AR(HiTECTURAL RECORD MAY 1976

. BUILDING TYP(S STUDY 488

., '' '
- 1
just overctwo ago, in. theJpril 'l974 issue, RECORD announced
formation ofthe non-profit lnternational Ar:hitectu1al Foundation for the p.ur-
. pose of an 'interriatiqnal ' design COmpetition for the urban envi/Ofl-
deVeloping countries."That prqject, conceived by the staffs of RECORD and
L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, is intended to focus the attention of architects and
planners around the' world on the accelertiig urban crisis in developing coun-
tries, to encourage thedevelopn1entof thoughtful prototypical designs for housing
and community development, and to make the results of this effort known
throughout the world . In the hope thatthe results of the design' competition do
"help make a world where hope makes sense," we present this issue to architcts,
planners, iriterr.tational aid and lending agencies, and government officials around
the world-on behalf of more :than a billion people who live in urban slums.
1
HUMAN
SETTlEMENTS
.--
... an issue c:oncentrating on one of the urgent problerns of our time, with the winning designs in
The lnternational Design for the Urban . Environrnent of Developing Countries .

lnthe developing countries around the world, millions of families haye moved from the country-
side to the citi es in hope of jobs, education, and a better standard of li ving-and instead have
found only a different of deprivation. N.owhere are the global problems of excessive popula-
tion . growth, unemployment, environmental decay, al.ienation, and urban squalr,; more clearly
focused than in the urbansiums that have resu!ted. transition from rural to
urban societi es has vast national and global repercussions-social, economic,, and pjitical.
As senior editor (and competition.juror) Mildred Schmertz points out in her article beginning
overleaf, there is new hope and new direction in efforts to help the urban poor. Her article-and
the phcito essay on page 100 by noted social scientist Aprodicid Laquian---{]escribes and evaluates
the principal strategies by which the devejoping countries are seeking to improve squatter settle-
ments- and focuses on the great promise of new strategies whi ch combine sensitive and mnimum
governmental intervention with squatter community self-help.
These new strategies were the basis for the cpmpetition with the assist-
ance and enthusiastic spport of the f?hilippine govrnment, which agreed to build the winning
designas a prototype in a redevelopment in Manil a for 140,000 squatters. The competi-
tion si te and it,s framework for the competition-is described on page 106.
The competition, clearly the most signifi cant design competiti on of its kind ever held, also
proved to be one of the largest. An astonishing 2,531 registrations- from 68 countries-were
and 476 submissions were judged by a distinguished international jury (see page. 112).
The winning designs-and a number of unpremiated entri es-are shown beginnin'g on page '114.
Finally, beginning on page 156, is a sumhlation that indudes an anthology of comments by
world l<;aders in the struggleto improve the conditions of the world's urban poor, the report of
'the jury, and an analysis by the editors of the significant achieverrients of the competit ion and
on its possible impac;:t on the futur urban development around the world.
As we wrote in our first ed itori al on the competition two years ago: "We are not so naive
asto believe that arc'hitecture is the solution to all the problems ofthe world; that good planning
and design is a s'ubstitute for joqs that don't exist, or -food that does not exist or is too dear. But
housin'g and a sense of community are basi c human needs-and that is the part of the problern
tllat we [the RECORD staff and architects everywhr:re] know most about and can best do something
So let us try .. : . . . . . .., .
This issue is the result of two years of trying by literal! y thousands of people. '-V\1. W
ARCHiTECTL!RA.L RECORD ,VIay 7976 95
1,
from slum to community, from despair to hope:
Upgrading the slum and squatter settlements
that are spreading as a blight
in and around the sprawling and cities
of the developing world

