TRNG I HC GTVT TP.

HCM
KHOA CONG TRNH
GV. NGUYEN THA
GV. NGUYEN THA

NH
NH

A
A

T
T
CNG TRNH TRN T YU
1. Mc ch v ngha mn hc
2. Ni dung mn hc: Gm 6 chng
3. Hnh thc nh gi mn hc: Thi trc nghim
4. Ti liu tham kho
M U
Chng 1 : c im v tnh cht c bn ca t t yu
Chng 2 : Trng thi ti hn ca t st c kt thng
v t ri
Chng 3 : Cac bien phap x l ket cau tren NY
Chng 4 : Cc dng m hnh nn v ng dng
Chng 5 : Cc gii php x l v gia c nn t yu
Chng 6 : t c ct
Chng 7: Mng su
NI DUNG MN HC
1.1 Khi nim v t yu
CHNG 1: C IM V TNH CHT C BN
CA T YU
Da vo cc ch tiu vt l:
Dung trng:
H s rng:
m:
Da vo cc ch tiu c hc:
Modun bin dng:
Gc ma st trong:
Lc dnh C:
Da vo cng nn n q
u
t th nghim nn n.
t rt yu:
t yu:
) / ( 17
3
m kN
1
0
e
(%) 40 W
) / ( 5000
2
0
m kN E
0
10
) / ( 10
2
m kN C
) / ( 25
2
m kN q
u

) / ( 50
2
m kN q
u

1.2 c im ca t yu
1.2.1 c im v s phn b t yu khu vc
thnh ph H Ch Minh
1.2.2. c im v s phn b t yu khu vc ng
bng sng Cu Long.
1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy
dng nh sau:

HUYN BNH
CHNH
T. TY NINH
Hnh 1.1: Phn b t TP. HCM v khu vc ln cn
- Vng A: Cc loi gc J3-K1
- Vng B: St, st pha ct
Ct pha st
- Vng C: St nho, bn st,
Bn ct pha st,
Bn st pha ct

T. BNH DNG
T. NG NAI
T. LONG AN
T. LONG AN
C-V
H. CN GI
C-II
H. NHA BE
B-I
Q. TH C
A
B-II
C-I
TP. HCM
B-II
C-III
C-III
C-III
C-III
C-IV
H. HC MN
B-II
B-II
H. C CHI
B-I
- Khu vc t tt, thun
li cho xy dng: mt
phn Q1, Q3, mt phn
Q9, Q10, mt phn Q12,
Q11, Tn Bnh, G Vp,
C Chi, Th c.
- Khu vc t yu, khng
thun li cho vic xy
dng: mt phn Q1, Q2,
Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8 , mt
phn Q9, Bnh Thnh,
Nh B, Bnh Chnh,
Cn Gi.
Phn b t yu
BSCL
- t ct mn bo ha nc, t ct ri
- t hu c v than bn
- t ln t (ln st)
- t trng n
1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy
dng nh sau:
1.3 Tnh cht ca t yu
1.3.1 Tnh bin dng ca t
- Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer):
My nn nn c kt
Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer)

Lc tc dng
thng qua cc qu
Mu t
bt
Dao vng
ng h o
chuyn v
M hnh nn mu t

e
0
e
1
p
2
p
1
e
2
ng cong nn ln
p

M
M
2
a tan
p
S
h
Quan h gia h s rng v lc tc dng
H s nn ln: m
2
/kN (cm
2
/kG).
dp
de
a =
1 2
2 1
1 2
1 2
tan
p p
e e
p p
e e
a

=
1
1
, 1

=
n n
n n
n n
P P
e e
a
H s nn ln tng i a
o
(h s nn th tch m
v
) (m
2
/kN)
1
1 e
a
a m
o v
+
= =
P
C
a
c
v
435 , 0
=
P = (P
trc
+ P
sau
)/2
Biu quan h e-P
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm
2
)
H
e

s
o

r
o
n
g

e
( )
1
1
, 1
, 1
1

=
n
n
n n
n n
e
h
h
e
( )
0
0
1 e
h
h
e +

=
e
n
= e
0
e
Tnh h s rng ng vi mi cp p lc
e
n
= e
n-1
e
n-1,n
Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm
2
)
Pressure
H
e

s
o

r
o
n
g

e
V
o
i
d

R
a
t
i
o
0.4
4.0
e
4.0
e
0.4
Ch s nn Cc
=

=
p
e
C
c
log
1
1
log log

=
n n
n n
p p
e e
1
1
log log

=
n n
n n
p p
e e
0 , 2
0 , 4
log
0 , 2 log 0 , 4 log
0 , 4 0 , 2 0 , 4 0 , 2
e e e e
C
c

=

=
Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm
2
)
Pressure
H
e

s
o

r
o
n
g

e
V
o
i
d

R
a
t
i
o
0.4
4.0
e
4.0
e
0.4
Ch s n Cs (Cr)
p
e
C
r
s
log

=
1
) 1 ( ) (
log log

=
n n
n r n r
p p
e e
1
) ( ) 1 (
log log

=
n n
n r n r
p p
e e
0 , 2
0 , 4
log
0 , 2 log 0 , 4 log
) 0 , 4 ( ) 0 , 2 ( ) 0 , 4 ( ) 0 , 2 ( r r r r
s
e e e e
C

