevents it from falling while a new joint is
being added.
A lock prevents the table from turning when pipe is
unscrewed.
Power is provided by independent rotary drive.
Rotating System
Development Phase
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Rotating System
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Kelly:
The first section of pipe below the swivel.
It can be square, hexagonal or triangular cross-section.
It is rotated by the table and by means of the Kelly drive
bushing that it fits into.
Kelly bushing is equipped with 4 horizontal axis rollers to
transmit torque to Kelly and fits into rotary table master bushing.
Kelly threads are right handed on lower end and left handed on
upper end to permit normal right hand motion of drill string.
Kelly saver sub is used between Kelly and first joint of drill pipe.
It contains a rubber protector to keep the Kelly centralised.
Usually the total assembly length is of 40 to 54 ft.
Rotating System
Development Phase
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Kelly
Kelly drive
brushing
Drive pins
Drive holes
Rotary table
Master bushing
Taper or
tapered bowl
Kelly drive bushing
Swivel
Swivel sub
Kelly cock
Upper upset
Kelly
Lower upset
Kelly saver sub
Rubber protector
Kelly terminology
Rotating System
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Kelly Valves:
To control incipient blowouts that might occur inside the
drill string.
Lower Kelly valves have smaller diameters to enable
being run downhole during drilling.
Kelly valves
Rotating System
Development Phase
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Swivel:
Supports weight of drill string and permits rotation.
Hangs from the lifting hook by its bail.
The gooseneck of swivel provides the downward
connection for the rotary hose.
Power swivel
fulfil the same function as conventional ones
but also provides mechanical transmission to
the rotary string.
Drill string can be easily pulled out while
rotating.
No need for kelly and connected to the drill
string at any mast height.
More static torque can be applied
Rotating System
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Circulating System
Heart of the circulating system are the mud pumps.
The major function of the circulation system is to remove cuttings
from hole.
Principle components of the circulating system are:
Mud pumps
Mud pits
Mud mixing equipment
Contaminants removal equipment
Circulating Cycle
Steel tanks to mud pumps
Pump through high pressure surface connections to drill string
Drill string to the bit
Through the nozzles of bit into annulus of drill string and borehole
to the surface.
Through the contaminants removal systems back to suction tanks.
Development Phase
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Mud pumps are of positive
displacement type reciprocating
pistons.
The flow rate is counted in Strokes per
minutes
Types
Duplex Pumps that are double
acting on both forward and
backward strokes
Triplex Pumps that are single
acting on only forward strokes.
They are lighter and more compact
and easier to operate.
Wide ranges of pressures and flow
rates of the pumps can be achieved
by changing diameter of pump liners
(compression cylinders)
Generally two circulating pumps are
installed in a rig
Circulating System
TRIPLEX MUD PUMP
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Power and Power Transmission
The installed capacity on a drilling rig has constantly
increased to meet the needs of modern drilling
techniques.
Modern rigs are powered by internal combustion
engines
Development Phase
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Diesel Engines provide maximum distribution
flexibility for both heavy and lightweight rigs.
Power Transmission Systems:
Mechanical:
Several diesel engines are parallel operated
trough interconnection by a chain and clutch
system called a compound.
Easy maintenances and use, but lacks
flexibility in utilization and location.
Used in light weight truck mounted rigs that
require no dismantling and reassembling.
Electric:
Direct Current (D/C) generators driven by
diesel engines are connected in a loop with the
direct-current drawworks and pump motors.
Hydrostatic:
It is found only on lightweight slim-hole rigs or
used to power independent components, e.g.
power swivel, rotary table.
The mechanical energy is conveyed by high
pressure hose to hydraulic motors on the
drawworks, rotary table, swivels or pumps.
Power and Power Transmission
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The Control Panel
All measurement indicators are grouped together on a
pressurise explosion-proof panel.
We can have information about:
Hook load
Rate of penetration (ROP)
Rotational speed
Rotary table torque
Pump stroke per minutes
Pump discharge pressure.
Development Phase
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Monkeyboard
The derrick man's working platform.
Double board, tribble board, fourable
board; a monkey board located
at a height in the derrick or mast equal to
two, three, or four lengths of pipe
respectively.
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Top Drive
The top drive rotates the drill string
end bit without the use of a Kelly and
rotary table.
The top drive is operated from a
control console on the rig floor.
Development Phase
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Drill Pipe
The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate
the bit and circulate the drilling fluid.
Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled
together with tool joints.
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Doghouse
A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an
office for the driller or as a storehouse for
small objects.
Also, any small building used as an office or
for storage.
Development Phase
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Blowout Preventer
A large valve, usually installed above the ram
preventers, that forms a seal in the annular
space between the pipe and well bore or, if
no pipe is present, on the well bore itself
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Water Tank
Is used to store water that is used for
mud mixing, cementing, and rig
cleaning
Development Phase
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Electric Cable Tray
Supports the heavy electrical cables that feed
the power from the control panel to the rig
motors.
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Fuel Tank
Fuel storage tanks for the power
generating system.
Development Phase
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Electrical Control House
On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel
engines drive large electric generators.
The generators produce electricity that flows
through cables to electric switches and control
equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or
panel.
Electricity is fed to electric motors via the
panel.
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Bulk Mud Component Tanks
Hopper type tanks for storage of drilling
fluid components
Development Phase
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Mud Tanks (Pits)
A series of open tanks, usually made of
steel plates, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out.