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incr_ease in spite of the en1grations ter the cites. {:.
1
In lhe developing nationst masses of humanity are moving from iso-
lated rural vill ages to intermediate towns and smaller cities on their
way lo the big rnetropolitan centers. They swarn'l into SeotJI, Bonibay,
Mexico City and Sao Paolo, which hav populations of over S.;nillion.
Cities o over 4 million such as Manila, Hong Kong, )akarta, Delhi and
Cairo are still absorbing an incessant flow. Bangkok, Calcutta,
Madras, Karachi and Tehrari have now reached populaticms of more
than 3 million. Citis of 2 million and more such as'Lima, Bogot,
Buenos Aires, Santiago, Caracas, lstanbul, Singapre and Taipei a;e
hosts to an evr-growing numb of unwanted migrants: In many of
these citi es, squatters corriprise at least orie-half of the 'populatlon. In.
Calcuti, jakarta, Lirna, and Baghdad they add up to more than
halL In the words of social scientist Aprodicio A. Laquian (who has
COITl ributed a photo essay to this issue beginning ()n page 1 00): "These
poorest of the urban poor live in dilapidated .settlements that cling
precariously to hillsides; line srnelly canals; block roadsides; or crowd
inner-city al leys. In their tattered misery, they mock the aspirations 61
all those who yearn to make their cities sophisticated and mocle'rn.
They serve as an all too visible reminder of the economic 'and soCial
injustices that sti ll plague 6ur society."
as urban areas. As .a resuit, the riumbers of rural people continue to Jl ;;}
The amount of work i'r agriculture available to lhe individual is ' !' .
.decreasing, however, largely betaUse of this ihcrase in nurnbers, but : ;,
princ
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Furthermore, these. human beings are unwelcom because th,ey
build shacks on urban land to which they have no legal right and for
which there is little or no. infrastructure of public The con-
struction bY,- the publ ic sectqr of such a conventio.ral urbn ntwork-
which should include roads, a public transportation system, piped
water, storm water and sanitary sewers, waste colletion ancl
ancl electricity-is considered lo be too heavy a burclen' upon the fi-
nancia! resources of the cities of the cleveloping wor ld,. '
In the next thirty years; the world's population will reach the 6.5
billion mark, nearly double the number of people ali ve today. By the
year 2000,3.5 billion people .will have become urban,living in cities
of over 20,000 inhabitants. In the clevelopirg countries where ro sig-
nifican! decline in populat ion growth is expected, the number. of. ur-
banized people will grow from 464.3 million in 1970 to 1 A37 billion
in .the year 2000. Today's largest citi es-Calcutta, Bombay, )akarta,
Mexico City, Buenos Aires and others will becorne urban mega'
regions of over 10 million each.
Choosing urban squalor-over rural misery: .
the escape from village life
Why does the rural peasant cme to the city? In response to its
tunities for growth for him and for his family. For many such ahd
women, it is no longer possible to lead a tolerable lif and provicle for
their children's future in the environinent in which their famil ies have
lived for generations. Pover.ty is a worsening problem, because of di-
mini shecl availability of land and overpopulation. The rural environ-
rnent itself is becoming so overpopulated that the peasant family can
no. longer function as it did in the past. lmprovernenls iri health care
and sanital ion ha ve dtamatically reduced death rates iri rural as well
96 ARCI-IITEC f URAL RECORD May 1976
also because of the gradiml mechani zation' offarming and the in)c .
, provecl yields brought about by modern methcids of agronomy. Where'
there has been land reform, the peasant has usually not been granted
a sufficient number of acres to be able .to bequeath a significan!
an10unt of farmlancl to ea eh of his sons, who are then forced to make
their way to the city. In Southeast Asia, hovv only per cent urban,
the migration of nly one out of six such sons wi ll (i ssliming th cur-
ren\ birth rate) clouble the natural growth rate of the city to which he
moves for a better future.
Rural people are frequently displacedbydevelopme,nt-'--the con-
structiori of roads, clams (which flood settled areas) and industrial nd
ommercial ceriters. lf the peasant owns his land and se lis it toa devel- .
Oper, the Slllll he teceives is usually hOt for him lo acquire
land ofsimi lar agricultura! quality. Many use the money as a stake .in
the city to tide thern over until they f ind a job.
In Muslim. indonesia, a pesant who has so!cl his land rnay
the entire su m paid him for a once-in-a-l ifetime trip to Mecca. Afte; .
returning home a hero to his fllm\ w6rshippers of Allah, he rnigrates
or Bandung-poor in everything but spiril.
.The rural migrant who makes it to city
fghts to stay there .
Although the squatter 01' slum dweller endures great harcJships in his
aclopted ity, he will not return to the country .. of his t)Wf1 volition, nor
cioes he submit to being sent back against his will by the government.
lf t he city cloes manage to deport hirn tq. a rural are a, he soon 111akes
his way back. \ fa vela songfrom BraziybyZ Keti expresses his spirit:
1 may be arrested, 1 may be hit;
1 may not even ha ve something to eat
But 1 wn't change m y opinion
hvon't ever move from. this hi/1.
lf there is no. vvater /'// dig myself a we/1
.ff there is no meai, 1'11 buy a bone
. And put it in the sourr-/llget on, 1'1/ get on:
They ca;, say what they like
1-/ere 1 don't ha veto pay rent
lf 1 die tomorinw moming, /'m very near J,e sky!
. . -. .-.y
. . . ,
According to studies conducted in six Philippine cities by Laquian '"'d
his tea m of researchers; under a research grant from the Southeast Asia ..
Development Advisory ,GrOup of the Asia Society, New York, the .
squatting process is clifficult to reverse: His team, from i.he lntem--
tional Development Research Centre in o'ltawa, found that most uf
those inerviewed prefer thei1 present urbbn life to their rural past,
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beca.use of better economic conditions in the city. Jobs are
available, in comes are 'higher, and better educational opportu-
nities improve the job prosp6cts for their children.
Laquian's Philippine respondents appear to appreciate their lives
squatter community. The urban squatter's friends, relatives and
are there, the communities are close to their places of work
transportation costs and time, and have invested consid-
erable tjme ancl money in their dwellings and communityfacilities ancl
services. Of great significance to them, of course, is the fact that as
ill egal occupants they pay little or no rent ortaxes and such ameni ti es
as they have are cheap. Laquian's figures support histhesis that
tion techniques will ll9tWork unlessthe new arei.)S offer better codi-
tions than those the migrant has already gained .
. \JYith support ro1Tr the lnternatinal Research
Centre, . ei ght ' teams of coordinated by Laquian al so sur-
. veyecl squatter settlements in Banclurig, s'eoul, Caracas, Kuala Lumpur,
1
.1stanbul, Lirna, Manila arel La:gos_:cities where the rate of growth of
squaners and slum clwellers is reveled to be tv;:o or three times the .
nonal growth rates for ,other city dwellers. The researchers wanted
to see if these settled, n'ow: urban migrants preferred the .. city to the
farm. Asked .if they willing to retun; home, the "no's" ranged
between 70.7 pei'cent 81.9 per cent. To the question of whether
the city was better for children, 88.9 per cer1t of the respondents
. in lstanbul answered ;,yes."
Slums of hope: the typical squatter is
a family man; courageous and optimistic
Laquian's researches in the Philippines reveal the squatter to be an
advrturous tker of risks, leaving his rural home to try his luck in a
harsh metropolis which does not want him. Says Laquian: ' 'Calling on
resourcefu)ness and surv.ival instincts, most of the squatters
and slum clwellers gel by. Even an .unskilled can work as a
cargo loacler ora tricycle driver. His wife can wash clothes,.roll cigars,
or work as a hawker and vendor. Cheap housing can be obtainecl in
the slums and squatter areas. Ancl 'the city is so fascinating one can
get lost in its whirl. Most importan\' of all, the city hope-i
not for the squatters and slum at least for their chilcl ren." The
is a farnily man willing to rnake for. his chil clren's
future, about which he is optimistic. Although unskilled or semi-skilled
.hihlself, he sees them in professionl ormanagerial positions, .or more
rnoclestly in coo1merce, teahing ancl skilled labgr.
He forms close ties with his own community of relatives, friencls
and neighbors. This strong community feeli ng is rooted in his rural past
ancl has become essential to his urban existence. Sttch wiclely sharecl
feelings ha ve led to the clevelopment of cornmunity organizations that
, work to improve lile in the squatter settlements.
The squatter is indepenclent andself"sufficient He doeshi s best,
' within .hi sj!"verely lirnitecl financia! means, to improve his
ancl the neighborhood of whi ch it is a pan. He hopes for even-
tual ownership, or at least secure tenure in the lancl upon which he
has built and to which he claims a right
Although his wife ancl chilclren also work, the family income is
.exceedingly low (in the Philippines it averages 371.43 pesos a rnonth
or $53.06 U.s'.). Nonetheless, he f inds the lile it buys acceptable by
comparison to his former rural existence.
Bec;ause the non-taxpaying squatter is illegally based, ancl be-
cause his numbers overwhelrn the city's public services, he does not
ha ve equal ccess With Other citi ze[lS to roacls, public transport, pipe(.:!
water and drains anclmust clepencl upon himself for such services. As
a result, he has learned to expect littl e frorn the "government and to
view it cynically. On the other hancl, the means exist by which his
can be heard wi thin the larger political and aclministrative
arenas. The .cornmunity organization to which he belongs has mem-
bers with access to politicians ancl government officials at varying
levels ofthe hierarchy. His cynicism, therefore, is mitigatecl by his own .
experience of some degree of political effectiveness.
, Slums of despair: npt all squatters
fit an optimistic profile
All sqllatter settlements have their share of social ills, but some slums
are worse than others. Not all sl um dwell ers possess the characteristics
ot' the migrnts just described. Criminals, fugitives, mental deficients,
alcohol ics, drug acldicts, pimps, prostitutes, social outcasts and the
incl olent are founcl in every slum. More common are those who are
unemployed or underemployecl and have become adj usted to poverty,
or for whom, as in Calcutta, it i s simply inescapable. (In Calcutta
1
600,-
000 people have no houses at all and live on.the city's pavernents.)
In the worl cl's worst slums such as those of India ancl Africa, many
people are.slowly starving. They are apathetic, hostile, and suspicious.
Mens have been found, however, to motvate even such people as
these towarcl self-hel p in terms of making their own physical improve-
their lanes, installing electric lighting and new water
taps; and their drains, disposing of fecal rnatter,
whitewashing their houses.
Squatters and sluh1 clwellers, whatever their personal charac-
teristics, occupy urban villages which are an ever-expancling danger
ancl threat to' the host city. Because of flimsy .construction, they are a
fire hazard to the entire metropolis. Poor sahitation makes them a.
health hazard (or everyone, spreading the risk of amoebic dysentery
and other ,communicable diseases to rich and poor alike. s' lun1s have
the potential.formob violence; crime, politi cal revolution and other
forms of social
Gove.rnments intheThircl World are becoming more aware of the
threat to the economi ancl poli tical survival of their cities, and the
danger to the human species posed by the spreading malignancy of
squatter settlements. These governments are beginning to realize that
the problems posed by urban squatter settlements are symptoms of
rural -urban imbalance at a scale that is regional and The
ARCHITECTURAL May 1976 97
problem s larger than the question of how to go aboutprovicling better
housing and living standards for rural-urbi:m migrants. What needs to
be asked, the developing wo;ld now is beginni ng to see, iswhat the
present and fu tu re roles of these people shoulcl be in the economic and
social life of their country. People shoulcl be counted as a resource.
What work should they be doing ancl where? What solutions are being
tried? How wel l do they work? -
Attempts to transform dying rura! vi::ages. _ .
into vital economic centers have not solved the problem ...
By improving the living standards of rural people, the governments of
the Third World hope to persuade them to stay in theit villages or )il .
the smaller towns ancl cities to which they ha ve. alreacly migratecl . .Sci-
entifi c methocls to increase crop yielcls have beer Better sani-
tation and water supply and i mproved health services and education
are being tred. So far, however, these efforts have not significantly
slemmed the f low of migrants to the big cities.
Large estates have been clivided among the former tenant farmer:s
in the hope that land ownership wi ll keep them In the couniry. Large
lancl holdings have also been national ized and turnecl into
tives in which the peasants in the administration and profits.
Stuclies, includi ng those of Laqui an, Kave begun to sholv; however,
that land refonn is not keepng the younger rural people at home.
lmproved agricultura! rnethods decrease lhe need for their labors, and
new. afflunce and rising expectations increase lheir demarid for the
knd of education that can only be founcl in the cities. Furtherrnore;
as already noted, the number of acres acquired by individual famil_ies
through \and reformare too few to provicle a useful inheritance to the
second generation ..
. lt should be aclded that young people are clrawn to the cities be-
cause they find them exciting and attractive. Buckminster Fuller thinks
that rural villagers might be persuaded to stay in their villages. if they
could be transported to "the bright li ghts" on weekends,
Attempls lo discourage the migrant-from staying in the city
by the "entry permit" approach have not heen successful
Sonte cities in the developing wodd are making deliberate efforts to
return the migrants to their rural villages. )akarta has instituted severa!
policies lo reverse the flow of rural peop\e, As reported by l aquian:
Every rnigrant who arrives must regi ster wilh the ci ty government and
apply for i3 "short visit carel ." To get the card, he niust deposit with
the city twice the cost of his return fare back to his native vill age. He
is allowed six months to find a job and a house. lf he is _th is fortunate,
his deposit is returned to him minus admini stration costs and he is
allowecl to buy a )akarta citizenship carel. lf he fail s to fincl work and
shelter in hall ayear, he gets a one-way ticket horneanclthe govern-
rnent keeps the rest of his deposit:
Th is harsh systern, however, is far from folproof. Faked cards arid
papers can be iJought, encouraging widespread corruption on lhe part
J
98 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 .
1
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of sellers ancl users. In spile of official claims to the cdntrary, ..
. nurnbers of illegal migrants and their famili es nJanage to stay and cke
out a marginal li ving in the city, lt is di fficulf for ,:estricted entr'y
niques to succeed because people want to be where the jobs, educa- i
tion arid opportunity are, and one there manage to stay.
Migrants do no! want lo move to
"frontier sits," "growth poles". and "new citfes"
At the. Worst, governments uprool seHled squatiers d send thern out .;
of the city to reniote fronter si tes without employment opportunities, ;:
public services of any.kind, or transporlation to the city. Most squalters
who are forcibly relocated to these area.s rnanage to find their way:. :_
' back to the city as soon as possible.
Somegovernments ericourage urbansquatters to move to growth .;
poles or new cities. Rural people are al so directed to these si tes lo keep .,
thern from moving to .the rnelropol is. This is a more integraled ap-
proach to planning in which economic growth, job . opportu.nities,
public sen,ices, rnarket-demands and populatio,n movements are seen
_as interreiated factors. Sophisticated urbar;izalion strategies are used,_
such as the provision 6f free larid, tax abalernent, and public invest- :
ment in infrastructure to attract industrial entrepreneurs to these pre-
se)ected growth poles. New towns and cities such as Cuidad Guayana
in Venezuela are being built fn conju,nction with industrial estates: ..
Alt:hough these efforls have had some sutcess, tlwir effectiveness
has been limitd by the facr that businessmen in a market econorny
prefer to lo:ate close to the publi c ser\ices, s,killed labor and markels
of the larger citis. Therefore, the development of these growth poles
has been slow, and in m;my cases too slow to justify the large public
inveslment iri their infrastructure. Furthermore, the developrneril of in-
dustrial estates asmagnets for the growth of i1ew cities has been lim-
ited t() the few developing countries, as Venezuela, which can
afford, the large capitalization they Another minus for the
grbwlh-pole. slr:ategy is the fact lhal the new industrial cilies are not
labo.r-intensive to the degree that lhe overpopulated developing coun :
, tries require. These industries tend toemploy small nun1bers of highJ\;
skill ed indivicluals, rather lhari 'ihe low-skilled; poorly eclucated
.rnigrant who needs a job.
One more li mtatjon to the growth-pole approach is the scarcity .
of uncleveloped land. Third Worlcl countries will e'ientually run out-