=

=
Biu quan h e-p: nn, d ti v nn li
logp'
NG NEN
NG NEN LAI
NG N
e
p'
e
NG NEN
NG N
NG NEN LAI
Phng php 1 xc nh Pc
p lc tin c kt Pc
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.1 1.0 10.0
A p lc nen P (kG/cm
2
)
Pressure
H
e

s
o

r
o
n
g

e
V
o
i
d

R
a
t
i
o
1
2
Pc
3
4
A
Phng php 2 xc nh Pc
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.1 1.0 10.0
A p l c ne n P (kG/cm
2
)
Pressure
H
e

s
o

r
o
n
g

e
V
o
i
d

R
a
t
i
o
p
c
Pc
1
2
-T s tin c kt OCR (overconsolidation ratio):
p
c
: p lc tin c kt
p : ng sut hu hiu hin ti theo phng ng (ng
sut bn thn)
OCR = 1 : t c kt thng (NC)
OCR < 1 : t km c kt
OCR > 1 : t c kt trc (OC)
p
p
OCR
c
=
Xc nh h s c kt c
v
theo pp logt
H s c kt c
v
Phng php logt (Casagrandes method)
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Th i gian (phu t)
Time (min)
S
o

c

b
i
e

n

d
a

n
g

(
m
m
)
D
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

d
i
a
l

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

(
m
m
)
D
0
D
50
D
100
t
50
2
100 0
50
D D
D
+
=
50
2
197 , 0
t
H
c
v
=
( )
2 2
1
1 n n
H H
H
+
=

1
1 e
a c
k
w v
+
=

Xc nh h s c kt c
v
theo pp cn t
Phng php cn t (Taylors method)
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14
14.4
14.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cn t [ph]
S

c

b
i

n

d

n
g

[
m
m
]
t
90
D
90
90
2
848 , 0
t
H
c
v
=
x
1,15x
1
2
D
0
Modul tng bin dng ca t E (kN/m
2
)
- Xc nh modul bin dng t th nghim nn c kt
n n
n
n n
a
e
E
, 1
1
) , 1 (
1

+
=

=
1
2
1
2
- Theo kinh nghim th thng ly E
BN
= (2 6) E
TN
Tr s m khi h s rng e bng
Loi t
0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05
Ct pha st 4 4 3,5 3 2
St pha ct 5 5 4,5 4 3 2,5 2
St 6 6 5,5 5,5 4,5
Xc nh ln n nh
i
i
i i
n
i
h
e
e e
S
1
2 1
1
1+

=

=
i i oi
n
i
h p a S =

=1
i i
i
i
n
i
h p
E
S =

=

1
Ngoi ra cn c cc cng thc tnh ln da vo
ng nn ln e-logp.
Cho t c kt thng
h
e
e
S
0
1+

=
[ ]
o o c
p p p C e log ) log( + =

+
+
=
o
o c
p
p p
e
h C
S log
1
0

+
+
=

=
oi
i oi
n
i
i
i c
p
p p
e
h C
S log
1
1
0
Cho t c kt trc nng (po + p pc)
[ ]
o o s
p p p C e log ) log( + =

+
+
=
o
o
o
s
p
p p
e
h C
S log
1
Cho t c kt trc nh (po + p pc)

+
+
+
+
=
c
o
o
c
o
c
o
s
p
p p
e
h C
p
p
e
h C
S log
1
log
1
P
oi
: ng sut hu hiu trung bnh ban u ca lp th i
(ng sut bn thn p
oi
=
tb
= p
1
)
p
i
=
i
: Gia tng /s thng ng ca lp th i (/s gy ln)
e
0
: h s rng ng vi thi im trc khi xy dng cng
trnh, tc ng vi ng sut bn thn p
oi
Cc iu kin cn bng n nh:
< s : t trng thi n nh
= s : t trng thi cn bng gii hn
> s : khng xy ra trong t v t b ph
hoi trc khi t n ng sut .

s = tan + c
c

t dnh

s = tan

t ct

s = c
c
t st thun ty
Cc dng ca ng sc chng ct theo cc loi t
s = tan + c
s = tan + c
1.3.3 Sc chng ct ca t
Vng trn ng sut Mohr


s = tan + c
c

M
a
b

2

Bn knh

x
=
1

x
=
3
(
1

3
)/2
(
1
+
3
)/2
Vng trn ng sut Mohr

2 cos
2 2
3 1 3 1

+
+
=

2 sin
2
3 1

=
* Theo QPVN (TCXD 45-70, 45-78) : khu vc bin
dng do l b/4
- P
gh
= R (R
tc
R
II
)
(45-70)
h g
c
h b
g
P
gh



+ + +
+
= ) cot 25 , 0 (
2 / cot
c
g
g
h
g
b
g
P
gh
2 / cot
cot
1
2 / cot 2 / cot
25 , 0

+
+

+
+
+
+
=
) * ( c D h B b A m R
tc
+ + =
) * (
2 1
c D h B b A
k
m m
R
tc
II
+ + = (45-78)
1.3.4 Kh nng chu ti ca t yu
* Theo Prandtl , = 0
4.3.2.2 Phng php tnh da trn gi thuyt cn bng
gii hn im

g c e g c h P
gh
cot
sin 1
sin 1
) cot (
tan

+
+ =
* Theo Terzaghi
- Mng bng: P
gh
= 0,5 N

b + N
q
h + N
c
c
- Mng trn, bk R: P
gh
= 0,6 N

R + N
q
h + 1,3 N
c
c
- Mng vung cnh b: P
gh
= 0,4 N

b + N
q
h + 1,3 N
c
c
N

, N
q
, N
c
: cc h s ph thuc vo
- Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)
- Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial compression test:
Undrained Unconsolidated, Undrained
Consolidated, Drained Consolidated).
- Th nghim nn n (Unconfined compression test)
- Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun (SPT)
- Th nghim xuyn tnh (CPT)
- Th nghim ct cnh (Vane test)
4.2.3 Cc phng php th nghim xc nh sc chng
ct ca t
My ct trc tip (my c)
* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)
My ct trc tip
* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

Tht c nh
Tht di ng
- Ct 3 mu t (dy 30 cm) cho 3 ln th nghim vi
3 cp ti trng khc nhau
- Cho my ct vi tc 1 mm/min n khi no mu
b ph hoi; ghi li gi tr () ng vi lc ng h o
ng lc ngang t gi tr max.
Quan h lc ct v p lc thng ng
- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php hnh hc
(kN/m
2
)
(kN/m
2
)
s = tan + c
c

- V biu quan h gia (kG/cm2) v (kG/cm2)
- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php bnh
phng cc tiu
( )
2
1 1
2
1 1 1
tan