Additives are mixed with the mud in the
pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored
there before being pumped back into the
well.
Mud pit compartments are also called
shaker pits, settling pits, and suction pits,
depending on their main purpose.
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Reserve Pit
A mud pit in which a supply of
drilling fluid has been stored. Also,
a waste pit, usually an excavated,
earthen-walled pit. It may be lined
with plastic to prevent soil
contamination.
Development Phase
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Mud-Gas Separator
A device that removes gas from
the mud coming out of a well
when a kick is being circulated
out.
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Shale Shakers
A series of trays with sieves or
screens that vibrate to remove
cuttings from circulating fluid in
rotary drilling operations.
The size of the openings in the sieve
is selected to match the size of the
solids in the drilling fluid and the
anticipated size of cuttings.
Development Phase
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Choke Manifold
The arrangement of piping and
special valves, called chokes, through
which drilling mud is circulated when
the blow-out preventers are closed to
control the pressures encountered
during a kick.
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Pipe Ramp
An angled ramp for dragging drill
pipe up to the drilling platform or
bringing pipe down off the drill
platform.
Development Phase
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Pipe Racks
A horizontal support for tubular goods
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Accumulator
The storage device for nitrogen
pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is
used in operating the blow-out
preventers.
Development Phase
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Annulus
The space around a pipe in a well bore,
the outer wall of which may be the wall of
either the bore hole or the casing;
Also termed as annular space
Rock
Pipe
Annulus
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Brake
The braking device on the draw works to
stop a load being lifted
Development Phase
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Casing Head
A heavy, flanged steel fitting connected to
the first string of casing.
It provides a housing for slips and packing
assemblies, allows suspension of
intermediate and production strings of
casing, and supplies the means for the
annulus to be sealed off.
Also called a spool.
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Cathead
A spool-shaped attachment on a winch
around which rope for hoisting and pulling
is wound
Development Phase
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Catwalk
The ramp at the side of the drilling rig where
pipe is laid to be lifted to the derrick floor by the
Catline or by an air hoist.
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Cellar
A pit in the ground to provide additional
height between the rig floor and the well head
to accommodate the installation of blow-out
preventers, rat holes, mouse holes, and so forth.
It also collects drainage water and other fluids
for disposal.
Development Phase
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Conductor Pipe
The largest diameter casing and the topmost
length of casing.
It is relatively short and encases the topmost
string of casing
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Degasser
The equipment used to remove
unwanted gas from a liquid, especially
from drilling fluid
Development Phase
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Desander
A centrifugal device for
removing sand from
drilling fluid to prevent
abrasion of the pumps.
It may be operated
mechanically or by a fast-
moving stream of fluid
inside a special cone-
shaped vessel, in which
case it is sometimes called
a hydro cyclone
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Desilter
A centrifugal device, similar to a
Desander, used to remove very fine
particles, or silt, from drilling fluid.
This keeps the amount of solids in the
fluid to the lowest possible level.
Development Phase
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Drill Bit
The cutting or boring element used in
drilling oil and gas wells. Most bits
used in rotary drilling are roller-
cone bits.
The bit consists of the cutting
elements and the circulating
element.
The circulating element permits the
passage of drilling fluid and uses
the hydraulic force of the fluid
stream to improve drilling rates.
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Drill Collars
A heavy, thick-walled tube,
usually steel, used between
the drill pipe and the bit in
the drill stem. It is used to
put weight on the bit so
that the bit can drill.
Development Phase
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Driller's Console
The control panel, located on the
platform, where the driller
controls drilling operations
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Elevators
A set of clamps that grips a
stand, or column, of casing,
tubing, drill pipe, or sucker
rods, so the stand can be
raised or lowered into the
hole.
Development Phase
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Hoisting Line
A wire rope used in hoisting operations.
Must conform to the API standards for
its intended uses.
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Hook
A large, hook-shaped device
from which the elevator bails
or the swivel is suspended. It is
designed to carry maximum
loads ranging from 100 to
650 tons and turns on bearings
in its supporting housing.
Development Phase
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Kelly
The heavy square or hexagonal
steel member suspended from the
swivel through the rotary table. It
is connected to the topmost joint
of drill pipe to turn the drill stem
as the rotary table turns
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Kelly
Kelly Saver Sub
Master Bushing
Kelly
Kelly Drive Bushing
Turntable
Development Phase
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Kelly Bushing
A device fitted to the rotary table
through which the Kelly passes.
It is the means by which the torque of
the rotary table is transmitted to the Kelly
and to the drill stem.
Also called the drive bushing
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Kelly Spinner
A device for spinning
the drill pipe.
Replaces the spinning
chain.
Development Phase
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Mouse hole
Shallow bores under the
rig floor, usually lined
with pipe, in which joints
of drill pipe are
temporarily suspended
for later connection to
the drill string.
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Mud Return Line
A trough or pipe, placed
between the surface
connections at the well bore
and the shale shaker.
Drilling mud flows through it
upon its return to the
surface from the hole.
Development Phase
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Ram BOP
A blow-out Preventer that uses
rams to seal off pressure on a
hole that is with or without pipe.
Ram-type preventers have
interchangeable ram blocks to
accommodate different O.D. drill
pipe, casing, or tubing
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Rat hole
A hole in the rig floor 30 to 35 feet
deep, lined with casing that projects
above the floor. The Kelly is placed in
the rat hole when hoisting operations are
in progress.
