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DPT1
Drill String Design
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References
API RP 7G Drill Stem Design and Op Limits
API SPEC 7 Specifications for Rotary Drilling Elements
API SPEC 5D Specifications for Drill Pipe
SLB Drill String Design manual
TH Hill DS-1 Drill String Design
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At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to:
Describe the functions of DPs, DCs and HWDPs
Define and explain the use of upsets, tool-joints, rotary
shouldered connections, BSR, SR, Stress Relief features,
grades
Explain Buoyancy and Define neutral points
Design a BHA for a vertical hole
Explain Margin Of Overpull, Slip Crushing Force
Perform DP design calculations based on Tension, Torsion,
Burst and collapse
Define buckling and Calculate Max WOB
Objectives
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I. I. I. I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. II. II. II. Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components
Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars - -- - Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe - -- - HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
III. III. III. III. Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design
Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors
Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection
Agenda
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The drill string is the mechanical linkage connecting the drill bit to the rotary drive
system on the surface.
The drillstring serves the three main following functions :
1. 1. 1. 1. Transmit and support axial loads Transmit and support axial loads Transmit and support axial loads Transmit and support axial loads - -- - WOB WOB WOB WOB
2. 2. 2. 2. Transmit and support Transmit and support Transmit and support Transmit and support torsional torsional torsional torsional loads loads loads loads - -- - rpm rpm rpm rpm
3. 3. 3. 3. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit.
Functions of the Drill String
The Drill String includes all tubular equipment between the Swivel and the bit:
Kelly, Surface Safety Valves, DP, HWDP, DC, Jars, Shock Subs, Bumper Subs, Junk
Baskets, Accelerators etc
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Drill Pipe
Function Function Function Function
To serve as a conduit or conductor for drilling fluid
To transmit the rotation from surface to the bit on bottom
Components Components Components Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded Aluminum
Tool joints attached to each end of the seamless tube
Tool Joints Tool Joints Tool Joints Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string
Separate pieces of metal welded to the seamless tube
Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them
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Mechanical Properties of Steel
Young Modulus Young Modulus Young Modulus Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain = 30,000,000 psi
Stress & Strength Stress & Strength Stress & Strength Stress & Strength
Stress = Load divided by Cross Section Area
Strain & stretch Strain & stretch Strain & stretch Strain & stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by original length
Elastic Limit Elastic Limit Elastic Limit Elastic Limit
Limit of stress beyond which, when the stress is removed, the steel will have acquired a
permanent stretch.
Minimum Yield Stress Minimum Yield Stress Minimum Yield Stress Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a strain of 0.5% (0.005). When the stress is removed, the steel
will have acquired 0.2% of permanent deformation.
Ultimate Tensile Stress Ultimate Tensile Stress Ultimate Tensile Stress Ultimate Tensile Stress
The max stress on the curve, very close to the stress which will break the steel
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Mechanical Properties of Steel
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Stress
(ksi)
Strain
(in/in)
0.22 0.24
Yp (API method)
Yp (ASTM method)
Uy
Proportional Limit
Elastic Limit
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Drill Pipe Classification
1. Size 2 3/8 to 6 5/8 refers to OD of pipe body
2. Length Range 1: 18-22 ft, Range 2: 27-30ft, Range 3: 38-45 ft
3. Grade E - 75, X 95, G 105, S 135
the numbers denote 1000s of psi minimum yield stress
each grade has a min, max and average yield stress
4. Weight Called nominal weight
5. Class API classification for used pipe
For example a drill pipe could be - 5, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf, New
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Exercise DP-00
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New: No wear, has never been used
Premium: Remaining wall not less than 80%.
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than 70%.
Class 3: Remaining wall less than 70%.
Other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area mechanical damage, stress
induced diameter variations, corrosion cuts and gouges, specified on Table 24
(Classification of Used Drill Pipe ) of API RP 7G.
Unlike casing and tubing, which are normally run new, drill pipe is normally
used in a worn condition. It therefore has Classes:
Used Drill Pipe Classification
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Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall thickness is increased
or upset.
This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of pipe
failure at the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
The drill-pipe can have
Internal upsets (IU), (OD stays the same )
External upsets (EU)
Internal and External Upsets (IEU).
Drillpipe Upsets
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Drill Pipe Weights
When referring to Drill Pipe Weights, there are four important ones:
Plain end Weight Refers to the weight per foot of the pipe body.
Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard. ( Weight of Range I pipe
with connections ) Is used today to refer a class of Drill pipe.
Adjusted Weight Refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the upset
but excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft
Approximate Weight The average weight per foot of pipe and tool joints
of Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to use in Design
calculations.
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length jt tool 29.4
jt tool wt. 29.4 DP wt. adj.
Wt/ft
+
+
=
Calculating Approximate Weights
4 29.
Wt upset
Wt Tube Wt
Adj DP
+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
TE
TE
TJ
D D d . D D x . d D L . Wt + =
2 3 3 2 2
501 0 167 0 222 0
( )
ft
D D . L
L
TE
Jt Tool
12
253 2 +
=
(1)
(2)
(3)
Data from Table 7 Sepc 5D, Fig 6 Table 7 Spec 7
L= combined length of pin and box (in),
D= outside diameter of pin (in)
d= inside diameter of pin (in)
DTE= diameter of box at elevator upset (in)
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Calculate the approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe assembly
for 5 OD, 19.5 lb/ft DP having NC50 tool joints with 6.625 OD, 2.75 ID
and being IEU.
Compare the value against the one published on Table 9 of API RP7G.
Exercise DP-01 - Homework
Tables 7API 5D and Table 7 of the Specification can be found in handout # 1 of
tables.
Table 9 of API RP7G can be found on handout # 2 of tables.
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The API has set manufacturing tolerances on DP tubes:
-OD tolerance:
- For OD<= 4, the tolerance is +/- 0.031
- For OD>4, the tolerance is +1% -0.5%
- Wall Thickness tolerance: -12.5%, +??
- Mass tolerance:
- For a single joint: +6.5% -3.5%
- For a string: +6.5% -1.75%
- There is no tolerance on the ID which is solely governed by the
OD and the weight tolerance
- Tolerances do not apply to used pipe
DP Manufacturing Tolerances
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Based on the API Tolerances, and considering a single joint of 5
DP, 19.5# nominal weight, please calculate:
How big or small can the 5tube be?
How heavy or light can the 5 tube be?? (plain end)
What is the range of tolerated ID?
What is the range of tolerated wall thickness?
What would be the range of internal capacities of 10000 of
that tube
Exercise DP-02 Tolerances
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A study on pipe OD has been
conducted by Hydril and 1800
tests were done on randomly
selected pipes of different
sizes, coming from 16
different mills and taken from
180 different orders covering
several years.
Tolerances & Reality Check
None of the pipes is actually of the nominal size or less!
They are all bigger, sometimes even exceeding the API tolerances.
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All API tool joints have a minimum yield stress of 120,000 psi regardless of the
grade of the drill pipe they are used on (E, X, G, S).
Tool joints are always stronger in tension than the tube to which they are
attached, and almost always weaker in torsion than the tubes to which they
are attached.
API says that tool joint torsional strength should be at a minimum of 80% of the
tube torsional strength.
Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD. The make up torque is 60%
of the tool joint torsional capacity. The equation for determining make up can
be obtained from the appendix of API RPG7.
The API has developed a series of charts to find the recommended make up
torque to any connection given the tool jt OD of box and ID of pin.
Tool Joints
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Make-Up Torque Charts
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Exercise DP03
Using some tables (?) and some figures (?) of API RP7G what
should be the make up torque of NEW 5 - 19.5 ppf G105 and S135
drill pipe, NC50 ?
How do these values compare to the ones reported on Table 10 ?
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The most common thread style in DP is NC
The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch diameter, measured at
a point 5/8 of an inch from the shoulder
Connection Number is Pitch dia*10 truncated to two digits
5/8
GAUGE POINT PITCH DIAMETER
The size of a rotary shouldered connection is fixed
by its gauge point pitch diameter.
Drillstring Connections
Multiply 5.0417 by 10 50.417
Choose first two digits 50
Hence NC 50
If the pitch diameter is 5.0417 in
This is an NC50 connection
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Typical sizes: NC 50 for tool joints with 6 1/2 OD for 5 pipe and
NC 38 for 4 3/4 tool joints and 3 1/2 pipe.
Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A clearance exists
between the crest of one thread and the root of the mating
thread
Use of Zinc based dope (used to be Lead) vs Copper based
dope for DCs. Not for sealing but for lubrication, to help make-up
and prevent galling
There are 17 NCs in use : NC-10 (1 1/16) through NC-77 (7
3/4)
NC Drillstring Connections
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Connection Interchangeability
Ext Flush
Slim Hole
Dbl
Streamline
Extra Hole
Full Hole
Int Flush
4-1/2
EF
4-1/2 4 3-1/2 2-7/8
SH
5-1/2 4-1/2 3-1/2
DSL DSL DSL DSL
5 4-1/2 3-1/2 2-7/8
XH
4
FH
4-1/2 4 3-1/2 2-7/8 2-3/8
IF
NC50 NC46 NC 40 NC 38 NC 31 NC 26
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Drill Collars
Description Description Description Description
They are heavy walled metal tubes
The ends are threaded (box and pin)
Functions Functions Functions Functions
To put weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drill string from buckling
Types Types Types Types
Comes in many OD and ID sizes
Typically 4 to 9 OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked
Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck
Collars with elevator and slip recesses
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1. Protect the Drill string from Bending
2. Control direction and inclination of wells
3. Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
4. Provide Pendulum effect
5. Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
6. Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole.
7. Increase bit performance
8. Reduce rough drilling, sticking and bouncing
9. As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
More functions of Drill Collars
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Drill Collars Strapping
length
Fish neck
elevator
recess
slip
recess
OD
ID
connection
Well# TRG 1 Bit # 1
Date: 28-Jul-03 Sl # 1234
Rig: IDPT Type atm 234
BHA#: 1 Manuf Hughes
Hole Size 26" Jets 20-20-20
Item Sl # ID OD FN Pin Box Length Remarks
Bit 1234 26" 7 5/8" R 0.75 New
Bit Sub SL 235 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 7 5/8 R 1.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9546 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.67 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.96
Stab 237689 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.93 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 2.36
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9503 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.78 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9521 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.95 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.04
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9520 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 1.03 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.99
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DC connections are rotary shouldered connections and can mate the
various DP connections
The shoulder provide the only positive seal against fluid leakage
The connection is the weakest part of the entire BHA
Improper M/U torque, improper or insufficient lubricant, galling can all
lead to connection failure
The DC connections go through cycles of tension-compression and are
subject to bending stresses
Drill Collar Connections
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Stresses in DC connections are concentrated at the base of the pin and
in the bottom of the box
DP body bends easily and takes up the majority of the applied bending
stress, DP connections are therefore subjected to less bending than the
DP body.
DCs and other BHA components are however much stiffer than the DPs
and much of the bending stresses are transferred to the connections.
These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure at the connections
Stress Relief Groove / Bore Back
Stress Relief Features
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Stress Relief Pin & Box Features
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Stress Relief Features
The stress relief groove is to mitigate the fatigue cracks where the
face and threads would have otherwise joined
The Bore Back serves the same purpose at the bottom of the box
Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended on connections
smaller than NC-38 because they may weaken the connections
tensile and torsional strength.
Bore Back boxes could be used on smaller connections.
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Lo-Torq Feature
The low torque feature consists in
removing part of the shoulder area of
the pin and box.
This allows for lower make-up torque
maintaining adequate shoulder loading.
It is a common feature in large OD
connections.
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DC Make-Up Torque
M/U Torque as % of torsional yield
API recommended make-up
torque for connections is a
percentage of the total
torsional yield of the
connection
62.5% 56.8% API NC
56.2% 51.1% H-90
N/a 79.5% PAC
DC>7 in DC< 7 in
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Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Design Design Design Design
Heavier wall and longer tool joints
Center wall pad
Also available in spiral design
Function Function Function Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Can be used in compression (?)
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in vertical wells
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Has the same OD as a standard DP but with much
reduced inside diameter (usually 3 ID for 5 DP)
and has an integral wear pad upset in the middle.
It is used between standard DPs and DCs provide a
smooth transition between the different sections of
the drillstring components.
Tool-Joint and Rotary shouldered connection, just
like DP
HWDP, although stiffer than DP, can also buckle
Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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HWDP can be run both in tension and in compression
BUT!!! BUT!!! BUT!!! BUT!!!
They should not be buckled
Manufacturers recommend not to run HWDP in compression in
hole sizes larger than 12
Experience shows that they should not be run in compression in
Vertical Holes
If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
TJOD + 6 > OH diameter
2 x TJOD > OH diameter
HWDP in Compression? HWDP in Compression? HWDP in Compression? HWDP in Compression?
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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I. I. I. I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. II. II. II. Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components
Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars - -- - Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe - -- - HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
III. III. III. III. Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design
Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors
Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection
Agenda
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The objectives of Drill String Design are to:
1. Keep the maximum stress at any point in the drill stem less
than Yield Strength down-rated by a design factor
2. Select components and configure assemblies to retard fatigue
as much as economically possible
Why bother about DS Design?
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Design Factor
DF = Rating /Applied Load
- Used for casing and tubing design and for Drill String Design
- DF < 1.0 Failure may or may not occur
Note: not to be confused with Safety Factor
- SF=Failure Load/Applied Load
- SF<1 Failure is imminent
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DP tube Tensile Rating is given by:
Yp
ID OD
T
Yield
* ) ( *
4
2 2
=