as has already occurred in many Asan natiolls. As available land de-
creases, the major_urban centers will tontinue t0 be magnets of tre- .
mendous force.
. Dealing with reality:
accommodating the migrants where they want to be
In spite of all the and programs to make them stay ,in the
country, return to the country, or .move to smaller urban centers, the_
migrants keep on torr1ing t the ever-growing rnega-regons. _Most
cities provide their squatters and sluri1 dwellers with liriited water,
not b
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Many approaches have been tried to sol ve the problems
of the urban squatter: Develop rural areas,
prohibitentry to the city, build new "growth poles."
. But want to be in the city.........:.so the best approach
seerns to be to accornrnoaate thern in the city
with a combination o(sensitive governrnent interventOT}
and cornrnunity self-help.
. 1 '
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1
sanitation and health service,:; if only to protectthe urbawpopulation
as a whole from disease an9
1
plague.
Beca use the cost is so high, only governments with lrge eco-
nomic resources such as Venezuela ha ve attempted large-scale, low-
cost housing programs-which have not usually worked (see La-
quian's photo essay overleaf for an assessment-of these programs). For
. most squatter ancl slurn families the rents in thi s type of housing, even
though subsidized, are too high.'Too often the apartments go to n9t-so-
poor pople with politi cal connections. Those who can afiord bribes
.getapartments. Poor faC(lilies doublea.nd triple up in the new
ments, reducing the rent per family but introducing to the new settle-
ments the overcrowded conditions that they left.A study'made by the
World Bank, the lnternational Development Association, and the ln-
ternational Finance Corporation found that the cheapest form of low-
cost housing provided by the governments of the cities studied could
, not afforded by 55 per cent of the peoplein Mexico City, 35 per
cent' in Hong Kong, 68 per cent in.Nairobi; 47 per cent in Bogot, 64
per cent in Ahmedabad and 63 per cent in Madras.
_The most promising alternatfve to government-built low-cost
h()using is the "sites and services" approach combi ned with "sel-
hel[ron part of th squatter. By thi s method, the government m ay
pul ip water lines with communal taps, electri city, a minimum sewage
and drainage system, and tle begiiinings of a road network. The World
. Bank has funded si tes and services projects in Senegal; Indonesia, and
in Zambia, and is considering them in other places including the
Dagat-Dagatan resettlement area in Metropolitan Manila, the site of
the lnternational Architectural Foundation cornpetition.
Supplied\vith the basic infrastructure, the'squatter builds his own
house out of whatever rnaterials he can firid or can buy through gov-
ernment credit. The i1eighborhood community of which he is a part
jointly builds recreation areas and simple comml)nity buildings. The
hope is that given security of tenure and increasing prosperity, the
squatters will steadily improve their settlements as Laquian's photo
essay demonstrates.
The design problem is to create a framework
for government intervention combined with self-help .
The architect-urbanist qualified to engage in human settlement work
should be an expert at .working. with the community; increasing its
involvement with the planning proess. ldeally, he should live for a
time in the settlement to the 'best insights and ideas about its
growth. In addition to making desigri, site planning and technical pro-
posals, he should be able to help devise the financia!, administrative
anlsocial arrangements required to shape the growth of the sett.lement
to better meet the migrants needs.
. As part of this work, the professional ryust actas a liaison between
the siUm dwellers and the government, interpreting. the squatters'
needs to the authorities, while acting s a catalyst for positive change.
He can help them in their fight for .tenwre and in their battles against
slum clearance and relocation. He can help establish the degree to
: which the squatters can help themselves, technically and financially,
' and the point at ,\hich government aiq is requird. In turn, he helps
'the government establ ish the necessary forms of a id.
The role f the architect-urbanist is to help determine what the
publicly financed infrastructure should be, the form it should take,
how it should be integrated with the particular site and the surround-
ing urban areas, and to what extent .it should be constru,cted by self-
help. The government sites and services initiative; if p;.operly coi1-
, ceived, can establish the net\-vork for growth of a squatter comrnunity
with a strong poten.tial for transforming itself.
. 'fhe first-prize-winning design for the IAF Competition, won. by
lan Athfield of New Zealand (pages 114-123), was premiated in large
_part for a brilliant new concept within the "sites and services/self-
help:' framework. He propases that the government-subsidized infra-
structure for the Dagat-Dagatan settlement in Metropolitan Manila
should include, in addition to the conventi onal sites and services, a
. new element-a continuous linear building surrounding each 500-
family barangay, which would serve as a work place for the commu-
nity, Portions of this so-called "working periphery" could be leased
to small, non-polluting, industries to provide jobs so
despertely needed by the underemployed of the barangay. The rest
of the space would be used for profit-making industries which
the squatters wouldset up for themselves.
In addition to proposing that the government inance the basic
si tes and services and the incremental structure that is to becorne the
working periphery, Athfield urges that the government lend money to
. the residents to build their housing units. Once the barangay commu-
nity is established, however, all administration, renta! collection and
financia! managemeht would be organized at that level. A community
development bank would be established in each barangay, which
would undertake the administration and repayment of the government
loans until the barangay was self-sufficient. The bank's steering com-
. mitte would include representatives of the industrial users, the mi -
grant community ard government technical advisers.
In his winning propasa! Athfield points outthat the inhabitants will
need technical as well as financia! helpas individuals and as a com-
munity. He envisions himself and his teamworking closely with them,
becoming acquainted with their problems and difficulties as well. as
their aspirations and needs. He sees his role as helping to resol ve such
problems as boundary disputes in the siting of houses, while giving
practica! advice on simple erection procedures and techniques. Ath-
field believes that this direct work with the people is the primary task
of migran! community design.
Athfield's proposal should be carefully studied by everyone .. con-
cerned with the design of cities. lts implementation by the Govern-
ment of the. Philippines will be a genuine advance toward the solution
ofthe world-wide prob!em of building truly human settlements.
-MildredF Schmertz
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 99
"With improved understanding of the
urbanization processes involved, it becomes_ clear
that a con1bination of governrnent intervention
and community self -he!p offers the most hope ... "
... a photo essay by Dr. Aprodicio A. laquian
Photos b)' Aprodcio A t aquian, Clyde .Sanger. and Ne;J/ McKee.of the De\elopment Research Centre
,_
Many squatters and sl.um
leave villages
_arid neat to-move to the citY.
Some are pushedut by rural poverty
-,-but most .are attracted
by what the city offers .
. . . jobs, education.for their children,
new opportunities, and e_ntertainment and
excitement. What the migrant needs
is a toehold into urban life-and this happens ,.
when heiinds shelter, a job, anda
socia/.lfe in a commnity of fellow migrants
. who bringwith thein thewarmth and pride
of a rural village.
A strong reason for urban migration is
rural poverty A cluster of huts in a
minihmdio in Mexico where a family usual/y
tills less than a hectare (2.5 -acres) of /and
shows the_ poverty .of rural people. Each year,
. tho_usnds of campesinos move to cities,
oritributing to_ the primacy of Mexico City.
A migrant's toehold may be a squatter shanty,
such as these makeshift dwe/lings bui!t
by invading "parachutists" inMexico City.
lt may be a hillside of adobe shantis,
shown t far left, in Bogot, Colombia.
An interesting phenomenon in lbadan,
Nigeria, are the many "Brazilian" houses
built by returnedslaves and migrants. These
large fiouses are internally subdivided
-into renta/ units, T/]is particular house .
has more_than,tw.o dozen farri/ies whp share
commori bahrqom and-kitchen
Dr. Laquian is assoate direCtor, Social Sciences and
r:tuman lntern\3-tional Developrnent
search Centre of Ottawa. in a village and raised in a
Manila slum, he from the Universi ty of the PhiliQ-
pes in Manila in public administration/ and receivetf his
doctorate in political science from the inS:ti-
tute of Technology. He is the author of many imponint
tications on housing for the poor and, rural and
has conducted two majar field studies in devei.piAg coun' .
tries on patterns of migration and housng for fherural and
urban poor.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 197_6 - 101
Planners have often allocated sites
for low-cost housing for squatters,
and then have been surprised
when the poor have refused to stay
in such sites. The reason
is that there are natural dynamics
in the process of urban settlement
... that we are only 'beginning lo understand.
For example, most migrants in Latn America
usally fine/ homes in inner-city slums, where
-----despite high densities and poor services-
the people find a gateway to interpersonal
relationships. Closeness to jobs and amenities
is a consideration te!'Jlpered by availability
. of /and. As time passes and the economic
and social position of a migrnt improves,
he also changes his lbcation in the city.
Programs thatclo take this mobility pattem
into corisideration wi/1 most /ike/y fail
because they as
lhe availability of public'land or the desire
toimprove the esthetics ;o{poor areas-
different from pereeived qy squatters.
. :...1..!' .
In the teeming inner-eity slums
callee/ as the one in
Bogot, Colombia shown in the photo at right,
recent migrants join relatives and friends.
Migrants ' stay on undesirable
si tes, hoping tht public authorities will not
notice their invsior of public or
prvate larids. These huts in Klong Toey,
Thailand, are built on stilts atop a marshy
and frequently flooded /ancf,
Covemments oflen forcefully evict
inner-city squatters, pus!iing them lo si tes
on the city periphery, such as these
gecekonclus outside lstanbul (right).
Planners, of course, would like. to stem lhe
tide of migrants. They hope they wi/1
be able todo this by improving
the economic and social conditions in
intermediare cities and towns such as the one
in Colombia shown below. But ihey do not
ha ve enoughattractions to rural people,
whocon,tinue to move to the largest cities.
U pon arrivar in the city,
migrants use whatever materials
they can !ay their hands on
to build shelter.
They build in accordance with traditional forms,
working old and new materials together
the best way they know how. The ity, however,
offers greater variety of materials-plastics,
ga/vanized iron sheets, flattened-out
oil drums, cardboard, and wood frorh packing
era tes. As the economic lot of the migrant
improves, his house becomes more consolidated
and new materials and forms are introduced.
Wood, bamboo, and nipa tl'fatch are
the basic materials for an early shelter.
This squatter house in 1/oi/o City, Philippines,
gives an idea of hot,Jsirg materials used in
early stages of squtting.
The city, however, . offers other
materials. In this roadside store in Lagos, Nigeria,
squatters can buy tin drums, salvaged wood and
other materials for building their houses.
One of'the oldest materials used .for
construction, bamboo, provides the
main structure for this hol.Jse in Bogot.
Traditional construction methods
ha ve al so been used.
ARCHITECTURAL RECOR;> May 19(6 . 103
The influx of rural families
to cities has transformed
metropol itan are as i nto settlements
of rural villagers-and plahners
and government officials must take
ri..tral forms and traditions
into consideration ..
. . . in formulaiing policies and programs
for urbim develpn1ent. Re/igion, folkways,
social organization, and styles of!ife
must be in'tenvoven with more modern forms
in the city. They lend varety and
rich diversitY to the tnanagemnt
or urban life at the same time that they
create problems of po/itics and administratioh.
Survi\1a/ f rural forms poses. a .
. basic chal!enge to urban planners .and
authorites indeveloping counlries. '
in moving ;1 house are ommon among
recent migrants. Here, 'able"bodied persons
in a con1hwni(y hefp a sei:tfer move
his whole hduse to a nearby relbcation area.
Rurallifestyles are found even in the
center of ctes. A couple of boys enjoy
a water buffalo rde in.this slum/squatter
communityi;/ Davao City, Philippines.
E ven as supermarkets rise up in rich suburban
communities, the urban poor sti/1 re/y
on periodic markets for their daily food needs.
In Bogot, the town square (right)
becoms the hvb of commercial
and .social activities twice a week.
104 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma}-"1976
In new communities on the periphery ofcities)
houses reta in their ru!'a/ forms, because
of the materiais used and the way in -,..N eh
they are ai'ranged to make the most
of interpersonal and familia/ relationships .
In
go
of
va<
tri ti
gov
off<
hou
in ti
fed\
, hn
' his
In many countries around the world,
governmental responses to the problem
of squatters and slum dwellers has
vacillated between punitive measures
and poltica! coddling ...
With strongiocal and internationa{
criticism of the superblocks, the
government has swung to the opposite extreme
of low-rise housing. However, while these
. houses are better, they.a/so missthe.point
in that they are already finishedand
. /ea ve no room for f/exibility. The sqatter
. he re would not be able to enlarge or irrprove
' his own dwelling when his life improves.
As lands in the central city
. are required for public projects,
government officials often pursue
"urban renewal''and evict
.. squatte;s, as from these .
demolished fouses in Caracas.
' Wealthier countries like ,Venezuela,
: with its oil revenues, ha ve builtsuperblocks
to house former squatters and slum dwellers.
However, there has been sorne resistance
on the part of rancho dwellers to 1 ive
in these high-rise buildings:
Architects.' have been s/ow to
unders'tand the evolutionary
processes involved inhoi.Jsing
squatters. Thus, projects
are often carbon copies o/
housing in deve!oped ountries,
despite difference in,
climate and culture. In sorne
cases, architects design low-cost
housing for the sake of form,
npt peop/e, as in the building
at left, in Mexico City.
what must happen EIOW is for planners and government
officials to recognize tlie mistakes of the past; and to recognize
the now-quite-clear new directions that planning and enlight-
ened invention should take-directions that
take into account the migrants' traditional living pat:terns and
_resorces for and integrate theminto publicefforts.
ARCHITECTURAL' RECORD May 7976 .lOS
\
. .
Manila the focus of -the .lnternational Design Con1petition
because its problems are prototypical, and because plans
were underway to relocate over 100,000 squatters . from a slum
in its Tondo Foreshore to a nearby-resettlement
. -Dagat-Dagatan-which needed to be planned
Metropolitan Manila has been growing rapidly since the end of World
War 11. lt has over 4.4 mi ilion people, or 12 per cent of the total popu-
lation of the nation, and this 12 per cent produces over 25 per cent
of the gross national product of the Philippines.
The larger Manila Bay Metropolitan Region has almos! one-fourth
of the national qr '8.6 mi ilion people; in an area of 18,051
square kilometers (6,967 sqare miles). This is a large land area with
a relavely low population .dehsity, but presnt projections indicate
that this low density won't last__.:.arid that the:Region' s population na y
range anywhere between 17.8 million and 24 millioh by the end of .
the century. _Philippine plarriers who are studyillg growth and land-
problems at the nationaf sea le are proposing .that, to offst this
forecast growth, new 'centers should be develbped thrcil.ighout
the islands from Luzon to Mindanao. But n government policies have
yet substantially reduced the attractiveness of the Metropolitan Region
to the rural migrant.
Manila suffers al! the :usual bad effects of random, haphazard
growth; including overcrowding of the districts inhabited by poor
such as the Tondo Forshore area (right, and cover). Efforts to resettle
th squatters on neyv rural sites, in new towns or growtb poles, o; t
send them back where they came !ro:.,,, have been unsccessful. The
squatters sirnply rnake their way back to the city wheie theywant t be.
The government of Metropolitan Manila is now evaluating the :
poli cy of obtaining and usihg vacant lands within the.city as s.ites for
squatter sttJnnts. Existing are substantial amounts of :agritultrotl
land, fishpnd areas, and types of undevelopd or.
underdevloped. land, of these si tes are closetothe squatiers' .
jobs and to existing and. highways (there .is _no publii: traris-
portation in Manila;--""the population m oves by foot, prvate car;. or.
jeepney): The transfrmation of these sites into human settlements
would indude the improvement of the existing transportation .network.
A. second approach being considered in conjuncticin with the first .
would be to upgradethe sites, ser.vices, transport hm.lsingof