Development Phase
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Rotary Hose
The hose on a rotary drilling rig that
conducts the drilling fluid from the mud
pump and standpipe to the swivel and
Kelly; also called the mud hose or the
Kelly hose.
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Rotary Table
The principal component of a rotary, or
rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem
and support the drilling assembly.
It has a bevelled gear arrangement to
create the rotational motion and an
opening into which bushings are fitted to
drive and support the drilling assembly.
Development Phase
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Slips
Wedge-shaped pieces of metal
with teeth or other gripping
elements that are used to prevent
pipe from slipping down into the
hole or to hold pipe in place.
Rotary slips fit around the drill
pipe and wedge against the
master bushing to support the pipe.
Power slips are pneumatically or
hydraulically actuated devices that
allow the crew to dispense with the
manual handling of slips when
making a connection.
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Spinning chain
A relatively short length of chain attached to
the tong pull chain on the manual tongs used to
make up drill pipe.
The spinning chain is attached to the pull
chain so that a crew member can wrap the
spinning chain several times around the tool
joint box of a joint of drill pipe suspended in
the rotary table.
After crew members stab the pin of another
tool joint into the box end, one of them then
grasps the end of the spinning chain and with a
rapid upward motion of the wrist "throws the
spinning chain"that is, causes it to unwrap
from the box and coil upward onto the body of
the joint stabbed into the box.
Development Phase
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Stairways
Stairs leading from one level to another.
Protected with handrails
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Standpipe
A vertical pipe rising along the
side of the derrick or mast. It
joins the discharge line leading
from the mud pump to the
rotary hose and through which
mud is pumped going into the
hole.
Development Phase
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Surface Casing
Usually the first casing to
be run in a well. This is
done after spudding -in
so a blow-out Preventer
can be installed before
drilling is started
Intermediate casing
Conductor/stovepipe
Surface casing
Production casing
Production liner
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Substructure
The foundation on which the
derrick or mast and usually the
draw works sit; contains space for
storage and well control
equipment
Development Phase
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Swivel
A rotary tool that is hung from
the rotary hook and travelling
block to suspend and permit free
rotation of the drill stem.
It also provides a connection for
the rotary hose and a
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drill stem.
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Tongs
The large wrenches used for turning
when making up or breaking out drill
pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe;
variously called casing tongs, rotary
tongs, and so forth according to the
specific use.
Power tongs are pneumatically or
hydraulically operated tools that spin
the pipe up and, in some instances,
apply the final makeup torque.
Development Phase
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Walkways
An area cleared for moving
through by personnel and
protected with a handrail.
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Weight Indicator
A device for measuring the weight
of the drill string. Monthly
calibration to calculated drill string
weight is required by API
Development Phase
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Drilling Systems
Whether Onshore or Offshore Drilling is carried out, the basic drilling
system employed in both cases will be rotary rig.
Three basic functions are carried out during rotary drilling operations:
Torque is transmitted from a power source at the surface through a
drill string to the drill bit.
A drilling fluid is pumped from a storage unit down the drill string and
up through the annulus. This fluid bring the cuttings created by the bit
action to the surface , clean the hole, cool the bit and lubricate the drill
string.
The subsurface pressures above and within the hydrocarbon bearing
strata are controlled by the weight of the drilling fluid and by large
valve assemblies at the surface.
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Drillstring Basics
The drillstring is the mechanical linkage connecting the
drill bit at the bottom of the hole to the rotary drive
system on the surface. It serves the following functions:
Transmits rotation to the drill bit
Exerts weight on the bit; the compressive force
necessary to break the rock
Guides and controls the trajectory of the bit
Allows fluid circulation which is required for cooling
the bit and for cleaning the hole
Development Phase
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Drillstring Components
1. Drill pipe
2. Drill collars
3. Accessories:
Heavy-walled drill pipe (HWDP)
Stabilisers
Reamers
Directional control equipment
Drillstring Basics
Kelly
Drill Pipe
Heavy weight drill
pipe
Crossover Sub
Connector
Pressure
disconnect
LWD/MWD tools
Adjustable bent
housing
Mud motor
Orienting tool
Drill Collars
Check valve
assembly
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Drill Pipe Properties
Drill Pipe Grade: Each joint includes the tube body
and the tool joint.
Development Phase
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Drill Pipe Class: to account for the degree of wear.
New: no wear, has never been used.
Premium: Uniform wear and a minimum wall
thickness of 80% of new pipe.
Class 2: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of
65% with all the wear on one side so long as the
cross sectional area is the same as the premium
class.
Class 3: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of
55% with all the wear on one side.
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Tool joints: Screw type connectors that join individual
joints of drill pipe. Most tool joints are made of 120,000 psi
yield strength material.
IEU (internal-external upset): tool joint is larger than the
pipe such that the tool joint ID is less than the drill pipe.
The tool joint OD is larger than the drill pipe. Generally
IEU connections are the strongest available couplings.
IF (internal flush): Tool joint ID is approximately the
same as the pipe. The OD is upset.
IU (internal upset) Tool joint ID is less than the pipe.
Tool joint OD is approximately the same as the pipe. This
type is often termed slim-hole pipe because of the
reduced outer clearance.
Tool joints are designed to be run in tension.
Development Phase
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Thread Form:
Below are the most common thread styles and forms used in the oil
industry.
The most common is the Numbered Connection (NC). The thread has a
V shape form and is identified by the pitch diameter, measured at a
point 5/8 from the shoulder, the gauge point multiplied by 10.