=


= =
= = =
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
n

( )
2
1 1
2
1 1 1
2
1

=


= =
= = = =
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
c


- Xc nh gi tr c v bng hm LINEST trong
Excel
tan=LINEST(1:3,1:3,1)
=DEGREES(ATAN(tan))
c=IF ((1/3)*(( 1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3))>0,(1/3)*((1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3)),0)
Chuyn kt qu thp phn ca sang gi tr
Pht => =((-INT())*60
+ pht =>
=CONCATENATE(ROUND(,0),o,ROUND(pht,
0),)
Kt qu tnh ton c v bng Excel
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
A p l c tha ng ng (kPa)
L

c

c
a

(
k
P
a
)
KET QUA tg = 0.3992
= 2246'
C = 5.003 kPa
+ Ct (nn) nhanh khng c kt / Undrained
Unconsolidated (UU): Gi tr c
uu
v
uu
+ Ct (nn) nhanh c kt / UndrainedConsolidated
(CU): Gi tr c
cu
&
cu
; c v v p lc nc l rng u
+ Ct (nn) chm c kt / Drained Consolidated (CD):
Gi tr c v
* Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial Compression Test)
My nn ba trc
Mu t trong bung nn
Thit b gt mu
S th nghim nn ba trc
1 2 3 4
1
2 3
4
ng
du
Bm to
p lc
bung
7
8
5
6
9
10
a
b
c
e
d
34
- Van 1: dng thot nc khi c kt v n c ni vi ng
y mu.
- Van 2: c cc tc dng sau:
+ Dng cp nc t bnh nc vo bung.
+ Dng to o lc bung v kha gi p lc bung khi thc
hin cng ngh bm nhi bng bm quay tay
+ Trong giai on c kt, th nc trong mu thot ra, lm mu
co li. T lng nc trong bung gim, v khi nc s t
ng du chy xung, qua ng b, ri ng a qua van 2 vo bung.
+ ng a c tc dng gn vo van 34 cp nc lm bo ha
nc trong cc van 3, van 4 v ng di y b mu, ng ni vi
cap (m ca mu)
- Van 3, van 4:
+ 2 van ny c ng li trong giai an c kt
+ Khi tin hnh giai an ct 3 trc, ta s m 2 van 3 v 4, ng
thi kha van s 3 li.
+ Van 3 : o p lc nc l rng pha trn mu
+ Van 4 : o c p lc nc l rng pha di mu.
+ Hai van ny gp chung thnh p lc nc l rng van 34. T
ni ra u dy in tr o p lc nc l rng (trung bnh)
ca mu trong qu trnh ct 3 trc khng cho thot nc
Biu quan h ng sut
lch v bin dng
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %

n
g

s
u

t

l

c
h

(

1
-

3
)

k
P
a
* Th nghim UU
Th nghim UU thc hin
vi thi gian nhanh, khong
10-15 pht. lch ng sut
= 1 3 tng nhanh v
mu t khng kp thot
nc, khng o p lc nc
l rng u
f
nn kt qu ch
biu th theo ng sut tng.
Th nghim UU thch hp
cho loi t st bo ha
nc v sc chng ct ca
t ph thuc vo c
u
cn
u
nh.
Biu cc vng Mohr
0
20
40
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ng sut chnh (
1
+
3
)/2 kPa

n
g

s
u

t

c

t

(

1
-

3
)
/
2

k
P
a
* Th nghim CU
Th nghim CU thc hin sau khi cho mu c
kt di p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc
thot ra hon ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng
1

ng thi o p lc nc l rng uf.
Kt qu xc nh c thng s sc chng ct
hu hiu (c, ) v thng s tng (c
cu
,
cu
).
* Th nghim CU
0
50
100
150
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng
%

n
g

s
u

t

l

c
h

(

1
-

3
)

k
P
a
Biu quan h ng sut lch v bin dng
Quan h gia p lc nc l rng v bin dng
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng

p

l

c

n

c

l

n
g
k
P
a
Biu cc vng Mohr
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
ng sut chnh (

1
+

3
)/2 kPa

n
g

s
u

t

c

t

(

1
-

3
)
/
2

k
P
a
* Th nghim CD
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
ng sut chnh (

1
+

3
)/2 kPa

n
g

s
u

t

c

t

(

1
-

3
)
/
2

k
P
a
Biu cc vng Mohr
Th nghim CD thc hin sau khi cho mu c kt di
p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc thot ra hon
ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng 1 vi tc chm m
bo p lc nc l rng khng thay i. Kt qu xc nh
c thng s sc chng ct hu hiu (c, ).
Phng php gii tch ton hc (pp bnh phng cc
tiu) xc nh c, trong th nghim 3 trc

sin
cot 2
3 1
3 1
=
+ +

g c

+ +

+ =
2
45 2
2
45
2
3 1


o o
tg c tg
b a + =
3 1

+ =
2
45
2

o
tg a

+ =
2
45 2

o
tg c b
o
a artg 90 2 =
a
b
c
2
=
2
1
3
1
2
3
1 1
3 1
1
3 1

=


n n
n n n
n
n
a


2
1
3
1
2
3
1 1
3 1 3
1
1
1
2
3

=


n n
n n n n
n
b


* Th nghim nn n (Unconfined Compression Test)
- Mu t c dng hnh trc, chiu cao bng 2 ln
ng knh, c nn thng ng khng c p lc
xung quanh. Sc chu nn n (1 trc) l p lc nn
ln mu lc b trt, q
u
.
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc hay lc dnh khng
thot nc c
u
= q
u
/2. Gc ma st trong
u
= 0
0
. Th
nghim ph hp vi t st bo ha hon ton
(
u
= 0
0
).
Vng Mohr trong th nghim nn n

u
=0
q
u

max
=c
u
* Th nghim xuyn tnh CPT
(Cone Penetration Test)
- Da vo sc khng xuyn q
c
, xc nh gc ma st
trong ca t ct
() su
q
c
(10
5
Pa)
2 m
5 m v su
hn
10 28 26
20 30 28
40 32 30
70 34 32
120 36 34
200 38 36
300 40 38
- Da vo sc khng xuyn q
c
, xc nh lc dnh khng
thot nc ca t st
: ng sut bn thn ca t nn ti im ang xt
A : din tch mi xuyn (10 cm
2
)
A
q
c
c
u