i ng low-income settlements within the metrpolitan boundarie,s: These .
combined initiative.s would help reverse the ever increasing sprawl of
squatter urbanization at the metropolitan fringe. . '
To this end, an initial effort being made by the Metro'politan
ni la government is the vast landfill project in the 1 ,.2-acre,:,
Dagat-Dagatan Resettlement Area (pages 11 0-111). re:
bei ng fill ed in to prepare the site for the relocation of the :squatier'
community to be relocated from the adjacent Tondo Foreshore. area-
in preparation for its redevelopment as an industrial si te. Th progral')l
for the IAF Competition was concei ved and inspird by the challenge .
and opportunity of designing DagatcOagatan, The Philippine govern-
ment plaris to bu i Id at least one barangay (a 3 ,500-personor 5oo,fam" .
il y cornmunity) to the winning design, and may indeed .f?llow the
posal s of the winni ng architect for the entire 1
resettl ement si te. What will happen at Dagat-Dagatan is of interest to
al! professionals engaged in the pl anning of human settlements:.
106 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. May 1976
:
n
'!
T
..
The existing squatter slurn
Tondo Foreshore
on Manila
has a population of
169,710 on only 455 acres
This silted, marshy land is-with a
po:iulation of 373 per acre--one
of the most congested in the
country (see cover). Compared
with other districts within Metro-
politan Manila, it has more disc
ease, crime, children per famil y,
and deaths per 1 ,000 persons. The
Tondo has fewer hgspital beds,
less schoolroom spaie per pupil ,
fewer street lights, fewer police-
men, and more property loss due
to fire and typhon. The Tondo
consumes less water and has 50
per cent .less of its garbage col -
lected than the city average. lts
sewage disposal system is lar
below the standards of other dis-
tricts. There are fewer buses and
jeepneys avai lable to the squat-
ters, and less park and recreation
area per person than anywhere
else in the rest of the city.
Jhe Tondo Foreshore area
was or iginally reclaimed frm the
sea to be developed as an indus-
tria! si te, b.ut during the long del ay
befare the government was ready
to commence construction, the
. squatters too k . over. (Throughout
. the Third World, al! vacant sites
and public lands attract squatters.)
Through strong community
organization, the Tondo squatters
have developed a degree of politi-
cal power, and have been difficult
to dislodge. To help salve this
problem, the adjacent (and more
than h.vice as large) Dagat-Daga-
tan site is being planned to re"
house them.
When the Tondo area is fi-
nally for further indus-
trial uses, it will be a major source
of jobs for the squatters who
desperately need them. The area
wi)l not become entirely indus-
trial , however, since plans provide
for at least 9,000 people to remain
on the si te. This is in line with the
government's policy to upgrade
existing settleinents within the
metropolitan limits. '
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 : 107
--- -
In spite of its squalor,
the people of the Tondo
want to live there or near there-,-
forjobs, education, and a better future
for themselves andtheir children
The people ofthe Tondo li ve clase
to the piers where the men earn
their 1 ivir)g as. laborers arid steve-
dore:;. They are al so el ose to trans-
port terminals and opn markets
where th\iy find work in helping '
load and unload fresh produce. In
addition to ,their ownshacks, the
area in which they live contains
industries such as slaughterT
houses, glass plar:1ts; and heavy
equipment .depots. lt is a poor
place for human beings to live-
a,nd the shift to nearby Dagat-
Dagatan should be a welcome
one for the squatters lucky enough
to be moved, provided they are
given land tenure .. The Tondo it-
self is being Jeveioped furth2; as
an indstria site-as planned by
the Tondo Redevelopment Au-
thority-but will 'still retain about
9,000 families.
The squatters f the Tondo,
like those elsewhere in the Philip-
pines and many parts of the devel-
oping world, fit a profile devel-
oped by social scientist Aprodicio
. A. Laquian ('pages 100-1 05) and
.outlined in his report "Siums and
Squatters in Six. Philippine Cities."
In his words: "Squatters and slum
dwellers consider their present lile
l:ietter than their former situation.
They see economic and other op-
portunities in the city and are un-
. willing to lea ve their present com-
munities. The break with the rural
place of origin seems to be rela-
tively f inal. Most squatters and
slum. dwellers make the move to
the city .when they are f'!lalure
and, In the 'case of
the rl)arriiid the head of
the family usually goes to ihe city
first, blit the number of families
who move as a group is also high.
These facts the irre-
. versible nature -of rural-urban mi-
gration.
migration chain
an importart . part Relatives and
. d riepds who precedethe migrants
help them make the decision to
move and settle down in the city.
In this way, the adjustment of the
migrahts to lile in the city be-
comes asier.
"Most squatters and slum
dwellers have a low leve! of edu-
cation, .lack technic;:al, and profes-
sional skills, and find/ employment
only in unskilled or semi-skilled
jobs. Their aspirations for them-
selves . and their children, how-
ever, are high: Owr\ership of
home and land is a primary moti-
vation.
"The incomes of squatters
and slum dwellers are low. Living
in slum and squatter areas helps
make meet. Other family
members besides the father work.
Squatters firid the slum conditions
acceptable as compared to their
former condition of lile in the rural
ares.' Although they see living
conditions as hard, they seem to
accept them, and consider thern
temporary."
The photographs of T ando
lile (left) show squatters and thei r
children .at leisure (1 and 4);
women washing clothes in water
seeping from ruptured pipes (2);
children at a co'mmon water tap
(3); residents "cottage-manufacc
turing" picture frames (5); chil -
dren ata small open-air store (6) .
Density within the residential
areas of the T onda ranges from
1 O to 14 70 persons per acre.
T ando has a very young pop-
ulation. Of the total members of
17,418 households, one-half are
below 19 yers . old. Those be-
tween the ages of 20 to 39 com-
prise 29.6 per cent, while 12.1 7
per cent are between 40 to 59
years old. The median age was
found to be 17.3 years, which is
lower than for the Metrbpolitan
Manila are a (19 years), and that of
the entire country (17.9l . The
average. number. of diildren per
family is five .
. ARCi-liTEC!Ui<AL RECORD Mav 1976 . 109
11 0 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7976
Dagat-Dagatan-the site
of the
will become a riew-town-.in-town
instead ofa remate,
underserviced, resettlementarea
The Tondo Foreshore Redevel c by a proposed 49-footcwide ve-
opment Authority studied severa! hicular road, an,d to the south by
resettlement sites for Hie Tondo the proposed circuhiferential road
residents for theiraccessibility and C-3. Accessibility 'be provided
general suitability. The si te had to by the proposed extensions of ex-
be located near the Tondo Fore- istingmulti-lane;,roads.
shore where mbst of the squatters The competition program
work, and it had to be large called for high densities, low-rise
enough to handle the expected structures, low-cost construction
.. spjllover from rene..yal of the Fore- for low-.income people, self-suffi-
shore with roomfor expansion. ciencyfor the 500-family commu-
ln terms of. these criteria, . the nity, pedestrian orientation, and
Dagat-Dagatan lagoon (shown ad- ecological fit.
jacent to the Tondo Foreshore in The competitors were re-
the site plan attop right arid in the quired to propose the environ-
photograph left) was selected. lt mental arrangements to be pro-
. has an area of about 778 acres, .vided both for the community as a
with another 494 available ;wbole.and for the individual
for lt is .. !oated less .. dwell ing u ni t. Attention was to be
than tvvo miles no.rth of the Fre-. paid to the water supply, hot
shoreland. . water heating, domestic heating '
1 n accordance with- .t!e , and cookingprovisions and sani-
Tondo li!ry and sol id . waste disposal.
opment Plan, about ,64 acres of These arrangements had to. be
the Foreshore will be de\'oted' to ecoriomicallyJeasible.
. and comrilercial . uses ' The competitor.s were askecl
,j ncl about334 acres will be devel- t() clesign a hierarchy
0
f comm-
. : oped as a re5iclential connnunity nity(acilities shaped by the 5oeiai
for approximately 9,000 families. structure of the new town. As part
About 17,000 Tondo families are of the site planning process, the'
-lto be resettled on the Dagat-Daga- competitors establ ished the loca-
tan requiring about 494 acres tion of the town center with its
of land. About 284 acres of the . high schol, hospital, fire and po-
new site may be developed .for !ice stations and adrriinistrative
comn1ereial and industrial pur- building. Dividing thesite into the
poses of a ni)ture. smaller units for 500 families
The lnternation:il Archi- ech, called barangays, they lo-
tectural Foundation ompetition cated within them the community
program called for a master plan halls, elementary schools, clinics,
of the entire 1 ,272-acre Dagat- chapels, sari-sari stores and the
Daga tan site, arid a detailed si te small fishermen's markets known
plan of a 12.5-acre portian of.it; as ta/ipapas .
. which is the first to be reclai.med Since Dagat-Qagata,n is to be-
. hydraullc fill. This area ca1 ac- low-ris riew
commodate SO families who will town;., Jrle, r::anning of parks, open
help to build their own houses spaces lf.,p recreational facilities
along. the guiclelines set by the assumed a\ irrportant role.
winning cornpetitor. The area se- Fif)ally, the con1petitors were
.lected fo.r cletailed design .in the urged by the competition program
competition program (shown in to consicler the problem of devel-
c6loron. the plan, bottom is opirig new jol:sn or near the si te
bounded to the' west by the Mala- ' and to .. find ways of integrating
bon: Longos River, to the northeast . work;nd living patterns.
RESIOE NTJAL AREAS
COMMERCIAL-INDUSTRM L
-- PROPOSEO MAJOR THOROUGH.FARE S
__.EXJST.ING MAJOR tHOROUG- tifARES
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD 1976
The lnternational Design Competition
for the Urban Environment of ..
Developing Countries focused Manila-
attracted 476 submissions. On next 42 pages,
as chosen by a distinguished international jury, are ...
112 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma)' 1976
The jury re laxes (top left) after the
winner is announced. The jurors
were Balkri shna Doshi, Eric
Lyons. Mildred Schmertz, MoshE'
Safd._ie, illi m Whitfield, Ge1i" .
erar .G. cio V. Tobias, and .
Takamac. Yosizaka. At lefl, r.'
Aprc:.!t io Laquian, jllry
IAF' president Blake 1-!Ughes; and .
Teresita Vicera, resiclent o( the
Tondo ancl advisor to the jury. At
righ.t, the professional advisors:
Michael Seelig, Fri tz Gutheim,
Anhur Erickson of Gutheim/See-
lig/Erickson.
i .
. .
!
In
REC
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in t
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and
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The
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en a
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help
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petit
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Stud
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DESIGNS
1
eL \
1
'
1
In his editorial announcing the cornpetiti.on, back in April 1974,
RECo'RD publisher Blake Huihes quoted Charles Abrams: "The solu-
tions to the problems of urbanization may be the key to an interna-
tional evento a lasting peace .... The main ob-
stacle is, of course, the dearth of talent and knowledge for r:neeting the
' challenges of urbanizatign. "_There are, of course, many majar efforts
i1i ihe world community to alleviate the condition of the poor trapped
in slums around most of the world's majar -cities. But, as we said in
an earlier editorial:. "lt is fair to argue that with few exceptions ...
' there has been-little opportunity for architects as a group to participate,
and thus litle opportunity for governments and concerned inclividuals
to see the possible contribution of the thinking ancl talent of the
' world's arhitects. Ths the campetition."
:.rhe conception to
. was a three-year project involving hundreds of people
The format ion of the non-profit lnternational Architectural Founclation
(IAF) to hold the conipet.ition was an_nounced in RECORD and L'Archi-
tecture d'Aujourd'hui in April 1974: But the development stage of
-the IAF, Blake president-was greatly assisted by Ms. Hel-
- ena Benitez; then director of the PreparatoryPianning Group for HAB-
_ ITAT and now presiden! of the Governing Council of the United Na-
, ti()ns Environment Programme (UNEP); and by Eri,c Carlson, then dep-
uty director of the PPG. Ms. Benitez was not only enthusiastic a:nd
helpful_ in setti'ng the goals of the competition, but was instrumental
_in arrarlging for the enormous coopera:tion of Philippine architects,
planners, and governnent bfficials during the writing of the competi-
tion program; in_making arrangements for a commitmentof the com-
-_ peiition site in Manila; and in obtaining a special grantfrom the Philip-
p[negovernment to help cover the costs of the competition.
The publisher and- staff of'REC.ORQ Luidertook to raise the money
for the IAF, and it is approprilteto name thanks from al'l
who worked on the competition and .will benefit from the thinking it -
generated-the organizations and individuals whose grants made the
competition possible: Sponsors are: Graham Foundation for Advanced
Studies in the FineArts, and Johns-Mnville. Patrons are: lriternational
Development Research Centre (Canada),. National Endowment for the
and .The Rockefeller Foundalion. Donors are ARCHITECTURAL
RECORD; The Architects Coliaborative; The Asia The Aus-
tin Company; The F9rd Foundation; Hyatt lnternational Corporation;
, P. MeNear, jr. Foundation; Owens-Corning Fiberglas Cor-
poraiion; PPG Industries Foundation; and Skidmare, Owings & Mer-
rill.' Contributors are L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui; the staff of RECORD;
W. R. Bonsal Company; Building lndustry Development Servic:_es; CP
Dalton-Dalton Little Newport; Arthur Sworn Goldman & Asso-
lnc.; Ir. E: Hendrik Grolle; RAIC; Gruzen and Partners; Harrison
Abramovitz; Hellmuth, Obata: & Kassabaum, lnc.; Smith,. Hinchman
G.ry!ls Associates lnc.; and S tone:, & Patterson. As
ihere was a grant from The Government of the Philippines. .
1/(/1 \
As professional -aclvisors for the competition-conducted under
the ru!es of th Union lnternatiOI1ii le des Architectes-IAF retained
Gutheim/Seelig/Erickson, a consortium fonned to do international
planning, design, and development by . Frederick' (fritz) Gutheim,
noted. planner and author; Michael Seelig, architect, planner, and
teacher; and distingui shed Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. The
program they developed for the competiti on was a model of its kind;
and their conduct of t11e judging efficient and impec,cable. (Gut-
heim/Seelig/Erickson is also responsible.for the developr'nent and de-
sign of the exhibition based on the-competition to be shown
atthe Vancouver Art Galfery duringtheUN's HABITATConference.)
Architects were invited to .register for the cornpetition
in March 1975; the judging took place in February.1976
In response to an invitation publi shed in RECORD, other professional
niagazines, anda bulletin of the U lA, 2531 registrations frm 68 coun-
tries were received. 476 completed submissions were received and
presented to the jury, which met in February in Vancouver. Only alter
five days of study and debate did the jury a:nriounce its judgments and
relax (see photo top left) as Arthur Erickson opened "the sealed enve-
lopes" w ith- the names .of the winners, The judges were (see photos)
Balkrishna 'ooshi, lndin architect .a:nd planner, Honorary Fellow of _
the AlA, dean of the Centre for Envirormental Planning and T echnol-
ogy,Ahmedabad, and frequent lecturer at U.S. universities; Eric Ly,ons,
.chairman of the jury, presiden! of the. Royal lnstitute of British Archi-
tects, Honorary Fellow of AlA, knciwn especially for his
ning workin housing and his prqmotion pf the concept of.architectural
.competitions; Mildred Schmertz, AlA, arthitect, RECORD senior editor,
,and author; .Moshe Safdie, lsraeli -born Canadian architect with offices
inbcith countries, a broad international practice, perhaps best kn
0
w'n
. for " Habitat" housing in Montreal and in Puerto Rico; William '
Whitfield (alternate jurar), who practices in London, is active in RIBA,
and is a membero(the Royal Fine Art Commission; General Gauden-
cio V. Tobas, who is acting general manager ofthe National Housing
Authority of the Philippines, executive vice presiden! of the National
Housing Corporation, a1id chairman of the Housing and Urban Devel-
opment Team, :Office_ of the Presiden!; and Takamasa Yosizaka (alter-
nate jurar) architect, teacher and one-time dean at Waseda U niversity, .
Tolwo: and past-preside_nt of the An::hitectural_ lnstitute of Japan.
Al so shown ih the 'photos, at boit9"' m left, are Dr .. Aprodicio La"
-quian, so,cial stientist who advised the jurors and supplied the photo ,
essay on page 1 00; Blke Hughes, president of IAF and publisher of
RECORD; and Teresita Vicera, a residen! arid barangay leader in the
' Tondo Foreshore, and an advisor to the jury.
Thefirst-prize .winner won an award of $35;000 (pl us the -wm-
mission to complete the. prototype design in accordance with -philip-_
pine law); the second award was $15,000; the third award ws $10,-
000; and four oher were awarded $1 000 for
. menticins. Their prerniatecl clesigns are shown beginning overleaf.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma; 1976 113 1>
;
T