Where Yp is Min Yield Strength and OD and ID are nominal diameters

Pipe Ratings - Tension
Tool Joints are always stronger in tension than the pipe they are attached to
The results can be found in API RP7G Table 2, 4 & 6
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Pipe Ratings - Torsion
DP tube Torsional Yield is given by:
Where J is the polar moment of inertia:
Tool joints Yield formula is much more complex.
Tool joints are almost always weaker than the tubes they are attached to.
OD
Y J
Q
p
* * 096167 . 0
=
) ID OD ( J
4 4
32
=

The results can be found in API RP7G Table 2, 4 & 6
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DP tube Burst Rating is given by Barlows formula:
Where Yp is Min Yield Strength and OD and ID are nominal diameters
t is the thickness
OD
t Yp
P
Burst
* * 2
* 875 . 0 =
The results can be found in API RP7G Table 3, 5 & 7
Pipe Ratings - Burst
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DP tube Collapse Rating is given by 7 formulas (!):
The ratings will depend on the D/t ratio and one the Grade of the pipe
Derivations can be found in API RP7G Appendix A and yield the results found
in Table 3, 5 & 7
One major assumption to use the tables is that the pipe is under no axial load
Pipe Ratings - Collapse
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The strength of DP is determined by the strength of the weakest point, thus
the worst case has been assumed for calculating tensile, torsional,
burst and collapse resistance of DP
Pipe Ratings of Used Pipe
For calculating tensile and torsional ratings of used DP, it must be assumed
that the ID has its nominal value and that all the wear has taken place
uniformly on the outside of the pipe
For calculating burst and collapse ratings of used DP, it must be assumed
that the OD has its nominal value and that all the wear has taken place
uniformly on the inside of the pipe
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For a 5 nominal OD, 19.5# nominal weight, X-95, both New and Premium
Calculate:
- Torsional Rating (Torsional Yield Strength)
- Tensile Rating: (Min Tensile Yield Strength)
- Burst Rating: (Min Internal Yield Pressure)
Compare with Table 2,3,4,5 of API RP7G
Exercise DP04 - Ratings
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When the string is in tension, the Collapse rating is further de-rated:
1 < =K
P
P
Collapse Nonimal
Collapse Biaxial
Pipe Ratings Biaxial Collapse
Average
Collapse al No
Collapse Biaxial
Yp ID OD
AxialLoad
Z
Z Z
P
P
* ) ( 7854 . 0
2
3 4
2 2
2
min

