KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1

SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

STUDY
Aim:
To study the constructional details and working of a Single cylinder 4 Stroke
diesel engin fitted with brake drum dynamometer.
The given engine is a four stroke vertical single cylinder water cooled diesel
Engine. Engine is coupled to a brake drum dynamometer which serves as a loading
device through a rope brake arrangement.
Air System:
The suction side of the engine cylinder is connected to an air tank. The
atmospheric air is drawn into the engine cylinder through this air tank. A water
manometer is provided to measure the pressure drop across an orifice provided in
the intake pipe of the air tank. This pressure drop across the orifice is used to
calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder.
Fuel System:
Fuel system consists of fuel tank, filter, fuel pump and fuel Injector. Fuel is
stored in an overhead tank. After filtering it is fed into the fuel pump by gravity. From
the pump, fuel is passed at high pressure to the injector. From the fuel injector, fuel
is sprayed into the cylinder as a fine spray.
Lubricating system:
Lubricating oil is circulated through the engine part to reduce friction between
moving parts and to remove heat produced due to friction. After filtering lubricating oil
from lubricating pump is send to different moving parts of the engine.
Loading system:
Loading is done to test the performance of the engine under load. It is done by
using a brake drum dynamometer. Dynamometer is a power absorbing device. The
action of all power absorbing devices used for testing engines results in converting the
rotational tendency of the crankshaft into tangential force acting at some established
distance from the centre of rotation. Brake Power (B.P) of an engine is the net power
available at its crankshaft for doing useful work. Usually, it is measured with the help of
some of brake arrangement and hence named as brake power.
Rope drum dynamometer is the simplest method and consists of a rope making
one complete turn around the rim of the brake drum of the engine. One end of this
rope carries a dead load where as the other end is connected to the spring balance.
This spring balance is hooked to an iron frame of the engine. The direction of the
rotation of the brake drum is always against the pull of dead load. In this arrangement,
all the power developed is absorbed by friction produced at the rim of the brake drum.
The brake drum is generally water cooled as the power absorbed by friction is
converted into heat and the temperature of brake drum will increase if it is not cooled.

= Dead load added to the engine rope in kg

= Spring balance reading in kg
= Diameter of the brake drum in mm and
= diameter of the rope in m
Net tangential force on the brake drum
(

)
Effective radius R of the drum at which the resisting force act

Resisting torque acting on the brake drum is
(

)
Brake power of the engine is

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
(KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1)
AIM:
To conduct load test (Constant speed characteristics) on Single cylinder 4S Diesel
Engine with rope brake dynamometer and to plot the following Characteristic Curves.
1. Brake power (B.P) Vs T.F.C (total fuel consumption)
2. B.P Vs S.F.C (Specific fuel consumption)
3. B.P Vs M.E (Mechanical efficiency)
4. B.P Vs B.T.E (brake thermal efficiency)
5. B.P Vs I.T.E (indicated thermal efficiency)
6. B.P. vs. volumetric efficiency
SPECIFICATIONS:
B.H.P = 5H.P
R.P.M = 1500
Diameter of piston =87.5mm
Length of stroke = 110mm
Diameter of brake drum =300mm
Orifice Diameter =20 mm

PRECAUTIONS
1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied.
2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be
opened.
3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load.
4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.

THEORY:
Output Power or Brake Power

Torque,
(

)
Where
= Speed of the engine in rpm,

= Weight in kg,
= spring balance reading (kg)
= (Radius of the brake drum +1/2 the dia of rope) in meters.

Time for 10cc fuel consumption =

(sec)
Total fuel consumption

Specific fuel consumption

Indicated Power, I.P = B.P + F.P
Where
F.P is the Frictional Power obtained from the characteristic plot (TFC Vs B.P).
Mechanical efficiency,

Heat Input,

Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg.
Brake thermal efficiency,

Indicated thermal efficiency,

Volumetric efficiency

Actual volume of air taken in

Theoretical volume

Volumetric efficiency, (

PROCEDURE
Before starting the engine maximum load that can be applied on the engine is
calculated using the formula

Torque, T
(

)
(

)
Start the engine at no load condition. Fuel supply is switched on and the
decompression lever is engaged. The engine is started by manual cranking. Then
the time taken for 10c.c of fuel consumption is noted at no load. And level difference
in the water manometer is noted. Initial load is applied at the end of the hook in the
rope. Note the spring dial reading. Repeat the experiment up to maximum load. Then
the engine is stopped by cutting the fuel supply.

CALCULATIONS:

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES


RESULT:

INFERENCE:






HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE (KIRLOSKAR MODEL AV1)
AIM

To conduct heat balance test on Marshall Diesel Engine and to prepare a heat
balance sheet using flue gas analysis.

SPECIFICATIONS:
B.H.P = 5H.P
R.P.M = 1500
Diameter of brake drum =300mm
Orifice Diameter =20 mm

PRECAUTIONS
1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied.
2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be
opened.
3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load.
4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.

THEORY:
To balance the energy input and output what is done usually is to add all the known
forms of energy output in heat units and say that the difference between this and the
energy input is lost by radiation etc. Thus law of conversion of energy is kept
unaltered.

1. The work input of engine can be calculated using TFC and calorific value.
2. The heat carried away by cooling water can be calculated from its rate of flow,
specific heat and temperature difference between inlet and outlet.
3. The heat carried away by exhaust gases can be calculated from its mass rate
estimated on the basis of exhaust gas analysis, temperature difference and specific
heat.
4. The heat carried away by steam in the exhaust is calculated from its partial
pressure and temperature of super heat.
For calculating mass rate of exhaust gases the fuel composition by weight
and flue gas analysis by volume are used.

Time for 10cc fuel consumption =

(sec)
Total fuel consumption

Input,

Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg.
Output Power or Brake Power

Torque,
(

)
Where
= Speed of the engine in rpm,

= Weight in kg,
= spring balance reading (kg)
= (Radius of the brake drum +1/2 the dia of rope) in meters.

)
Where

= mass flow rate of water

= specific heat of water

= inlet temperature of water to the engine and calorimeter

= outlet temperature of cooling water

)
Where

= mass of exhaust gas kg/sec

= Specific heat of exhaust gases

= Temperature of exhaust gases at engine exit

= Room temperature

)

Where

= mass of water flowing through the calorimeter

= Specific heat of water

= inlet temperature of water to the engine and calorimeter

= outlet temperature of water from the calorimeter

= Temperature of exhaust gases at the exit of calorimeter

)(

)


PROCEDURE

The maximum load on the engine is calculated and range of loading is
selected. The necessary precautions are taken. The lubricating oil and fuel in the
tank is checked. The supply of fuel and cooling water is opened. The
decompression lever is engaged and engine is started by cranking. The desired
load is applied and time for 10 c.c of fuel consumption is noted. The temperature
of cooling water at outlet and the temperature of exhaust gas are observed. From
the flow meter the rate of cooling water supply is noted. The atmospheric
temperature and temperature of cooling water inlet are also noted. The
observations are also tabulated as shown. From the observations the heat balance
is done and balance sheet is plotted.