Thus NC 50 has a gauge point pitch diameter of 5.0417.
0.038
0.057
0.025
0.025
0.015
NC
RE
G
FH
SST
IF XH PAC
OH SH
DSL
NC
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Washouts in Drill Strings
Tool joint failure is due entirely to the threads not holding or not being
made properly. The make up torque puts the pin in tension and the box
in compression.
If the pin and box are not properly torqued, then the seals may separate
under downhole conditions allowing a leak mud for the mud.
For a length of 1,000 ft of drill string there are 66 separate pin and
boxes. Leek paths within the tool joints develop if the seal is broken or if
improper torque is applied. The leak path will lead to erosion.
Developed leak path are usually detected by a decrease in the standpipe
pressure, between 100 - 300 psi over 5 - 15 minutes.
Development Phase
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Drill Collar Properties
Proper selection of drill collars (and BHA ) can prevent many drilling
problems. Some of its functions are as follows:
Provide weight for the bit
Provide strength needed to run in compression
Minimize bit stability problems from vibrations, wobbling, and
jumping
Minimize directional control problems by providing stiffness to the
BHA
The most common types are round (slick) and spiral grooved.
Spiral-grooved collars reduce the surface contact area between the pipe
and well bore. The lower contact area reduces the probability of
differential pressure sticking.
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Drill Collar Size Criteria
Selection of drill collar diameter for
a slick or pendulum assembly is
based on the required effective
minimum hole diameter.
That is, the size of the bottom drill
collar would be the limiting factor
for lateral movement of the bit.
_ _
Minimumeffetive hole dia.
2
Bit size Drillcollar dia +
=
Development Phase
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More commonly drill collar size is selected based on
stresses.
Components subject to bending have both tensile and
compressive forces induced in them. When rotated
under bending, individual metal fibers are subject to
rapidly alternating tension and compression, which may
induce fatigue failure.
BHA are subject to both bending and rotation. Fatigue
failures commonly occur at connections and changes in
pipe size
The bending resistance of a BHA component is
dependent upon its section modulus, which is defined as
follows:
4 4
2 ( )
32
I OD ID
Z
OD OD
t
= =
Z : Section modulus, in
3
I : second moment of area, in
4
OD : Outside diameter, in
ID: Inside diameter, in
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Generally, the change in bending resistance is expressed
in terms of a bending resistance ratio (BRR), which
may be calculated with the equation below.
The bending resistance ratio should be checked at
changes in pipe size. BRRs are calculated using the pipe
body dimensions and should generally be below 5.5
4 4
1 1 1 2
4 4
2 2 2 1
( )
( )
Z OD ID OD
BRR
Z OD ID OD
= =
Development Phase
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Drill Collar Selection
Typical sizes of drill collars to be run in each hole section:
Drill Collar Profiles
Slick Drill Collar- Same nominal diameter over total length of joint
Spiral Drill Collar- Reduces risk of differential sticking. Reduces
weight of collar and contact area.
Square Drill Collar- In special operations to reduce deviation in
crooked formations and provide good rigidity.
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Buoyancy Factor Method
Drill collars have a significantly greater stiffness when
compared to drill pipe and as such can be run in
compression. Drill collars are used to provide weight for
use at the bit and at the same time keep the drill pipe in
tension.
In order to avoid buckling, weight on bit should not
exceed 85% of the buoyed weight on the collars.
l _
1
65.5
(0.85)
lenght DC
ength vertical
lenght
MW
BF
WOB DC Weight BF
DC
DC
Coso
=
=
=
BF : Buoyancy factor
MW : Mud weight, ppg
DC
lenght
: Drill collars length, ft
WOB : Desired weight on bit, lb (x1000)
Weight
DC
: Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
o: well inclination
Development Phase
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Neutral Point of Bending
Buckling occurs only below the neutral point of bending,
which is defined as the point where the average of the
radial and tangential stress in the string equal the axial
stress.
The neutral point of bending occurs where the effective
hydrostatic force equals the compressive force in the
drillstring.
_
string
WOB
H
Buoyed WT
=
H: Height of neutral point, ft
WOB: Weight on bit, lb
Buoyed_WT
string
: Buoyed weight of drill string, lb/ft
If the hole is inclined, the buoyed weight must be reduced
by a factor equal to the cosine of the well inclination
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Weight on Bit
For vertical holes, the maximum weight on bit available
can be calculated as follows:
max
0.85
DC DC
WOB L Wt BF =
WOB
max
: Available weight on bit, lb
L
DC
: Length of drill collars, ft
WT
DC
: Air weight of drill collars, lb/ft
BF: Buoyancy Factor
Development Phase
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Weight on Bit
For inclined holes, the maximum weight on bit available can be
calculated as follows:
1. Calculate the available weight on bit provided by the drill collars
2. Calculate the maximum available WOB provided by the HWDP
3. Calculate the critical force to buckle the HWDP
4. Calculate the critical force to buckle the drill pipe
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 2 2
_
max_ _
1617
HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
HWDP critc
hole of HWDP
OD ID BF OD ID Sin
F
D OD
u
=
( )
DC DC DC
WOB L Wt BFCos u =
( )
HWDP HWDP HWDP
WOB L Wt BFCos u =
( ) ( )
( )
4 4 2 2
_
max_ _
1617
pipe pipe pipe pipe
DP crit
hole of pipe
OD ID BF OD ID Sin
F
D OD
u
=
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Weight on Bit
For inclined holes, the maximum weight on bit
available can be calculated as follows:
5. If WOB
HWDP
+F
DP crit
>F
HWDP crit
Then the maximum
allowable weight on bit is given by the following:
6. If WOB
HWDP
+F
DP crit
<F
HWDP crit
Then the maximum
allowable weight on bit is given by the following:
7. The maximum WOB calculated above should be
reduced by a safety factor. Generally, a safety
factor of 85% is adequate.
max _ DC HWDP Crit
WOB WOB F = +
max _ DC HWDP DP crit
WOB WOB WOB F = + +
Development Phase
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Weight of BHA Required
Weight of drill collars required is estimated from the bit
specifications and formation classification.