=

=
Notes: 1. the use of the Average Yield Stress not minimum not minimum not minimum not minimum
2. For used pipe, ID has nominal value and wear is on the outside
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For nominal Collapse
Use D/t and correct formula Spec 7G Appendix A 3
Use the results found in Table 3-6 RP-7G
For OD and ID, use Table 1 RP-7G
For Avg Yp Use Table in section 12.8 RP 7G
145,000 S
120,000 G
110,000 X
85,000 E
Yp
Avg
Grade
Pipe Ratings Biaxial Collapse
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Pipe Ratings Biaxial Collapse
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Simultaneous torsion reduces DP tube tensile capacity and vice versa
When backreaming, pulling on stuck pipe or fishing, high magnitude combined
tension and torsion on the drill pipe may occur
DP Torsional Yield Strength under tension is given by:
Where T is the total tension applied
This value may, or may not, be lower than the Tool-Joint Torsional Yield
strength
2
2
2
096167 0
A
T
Y *
D
J * .
Q
p
=
Pipe Ratings Biaxial Torsion
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Drill String Design Factors
Tension: 1.1
Burst:1.2
Collapse: 1.15
Torsion: No Design Factor Required.
Not DF but will be considered in Drill String Design:
Margin of OverPull: 50-100K
Excess BHA Wt: 1.15
Buckling: In highly deviated wells it is possible to use DP in compression, provided it is
not buckled
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I. I. I. I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. II. II. II. Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components
Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars - -- - Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe - -- - HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
III. III. III. III. Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design
Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors
Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection
Agenda
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Buoyancy is the weight of the displaced fluid
Buoyancy is usually accounted for via BF
Buoyancy is creating a hydrostatic effect: the Pressure-Area
Force
The forces acting on a drillstring are the self-weight and the
hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid
Buoyancy is creating a force acting at the bottom of the drill
string and placing the lower portion of the drill string in
compression and reducing the hook load by HP x CSA
Buoyancy
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Exercise DP05 - Buoyancy
We are running open ended DCs
9 x 3 192ppf
The fluid in the well is 14 ppg
The depth is 10000 ft
What is the hook load with BF?
What is the hook load with Archimedes principle?
What is the hook load with Pressure Area Force?
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Buoyancy
What happens if the fluids inside and outside are different?
What happens if the well is deviated?
How do you calculate the Axial Load at any point in the string?
What happens at the junction from a DC to a DP?
The buoyancy factor can only be used to determine the Axial Load on surface
provided the fluids inside and outside are the same.
The pressure-area approach is the preferred technique used to determine
the axial tension or compressive load at any point in a tubular string
Free body diagrams (FBD) are constructed for that purpose
The FBD is constructed by simply drawing a sketch of the physical system
and identifying all of the loads that are applied to the tubular. These loads
are then summed and set equal to zero (since the system is static).
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Example Axial Loads
We are running:
540 of open ended DCs, 8 x 3 147ppf
5 DP, 19.5# and 4.276 ID to surface, G-105, NC-50
The fluid in the well is 14.8 ppg
The depth is 13500 ft
The string is hanging freely in the mud, no WOB is applied
Determine the Axial Load (Fa) at surface, at the bottom of the DP,
at the top of the DCs and at the bottom of the string.
Plot Fa against depth
Where is the neutral point of Tension & Compression?
What happens if a WOB of 30000 lbs is applied?
Fa
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Example Axial Loads
The only force acting on the bottom of the pipe is due to pressure exerting on
the exposed cross-sectional area.
The force is negative, indicating a compressive force.
HP
13500
x CSA

= + = =
DC 13500 a DC 13500 a y
A P F A HP F 0 F
( ) ( )
lbs .
in ) psi x . x .
800 448 F
3 8 4 ( 13500 8 14 052 0 F
a
2 2 2
a
=
=
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Example Axial Loads
The forces acting on the top of the DCs are due to pressure on the exposed
cross-sectional area, and to the weight
HP
13500
x CSAp
DC DC 13500 a DC 13500 DC a y
W A P F A HP W F 0 F + = + = =

( ) ( )
lbs .
(lbs) x in ) psi x . x .
400 369 F
540 147 3 8 4 ( 13500 8 14 052 0 F
a
2 2 2
a
=
+ =
The force is again negative, indicating the top of the
DCs are in compression
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Example Axial Loads
The forces acting on the bottom of the DP are due to pressure on the exposed
cross-sectional areas, and to the weight of the DCs
HP
13500
x CSAp

+ = =
DC 13500 DC DP DC 12960 a y
A HP W ) A (A HP F 0 F
( ) ( )
lbs
(lbs) in . ) ( psi
850 . 8 F
369400 3 276 4 5 8 4 9974 F
a
2 2 2 2 2
a
=
+ + =
The force is positive, indicating the bottom of the DPs is
in tension.
There is a discontinuity in the axial force where the x-
section of the pipe changes.
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Example Axial Loads
The forces acting at the top of the DP (surface) are due to pressure on the
exposed cross-sectional areas, to the weight of the DCs and to the weight
of the DPs