=
t ri
* Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun SPT
(Standard Penetration Test)
N (SPT) Trng thi
Gc ma st
trong
< 4 Rt ri < 30
0
4 10 Ri 30
0
35
0
11 30 Cht va 35
0
40
0
31 50 Cht 40
0
45
0
> 50 Rt cht > 45
0
t dnh
N (SPT) Trng thi
Sc chu nn n q
u
(bar-kG/cm
2
)
< 2 Rt mm (nho) < 0,2
2 4 Mm (do nho) 0,2 0,5
5 8 Rn va (do mm) 0,5 1
9 15 Rn (do cng) 1 2
16 30 Rt rn (na cng) 2 4
> 30 Cng > 4
> 50 Rt cng
* Th nghim ct cnh ch thp (Shear Vane Test)
d
d d
h d M
xoay
3
2
4 2
2

+ =

+
= =
h
d
h d
M
c s
xoay
u u
3
1
2
2

- o moment tc ng t trc xoay M, khi mu

t b trt th:
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc:
Bi tp chng 1
2.1 Cc tnh cht trong th nghim nn 3 trc
CHNG 2: TRNG THI TI HN

H 2.1 Ph hoi gin (t cng)

H 2.2 Ph hoi chy do
H 2.3 Ph hoi ca t qu yu
S thay i din tch v th tch :

L
P
- Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t
thay i theo ti trng nn nh sau :
0
0
1
1
h
h
V
V
A A
o

=
- Nu th nghim khng thot nc V = 0
0
0
1
h
h
A
A

=
=

0
h
h gi l bin dng tng i.
Vng trn ng sut Mohr


s = tan + c
c

M
a
b
2.2 Phn tch ng sut da vo vng trn Mohr
2
' '
3 1
+
2
' '
3 1


2

Bn knh

x
=
1

x
=
3
(
1

3
)/2
(
1
+
3
)/2
Vng trn ng sut Mohr

2 cos
2 2
3 1 3 1

+
=

2 sin
2
3 1

=
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut hu hiu:
lch ng sut: q =
1

3
Bt bin ng sut: s = 1/2 (
1
+
3
)
t = 1/2 (
1
-
3
)
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut tng:
ng sut tng:
1
=
1
+ u

3
=
3
+ u
lch ng sut: q = q
Bt bin ng sut: s = s + u
t = t
2.3 L trnh ng sut (ng ng sut) stress path
trong th nghim nn 3 trc
2.3.1 L trnh ng sut trong h trc (
1
/
3
),
1
/
3
1
1
3
3
3
1 1/
3 /
ESP : ng
ng sut c hiu
(effective stress
path)
TSP : ng
ng sut tng
(total stress path)
2.3.2 L trnh ng sut trong h trc t/s( t/s)
s = 1/2 (
1
+
3
)
t = 1/2 (
1

3
)
'

C
S
L
ng ng sut khi
tng ti c thot nc
CSL : Critical state line
Cc ng ng sut tng v c hiu khi tng
ti khng thot nc
3
1
1
3
C
S
L

2.3.3 L trnh ng sut trong h trc q/ p (q/p)

3
1
3
C
S
L
Cc ng ng sut trong trc ta q/p
- ng sut trung bnh : p = 1/3(
1
+
2
+
3
)
= 1/3(
1
+ 2
3
)
- lch ng sut: q = (
1
-
3
)
p = p + u
f
q = q
- Khi tng
1
th ng tng ng sut (TSP) l C -> SD
c dc 1/3
- Khi mu t khng thot nc trong lc ch tng
1
,
p lc nc l rng tng t 0 ln u
f
v ng ng sut
c hiu ESP l C -> SU.
- ng bao ph hoi hay ng ng sut cc hn c
th xc nh tng ng vi cc gi tr q v p ti lc
ph hoi: q
f
= M p
f
- Quan h gia M v gc ma st trong tng ng xc
nh bi ng bao ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb hay
ng CSL; t vng trn Mohr, khi c = 0
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
' sin
'
3
'
1
'
3
'
1

=
' sin 1
' sin 1
'
1
'
3

=
) 2 (
3
1
) (
'
3
'
1
'
3
'
1
'
'


+

= =
f
f
p
q
M
' sin 3
' sin 6
) ' sin 2 2 ' sin 1 (
) ' sin 1 ' sin 1 ( 3
' sin 1
) ' sin 1 ( 2
)
' sin 1
' sin 1
( 3
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
1

=
+ +
+ +
=
+

+
+

= M
M
M
+
=
6
3
' sin
- Theo l trnh ko:
3
>
1
do gi nguyn
3
gim
1
'
1
'
3
'
1
'
3
' sin

=
'
' sin 3
' sin 6
3
' 2
3
'
3
2
'
3
2
'
3
'
' sin p q
q
p
q
q
p
q
p
q
p
q
p

=
+

=
' sin 3
' sin 6
*

= M
q = M*p
*
*
6
3
' sin
M
M

=
- Theo l trnh nn:
1
>
3
do gi nguyn
1
gim
3
iu kin cn bng Mohr-Coulomb l:
' cot ' 2
' sin
'
3
'
1
'
3
'
1

g c + +

=
' cot ' 2
3
'
3
2
'
3
'
3
2
'
' sin

g c
q
p q p
q
p q p
+

+ +

+
=
( ) ( ) ' cot 2 ' ' cot ' 2 '
' sin 3
' sin 6

g c Mp M g c p q + = +

=
PT ng ti hn CSL ca t dnh: q = M (p+ccotg)
- ngha ca ng CSL: Dng nh gi s n nh
ca 1 im trong t nn da vo ng l trnh ng sut
khi ly mu t em v phng xc nh cc ng sut
1
&