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Tension
The design of the drill string for static tension loads
requires sufficient strength in the topmost joint of each
size, weight, grade and classification of drill pipe to
support the submerged weight of all the drill pipe plus
the submerged weight of the collars, stabilizers, and
bit.
This load may be calculated as follows:
( ) ( )
TEN DP DP DC DC
F L Wt L Wt BF = + (

Development Phase
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Tension Design Criteria
The difference between the calculated load F
TEN
and the
maximum allowable tension load represents the Margin of
Over Pull (M.O.P.)
Normally the designer will desire to determine the
maximum length of a specific size, grade, and inspection
class of drill pipe which can be used to drill a certain well.
By combining the above equations the following equation
results:
design TEN
MOP F F =
0.9
design yield
F F =
0.9
yield
DC DC
DP
DP DP
F MOP
L Wt
L
Wt BF Wt
=
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Burst
The drill pipe internal yield pressure can be calculated
as follows:
2
m
i
YWt
P
D
=
P
i
: burst pressure, psi
Y
m
: specified minimum yield strength, psi
Wt: pipe wall thickness, in
D: outside pipe diameter, in
Development Phase
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Collapse
Drill stem testing (DST) causes the most severe collapse
loading on the drill pipe.
API specifications for collapse resistance of drill pipe is
calculated assuming either transition, or plastic failure
based on the pipes D/t (diameter / wall thickness ratio).
The collapse resistance of drill pipe corrected for the
effect of tension loading may be calculated with the
following equation:
2
4 3
2
_ _
* _
avg
Z Z
R
Total Tensile load
Z
A Yield Strength
+
=
=
Effective Collapse Resistance under tension = R * Nominal plastic collapse resistance
A : Cross section area, sq. in
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Slip Crushing
The maximum allowable tension load must be
determined to prevent slip crushing.
1
2 2
1
2 2
H
T S S
S DK DK
S L L
(
| |
= + +
(
|
( \ .

H
S L
T
S
T T
S
=
S
H
: hoop stress, psi
S
T
: tensile stress, psi
D : outside diameter of pipe, in
K : lateral load factor on slips
L
S
: Length of slips, in
T
S
: tension from slip crushing
T
L
: tensile load in string
Development Phase
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Pipe Torsion
Torsion only
Drill pipe torsional yield strength when subject to pure
torsion is given by the following:
Torsion and Tension
When drill pipe is subject to both torsion and tension,
as is the case during drilling operations, the minimum
torsional yield strength under tension is given as
follows
0.096167
m
JY
Q
D
=
( )
4 4
32
J D d
t
=
Q : minimum torsional yield strength, ft-lb
J : polar moment of inertia
D: Pipe OD, in
d: Pipe ID, in
Y
m
: minimum unit yield strength, psi
2
2
2
0.096167
t m
J P
Q Y
D A
=
Q
t
: minimum torsional yield strength under tension, ft lb
P : total load in tension, lbs
A : cross-sectional area, sq. in
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Fatigue
The most common type of drill pipe failure is fatigue wear. It
generally occurs in dog legs where the pipe goes through
cyclic bending stresses.
These stresses occur because the outer wall of the pipe in a
dog leg is stretched and creates a greater tension load.
Fatigue damage from rotation in dog legs is a significant
problem if the angle is greater than some critical value.
The maximum permissible dogleg severity for fatigue
damage consideration can be calculate with the following
equations:
( )
432,000 tanh
b
KL
C
EDKL
o
t
=
T
K
EI
=
C : maximum permissible dogleg severity, / 100 ft
E : Youngs modulus, psi (30*10
6
psi for steel and 10.5*10
6
psi for
aluminium
D : drill pipe outer diameter, in
L : half the distance between tool joints, 180 in for Range 2 pipe, in
T : tension below the dog leg, lb
o
b
: maximum permissible bending stress, psi
I : drill pipe moment of inertia
( )
4 4
64
D d
t

Development Phase
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Critical Rotary Speeds
Transverse Vibration
The approximate critical rotary speeds which induce
nodal (transverse) vibration can be calculated using the
following shown below.
Axial Vibration
The approximate critical rotary speeds which induce
pendulum or spring (axial) vibration can be calculated
using the following shown below.
2 2
2
476000
_ Critical RPM D d
L
= +
258000
_ Critical RPM
L
=
L : total length of string, ft
L : total length of one pipe, ft
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Drill String Design Process
Development Phase
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Heavy Walled Drill Pipe
Same OD as standard drill pipe but reduced
inner diameter
Has an extra Tool joint.
Used between DP and DC to provide a smooth
transition between the section moduli of drill
string.