+ = =
DC 13500 DC DP DC 12960 DP a y
A HP W ) A (A HP W F 0 F
( )( )
lbs
(lbs) ft
293062 F
8850 12960 # 93 . 21 F
a
a
=
+ =
Of course the force is positive, indicating a tension at surface.
Note: with the use of BF:
Fa
( )( ) [ ]( )
lbs
(lbs) . . ft) #)x( ( ft # .
281437 F
5 65 8 14 1 540 147 12960 93 21 F
a
a
=
+ =
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Example Axial Loads
The plot of Fa against depth does
show the discontinuity at the
junction from DC to DP.
In this particular example, the Neutral
Point of tension compression
(tension=compression=0lbs) is
exactly at the junction.
If a WOB of 30klbs is applied, the
curve will shift to the left and the
Neutral Point will move up into the
DPs. The bottom of the DP will then
be in compression -21150 lbs
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Exercise DP06 Axial Loads
Same exercise with the same string but with the following
conditions:
- MW is 12 ppg, WOB is zero
- MW is 12 ppg, WOB is 30.000
- Depth of 13500 and 15500
Determine the Axial Load (Fa) at surface, at the bottom of the DP,
at the top of the DCs and at the bottom of the string.
Plot Fa against depth
What happens to the neutral point of Tension & Compression as
the depth increases?
Homework: construct a spreadsheet valid for any MW, any TD
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
-600.0 -500.0 -400.0 -300.0 -200.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0
Load(kip)
T
V
D

R
T

(
f
t
)
Fa
Feff
StabForce
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A tube subjected to a load will bend
Bent is a condition in which the bending
increases proportionally with load
When a little increase in load will result in
large displacements, the tube is said to be
buckling
The tube may not necessarily be yielded as
buckling does not necessarily occur plastically
The load which produces buckling is called
the Critical Buckling Load
Buckling
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Lubinskis Effective Force
The two factors that promote buckling in pipes are axial force and pressure. In addition
to the axial stress, the pressures (in and out) induce a radial and a tangetial stress:
the pipe is subject to triaxial stresses
A convenient way of reducing a triaxial system to a pseudo-uniaxial system, has been
developed by Lubinski who describes a fictitious force, relating pressure to buckling.
The fictitious force is sometimes called the stability force. It is not the buoyancy force.
It is combined with the axial force to form a so-called effective force.
i i o o fict
P A P A F =
i i o o a eff
P A P A F F + =
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Buckling Criteria
If tension is a positive axial force, a positive Feff indicates no buckling.
Likewise, a negative Feff indicates that buckling may occur if the magnitude of the
critical force (Fcrit) required to initiate buckling is exceeded.
To initiate buckling:
Once buckling is initiated:
Feff < 0 (at top and bottom of the pipe) -> totally buckled pipe
Feff > 0 (at top) and Feff < 0 (at bottom) -> partially buckled pipe
Feff = 0 -> neutral point (buckling stops)
crit eff
F F <
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Buckling: an instability failure
Buckling is a stability failure. In order to understand buckling, it is necessary to
understand the nature of stability
Consider three balls at rest on three different surfaces.
What happens if each ball is disturbed slightly from its equilibrium and then released?
Ball A returns to its original position, Ball B remains in its new position, and Ball C
moves away from its original position until it reaches a new equilibrium.
The equilibrium of the Ball A is stable, Ball B is neutral, and BaIl C is unstable.
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Buckling - Neutral Point
Klinkenberg has described the neutral point as the transition between the region of the
tube where buckling may occur and the region where buckling is impossible.
- above the neutral point The tube is in a state of stable equilibrium
- below the neutral point it is in a state of unstable equilibrium
- at the neutral point it is in a state of neutral equilibrium.
Lubinski describes the neutral point as the point that divides the string into two portions:
the weight of the upper portion being that suspended from the eIevators and the
weight of the lower portion being equal to the applied force at the lower end.
Lubinskis definition also can be stated as the point where the tube can be cut in two
without changing the weight suspended at the surface. If if can be done, it must be
neutral at the point of the cut.
There are numerous synonymous definitions of the neutral point.
It is called the Neutral Point of Bending or Neutral Point of Buckling.
It must not be confused with the Neutral Point of Tension & Compression.
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Neutral Point of Tension & Compression:
The point within a tube where the sum of the axial forces = 0
Useless in DS design
Neutral Point of Bending:
The point within a tube where the buoyed weight of the tube
hanging below that point is equal to an applied force at its
bottom end
The point within a tube where the sum of moments = 0
The point where the VME triaxial stress =0
0 F
a
=
0 F
eff
=
Neutral Points
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Buckling will occur if Feff < Fcrit
Initially the pipe will buckle sinusoidally.
As the compression increases, the pipe will eventually buckle helically
Sinusoidal and Helical Buckling
( )
3
1
2
eff crit
EIw x 3.5 F =
( )
3
1
2
eff crit
EIw x 5.55 F =
2
1
c
eff
crit
r
sin 4EIw
F