3
. Nu nhng im SU, SD nm di ng CSL th mu
t n nh trong nn, ngc li im s b ph hoi .
2.4 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.1 t vn :
2.4.2 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.3 ng trng thi gii hn (CSL) v cc ng
ng sut khi cht ti trn nn t st c kt thng
(NC) trong cc h trc p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v
- Phng trnh ng ng sut ti hn ( CSL)
H 2.10a, h trc q/p: q = M p
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp:
'
ln
f
p v =
: gi tr th tch ring v trn ng CSL ti p = 1kN/m
2
Cc ng ng sut trong h ta p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v

3
1
C
S
L
3
- Phng trnh ng c kt thng (NCL):
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp:
' ln p N v =
- Hai ng NCL v CSL song song nhau nn bng nhau

v
Lnp
f

=
'

V
f
e p

=
'
- Vy pt ng c kt thng NCL trong h trc p/q :
) exp( ' '

v
M Mp q

= =
(v = 1 + e), (v
c
= 1 + e
c
: do), (v
f
= 1 + e
f
: ph hoi)
v: th tch ring)
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CU) trong h ta p/ q/ v
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CD)
trong h ta p/ q/ v
2.4.4 Cc mt gii hn khng b ko, mt Hvoslev v
mt Roscoe

1
T
S
C
q/ q
e
p/ p
e
3
O
M
1
Mt Roscoe
Mt Hvorslev
Mt khng chu ko

3
=0
H
1
g
Cc mt bin trng thi ti hn
p
v
N

v
k
ng nn: v = N-Lnp
ng n: v = v
k
NCL
CSL
SL

1
1

Ln
= dc ng nn
= dc ng n (h ta Lnp/v) = c
s
/2,3
- Mt gii hn khng b ko (OT): q = 3 p l mt
gii hn v t khng b ko

V
e

- Mt Hvoslev (TS): q = H p + (M H) exp[( -V)/]
l mt ng vi mu t c cng h s rng vi mt
Roscoe nhng h s OCR > 2,5 (t c kt trc)
- Phng trnh ng Hvorlev c dng:
' exp ' hp
v N
g q +

- Ti S, im giao vi mt Roscoe, phng trnh mt

Hvorslev c dng :
( ) ' exp ' hp
v
h M q +

S ba chiu ca ton b mt bin trng thi ti hn

q
p
v
S
T
v
v
T
S
S
N
N
N
T
SS: ng trng thi ti hn
NN: ng c kt thng
VVTT: Mt gii hn khng
b ko
TTSS: Mt Hvorslev
SSNN: Mt Roscoe

2.4.6 bn sc chng ct ca ct v c trng bin dng

O
Ct ri

n
g

s
u

n
h

Ct cht

-V
Ct ri
Ct cht
+V
Co ngt
(gim)
N (tng)

n
g

s
u

t

c

c

h

n

3.1 M hnh nn bin dng cc b (cho t yu)
CHNG 3: CC DNG M HNH NN
M hnh nn 1 thng s
3.1.1 M hnh nn 1 thng s: Cz
h

=

D
f
N
h

=

D
f
N
s
C
z
= f (z,F,t)
( )
0
0
2
1
P
P
F
b a
C C
z

+
+ =
Theo Vesic:
( )
2
0
0
1
=
b
E
C
z
Theo Terzaghi:
- i vi t ri
2
3 , 0
2
3 , 0

+
=
b
m b
C C
m z z
- i vi t dnh
b
m
C C
m z z
3 , 0
3 , 0
=
Quan h P-S th nghim bn nn hin trng
S
0
S
P P
Vi C
z 0.3m
l h s nn khi th nghim bn nn hin
trng (C
z
= P/S, bn nn c ng knh = 0,3m)
S
P
C k
z
= =
3.1.2 M hnh nn 2 thng s: Cz v Cx
S
N
H

P(x) = Cx
Px = H/F

=
F
H
C
x
- Nu F > 50 m
2
Cx = 0,7 Cz
- Nu F 50 m
2
0
0
) ( 2
1 7 , 0
P
P
F
b a
C C
x

+
+ =
3.1.3 M hnh nn 3 thng s: Cz ,Cx v C
J
M
C

S
N
H
M

- Nu F > 50 m
2
Cx = 0,7 Cz
- Nu F 50 m
2
J: moment qun
tnh ca mng
( )
0
0
3 2
1
P
P
F
b a
C C

+
+ =

3.2 Cc m hnh lu bin

3.2.1 nh ngha: L cc m hnh din t s tng
quan gia ng sut (hoc lc Q) v bin dng
(hoc l)
an hoi
(Q)
0
(Q)
(l)
an hoi
deo
0
(l)
trt
(Q)
0
Prandtl
(Q)
(l)
Saint - Vernant
Vat the deo cng
0
(l)
an - deo
c
c
(Q)
0
(l)

a
n

-

d
e
o

t
a
n
g

t
i
e
n
c
c
Vat lieu don
at - nen mong Kim loai - Ket cau thep
Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng
3.2.2 Cc m hnh lu bin c bn
a) M hnh n hi (l xo = clastic spring)
hoac

=
E
.