Centre wear pad acts as stabiliser increasing
overall stiffness
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Stabilisers
Tools placed above Bits and along BHA to control:
Dogleg severity
Hole Deviation
Differential sticking
Provides extra stiffness to the BHA .
-centralization and improved Bit performance.
Types
Rotating Stabilisers-include integral blade, sleeve and
welded blade stabilisers.
Non-Rotating Stabilisers-
Comprise of Rubber Sleeve and Mandrel.
Used to prevent reaming of hole walls during drilling
operations
Protect Drill collars from wall contact wear.
Development Phase
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Reamers
Used where High torque ,swelling or abrasive
formations are encountered.
To replace near bit and first string stabilisers
with a roller reamer with either 3 or 6 cutter
sets.
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Drilling Jars
Jars are a mandrel within a sleeve that provide upward or downward
power blows to a stuck drill string
Types
Mechanical Jars
-Preset Load causing jar to trip
-Sensitive to load and not time
-Free end of mandrel is in a hammer form striking an anvil.
Hydraulic Jars
-Hydraulic fluid to control firing of the jar.
-Sensitive to load and time.
Bumper Jars
-Free travel to assist in engaging a fish
Development Phase
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Drill Bits
What is a bit ?
Cutting or boring element used in drilling wells that comprises of
circulating and cutting elements
Objective
Deliver lowest cost/ft
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Bit Types
Rotary drilling bits usually are classified according
to their design
Drag or Fixed cutter
Natural Diamond/TSP
PDC
Impregnated
Roller Cone
Milled tooth
Insert
F
ix
e
d
c
u
t
te
r
R
o
t
a
r
y
d
ri
ll
in
g
b
it
s
R
o
l
le
r
c
o
n
e
E
a
r
l y
ro
l
l
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c
u
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te
r
E
a
rl
y
f
is
h
t
a
i
l
Development Phase
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Drag or Fixed cutter bits consist of fixed cutter
blades that are integral with the body of the bit
and rotate as a unit with the drillstring.
Rolling cutter bits have two or more cones
containing the cuttings elements, which rotate
about the axis of the cone as the bit is rotated
at the bottom of the hole.
Bit Types
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Bit Selection Considerations
Formation characteristics should be studied in detail to assess the type
of cutting structure required to successfully drill the formation.
The existence of abrasive and hard minerals such as chert or pyrite
nodules should be identified.
Gauge protection (which determines the final hole size) is particularly
critical in abrasive formations
Drilling fluid details and well bore profile
Development Phase
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Bit Selection Considerations
When drilling directional wells the Directional Contractor shoul d be asked
to provide an assessment of the required BHA changes.
In addition bit characteristics in terms of walk, build and drop tendencies
will need to be assessed for their impact on the well path.
When drilling soft shale sections where the major limitations on ROP is
bottom hole and cutter cleaning, the use of centre jet, extended jets or
lateral jet bits should be considered.
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Roller Cone Bits
Made up of (usually) three equal -sized cones
and three identical legs which are attached
together with a pin connection. Each cone is
mounted on bearings which run on a pin that
forms an integral part of the bit leg.
The three legs are welded together and form
the cylindrical section which is threaded to
make a pin connection. The pin connection
provides a means of attachment to the drill
string.
Each leg is provided with an opening for fluid
circulation. The size of this opening can be
reduced by adding nozzles of different sizes.
Nozzles are used to provide constriction in
order to obtain high jetting velocities
necessary for efficient bit and hole cleaning.
Mud pumped through the drillstring passes
through the bit pin bore and through the
nozzles.
Development Phase
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Roller Cone Bits
Types
Milled tooth bits: The cutting
structure is milled from the steel
making up the cone
Insert bits: The cutting structure
is a series of inserts pressed into
the cones.
Steel-tooth bits
Insert bits
Formation hardness
Soft
Hard
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Roller Cone Bits
Development Phase
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Roller Cone bits-Cutting Action
Soft Formation :
Gouging-Scrapping
Most aggressive
cutting action
Typically high ROP
Applications
Hard Formations:
Chipping-Crushing
Most durable cutting
action
Low ROP applications
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Design Factors
Directly influence the type of cutting action
Journal angle
Offset between cones
Cone profile angle
Development Phase
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Skew angle, or offset, and cone shape
cause cones to periodically stop rotating
as the bit turns. As a result, cutting
structures slide on the bottom of a hole
and scrape the formation.
Offset angles vary from 5 for soft
formations to zero in hard formations.
Bits for soft formations use longer
cutting structures with cone-offset
angles that reduce true rolling motion.
Short cutters on cones that roll more
generate crushing action in hard
formations.
Crushing Gouging and scraping
Low skew (0) High skew (5)
Direction
of rotation
Gauge
True
rolling at
all points
Gauge
Cone
contour
departs
from true
rolling
motion
Journ
al
angle
Design Factors
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Milled tooth bits
Milled tooth bit design depends on the geometry of the cones and the bit
body and geometry and composition of the cutting elements (teeth).
The geometry of the cones and of the bit body depend on:
Journal Angle
Cone Profile
Offset Angle
The geometry and composition of the teeth depend on:
Journal Angle
Angle of Teeth
Length of Teeth
Number of Teeth
Spacing of Teeth
Shape of Teeth
Tooth Hard facing
Development Phase
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Journal Angles
The bit journal is the bearing load-
carrying surface.
The journal angle is defined as
the angle formed by a line
perpendicular to the axis of the
journal and the axis of the bit
The magnitude of the journal
angle directly affects the size of
the cone; the size of the cone
decreases as the journal angle
increases.
The journal angle also determines
how much WOB the drill bit can
sustain; the larger the angle the
greater the WOB. The smaller the
journal angle the greater is the
gouging and scraping actions
produced by the three cones.
The optimum journal angles for
soft and hard roller cone bits are
33 degrees and 36 degrees,
respectively.
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Cone Profile
The cone profile determines the durability of the drill bit.
Cones with flatter profile are more durable but give lower
ROP, whilst a rounded profile delivers a faster ROP but is
less durable
Development Phase
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Cone Offset
The degree of cone offset (or skew angle) is
defined as the horizontal distance between the
axis of the bit and a vertical plane through the
axis of the journal.
A drill bit with zero offset has the centre lines of
the three cones meeting at the centre of the drill
bit. Skew angle is an angular measure of cone
offset.
A cone with zero offset has a true rolling action as
the cone moves in a circle centered at the cone
apex and bit centre.
The amount of offset is directly related to the
strength of rock being drilled.
Soft rocks require a higher offset to produce
greater scraping and gouging actions.
Hard rocks require less offset as rock breakage is
dependent on crushing and chipping actions
rather than gouging.
Cone offset increases ROP but also increases
tooth wear, especially in the gauge area, and
increases the risk of tooth breakage.
Low skew (0) High skew (5)
Direction
of rotation
Gauge
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Tooth angle and length
As shown, drill bits can have
slender and long teeth or short
and stubby teeth.
The long teeth are designed to
drill soft formations with low
compressive strength where the
rock is more yielding and easily
penetrated.
Soft
formation
s
Soft-to-
medium
formations
Medium-
to-hard
formation
s
Hard
formation
s
43A
53
63
73
51
53A
83
51A
61
52A
62 62A
Cemented-carbide microstructure
10
Development Phase
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Tooth angle and length
Penetration is achieved by applying weight on bit (WOB) which forces the
teeth into the rock by overcoming the rock compressive strength.
Rotation of the bit helps to remove the broken chips.
Harder rocks have high compressive strength and can not be easily
penetrated using typical field WOB values.
Hard rock bits therefore have much shorter (and more) teeth with a
larger bearing area., therefore the short teeth will be less likely to break
when they are subjected to drilling loadings.
The teeth apply load over a much larger area and break the rock by a
combination of crushing, creation of fractures and chipping. The teeth are
not intended to penetrate the rock, but simply to fracture it by the
application of high compressive loads.
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Bearings
Major Bearing Types
Roller Bearing
Typically used in larger bit sizes
Referred to as Anti-friction bearings
Friction Bearing
Typically for smaller bit sizes
Referred to as Journal Bearings
Development Phase
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There are two bearing types, roller and friction (or journal).
Roller bearings may be sealed or unsealed whilst friction bearings are
always sealed.
In roller bearings, the loads applied to the cutting structure is
transmitted to the journal through a series of rollers.
There may be one, two or three of these roller races depending upon
the size of the bit.
Bearing life is affected by:
heavy reaming which reduces bearing life
directional effects which produce high side loadings
severe Drillstring and bit vibrations
Bearings
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Bearings
Functions:
Support Radial Loads
Support thrust or axial loads
Secure cones on legs
Development Phase
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Antifriction bearings
Roller bearings carry most of the loads, and ball
bearings inserted through a hole in the journal hold
cones in place. A thrust face and friction pin carry
nose loads and stabilize the bearings.
Seals keep grease inside bearings, and prevent mud
and solids from entering.
Grease reservoirs in the lugs ensure lubrication. There
is no pressure differential across the seals, and
hydrostatic pressure is transferred through a
diaphragm to equalize pressure between the bearings
and borehole.
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Antifriction bearings
Development Phase
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Friction Bearings
Bearings without antifriction rollers are durable and
handle high weights because loads are distributed over a
larger bearing area.
Floating beryllium-copper bushings dissipate heat and
reduce relative velocities between journals and cones.
Silver plating acts as a solid lubricant to further reduce
friction and wear.
Radial elastomer seals are used because they require less
compression than round seals and do not generate as
much heat.
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Friction Bearings
Development Phase
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Insert Bits
The design factors relating to cone offset, bit profile and cone profile
apply equally to insert bits.
The cutting structure of insert bit relies on using tungsten carbide
inserts which are pressed into pre-drilled holes in the cones of the bit.
The following relates to the various design features of inserts which are
designed to suit various rock types.
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Insert Number, Diameter, and Spacing
Soft insert bits have fewer and longer inserts to provide aggressive
penetration of the rock. Durable, hard formation bits have many, small
diameter inserts with limited protrusion.
Development Phase
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Insert Shape
For soft formation bits, the inserts have chisel shapes to provide
aggressive drilling action.
In soft, poorly consolidated formations the chisel shape is more efficient
at penetrating the formation than a more rounded conical shape.
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IADC Bit Classification for Roller Cone
Bits
Three code system for roller cone bits
The first code or digit defines the series classification relating to the
cutting structure. The first code carries the numbers 1 to 8.
For milled tooth bits, the first code carries the numbers 1 to 3, which
describes soft, medium and hard (and semi-abrasive or abrasive)
rocks respectively. This number actually signifies the compressive
strength of rock.
For insert bits, the first code carries the numbers 4-8.
The second code relates to the formation hardness subdivision within
each group and carries the numbers I to 4. These numbers signify
formation hardness, from softest to hardest within each series. The
second code is a subdivision of the first code (1 to 8)
Development Phase
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IADC Bit Classification for Roller Cone
Bits
The third code defines the mechanical features of the bit such as
non-sealed or sealed bearing. Currently there are seven
subdivisions within the third code:
1. Non-sealed roller bearing
2. Roller bearing air cooled
3. Sealed roller bearing
4. Sealed roller bearing with gauge protection
5. Sealed friction bearing
6. Sealed friction bearing with gauge protection
7. Special features - category now obsolete.
As an example, a code of 1-2-1 indicates:
Code 1: long, slim and widely spaced milled tooth bit
Code 2: medium soft formations (if this number was 4, then it
is hard soft formation)
Code 3: non-sealed bearings
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IADC Bit Classification
Development Phase
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Fixed Cutter Bits
Styles
PDC
Natural Diamonds
Impregnated
Terminology
PDC-Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
TSP-Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
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Fixed Cutter Bits
Development Phase
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Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)
Bits
A polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit employs no moving parts (i.e. there
are no bearings) and is designed to break the rock in shear and not in
compression as is done with roller cone bits.
Rock breakage by shear requires significantly less energy than in compression,
hence less weight on bit can be used resulting in less tear and wear on the rig and
drillstring.
A PDC bit employs a large number of cutting elements, each called a PDC cutter.
The PDC cutter is made by bonding a layer of polycrystalline man-made diamond
to a cemented tungsten carbide substrate in a high pressure, high temperature
process.
The diamond layer is composed of many tiny diamonds which are grown together
at random orientation for maximum strength and wear resistance
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PDC Terminology
Development Phase
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Bit Design Elements
The PDC design is affected by:
1. Body design: can either be steel-bodied or tungsten carbide (matrix)
2. Cutters Geometry
Cutters
Number of Cutters and spacing of cutters
Size of Cutters
Back Rake
Side Rake
3. Geometry of Bit
Number of Blades
Blade Depth
4. Diamond table
Composition
Shape
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PDC Bits Applications
PDC bits are typically useful for drilling long, soft to medium shale
sequences which have a low abrasivity. In such formations they typically
exhibit high ROP and extended life enabling entire sections to be drilled on
one run.
PDC bits are not usually appropriate for highly abrasive well cemented
sand sequences. When drilling tight siliceous formations the incidence of
PDC chipping and breaking is dramatically increased resulting in less than
expected ROP and bit life.
When drilling heterogeneous formations containing alternating shales and
or shale limestone sequences the use of hybrid PDC bits is encouraged.
This bit incorporates the use of back-up diamond studs behind the PDC
cutter.
When drilling mobile, plastic formations such as salt sections the use of
eccentric PDC bits should be considered. These bits have proved
successful in preventing incidence of stuck pipe
The use of bladed hybrid PDC bits is recommended for drilling hard
formations. The deep watercourse on these bits enable optimum fl uid flow
across the cutter to efficiently reduce the friction temperatures induced
Development Phase
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Diamond and TSP Bits
Diamond is the hardest mineral. Diamond also posses the highest
thermal conductivity of any other mineral allowing it to dissipate
heat very quickly. This is a desirable property from a cutting element
to prevent it from burning or thermal fracture due to overheating.
Diamond and TSP (thermally stable PDC) bits are used for drilling
hard and abrasive formations and particularly useful in turbine
drilling applications.
ROP's achieved with diamond bits are generally low due to the
nature of the formations that they are designed to drill. Due to their
fixed cutter design, greater endurance is achieved with diamond bits
as compared with similar formation rated insert bits.
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Diamond and TSP Bits
The cutting elements of a diamond bit consists of a large number of
small-sized diamonds geometrically distributed across a tungsten
carbide body.
The bit does not employ moving parts and is especially suited to
drilling hard and abrasive formations (such as quartzite) and when
longer bit runs are required to reduce trip times.
Diamond bits are manufactured as either drilling or coring bits.
Diamond bits comprise: natural diamond bits, TSP bits and
impregnated bits. They share several features:
similar profiles
common drilling mechanism grinding
hydraulics dominated by flow through waterways
application in hard and very hard formations, with corresponding
poor performance in soft rocks.
Development Phase
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Diamond Bit Terminology
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Impregnated Bits
Diamond-impregnated bits are specialized grinding wheels.
Dura-diamond technology provides options to handle any type of hard
formation. Special mixtures of diamonds and tungsten carbide were
developed to increase penetration rates and ensure longer bit life.
Matching matrix and diamond wear balances bit life and penetration
rate. If the matrix is too soft, diamonds are released before they
wear out, which shortens bit run time. If the matrix is too hard,
diamonds are not properly exposed and penetration rates are
reduced.
Development Phase
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Impregnated Bit Terminology
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Impregnated Bits
Three profiles are available (middle).
The most aggressive profile is a deep double cone (blue) for drilling
softer interbedded formations and horizontal sections
A rounded, shallow double cone (red) is used in intermediate- strength
formations.
A flatter rounded profile (green) is a general-purpose design for
harder, abrasive formations and angle-building sections of directional
wells.
Development Phase
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Drilling Mechanics
How do Bits drill ?
Roller Cone: Crushing
PDC: Shearing
Natural Diamond & Impregnated: Grinding
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Drilling Mechanics

Sonatrach Drilling Equipments

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Sonatrach Drilling Equipments

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Development Phase

September October 2005

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