=

2
1
c
eff
crit
r
sin EIw
5.6 F

=
Sinusoidal Buckling for a vertical well: Sinusoidal Buckling for inclined wells
Helical Buckling for a vertical well: Helical Buckling for inclined wells
P
i,
, Po = internal, external pressure at point of interest (psi)
r
c
= radial clearance (in)
f = inclination from vertical (deg)
w = nominal pipe weight (lbf/in)
I = moment of inertia (in4)
w
eff
=
o o i i
A A w +
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Beyond this set of equations, it must be noted that:
In vertical wells, to simply avoid buckling of the DP or HWDP, it is just
necessary to keep the buoyed weight of the BHA exceeding the WOB
In deviated wells, DP can be used to provide WOB because buckling of the
DP is delayed by the effort required to lift that DP to the high side of the hole.
Sinusoidal buckling will not occur as long as the (effective) compressive
force in the drillstring does not exceed the critical buckling load.
Helical buckling load is usually very high in high inclination wells and it
would be easier to run out of pipe weight before helical buckling can occur.
Before you reach that load in the inclined part, you would have helical in the
vertical part of the well.
Neutral point of bending can intuitively be found at the following distance
from the bit: H = WOB / buoyed weight per foot of string
Sinusoidal and Helical Buckling
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Exercise DP06bis Continued
Calculate the Neutral Point of Buckling depth (or distance from
the bit)
- MW is 12 ppg, WOB is zero
- MW is 12 ppg, WOB is 30.000
- Depth of 13500 and 15500
What happens to the neutral point of Bending distance from the
bit as the depth increases?
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
-600.0 -500.0 -400.0 -300.0 -200.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0
Load(kip)
T
V
D

R
T

(
f
t
)
Fa
Feff
StabForce
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I. I. I. I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. II. II. II. Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components
Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars - -- - Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe - -- - HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
III. III. III. III. Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design
Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors
Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection
Agenda
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Drill Collar Selection Principles
Drill Collar selection is governed by two major factors:
Weight and Stiffness Weight and Stiffness Weight and Stiffness Weight and Stiffness --- --- --- --- Size! Size! Size! Size!
Usually the largest OD collar that can be safely run is the best selection
More weight available to account for WOB, buoyancy, hole inclination and a
safety factor
Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth directional tendencies
Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
Usually Shortest BHA possible to
Reduce handling time at surface
Minimize # of Connections in the hole
Minimize total DC in contact with the wall for differential sticking exposure
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Sufficient Drill Collar Weight should be
available so that the Neutral Point is in
the DCs and buckling is avoided
For excess BHA weight, use 15%
15 . 1 =
Wt Working Max
Wt Available Max
BHA Design
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Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars: Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars: Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars: Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars:
1. Determine the buoyancy factor for the mud weight in use using the formula:
MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
BF = 1 BF = 1 BF = 1 BF = 1- -- - (MW/65.5) (MW/65.5) (MW/65.5) (MW/65.5)
BHA Design
2. Calculate the required collar length to achieve the desired weight on bit:
WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000)
Wdc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
1.15 =15% safety factor.
DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF* DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF* DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF* DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF*W WW W
dc dc dc dc
) )) )
DC Length = DC Length Vertical / DC Length = DC Length Vertical / DC Length = DC Length Vertical / DC Length = DC Length Vertical / Cos Cos Cos Cos I II I
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Determine the number of 9 inch OD by 3 in ID drill collars required
to provide a weight-on-bit of 55,000 lbf assuming
Hole deviation = 0
Mud density = 12 ppg
Where does this place the Neutral Point of Bending?
What if the hole inclination is 30 ?
Number And Size Of Drill Collars Number And Size Of Drill Collars Number And Size Of Drill Collars Number And Size Of Drill Collars
Exercise DP-07
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Stiffness
The BHA must have sufficient Stiffness to stabilize the BHA,
optimize ROP and prevent the formation of Key Seats, ledges and
doglegs
The larger the DC, the stiffer the BHA
Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
= (OD
4
ID
4
) / 64 x 30.000.000
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Exercise DP-08
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Bending Strength Ratio
BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin of a given connection.
Describes the Balance between two members of a connection and how they are likely
to behave in a rotational cyclical environment
R
) d R (
D
) b D (
Z
Z
BSR
pin
box
4 4
4 4
32
32

= =

Where:
Zbox = box section modulus
Zpin = pin section modulus
D = Outside diameter of pin and box
b = thread root diameter of box threads at end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin threads from shoulder of pin.
. d= inside diameter or bore.
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BSR in DC Connections
A Connection is said to be balanced if
the BSR is 2.5
When BSR is higher tend to see pin
failures
When BSR is lower tend to see
more box failures
However, field experience has shown
that:
8 Dc having BSRs of 2.5 usually
fail in the box
4-3/4 DC having BSR as low as 1.8
very rarely fail in the box.
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BSR in Connections
This table is from T.H. Hill & Associates Inc. Standard DS-1.
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Fortunately for you API have
worked the problem!!!
Pages 39-44 of RP 7G list the BSR of
Connections by OD and ID of the
collar
TH-Hill DS1 gives tables directly
listing BSRs
Finding BSR
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Stiffness Ratio
The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition between 2 types of
pipe
Based on field experience, in a transition
from one collar or pipe to another the SR
should not exceed
5.5 for routine drilling
3.5 for severe or rough drilling
( )
( )
4 4
4 4
upr upr lwr
lwr lwr upr
upr
lwr
ID OD OD
ID OD OD
Z
Z
SR

