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Fundamentals of
Engineering Drawing
Prof. Luca Settineri
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The technical drawing
Graphic Language codified used to transmit the
detailed specifications of a product.
Material
Shape and geometry
Dimensions
Tolerances
Surface conditions
...
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An example
We want to represent with a technical design the following component:
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raccordo Through
hole
Shoulder
Keys side
Tapered part
Bevel
External
threading
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Orthographic Projections
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Back to our example:
x
y
z
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Imagine to position the part into a space delimited by three
projection orthogonal planes:
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We obtain three views of the part in orthographic projection.
P.V.
P.O.
P.L.
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In general, when we make two or more views in orthographic
projection of an object we imagine it enclosed into a cube.
Six views obtained from different planes take the name of:
Frontal view: from the a direction
Top view: from the b direction
Left view: from the c direction
Right view: from the d direction
Bottom view: from the e direction
Back view: from the f direction
UNI 3970
e
b
d
c
a
f
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Disposition of views: European method
(UNI 3970)
During the positioning of the different views of the part on the plane we have
used the European (or First Angle) method. The part is between the observer
and the projection square.
Symbol to indicate
the FA method
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a
e
d
b
c
f
(f)
e
d a c
f
b
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They are the only ones needed to single out the parts shape
They always report their own symmetry axes (mixed line)
If necessary hidden parts hidden may be visualized with a dotted line
Views:
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Internal parts (UNI 3971)
Projections give only an
external view, but they dont
indicate the internal objects
configuration. To visualize
internal parts, without
applying dotted lines, we can
use sections.
Section = representation, in accordance with the method of
orthographic projection, of one of the parts in which the object
is split by an ideal cut executed by one or more planes (UNI
3971)
Section
plane
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The part under the section plane has been removed.
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We project the back part onto a projection plane parallel with
respect to the section plane.
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Conventional Representation of a section
Outline
Section plane: mixed fine line
Arrow: direction of projection
Identification letters
A - A
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Dimensioning (UNI 3973)
To completely define the object it isnt enough the
graphic representation (form). We must indicate
the dimensions.
Numerical value
Reference line
Measurement line
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General principles of dimensioning (UNI 4820)
The dimensions must be expressed in the same measurement unit, generally in mm
Measurement lines must:
be traced out of figure
be placed parallel mode to the reference dimension
not cross the reference lines.
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Numerical values must be positioned parallel to the measurement
lines and on it.
The values can be read from the base or from the right side of the
drawing.
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Angle
The measurement line is an arc which has as centre the vertex of
the angle. The reference lines are placed on the sides.
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Where it isnt clear that the quote refers to a circle, the numeric
value must come after the symbol .
Diameters
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Radii
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Bevels
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Dimensioning systems (UNI 3974)
Single dimensions are organized in the drawing in functional way
for the fabrication requirement. On the grounds of available
productive technologies, this returns different quoting systems :
Serial dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning
Combined dimensioning
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Serial Dimensioning
Each dimension is referred to the next one.
This system is adopted when:
The distance between next elements have functional importance;
The sum of the manufacturing errors does not compromise functionality.
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Parallel Dimensioning
Every dimension is referred to the same reference line.
It allows to avoid the accumulation of errors.
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Combined Dimensioning
If necessary, we may use at the same time different systems.
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Threads
In the threads:
The threads top is indicated with continuos bold line;
The threads bottom is represented with continuos fine line;
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In the front views or in the transversal sections the threads bottom
must be represented for of circumference.
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Threads Dimensioning (UNI 4820)
It indicates the value of the external diameter (it is called nominal
diameter) preceded by the conventional indication of the threading
type.
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Line types (UNI 3968)
Lets summarize the
different line types
used in the technical
design and their
functionality.
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Representation scales (UNI 3967)
Design (if its possible) are made in natural dimensions.
When we want to represent parts too large or too small we apply a scaled
representation: adopting a suitable reduction or enlargement scale to the
dimensions.
The norms define the scales to be used:
The scale must be always indicated in the drawing.
Values of dimensions written in the drawing are always the real ones
(expressed in millimeters)
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Cartouche
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1 Finished 1 Fe360 Annealed 15 kg
Pos. Denominazione Denomination Nr. Pieces Materials Start state Weight Notes
Date
28/09/2002
views Politecnico di Torino
Department of Production
Alberino
scale 1:1
Designation Changes
Signs:
Sobstitutes the dis. Nr.
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Finale
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3
2
1 Finished 1 Fe360 Annealed 15 kg
Pos. Denominazione Denomination Nr. Pieces Materials Start state Weight Notes
Date
28/09/2002
views Politecnico di Torino
Department of Production
Alberino
scale 1:1
Designation Changes
Signs:
Sobstitutes the dis. Nr.