Thermal Engineering

Chapter 2
MAE 3309 002
Fall 2014
Instructor: Hani Tiznobaik
Systems and control volumes
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Properties of a system
Pressure P
Temperature T
Volume V
Mass m
Continuum
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Density and specific gravity
Density =

Density of most gases:

Proportional to pressure
Inversely proportional to temperature
Density of incompressible substances:
Liquids & Solids
Essentially constant (negligible in
engineering)
Specific volume =

Specific gravity =

Specific weight

=
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
State and equilibrium
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Processes and cycles
P-V diagram of a compression process of a gas
Isothermal process, isobaric process, isochoric
(isometric) process
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Processes and cycles
Steady-flow process
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Temperature & 0
th
law
Kelvin scale
Celsius scale
Fahrenheit scale
= 273.15
= 1.8 32
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Pressure
A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
Unit
1[Pa]=1[

1[bar]=100000[Pa]=0.1[MPa]=100[kPa]
1[atm]=101325[Pa]=101.325[kPa]
1[atm]=14.696[psi]
1[psi]=1[

Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
Variation of pressure with depth
Air vs water vs mercury
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Barometer & Manometer

Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
98.5kPa
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
Example 2-3 Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location
where the barometric reading is 740 mmHg and the gravitational
acceleration is g=9.81m/s
2
. Assume the temperature of mercury
to be 10C, at which its density is 13,570kg/m
3
.
Example 2-4 A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a
tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the
manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in the figure. If the
local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.
100.6kPa
MAE 3309 002
Chapter 2
Systems and control
volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific
gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the
0th law of
thermodynamics
Pressure
Image is from Y.A. Cengel (2
nd
Ed.), Introduction to thermodynamics and heat
transfer, McGrawHill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY (2008)
2-97 A water pipe is connected to a double-U manometer as
shown in the figure at a location where the local atmospheric
pressure is 14.2 psia. Determine the absolute pressure at the
center of the pipe.
22.3psia