0


E,K
E,K
(l)
Q

(nen hay keo)
M hnh n hi
Phng trnh trng thi:
= E
hay Q = E l
b) M hnh nht (ng nhn = Dash pot): L m hnh
xt n tnh nht ca vt liu, c xt n thi gian.
M hnh nht
Phng trnh trng thi:

0
d/dt

dt
d
=

=
c) M hnh do (ngm trt): L m hnh xt n tnh
do ca vt liu
M hnh nht
Q K (trt, chy)
Q < K (l = 0)

0 = K
l
Q()
3.2.3 Cc m hnh n - nht tuyn tnh
M hnh Kelvin
=
E
+

=
E
=

a) M hnh Kelvin: Da trn th nghim n hi, th

nghim nht xy ra ng thi (mc song song,
i
=
const;
i
= f(t) )
E =

=

+ = E
M hnh Maxwell
=
E
=

=
E
+

b) M hnh Maxwell: Dng nghin cu s chng

ng sut (M hnh mc ni tip,
i
= const;
i
= f(t).)
E

3.2.4 Cc m hnh n - do
M hnh n-do; mc ni tip
Lc:
Q = Q
E
= Q
K
Chuyn v:
q = l = q
E
+ q
K
a) Mc ni tip

K
Q()
QE
E
QK
M hnh n-do; mc song song
Lc:
Q = Q
E
+ Q
K
Chuyn v:
q = l = q
E
= q
K
b) Mc song song:
K
Q()
QE
E
QK
3.2.5 Cc m hnh n - nht - do
M hnh n-nht-do
K

E0
E
E1
K
E2

3.3 Cc dng m hnh lu bin khc tnh ton nn mng
Mt s m hnh lu bin

E

Terzaghi Biot

E1
E2
Gibon
Schiffman

Taylor

XDDD - CN C - TL

(t TP.HCM v BSCL)
Bi tp chng 3
4.1 Khi nim v mng cc
CHNG 7: MNG SU
Nn ca mng cc
H cc
i cc
- Mng cc: Mng su
- i cc:
- H cc:
4.2.1 Theo vt liu cc
4.2 Phn loi mng cc
4.2.2 Theo kh nng chu ti
4.2.3 Theo chiu su t i
4.2.4 Theo c tnh chu lc
4.3 Cu to cc b tng ct thp

D
L
Ct thp dc

Ct thp ai
1-1,5D
150
1000 Mc cu, 16
6 a100
1000
6 a100
20,1m


D
L

A-A

Hp ni cc


A
A
Mi thp
Mi hn
on u cc
NI CC
Hnh 3.6 Cu to chi
tit cc v ni cc
h
h
THEP HOP AU COC TL : 1/10
3
5
0
3
5
0
8x350x180
1
8
0
=8mm TT
334xT8x8
35x35x8
T

32
3 3
23xT3xT
(CHlLU C/O UONG H/N h=Tmm) fY lL T]T
CHl flLf B/N fHLP /U COC

TT
25x25x8
32
T
Li thep 6
LI THEP AU COC TL : 1/10
58 50
5
8
5
0
3x3xT
4 4
fl :T]T
COC CBfT
35x35x8

COC CBf2
T2
CHl flLf B NOl COC CBfT & CBf2
fY lL :T]T
2x2xT2
T2
CHl flLf lUl COC
fl: T]T
4T8
T
2
3
lC 22
fl: T]T
HAN CHUM AU
T2
CHl flLf COC BLfONG CBfT
3
12
c5
cT 12
c2
2

T
fl : T]2
2T8
2T8
T8
T
11
cT
4
3 |Uc| lhep hcn c5 |cc| B
12
c5
T |Uc| lhep hcn 6a50
Bcn lhep ccU ccc
|cc| /
T |Uc| lhep hcn 6A50
3 |Uc| lhep hcn c5 |cc| B
Bc n lhe p ccU ccc
|cc | /
T2
CHl flLf COC BLfONG CBf2
3
14
c5
11
cT

fl : T]2
13
c2
2T8
2T8 T8

4
12
cT
3 |Uc| lhep hcn c5 |cc| B
14
c5
|cc| /
Bc n lhe p ccU ccc
T |Uc| lhep hcn 6a50
4.4 Trnh t tnh ton mng cc:
1. D liu tnh ton
- D liu bi ton v cc c tnh ca mng cc
- S liu ti trng (tnh ton)
- Chn vt liu lm mng: mc BT, cng thp,
tit din v chiu di cc (cm vo t tt > 1,5 m),
on neo ngm trong i cc (on ngm + p u
cc 0,5 0,6m); chn ct thp dc trong cc: v
R
a
.
S tnh ton mng cc
Qs
Qp
4
Ntt
Htt
Mtt
2. Kim tra mng cc lm vic i thp
E H
2
2
1
f a
p
D b K
FS
K
H

b K
FS
K
H
D
a
p
f

2
D
f
0,7 h
min
b
H
h

2
2
45 tan
0
min

=
K
p
= tan
2
(45
0
+ /2)
K
a
= tan
2
(45
0
- /2)
FS = 3 (p lc sau i
cha t trng thi b
ng)
b : cnh ca y i theo
phng vung gc vi H
3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc Pc
- Theo vt liu lm cc
Q
a
= (R
b
A
b
+ R
a
A
a
)
v = 2
v = 0,7
v = 0,5











u cc ngm trong
i v mi cc nm
trong t mm











u cc ngm trong
i v mi cc ta
trong t cng hoc











u cc ngm trong
i v mi cc ngm
trong

* Cc khoan nhi, cc barrette, cc ng nhi btng
Q
a
= (R
u
A
b
+ R
an
A
a
)
R
u
: cng tnh ton ca b tng
R
u
= R/4,5; R
u
6 MPa: khi btng di nc, bn
R
u
= R/4; R
u
7MPa: khi btng trong h khoan kh
R : mc thit k ca b tng
R
an
: cng tnh ton cho php ca ct thp
< 28mm, R
an
= R
c
/1,5; R
an
220 MPa.
- Theo iu kin t nn:
+ Theo ch tiu c hc
p
p p
s
s s
p
p
s
s
a
FS
q A
FS
f A
FS
Q
FS
Q
Q + = + =
FS
s
: h s an ton cho thnh phn ma st bn; 1,5 2,0
FS
p
h s an ton cho sc chng di mi cc; 2,0 3,0
FS : h s an ton chung, chn 2 3
FS
q A f A
FS
Q Q
FS
Q
Q
p p s s p s
u
a
+
=
+
= =
Thnh phn chu ti do ma st xung quanh cc Q
s
f
s
= c
a
+
h
tan
a
= c
a
+ K
s

v
tan
a
c
a
,
a
= c, : cc ng, p btng ct thp
c
a
,
a
= 0,7[c, ] : cc thp (bng 3.28/213).
K
s
= K
0
= 1 - sin (t)
K
s
= 1,4 K
0
(khi t nn b nn cht do ng cc)