= =
Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube ODs & IDs, not connections.
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Torsion limits for DC
Torque is rarely limited by the DC connection because it is usually
higher in the DP at surface and lower in the DC.
If DC make-up torque > DP make-up torque you have no routine
problems.
BH Torque at any point should not exceed 80% of make-up
torque for the connections in the hole to avoid over tightening
connections which can lead to damage of seals.
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BHA Design Process
Design the Collars
Max OD DC which can be handled, fished and drilled with
Excess BHA wt
WOB
Buoyancy
Excess factor
Connection Selection
BSR
Torque capability
Transition between collars and/or pipes
SR
Stabilization and other directional requirements
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Exercise DP-09
On Seeyoulater land rig we find the following collars:
9 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 FH connection
8 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 REG connection
6 OD x 2 ID NC46 connection
Given that we will drill a vertical 12 hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and 65000 pounds in a
relatively hard formations, what API collar would you recommend?
What would your recommendation on BSR be for the connection chosen?
Check your recommended DCs with your recommended BSR
What would be the SR between the DC and 5 DP be?
Is it acceptable?
If not what would you do?
What would be your final BHA? Length? Buoyed Weight?
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I. I. I. I. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview
II. II. II. II. Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components Drill String Components
Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars Drill Collars - -- - Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Drill Pipe - -- - HWDP HWDP HWDP HWDP
III. III. III. III. Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design Drill String Design
Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors Pipe Rating and Design Factors
Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling Buoyancy, Axial Loads and Buckling
Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection Drill Pipe Selection
Agenda
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Drill Pipe Selection Principles
Drill Pipe selection is governed by two major factors:
Size + Weight Size + Weight Size + Weight Size + Weight --- --- --- --- Strength! Strength! Strength! Strength!
Usually the Drill Pipe with largest OD and ID is preferred
Less pressure loss in the string
More hydraulics available at the bit
The Drill Pipe selection must address the following:
Drill Pipe must allow to drill to TD
Drill Pipe must support all weight below it (BHA+DP)
Drill Pipe must provide Overpull capacity
Drill Pipe must withstand slip crushing force
Drill Pipe must resist burst and collapse loads
Drill Pipe and tool joints must withstand torsion loads
Drill Pipe might have to work in H2S environment
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The drillstring is not designed according to the minimum yield strength!!!
If DP reaches yield: it can have permanent deformation.
API recommends the use of maximum allowable design load
T TT T
max max max max
= 0.9 x = 0.9 x = 0.9 x = 0.9 x T TT T
yield yield yield yield
IPM Defines a tension DF of 1.1 be applied to design loads. These accomplish the
same thing. Do not double dip!
T
max
= Max. allowable design load in tension , lb
T
yield
= theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb
Tension Design
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1. Determine max design load (T
max
) :
T
max
= 0.9 x Minimum Yield Strength (or /1.1)..lb
Tension Design
2. Calculate total load at surface using
( ) [ ] BF W L W L T
dc dc dp dp surf
+ =
3. Margin Of Overpull: minimum margin of tension above expected working load.
Margin of overpull is nominally 50-100k. Choice of MOP should consider: Overall
drilling conditions, hole drag, likelihood of getting stuck, slip crushing force,
dynamic loading.
surf max
- T T MOP =
(1) (1) (1) (1)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
(3) (3) (3) (3)
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dc
dp
dc
dp
yield
dp
L
W
W
BF W
MOP . T
L

=
9 0
4. The maximum length of Drill Pipe that can be used is obtained by
combining equations 1,2 and 3 and solving for the length of DP
.(4) .(4) .(4) .(4)
Tension Design
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Exercise DP-10
Drill Collars length : 600 and weight in air is 150 lb/ft.
5 / 19.5 lb/ft Premium G-105 DP with NC50 connections.
Calculate the maximum hole depth that can be drilled ?
Assume BF= 0.85
Carry out calculations with MOP of 100,000 lb
Use API - RP7G Tables for the values of Approximate Weight
(W
dp
) and for Minimum Yield Strength
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Slip Crushing Force
Slips because of the taper try to crush the Drill Pipe. This hoop
stress is resisted by the tube, and this increases the overall
stress in the steel
( )
( ) dope for Friction coeff ArcTan z
Taper Slip y z y K
in length Slip L in OD Pipe D
L
DK
L
DK
S
S
Stress Tensile
Stress Hoop
s
s s t
h
08 . 0 ; ) (
) 45 27 9 ( ; ) tan( / 1
; ) (
2 2
1
' ' '
2
= =
= + =
= =

+ + =

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Generally expressed as a Factor
DP
TUBE 12 in 16 in
2 3/8 1.25 1.18
2 7/8 1.31 1.22
3 1/2 1.39 1.28
4 1.45 1.32
4 1/2 1.52 1.37
5 1.59 1.42
5 1/2 1.66 1.47
6 5/8 1.82 1.59
SLIP LENGTH
Horz to Tang Stress Ratio
Load Axial Equivalent
Stress Tensile
Stress Hoop
* load Working =
Axial
t
h
Load
T
S
S
Hk =
Slip Crushing Force
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Tension Design
You can only drill as far as you can set pipe in the slips.
Different than overpull, this is based on working loads
dc
dp
dc
dp
T
h
yield
dp
L
W
W
BF W
S
S
. T
L

=
9 0
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A drill string consists of 600 ft of 8 in x 2 13/16 in drill collars and the rest is
a 5 in, 19.5 lbm/ft Grade X95 drill pipe with NC50 connections. If the
required MOP is 100,000 lb and mud weight is 10 ppg, calculate:
1) The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using Premium
Drill Pipe. (MOP only)
2) What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into consideration
slip crushing force with 16 slips? To what hook-load does this
correspond? What is the MOP in this case?
3) What if we use 12 slips
Exercise DP-11
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Step 2 Step 2 Step 2 Step 2
Drill collars and bottom drillpipe act as the weight carried by top
sectioneffectively the drill collar
Apply the equation for top drill pipe last
Step 1 Step 1 Step 1 Step 1
If we use different drill pipe, the weaker pipe goes on bottom and stronger
on top
Apply equation to bottom drill pipe first
dc
dp
dc
dp
yield
dp
L
W
W
W
MOP . T
L