The first-prize-winning design by lan Atllfield . . ( LA
of proposes_f_9r "barangar, a

workJJI .
>=,;)-\ {;,.\ __ /' ... -.. dA... 7 . . ' (l.,_ .
8
.._'--.A:_ ._ ..._ -.'X......,...-"-.
- a penphery of hnear bulld1ngs for a comb1nahon
light, ad
industries vy!th community on top
r \ . ..:.>....l--1 /? '' 1 , , ......, , . 1 -:----- ,... QD
;. . '- /r:-i .....
The jury awarded first prize to lan
Athfield, a young Zro0lanrL
. !!'r' G\cr OJO
arch1tect, for. a tourageous pro-
posa! tlli:lt makes.the workplace of
the community the majar
lingelement of the design. This' in-
troduction of job-generating space
is a truly new concept repre-
sents a genuine advance in the
physical planning for human set-
tlements. This work space should
signifi cantly help the lnhabitants
of the Dagat-Dagatan b.arangays
to transform themselves int a
self-sufficient community.
According to Athfield, this
working perjphery (see site plan
and sections right and overleaf)
would be the first part of each
community to be built. lt would
be a significant addition to the
customary installation of sites and
services - the goyernment-sup-
plied infrastructure bf roads, sew.-
ers, piped water and electricity.
pepple g?}?a,gat-
Dagatan vvould help erd"' this
working periphery in increments
as A particular ' area
within each working periphery
would be reserved for a building
cooperative ruh by the local resi-
dents. This cooperative would ini-
. tially control.thesupply-,. manufac-
ture ancl use of building materials
for the barangay. Households pos-
sessing existing building materi-
als, in the form./ of their prese,1]t
shanties, coulcl trade these in at
the cooperative, which would ar-
range tlie recyding of such mate-
rials. The cooperative, by li'miting
the range and variety of the build-
iilg rnaterials to be mqcle avail- .
able, could help achleve a consis-
tency and upity in the design and
a:ipearance of the housing units.
As the cofnmunity develops,
the roie of the building copera-
tive culd bmaden to include the
provision of cither building
ments, and td supply a market
beyond the initial comrnunity,
11 4 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
thus increasing the number of jobs where individuals coulcl be
available. ' Sp'ace within the work-!. trained in alternative energy and
ing periphery would also be recycling techniques. liidi vidual
leased to private.light indstries,: industries ancl households would
thus bringing even more jobs to be ' encouraged by a small pay"
the barai?gays: ment to send all their wastes to the
Athfield proposed that the' energy cnter. As awarenss aiid
families of any person obtaining 'understanding of the waste and
employment In the working energy systems clevelops; familie5
riphery would have priofity in ob- would be encouraged a lid assistecl
taining a house si te in the baran-, td cliwelop their own conservation
gay. He has calculated that beJ andenergy plants.
tween 300 md 400 people could , Each energy centerwould be.
be employed for every 10,000 ' looked after by a caretaker. Wind-
square meters (1 07,600 square : milis for the energy centers' would
feet) of working space ori the roof oftle woik-
ing each.bara;1gay. Given apprdx" ing perimeters adjo!n.ingJ:ommu-
imately 188,300 square feet o.f . nity'"'gardens also located there.
working perimeter, between 550 ,, The gardens and energy centers
and 700 persons of'th SQO would be a .strikingly visible ex-
les living in each paruigay would 'pression o(t\le --oope1ative
have j,obs within walking distance achieitements'of the community.
of their homes. Athfied points out . The working perimeter will
that the place of work and the serve as a ?trong physical ..!?,g.uGcf:.
home should be closely assoc for e,ach barangay. As Athfield
ciated to rcluce the time and cost .. <OLi't within the. Philippines
of commuting to. work, but justas 'tiliAiai has been a strong element
irnportantly, to encourage cooper of design definition as well as
ation within the .community itself: curity..from the begirining of the
The working peripherywould Spanish influence. The perimeter
2!so contain 5eV>ral community structures ' around each barangay
energy centers (pages 120-1 21) .will help shape lively streets bec
from which th conservation of tween thenl. These streets will
energy could be .d'irectcl and . have the qlliJ,Iity of the pedestrian
Athfield (front and
enler) founded Athfield
. Architects in 1968:
(leflto :igh() MoyraTodd,
Wal Edwards, Graerne Bouche,
.Ddri Bird and lan -Dick-
son. Absent is Ti m Nees.
B'n in Christchurch,
New in 1940, '
Athfield earned his ',
Diploma of Ardiitecture
frorn .Auckland School of
/\rchtecture in 1963.
A profile of Athfield and
his work i? on pages 42-43.
-- - -
passageways of pre-automobile" :
age cities ancl towns-'-'alive with
workshops, : small sto1'es, markets
ancl food star1eJs.
Athfielcl's house cfesignsdetti-
onstrate, .in the opinion o! the jury,
" his sensitiyity to the culture ancl
life style of.the comrnunity and its '
'aspiratlons." Occupying individ-
ual siies, iwhich would average 55
:
each, the d1vltigs can be
1
bVilt'.l
0
.
by the fesidents ihemselves :at
1 ' ' . '
their present state of competence
as craftsri1e1i; witli11 the- trdi-
tioni rural Shi idii;g"vernacular of
the Philippines (pages 116-12'1).,
Athfield urges that the si te$ be .
leased to 'th newinhabitants with
eventual rights of ownership. His .
deeply and . expressive
drawings show how the bara_rgay.
houses coulcl look alter the
beet1secure in thern foi :
a\Vhile. As length .of lenure; effort'
and investment increase, gardens..
and trees are planteo. ' The houses .
expand to in elude small verands; "
kitchen and laundry e.quipment is
improved; better 'furnishings are <
purchased; potted plants apiJear
and pictures clecorate the wa}ls.
Doon< window frames and shut-
ters/ made at the.builcling materi:
als :coopera ti ve and. purchasd in
stages by the niigrant as he graclu-
;.:!!y beE:omes .able to afford
t)lem-.-:.coritribute to the. so!idity
nd permanence" of his house. As
' his, family grows and his ..
nomic positi()n iriiproves,, the. in-'-
habitant's house grows to xpress
his owri and his expand-
.ing'needs and rising aspirations.
In his submission, Athfielcf
proposes that his winning desigri .
team work with each to
gve advice on boundary situa:.
tions, erection procedures an.d
building techniques. He sees thi s
di'rect work with the community
as the principal ancl most chal-
lenging task 61 the tean.

- -- -- - -

/
j'


The sections the rela-
tionships between the working periph-
ery and the houses and other commu-
nity buildings. Showr on top of the lin-
ear ooundary structur are the com-
munity garders. Adjacent to the mar-
ket place (M) are a nursery school, ele-
mentary schciol and health clinic. lndi -
catecl on the plan are sari-sari stores
(5), energ\' centers, and a church (C) .
Four puroks (subdi visions of the baran-
gay) each have a basketball court as a
center. The number of housing sites
per puro'krange from 121 to 138, to-
taling 484. Automobiles and jeepneys
are garaged under terraces which abut
the inside walls of the working
ery. Footbridges span the motorways.
/
FJRST PRIZE 1 IAN ATHFIELD
116 RECORO 1976
Athfield propases that the coconut
palm be utilized to provide the piin
cipal building elements. ltis in abun-
dan! sLipply ,. the Philippines arid will
continue to be so in the foreseeable fu-
ture. The timbr tan be in its nat-
ural state if dried and preserved: Jis by-
products include the . prcicluction of
charcoal, chip-based cement . blocks,
particle bciard, .insulation fiber c'ement
board, furniture and jolnery: The win-
ning clesign recommends that the
house units be bui li oi timber Ira me for
VeV1k
resistance to earthquakes. Athfield cernen! ins.ulatioh .in party walls fr
points out that timber frame con- -sound insulation lias"also been
struction is within the craft skills of the .. rriended. Athfield strongly urges that
Tondo Foreshore squatter. Roofs aricl the vocabulary of malerials be limilEed
walls would be panels f plaster made to the coconut paln1 and its byprod,
with. :oonut sawdust, sand and ce- ucts to give an.underlying
meritove.r expanded metal mesh. (See to the barangay,c 'Furthe,rmore,
details page' 120). These panels \vould sistently . employing these
.. be fire-resistanL and would provide . the resicientswould become skilled
good insulation against the Manila .. their Lise . . Purt hasecl
heat. This material addi- cost could he me! by
tions ancl alteratins without skilled , avrage of .371.43 pesos a.montlv
techniques. The use of toconu lber' or $53.06 in u.s.
'1
.... _ \.

ONrff. V{lth
a'Vv\arpmpLc

ot tf0 cocp
i _ ".:. :.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 ' 117
('
FII<ST i' RIZE 1 IAN t\THFIELD

/
cowwwAvUt0 .

pnvy ClVld . '
1DNer of adot5e bY'/c/(,:,
. CooPERATloN AMONg FoUR. NEIG-HBoURS
118 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD lvlay 1976
UNIT WITH LEANTo

pl1sJlc
of santa V\ i.V\:o
.Iu.:Js wOli\Slbp
The plan (left top) shows tour lots of they would appear alter the families
592 square feet each, combining in a had li ved in them long enough to build
.cluster of houses for four families. The verandas, to plarit trees and gardens,
combined elevation-section (left bot- and to cquire simpl e domestic ar-
" tom) shows tw0 of the houses. Th.c ticles and furni shings. The squatters of
fbur families share the privy and the Tondo Freshore keep pgs and
laundry, the compost pile, a commu- chickens for addi tional i ncome and
nity kitchen; relrigerator, and food hope to continue to do so when they
area, the agricultura! wind,.;,i ll and the move to Dagat-Dagatan. The three
cooled water tan k. Each family has a plans and comb.ined elevation-sec- .
si long, or space below the first floor at tions' (ab9ve) show variations of the
ground level; anda si/id, or l iving and . basic house unit, including an ex-
sleeping space on the first or second ample of how the house can abut the
f loor. Athfield has drawn the houses as inside wall of the working periphery.
ARCHITECTlJRAL RECORD May 1976 119
FIRST PRIZE 1 II \ N ATHFIELD
r-
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1 __ _1 _ _ _

ALTERNA.TIVE 1\.COfiNCr 6!1-STEM
{11i><l t<lg 11J._ IIV<U.<--71
OWW:
inS!Jot/01<.-
WALL CORNEZ DETAlL . BdJNDAR\:l WALL JUNCTION
'':
UTlliZATION oF Ccx::oNLJT L<XrS
CoP.NER FILE
lYPIG\L CoN5TRUcrloN DEfAILS
120 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976.
1
' 1
Although Athfield thai it can-
riot fairly be suggested' "tilat a family
on a wage of 300 pess a month purify
its water, cook with charcoal and
compost its waste, while an industry
.uses all the.energy and water it wari:s
and discharges its .waste untreated into
the adjoining river," his design soiU- .
tion, nonetheless, excell ent
proposals for .wasle dispos.al. and the .
development of alternative energy
sources .within the barangay. Each
communi ty. of 500 .fami lies . wduld
have several .. small tommuriity. energy
centers (section and plans opposite
page top), whi ch wuid contain toi-
lets, showers, .a communal l aundry, a
solar heal'ing element and a waste di s-
posa! plant witli a compost unit from
whicll methane gas would be. ex-
tracted. The barangay working periph-
ery wold I10Use larger energy.centers
(above and right). Construction cletails
flefl) are for the basi c structures.
D
UPPEI' LEVEL
/
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i976 121

()(O 'J.

mJt
gaitb,;;
FIRST PRIZE /IAN ATHFIELO
PARK
A Fire station; secondary school,
poli ce headquarlers, helth and .
community center for barangays
B Hospital
C Town plaza, municipal buildings,
church
O Pedestrian bridge o'{er motorway
E Walkway under street
122 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
Every three t five 'barangays wuld be
served by a lown center located within
the wail of one of the barangays,
which would fuMction as a major
plaza with more space devoted to
commerce, administration and ente'r-
tanment than wifl be .found in the
smaller individual barangay plaZas.
The town ceriter would be adjoined by
the hospital, sec::ondary. schodl, tire
slalion and police headquarters. As in-
dicated. on the pl"n for. the entire
Dagat-Dagatan area (opposite pagel,
n1joi industries and those
large storage are plaed in the
industrial zone adjoinihg the port de-
velbpnient area. Service and parking
penetratiohs are provicled betweer1
barangjys. Pedestrian pavements are
provided on al! roads and
Janes are planned on the periphery of
tlie development and along the banks
of the river. These river paths would be
supported by the sheet piling driven to
retaln the banks. The land at the pe-.
riphery of the OagatcDagatatl area has .
been designated as a reserve ar)d
act as buffer zone betweeri existi irg
develoj:iments . and the new corn.mu:
nity'. A railway reserve has been zoned ,;'
to the suth si de of Highway C-4 and . ;;_;'
hs been e>tended into the industrial ,,;;,;
aiea. Thi s raillinkci:iuld extend along ' \_;
the Jine of N'orth Bay Boulevard to link: ''}
wi th the existirig railway in the soulh
en el of th< T pnclo are a.
\
\
\
The second.;.prize-winningdesign by Takagi Design Associates
of Tokyo proposes the use of colonnades to help shape :
the pedestrian paths and other spaces
of the barangay, providing an order within which
the individual houses can multiply in a modular
. . ! i
The japanese teaiTl's proposal an-
swers a key question they asked
themselves: whether public or pr-
vate space, or both in combina-
tion, should receive the most eme
phasis in their design for Dagat-
Dagatan. Japanese cities are pric
vatecspace oriented-gardens and
courtyards areenclosed within the
house and
while aileys, streets and gneral
open space are . neglected. B ut'
even in those countries which-
unlike Japan-have :ities 'of. great
civic beauty, the publicspaces of
low-income communies are
oflen dilapidated and gnored. ,.
Architects Takagi, Hayakawa
and Takahashi decided to give
equal emphasis to .the. achieve-
rnent of the highest practiCa:! ('ll-
vironmental standard at both the
sea le of the neighborhood ancl the
scale of the house. To this encl
they devised a colon nade, which
they believe woulcl actas a citta-
lyst for the gradual enrichment of
the pub! icly shared physical envir-
onment of the settlement as im-
provements in the economic sta-
tus nd 1
with the peclestrian paths and
other open spaces of the barangay
and helping to shape them, woulcl
be the major social; structural and .::
visual element of the community
infrastructure. lt would be a space
maker, the first stage in the build-
ing program, ancl the founclation
fcir the inhabitants' self-help.
just as governryents builcl
roads ancl their
mNn the automobiles thatare clriv-
en on . them, the government of
Metropolitan Manila would subsi-
clize and construct the colon nades
<'l nd integratecl public services
(roa.cls, water supply, electricity,
clraitiage); and each inhabitant
would pay for and hei.P constrlict
his private .,d\\telling, which con-
nects tothis infrastructure.
124 ARCHI TECTURAL RECORD May 1976
Mikiro Takagi (left), born in Tokyo in 1941, recei ved a degree in architecture
frbrn Waseda University in T He-/eceived a mastr
1
S degree
from the School of Art nd ArchHcture of. Y ale .t.Jniversity,
and worked for architects Paul Rdolph and Ed\.vrtrd L. Barnes in New York.
Kut)ihiko Hayakawa (middle), al so born in T pkyo in 194_ 1., ,...,,as: a dassmate
of Takagi's at Waseda Universiiy and at.Yale.J-Ie worked for Moshe Safdie
in Montreal. Keiichiro Takahaslii (rightl : born. in S higa i11 1950, graduated
from the Department of Architectu;e of the Professional School in Shiga.
ir . . . J4
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PRECAST. CONCRETE
=t: =' =-:;j(l
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-
PLYWOOD BAMBOO SCREEN
CONCRETE BLOCKS