= =
1
s
K OCR K
s
) sin 1 ( =
Thnh phn sc chu mi ca t di mi cc Qp
* Phng php Terzaghi:
q
p
= 1,3 c N
c
+ h N
q
+ 0,6 r
p
N

(r
p
: b/knh cc trn)
q
p
= 1,3 c N
c
+ h N
q
+ 0,4 d N

(d: cnh cc)

Nc , Nq , N : h s sc chu ti, xc nh theo Terzaghi,
bng 3.5/174. D
f
=
v
* Phng php Meyerhof:
q
p
= c N
c
+ q N
q
N
c
, N
q
: xc nh t biu 3.28/178
* TCXD 205-1998:
q
p
= c N
c
+
v
N
q
+ d N

+ Theo ch tiu vt l
Q
a
= km (R
p
A
p
+ u f
si
l
i
) (21-86)
km = 0,7 : cc chu nn; km = 0,4 : cc chu nn
Q
tc
= m
R
q
p
A
p
+ u m
f
f
si
l
i
(205-1998)
k
Q
Q
tc
a
=
k =1,4 1,75
=> Chn Pc = min (P
vl
; P
n
)
m
R
, m
f
: h s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc
m bn hng cc, bng 3.18/201.
R
p
: sc chu ti n v din tch ca t di mi cc,
bng 3.19/201.
f
si
: lc ma st n v gia t v cc, bng 3.20/202
Q
tc
= m (m
R
q
p
A
p
+ u m
f
f
si
l
i
) (205-1998)
* Cc khoan nhi, barrette:
. t dnh, q
p
tra bng 3.25/204
. t ri, q
p
c tnh
q
p
= 0,75 ( d
p
A
k
0
+ L B
k
0
): cc nhi, cc
barrette, cc ng ly nhn.
q
p
= ( d
p
A
k
0
+ L B
k
0
): cc ng gi nguyn nhn
: trng lng ring ca t di mi cc
: trng lng ring ca t nm trn mi cc
Cc h s , , A
k0
, B
k0
tra bng 3.24/204.
N : S SPT
: S SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi cc v
4d trn mi cc. Nu > 60, khi tnh ton ly = 60; nu
>50 th trong cng thc ly = 50.
N
c
: gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t ri.
N
s
: gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t dnh.
A
p
: din tch tit din mi cc
L
c
: Chiu di cc nm trong lp t ri (m).
L
s
: Chiu di cc nm trong lp t dnh (m).
: Chu vi tit din cc (m).
W
p
: Hiu s gia trng lng cc v trng lng t b cc
thay th
+ Theo th nghim SPT (TCXD 195 )
N
Q
u
= q
p
A
p
+ f
s
A
s
+ Theo th nghim CPT
N
q
p
: cng chu mi cc hn ca t mi cc c xc nh
c
q
sc khng xuyn trung bnh ly trong khong 3d
pha trn v 3d pha di mi cc
f
s
: Cng ma st gia t v cc c suy t sc
khng mi chiu su tng ng
i
ci
si
q
f

=
=> Sc chu ti ca cc cui cng s ly theo kt qu th
nghim nn tnh hin trng.
c c p
q k q =
4. Chn s lng cc v b tr cc
=> b tr cc khong (3 6)d, cu to i c mp i
cch mp cc ngoi 100 150mm.
= 1,2 1,6
c

tt
c
tt
P
Q N
P
N
n
+
= =


5. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc (lc tc dng ln cc)

+ + =
2
i
max
tt
x
2
i
max
tt
y
tt
max
y
y M
x
x M
n
N
P

+ + =
2
i
i
tt
x
2
i
i
tt
y
tt
) y , x (
y
y M
x
x M
n
N
P
P
max
P
c
(Q
a
)
P
min
P
n
Pmin 0
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc lm vic trong nhm.
H s nhm :
P
nh
= n
c
Pc > N
tt
+ Q

n
1
: s hng cc
n
2
: s cc trong 1 hng
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc
s : khong cch gia cc cc

+
=
2 1
1 2 2 1
90
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
n n
n n n n

=
s
d
arctg
[deg]
6. Kim tra ng sut di mi cc (mng khi qui c)
F
qu
= L
qu
B
qu
= [(L - 2x) + 2 l
c
tan] [(B - 2y) + 2 l
c
tan]
y
tc
y
x
tc
x
qu
tc
qu
min max/
W
M
W
M
F
N
=

=

qu
Lqu
qu
Bqu
qu
tc
qu
L
e
B
e
F
N 6 6
1
min max/

e = M/N = (M
0
+ H h )/N
qu
tc
qu
tb
F
N

=
) Dc Bh Ab (
k
m m
R
II
*
qu
tc
2 1
II tb
+ + =

max
1,2 R
II

min
0
7. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
S Sgh = 8 cm
h p
tb gl
=
gl
z
gl
p k =
i
i
i i
n
i
n
i
i
h
e
e e
S S
1
2 1
1 1
1+

= =

= =
i i oi
n
i
h p a S =

=1
i i
oi
i
n
i
h p
E
S =

=

1
7. Kim tra chuyn v ngang ca cc
- Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
- Kim tra chuyn v ngang cho php
H P
ng
(P
ng
: sc chu ti ngang ca cc
3
0
1000 l
EJ
P
ng
ng

=

[T]

ng
= 1 cm: chuyn v ngang ti u cho php
EJ : cng ca cc
= 0,65 : khi cc ng trong t st
= 1,2 : khi cc ng trong t ct
l 0,7 d ; d [cm]: cnh hay ng knh cc.
9. Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng ca i
P
xt
P
cx
P
xt
= phn lc ca nhng cc nm ngoi thp
xuyn pha nguy him nht
P
cx
= 0,75 R
k
S
thp xuyn
10. Xc nh ni lc v b tr ct thp
- Tnh moment: dm conxn, ngm ti mp ct, lc
tc dng ln dm l phn lc u cc.
0 0
9 , 0 h R
M
h R
M
F
a
g
a
g
a
=

11. Mt s vn thi cng cc

- Tnh mc cu vn chuyn v thi cng cc

L
0,207L 0,207L 0,586L
M
max
= 0,0214 qL
2

0,293L
M
max
= 0,043 qL
2
- Nu cc ng th chn ba ng
E 25 Pc
5
+
E
q Q
- Thc t chn my p ti trng gp 2 ln P
tt
ca cc.
- Tnh chi thit k, e
tk
2 mm
k: h/s ng nht vt liu = 0,7; m: h/s k lm vic =
0,91; PS : sc chu ti cc n theo k t nn; Ap:
din tch tit din ngang cc; q: trng lng cc; Q:
trng lng ba (thng chn = 11,25Q); h: chiu cao
ri ba; n: h s = 15 kG/cm
2
cho cc BTCT, = 10
kG/cm
2
cho cc g khng m.
- chi thc t l ln trung bnh ca 10 nht ba
cui cng.
q Q
q Q
A n P
m k
P
h Q A n m k
e
p S S
p
tk
+
+

+
=
2 , 0
1
4.5 Cc chu ti trng ngang
(Theo TCXDVN 205-1998)

M
0
y
H
0

y
(kN/m
2
)
z
L
z
S lm vic ca cc chu ti trng ngang
S tc ng ca moment v ti ngang ln cc


H
M N
n

0
y
0
z
l
H
0
=1

HH

H M
z
M
0
=1

MH

M M
z
N
H
l
l
0
l
- p lc tnh ton
z
[T/m
2
]:

+ + =
1
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
1 0
D
I E
H
C
I E
M
B A y z
K
b bd b bd bd
e
bd
z

- Moment un Mz [Tm]:
3
0
3 0 3 0 3 0
2
D
H
C M B I E A Iy E M
bd
b bd b bd z

+ + =
- Lc ct Qz [T]
4 0 4 0 4 0
2
4 0
3
D H C M B I E A Iy E Q
bd b bd b bd z
+ + =
ze : chiu su tnh i, z
e
=
bd
z
le : chiu di cc trong t tnh i, l
e
=
bd
l

bd
: h s bin dng, bc : chiu rng qui c ca cc, d
0,8 m => bc = d + 1 m; d < 0,8 m => bc = 1,5d + 0,5 m
(TCXD 205-1998)
5
I E
Kb
b
c
bd
=
- Chuyn v ngang HH , HM, -MH , MM do cc
ng lc n v
0
3
1
A
I E
b bd
HH

=
0
2
1
B
I E
b bd
HM MH

= =
0
1
C
I E
b bd
MM

=
A0 , B0 , C0 , D0 tra bng 4.2/250
- Moment un v lc ct ca cc ti z = 0 (mt t)
H0 = H
M0 = M + H l0
- Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti z = 0 (mt t)
y0 = H0 HH +M0 HM
0 = H0 MH +M0 MM
- Chuyn v ngang ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y
i
I E
Ml
I E
Hl
l y
b b
n
2 3
2
0
3
0
0 0 0
+ + + =
- Gc xoay ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y i
I E
Ml
I E
Hl
b b
0
2
0
0
2
+ + =
* n nh nn xung quanh cc
( )
I I v
I
z
y
c tg

+
,
2 1
cos
4
v p
v p
M nM
M M
+
+
=
2

v : ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su z

I : trng lng ring tnh ton ca t
cI , I : lc dnh v gc ma st trong tnh ton ca t
: h s = 0,6 cho cc nhi v cc ng, = 0,3 cho cc cc
cn li
1 : h s = 1 cho mi trng hp; tr ct chn t,
chn nc = 0,7
2 : hs xt n t l nh hng ca phn ti trng
thng xuyn trong tng ti
Mp : moment do ti thng xuyn
Mv : moment do ti tm thi
n = 2,5, tr:
n = 4 cho mng bng
n = cng trnh quan trng, le < 2,5 ly n = 4; le > 2,5 ly
n = 2,5
4.6 Ma st m
4.6.1 Hin tng ma st m
- Khi t nn ln
xung ko cc ln
theo s to ra lc
ma st m tc dng
ln cc.
- Lc ma st m
ny c chiu i
xung lm tng lc
tc dng ln cc v
lm gim kh nng
chu ti ca cc.
f
s
> 0
z
N
f
s
> 0
f
s
< 0
Vng t
gy ra ma
st m
Q
p

Hin tng ma st m
4.6.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ma st m
- p ph ti ln nn t sau khi ng cc
- Cht ph ti ln nn nh khi s dng mng cc
- Cc i qu lp t yu l than bn m t nn cn
trong giai on ln (tc ln ca nn t ln hn
tc ln ca cc)
- Khai thc hoc h mc nc ngm.
4.6.3 Tnh ton ma st m
- Tnh ton ln ca t nn
i
i
i i
n
i
n
i
i
h
e
e e
S S
1
2 1
1 1
1+

= =

= =
i i
i
i
n
i
h p
E
S =

=

1
- Xc nh chiu su nh hng z (gy ra ma st m)
) 1 (
s
p
S
S
h z =
h: b dy lp t yu
S
p
: ln ca cc
S
s
: ln ca nn
- Tnh lc ma st m (fs < 0)
Q
NSF
= A
s
f
s
= U z f
s
4.6.4 Cc bin php ngn nga ma st m v chng ma
ma st m
- Khng cht ph ti ln nn c mng cc
- Khng san lp nn sau khi ng cc (Nu san lp
nn th phi tnh thi gian c kt ca t nn di
tc dng ca ti san lp ln ca t nn khng
gy nh hng ma st m ln cc)
- Khng khai thc, h mc nc ngm
- Dng h sn v cc b tng ct thp gim ti
chng ma st m