=
9 0
Mixed String Design
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An exploration rig has the following grades of DP to be run in a 15,000 ft deep well :
Grade E : New 5 OD 19.5 # NC 50
Grade G : New 5 OD 19.5# NC 50
It is desired to have an MOP of 50000 lbs on the grade E pipe. The total length and weight
of DCs plus HWDP are 984 ft and 101,000 lb respectively.
MW at 15,000 = 13.4 ppg. The slips being used are 16 slips.
1. Calculate the Max. length of E pipe that can be used
2. What is the length of G pipe to use?
3. Check the MOP for the G pipe. Your conclusion?
4. Can the G pipe handle the slip crushing force at TD?
Exercise DP12 - Mixed DP
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Melun Oil Co wants to drill the following well:
TD = 17500 ft with 6 1/8" bit
8 1/2 hole section from 9200 to 14000 ft cased with 7"liner - TOL at 9000 ft
12 1/4"section from 3000 to 9200 ft cased with 9 5/8" casing
17 1/2" section from surface to 3000 ft cased with 13 3/8" casing
It is planned to use the following assembly: 650 ft of 4 3/4" DCs at 57.58 ppf
1200 ft of 3 1/2" HWDP at 25.34 ppf
3 1/2" DP 15.5# E-75 Premium and 5" DP 19.5# S-135 Premium to surface
MW is 9 ppg, and BF is 0.863
Calculate the Maximum Overpull if I get stuck at TD Calculate the Maximum Overpull if I get stuck at TD Calculate the Maximum Overpull if I get stuck at TD Calculate the Maximum Overpull if I get stuck at TD
Exercise DP13 - Mixed DP
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Other Loads
Collapse & Collapse under Tension
Burst
Torsion & Torsion under Tension
Other loads not covered here
Bending Loads
Fatigue estimations
Vibrations Loads
Shock Loads
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Collapse Design
The DP will collapse if:
External Differential Pressure Load > Collapse pressure rating
DF = Collapse Rating / C
C = External Differential Pressure Load
C = (P
o
-P
i
)+2P
i
/(D/t)
A Design factor of 1.15 is used:
External Differential Pressure Load < Collapse rating / 1.15
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Exercise DP14 - Collapse
We will run a BHA in on 5 19.5 #/ft Grade E premium premium premium premium grade DP.
There is a float valve in the BHA.
The annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud.
What is the collapse rating?
How much 5 DP can we run not to exceed a DF of 1.15?
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Exercise DP15 Biaxial Collapse
We are going to dry test a liner lap at 9,000 ft. We will run in with a packer
set in tension with 50,000 lb. We will run the packer in on 5 in 19.5 #/ft
Grade E premium premium premium premium grade DP. At the time of the test there will be nothing
inside the drill pipe. The annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud.
What is the collapse rating?
What is the collapse load on the bottom joint of DP?
What is the DF?
For info: New 5 Gr E 5 OD, 4.276 ID, Avg Yp= 85,000 psi
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Burst Design
The DP will Burst (yield by the action of internal pressure) if:
internal differential pressure load > burst pressure rating
DF = Burst Rating /B
B = Internal Differential Pressure Load
B = (P
i
-P
o
)
A Design factor of 1.20 is used:
Internal Differential Pressure Load < Burst rating / 1.20
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Exercise DP16 - Burst
Worst load case happens during DST operations in a gas well. Pressure at
surface is BHP- gas gradient with no backup
In the last example assume we are performing a DST test in the well at
9000 ft with BHP 200 psi less than the mud wt.
What is the burst DF on the top of the Premium Grade E
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Torsion Design
Tool joints are normally weaker than the tubes to which they are attached.
To prevent downhole make-up and a possible resulting torsional failure,
the operating torsion should never exceed tool joint make-up torque.
Provided this condition above is met, there is no need for a design factor
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ToolJoint Torsion Under Tension
1. Simultaneous tension reduces the torsional yield strength of pin-weak connections
2. Connection make-up torque beyond a given point reduces connection tensile capacity
It is commonly assumed that the string tensile capacity is limited by the tube.
Which is true.
But make-up imparts stresses to the tool-joint pin neck, which can be additive to the string
tension. As make-up torque is increased, a point will be reached when the pin neck and no
longer the tube, is the weak member in tension.
Conclusion: do not exceed Maximum make-up torque.
If the wellbore and drill string geometry were predicting a surface torque higher than the make-
up torque, consider the effect this may have on the string overall tensile capacity. Use API RP
7G, appendix A.
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Exercise DP17 Torsion & Tension
A string with a hookload of 250klbs is stuck:
New 5 DP, 19.5#, G105.
What is DP Torsional Yield Strength?
What is TJ Torsional Yield Strength?
What is DP Make-Up Torque?
What is the maximum torque that can be applied to the pipe if 100klbs
Overpull is applied to work the string free?
Conclusion?
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Drill String Design Process-2
After the BHA Design is performed:
Slip Crushing forces on DP
Overpull tensile design at surface
Lengths of DP Sections
Burst Design Check
Collapse under tension Design check
Torsion under tension Design check
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Now you should be able to describe: Now you should be able to describe: Now you should be able to describe: Now you should be able to describe:
Drillstring Design
Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection
Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
Thread types and tool joints
Drill collar weight and neutral point
Critical Buckling force and Neutral Point of Bending
Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
Margin of overpull Slip crushing force
Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled.