22

40. Solution is network of Fig. 2.176(b) using a 10 V supply in place of the 5 V source.

41. Network of Fig. 2.178 with 2 V battery reversed.



42. (a) In the absence of the Zener diode
V
L
=
180 (20 V)
180 220

+
= 9 V
V
L
= 9 V < V
Z
= 10 V and diode non-conducting

Therefore, I
L
= I
R
=
20 V
220 180 +
= 50 mA
with I
Z
= 0 mA
and V
L
= 9 V

(b) In the absence of the Zener diode
V
L
=
470 (20 V)
470 220

+
= 13.62 V
V
L
= 13.62 V > V
Z
= 10 V and Zener diode on

Therefore, V
L
= 10 V and
s
R
V = 10 V
/ 10 V/220
s s
R R s
I V R = = = 45.45 mA

I
L
= V
L
/R
L
= 10 V/470 = 21.28 mA
and I
Z
=
s
R
I I
L
= 45.45 mA 21.28 mA = 24.17 mA

(c)
max
Z
P = 400 mW = V
Z
I
Z
= (10 V)(I
Z
)
I
Z
=
400 mW
10 V
= 40 mA

min
L
I =
max s
R Z
I I = 45.45 mA 40 mA = 5.45 mA
R
L
=
min
10 V
5.45 mA
L
L
V
I
= = 1,834.86
Large R
L
reduces I
L
and forces more of
s
R
I to pass through Zener diode.

(d) In the absence of the Zener diode
V
L
= 10 V =
(20 V)
220
L
L
R
R +

10R
L
+ 2200 = 20R
L

10R
L
= 2200
R
L
= 220
23
43. (a) V
Z
= 12 V, R
L
=
12 V
200 mA
L
L
V
I
= = 60
V
L
= V
Z
= 12 V =
60 (16 V)
60
L i
L s s
R V
R R R

=
+ +

720 + 12R
s
= 960
12R
s
= 240
R
s
= 20

(b)
max
Z
P = V
Z
max
Z
I
= (12 V)(200 mA)
= 2.4 W

44. Since I
L
=
L Z
L L
V V
R R
= is fixed in magnitude the maximum value of
s
R
I will occur when I
Z
is a
maximum. The maximum level of
s
R
I will in turn determine the maximum permissible level
of V
i
.

max
max
400 mW
8 V
Z
Z
Z
P
I
V
= = = 50 mA
I
L
=
8 V
220
L Z
L L
V V
R R
= =

= 36.36 mA

s
R
I = I
Z
+ I
L
= 50 mA + 36.36 mA = 86.36 mA

s
i Z
R
s
V V
I
R

=
or V
i
=
s
R s
I R + V
Z

= (86.36 mA)(91 ) + 8 V = 7.86 V + 8 V = 15.86 V

Any value of v
i
that exceeds 15.86 V will result in a current I
Z
that will exceed the maximum
value.

45. At 30 V we have to be sure Zener diode is on.
V
L
= 20 V =
1 k (30 V)
1 k
L i
L s s
R V
R R R

=
+ +

Solving, R
s
= 0.5 k

At 50 V,
50 V 20 V
0.5 k
S
R
I

=

= 60 mA, I
L
=
20 V
1 k
= 20 mA
I
ZM
=
S
R
I I
L
= 60 mA 20 mA = 40 mA

46. For v
i
= +50 V:
Z
1
forward-biased at 0.7 V
Z
2
reverse-biased at the Zener potential and
2
Z
V = 10 V.
Therefore, V
o
=
1 2
Z Z
V V + = 0.7 V + 10 V = 10.7 V

24
For v
i
= 50 V:
Z
1
reverse-biased at the Zener potential and
1
Z
V = 10 V.
Z
2
forward-biased at 0.7 V.
Therefore, V
o
=
1 2
Z Z
V V + = 10.7 V



For a 5 V square wave neither Zener diode will reach its Zener potential. In fact, for either
polarity of v
i
one Zener diode will be in an open-circuit state resulting in v
o
= v
i
.



47. V
m
= 1.414(120 V) = 169.68 V
2V
m
= 2(169.68 V) = 339.36 V

48. The PIV for each diode is 2V
m

PIV = 2(1.414)(V
rms
)