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.LAUAN LOUVER WINDOW
LAUAN
LOUVER PL YWOOD LAUAN
DOOR DOOR PLATFORM
The isometric shows .. how the con-
struction wou\ d be phased. The heavy
building components, such as the co\ -
onnade with its integrated public seh
vices, and the kitchen and sanit?ry
e\ements would be installed by
a governinent-subsidi zed contractor.
Li ghtweight . building components,
su.ch as the pane\s shown above,
would be purchased by the inhabitants
(with loans froril the government) a'nd
connected to the support structure by
them. The Japanese design team be-
li eves that through thi s process shelter
would be provided . quickly, the em-
ployment of the wage earner vyould
notbe .interrupted, and the finishing or
expimsion ol the dwellings could be
done by the inhabitant during eve-
nings, weekeri ds and hol idays.
In stage one, either precast or
poured-in-place foundations would be
install ed, deperiding on site condi-
tions. The co\onnade of precast col ,
umns and beams would be. added
along with precast concrete panels for
the pavement and U-shaped ditches .
. In stage two, the kitchen and sani-
tary units, pre-assembled, pre-wired,
and pre-plumbed wou\d be delivered
and installed by the con tractor.
In stage three, the concrete block
sub-structure would be .set up and the
wood columns wou\d be bolted to the
concrete footings and connected to
the wooden beams. At this point, the
inhabitants co,uld be expected to enter
the construction process.
In stage four , the inhabitants
set the insulated roof pane\s of
asbestos cement corrugated sheets, .
and insta\\ the stairs, f loor pane\s, .
structural wa\1 panels, fireproof wa\1
panels btween the dwelling units,
and the prehung door and window
Ir ames.
In stage fi ve, exterior and .interir
finishing, gardening and othe;domes-
ti c and environmenta\ work.would be
done by the individual h'ouseho\ds.
RE<OORD May 1916. 125
SECOND PRIZE 1 TAKI1GI OESIGN ASSOCIATES
126 ARCHITECTURAL RECORDMay 1976
1 CENTER . .
2 LIG!'T . INol!STilY
3 ELEMENTRY SCHOOL>
4 HEAL l'H . 'LIMIC "
, =L ND STRE
7 . NURSERY SCHOOL
8 SARI-SARI STORE
9 WoAKSHOPS
10 FISH MARKET
11 . CO!.ONMAOE ,' ,
12 . .. , ,
13. CAMAL-SIOE PARK
14 PLAY G!jouNo, BASI<ET-BALL COURT
' 15 PARKING
i
{.
..
Each barangay would ha ve al its C:en-
ter a workshop for light indust rv which
would employ some people of the
A factory producing
prefab building components for the.
entire resettlerilE'nt site would be par(
of the Dagat-Dagatan town center,
thus providing more job opponur1ities.
The en tire si te has bcen la id out on an
8.7 foot grid The front yards, back-
vards, alleys, streets, boulevards and
open spaces are all bsed upon this
urban module. The dwelling modul e is
2.9 feet. Since the url:ian module is a
rnultiple of this the two networks can ,
be integrated. All open have a '-
specific use (for' exa.mple, as basketball
courts) sine the Takagi tearn believes
that open : space withoul a specific
function ;; likely to be misused. The
neighborhood street, shaded on either
side by, its colonndes and with no ai.J- '
tomobile traffic, ,will betorne a linear
playground.
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SrAGE 1
STAGE 2
AREA
" .. ENTER
. TOWNE CRCIL 'A.REA
REA
' llllll INDUSTRIAL SPACES
mll PARKS ANO
RDMay ' 197(j
RECO .,

'.
SECONO PRIZE 1 Ti\KAGI OESIGN ASSOCIATES
__ .... -]
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1 1 1 1 1! 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 ' '1 11 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 11111 1 lll 11


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OWER . UPPER
LOOR FLOOR ,..IIIiillli
The standard lot is .. by 26.6 feet
and the dwel/ing . is cruci -
form.' Thi;; shape gives.each rogm unit
cross ventilation' Each dwelling unit
has a front and The fronf
yard is an intermediate zone between
the public space of the alley, where
people wi 11 spend a fot of'ti;.r,c, nd the
pri vate space o thedwelling; ;:nd can
accommodate a;variety of outdoor
. funtions "(he bilGkyard wi:Julp be a
commori spce shared by .four dwell-
ing nd fynctioQ' as <J. more pri-
vate,butdoor.spce for, vegetble gar-
dening a11d chickeri '; raising. The
grund leve! is a space,
the second floor .. is or sleeping.
The Japanese team gave the conserva-
tion of water a very high priority. Lo-
cated at modular points along the
alleysare combined kitchen and sani -
tary . uriits (above) with a rain catcher
. suspended from a trame on top. A
compi:lst privy toilet system has been
: proposed to save water and to secure
human waste as ferti!izer for agricul-
tura! uses . .Because it is necessary to
prov.iqe alternatives to the use of wood
and 0 il as'fuel, the use of methanegas
is also rcommended. In each dwell-
ing this gas woulq
.be produced naturally by the of .
animal and human waste .and.v.egeta-
ble matter in the absence of air ..
May 7976.. 129
- . . .
The third-prize-winning design by Sau lai Chan
makes the most of cluster grouping, , .
_creating a clearly defined hierar(:hy
frm individuallots, to community
to alleys; pedestrian spines and vehicular roads
Because the competition program principal spine ' of each barangaY,
. called for a human settlernent Architect Chari . dei::ided to work
plan that \.vould foster strong so- with the concept of core housing,
cial ties and cornmunity interac - and propases ihat ihe <:ore be supe
tion, as we/1 as a degree of self- plied by the goverhrnent. The core
people who . of the individual hpuse would inc
would get about rnainly by foot- elude the lnitial sahitary services,
archi tect Chan devised a cluster the structural frarne; and the roof.
clesign, which he believes best The iype; size; and nUnlber of
serves this forrn of circulation .. stories requirecl for., each h_ouse .
(pages 132-i33). He believes that. would depend on a government
' a sen se ofsecurity and comrnunity . survey of family size, needs arid
can be developed by. grouping availablefunds, thus reducing_ ini -
families tcigetherwho are engaged tia/ government expenditure. The
in simi lar activities or who . have roof is the most difficult part of
depended on each other in the house constructibn, becoming
past. Chan proposesthat a survey more so as the house exceeds one
be made of the Tondo squatters to story. lt is, theiefre, a practicai
discover these family and friend- proposal that the roof be supplied_
ship l inkages. , and installed by the
Since no figures fm existing or Tirnbe_r was cho$en as. _the
predicted car ownership were principal building . material .
given in the competition prograrn, cause it is cheap, easily.vailable,
Chan assurried .that 20 per ce,nt of and accepted as permanent (when
the 3,500 barangay inhabitants treated against fungus' attack and
would haye cars. His barangay fire) in the Philippines, The resj-
plan (pages 132-133) provides dents, flllthermore, are skilled at
parking for about 700 cars around carpentry and could hndle tbe
the periphery of the barangay ad- timber very weiL . Chan recom-
jacent to the proposed minor ve- mends that the construction
hiel e road, and within the cui-de- process be speeded up by .prefabc
sacs of the service ricating the timber wall
Chan points out th<jt since panels n the si te. . .. .
most movement within Dagat- Because of their low .
Daga tan would be by foot, bicyele comes, . the new of
or public transport, these ser.vice Dagat-Dagatan' V\tould be ex-
. roads (which can be seen o.n the _ pected to use the cheapest avil-
master plan for the entire Dagat- able rnaterials in.expanding their::,
Daga tan si te at right), serve more houses. The fact, al so, 'that . they
as access routes to impo.rtant hubs lack sophisticated , power tools
within the site than as surfaces for and heavy rnathinery makes their
bus y vehi cular traffic. The vehicles use of more advanced building
using these service roads would be technology unlikely.
fire engines, arnbu_lances, garbage lf petroleumproduds are eas-
trucks, or jeepneys: ily available, Chan propases, as
The s iie plan showing a anexperiment,to.usea fire-retard-
group of barangays. arond the ant polyurethane foahi as an infill
town center (rght top) aiso iridi - between the timberfrarnes of .the
cates Chan's hierarchy o( pedes- . party wa'll (see l3. This .
trian networks: from the semic, material has been suggested for its
prvate courtyards tO the minor ease of ha!ldling, of installa-
public paths to ihe main pedes- tion, and abi/ity to be cut faiily
trian spine which links up to the easily in the _event of alterations.
130 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

, .. ..
Sau .. La i Chan was in Malcwsia l946;, and
_arChitecture.at the Nor11l-East Londol rOIYtechn_ic. .
e: Hearned a mciSter's .de8ree io.Urban design
Universily in 1975.
Th-is_ thi.rd-prize-winning IAF .competilion design
.-' done as his thesis.
' -Aftef working with severa! architectural and development firms
!n LOndon, he is' now wit!1 the Architects Department ,
' ot the-Governmet of Malaysi,a.

The site plan above shows a group of
SO-family barangays clustered
around the town center. Jhe _main pe-
destrian spine of the barangay under
stu.dy connects the majar activity cen-
ters within its site and also would ex-
tend to link the hubs of future baran-
gays. Chan points out that in a devel-
opment of the size of Dagat-Dagatan,
(over-all plan at left) it is probable that
d-ifferent architects would design dif-
ferent barangays. In arder to unify the
entire group of barangays, the main
sp.ine should pass through and. inter-
connect each one. Chan's propasa!
also tkes advantage of the river pat-
tern and !acates the zone <:enters for
each group of barangays along its
banks. The town center for the entire
resettlement area surrounds a man-
made lagoon. lndicated above are the
town center (1 ); the zone i:enter (2);
and the barangay community center
(3).
lHif NO
""""'""'"' SITE BOUNDAR'f

INOUSTRY

Pll8liC OPEN- SPACE
c.f"d"'ji,\'
TRH - PLAN_TING

Til WN . Cu.YRE
o. CENTRES
o :', ZONECENTRES
., .. :y ' MAJOR PEDES.TAIAN ADUlES
, RESLOUIT IAI
,._,
1 ELEMENT ARY SCHOOL
. 2 COMMUNITY HALL, HEALTH CENTRE
3 SHOPS, STORES
4 CHAPEL . . ...
5 NURSERY; JCAL SHOP
6 COMMUNAL WATER TAP; LAUNRY; W O R K ~ O P
132 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. May 1976
. Chan points out that the courtyard .
concept conforms to the . acceped
prai::tice of 1 d famiiies sharing a coin-
inunal tap. The proposed courtyards
vary in size fro.m 1 Oto 30 families. Not
only would th.e larger courtyards have
more water taps, but they would seive
. as lawndry a;eas, or .contain simple
workshops powered by windmills. The
co'urtyards are interconnected :by
minar pedestran routes 13 to 16 feet
wide. The ho0ses are designed so that
their front entrances fa ce these paths.
Chan hopes ' that these circulation
areqs might bewell taken careof since
the inhabitahfs' hous<')s face them. As
the barangay.plan (left) and the isome-
tric inc)icate, the .houses are staggered
.for variety and identity. The main pe-
spine ineande.rs across the en-
tire barangay, ' l)ugging the river bank
and oq:ason?lly punctuated by . the
activitY In the barangay,
the community center is positioned
near the junction where the main
spine changes axis and where .the vis-
ual character of the barangay changes
from (ight, enclosed and inte-
rior-li.ke to being . loase, opefl, and
and social
centered. arourid the bas-
ketball The compact groupihg
o( the houses around these basketball
courts. and courtyards, combined with
their separation from vehicular traffic,
should help to create a tranquil envi-
ronment for both family and social !ife.
To the. suth of the si te is the proposed
majar expressway C-3. Chan propases
that a combi'ned pedestrian and cy-
cling path should be accommodated
within.the boundaries of the proposed
road. Trees should be planted on artifi-
cial earth barriers along the entire
length of the si te bordering the road, to
screen the sight .and sound of cars.
.,
THIRD PRIZE 1 Si\U LAI CHAN
FIRST STAGE BY GOVERNMENT COMPLETED UNITS BY RESIDENJS
; J
--+I-- HI--+-4r---lt=f'=, :F . J .
r._,l.--tllb-..1...: front y rd
DI. 111
1
GROUNO flOOR
.. D rb
:. .L-
1' J '
FIRST FlOOR
TYPE 'A'. ( 11 m X 5 m) 10 persons
GROWTH PROCESS (:A . o,L,_
-
3 PERSONS (ONE 5-7 PERSONS {iWO STORIES)
TVPE . A
134 ARCHIHCTURAL RECORD

.FlOR ' l
'
TYPE
8-10 PERSONS
,. .'
.
( 9m. X 5m)
3 PERSONS (ONE STORY)
yp B
TYP
7 J
LONG SECTI0r4
C J I ~
''
111 11
~ [
..
FIRST FLOOR
7 persons
,f 6-? PER$0NS
SOLAR PANELS
'
. The initial structural frame of timber
would be attached to concrete . foot-
ings; reducing foundation costs . . The
houses are lifted offthe ground at
various desired heights as a protection
against floods . fron the Longos River
and to adjust to different si te gradients;
Raising the house one-story.from the
ground is a traditional form of tropical
construction as well, which helps to
cool the interiors of buildings by al-
lowing the air to flow beneath the
. structure. For asy . coristruction and
economy, th initial roof.fram\!s are to
be prefab trusses.
~ tlMBER ROOF TRSS STRAPPED.
' OOWN TO STRUCTURAL FRAME ;
FIRE RETARDENT
POLYURETHANE FOAM
12MM ASBESTOS LINING
ON TIMBER .FRAME
DETAii.S
r- J ~ ~
1 1
j_ ___ __j_
PARTY WALL -
CONSTRUCTION
" RAIN WATER STORAGE TANK
, BENEATH DINING AREA . .
. (CONCRETE OA DISUSEb METAL PRUMs)
hot . water . and drinking . suppl n
This_ honorable mention scheme by
San Francisco architects Holl, Tanner and Cropper
organizes the competition .site with
a simple series of arcades--"a line that
defines public and private spaces"
This design shares with the win-
ning scherne by lan Athfield- the
impulse to add sorne special ele"
rnent of infrastructure to the usual
site planning and services_ Here
that special elernent is a long ar-
cade (below) that wends its way
through the site and is capable of
delailed development by the in-
habitants of the barangay (as is
projected from left to right in the
drawing below)_ Here, in contrast
t the first-prize design, the basic -
organizational structure js through
the center: of the si te -rather than
1. INITIAL CONSTRUCTION-
around its edges-"-a spine that, ac-
cording to the architects, defines
public and private:spaces Impor-
tan\ t this scherne as well is the
notion of "fan;ily_- tenure"-th-e
- possession of individuJ.I parcls_of
land by relocatd inhabitanis, so
that the energy and comii1itment
required to develop, them b,eyond
the bare essentials provided in the
design can be stirnulated by the
-certainty of permanent posses:
sion, The arcade-or paseo--pro-
vides the unifying socio-commei'-
tial fulcrum for this investrnent
LOT. UNES, UTILITY MAINS (STUBS FOR ALL UNITS) --
COMMUNITY BUILDINGS: WASH HOUSES, EDUCATION
CENTERS, COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES
. ]' ', 1
2. EARL Y RELOCATION _0F EXISTING COMMUNITIES l
TEM PORARY PRIVA TE LA TRINES IN GARDENS
1 ' 1
3- ELECTRICITY CONNECTEO 1 1
1
4_ WASTEDIGESTERS INSTLLED-
5_ WATER & WASTEWATER LIN,ES ONNECTED
1 1:
1
- 1
1
1
Steven M. Holl, james L. Tanner_ahd j0hn Cropper fortned
themselves irito a team to develop their submission-in a rented
room in San Francisco. Hall educated at University
of Washington and is currently in reseai-ch at the Architectural
Association in London; .Tanner was educated at the University of
Houston and has worked for firms there and in San
Cropper was educated in England and practices in San Francisco_
1
:s --- -_---
1 -
1 .
_1 ' -,
lA:
,:; '
1 '
1 -:
1
1 - - ' 1
-- -- - J.. - -- - - - L - . -
b'(::'d PU8LICSPACE
t== FIRE-RATED WALL-
c: WASTE DIGESTER
1
_ ___ _
o
_
T L_ __
1 1
' 1
1
-
-- -----
1
136 : ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
The section on the left shows the .basic
structure of the tilt-up concrete arcade;
together with the provisions for utili-
ties underground. along the center of
the paseo. Sari-sari stores can be
added at ground level underneath the
arcade, and housing can be added at
will . above-providing what the de-
signers see as the "vital ity of mixing
residences over shops." The ,utilities
system is designed to be a simple
.one-with electri c; water and waste
mains buried in plastic pipes. lnitially,
residents would use community water
sources in semi-publ ic access courts;.,
later, when individual d-,vel ling units
have been provided with their own
water .suppl y, these community
sources would beco me publ ic drink-
ing fountains: .: lnitially, too, sewage
would be disposed of in temporary pr.i-
vate latrines; eventually, though, aero-
bi<;'' waste digesters woul d replace
them so that there would be no wter-
borne sewage. This would avoid the
problem of contam 1 nated flood
waters, and would make it possible to
combine the waste water wi th the
storm sewer. The drawing on the right
shows the fully developed .arcade.
ARCHITECTUR_AL RECORD May 1976 137 ..
138 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976
The drawing on the \eft shows one part
f the site with only the
. basi c ihfrastructure in ar'
ade and the lot lines. The lower.
drawing shows the site full y devel-
oped, with almost all of the l ots built
upon and the paseo arid the purok
square rernaining free. as organi za'
tional loci. The dra;wing on the i ight
.shows the entire barangay site, with
the barangay square, or lown center,
in the upper left-hand portian. Pairs of
purok squares, organized ar:ound sari-
.sari stores and playing grolitldS, are al
either e'nd ;or the site, as are wash
h'?uses for la'undry and baths. These are
designed to
1
have a simpl e flatplale
solar coll etor system with a lar.ge
storage' ta r1k. As the community
evolves, ho/ water could be provided
as we\1 0;1 <1n individual farnily basis by
a similar principie. The publi c spaces ,
are arranged fn the plan for changing
uses. The barangay square, for
stance, which rnight ' be a quiet en-
. trance space on a Sunday morning,
mayal so be occupied by a f ish market
on SatLirday afiernoon. The p.tlrok
squares .proyic\e spaces for neighbor-
hod meetii1gs as well as sports; and
they arearranged to maxi,;,ize the fee\c
ing of space ;.,hile allowing fit. the : :
overlapping community uses. '' '
The location of the barahgay
square i.s detennihed by the circula:
. tion loop connection to the express-
way :and the juncture of the two rivers
(drawi!Jg below opposite).
' : ,.'
1
PU!IUC SP.o.CE
. ki"'""""'"'
, J', ADJUSTA. il LELOT tftiES '
'}"
; @
PIJiiOil SOUAREC: SPORIS. SARIS.O.RI STOAE$
BAR,O,NG... YSOUAR! .
PASEO, ' AACAOE

!. DOCI<S
& WASHHOUSE:lAUNOAY.UOTBAl HS
1 r-\JASERYSCHOOUNUTRiliONCEIHER
ll COMMIJNITYWATUISOIJ'ICE
{UNE SIZEO FOA AU UNITS)
\f. CHAPEL
IO. ELEI.1ENT" RYSCH00\.2YoUII.fLS
11. HfAlTWCUNJC
: ::: ::AP:I<tG A. YICO!.u.tUHITYCE>HER

1'
1$ POUCE OtJTPOST
i&. P.o..Rl<ING
17. GATEWII.V'OPEI<Q
1: ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
2. POLICE HEADOUARTEAS
HOSPITAL
4. MAAKET
5. COMMERCIAL
. -S. UGHT INDUSTRY
7.
8. HIGH SCHOOL
9. ' SPORTS FIELO
10. VIEWING MOUND
11 ZONE MANAGEO FARI.1!1NOUSTRY PLOT
12. EXISTINGPRIVA TE INOUSTRY
CJ
-
COMMUNrTY STRUCTURES
PEDEsTAIAN/StCLEIOPEN SPACE
1
,f'ARKS
JWElllNG + VEGETABLE GAAOENS
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 139
This honorable mention
b}"' .Robert F. Olwell andjim Fng
proposes an unusually site plan
with a hierarchy of public ar11enities
that ultimately focus on adjacent river
The jury admired the over-all clar-
ity of this design and the straight-
forward simplicity of the individ-
ual dwelling units. In the design,
neighborhoods are meant to ac-
commodate groups of famiiies
with diff\;rent preferences, and
each neighborhood would contain
a center that shelters the common
water source. This structure would
in turn become the frame' for the
neighborhood social
ing water, washing; lending chil -
clren ancl general social ititerac-
tion. Open space with play-
grounds .would also be provided. ,
'I nterna! pedestrian paths' link
the individual hou ses in e'ach
!leighborhood . to the neighbor-
hoocl center; major pedestrianand
bike paths then link the neighbor-
hoods with each other and with the
barangay center.
The barangay center is lo-
140 ARilTE(TURAL RECORD May 1976
cated alongthe op-
posite) and . Hverside. \valkways .
connect it to .otherbaraf1gay
ters similarly locafed. The batane
gaycenter hasa chapel,commuy
nity building with i)ealth,
and an elementary school, and
shops and basketball.ourts cll!s>
tered arond the la;g plza, The
plaza is clesigned to accommodilte
the traditional local
taipapa-as weil as specialbaranc
gay celebrations.
The architects of this scheme
argue that it allows the illhabitants
to improve their sur)urdings ,by
"significantbut small
begin with the individual hguse
and progress to the neighborhdd
and then to the whol commhity,'
honoring the longcexistir,g social '
customs that are shared; the
does not depend in' any way on
proprietary technical systems.
..
r , architectural. and
firm .Reid and TariCs :
""'Ju"'""' Olwell,-educated '
UniVersit); of
,and MIT, worked with ,
Harw-ell- Hamilton Harfis, and
)oseph Esheriek:Fong 0as born
--
~ ~ '
. . ' ' ~ ~ )
, L RECORD NI;W 1976 ARCHITECTURf\ 1'41
HONORAGLE MENTION 1 ROBERT F. OLWELL ANO JI/vi FONG
Typical Unit
Rental Uni t -
GROUND FLOOR
Typical Unit
Sl1op
. 142 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
'.-':\
FLOOR
.:__ 4. 9M
Typical Unit
Rental Unit
Place For Hot
_Jl -1 4 9 M
1
Unit
..
:o i 1 "2 3 4 5

1
Entresuelo
Reinforced
Conrete Block
Dash cCoated _Reintorced
Concrete 'Block .
& Fire Wall .
Shear Wall ' lfl!ork Shop
The plan of the house is based
on the traditional nipa hut. The
front entrance opens into the
more public room, and the pri-
vate family spaces are. in the
rear, with the entrance frorh the

1
into the kitchen i The
1
toilet, which uses untreated
water, is in the back in a natu-
' rally ventilaied siructure, which
is part of the rear garden wal L
The bath house, with a drain
, only, is adjacent, as is a place
-. ' for the storage of fresh water,
. which is brought in frorri the
reighborhood water source.
The basic structure lnds it-
self to team building, with con-
' ventional concrete block divid-
. ing walls and wood framing;
-galvanized corrugatehron pro-
vides ihe roof.
-TypiCE!I Jnit
Renta! Unit
- FRONT ELEVAiiON
10 cm Fiberboard
hi.sulation Pad
' ' ' '
. Typical
- Sti9p '
Beams
Bamboo Supports For
Roof .lnsulation
sala
Shop Area
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May , 1976 143
--- ---
An honorable mention by a team .of Mexican architects
headed by Hector Giron de la Pea.
makes a "human habitat'' by developing
a structural system with local materials
for meeting specific conditions
This design focuses in on the common facilities \ke a
problem of deslgning , individual ground, a laundry, llvater ,supply_,
dwellings-a problem which the and sewage disposal : The neigh'-
architects see as havingto.do with , borhoods inturn groiJp together to'
the local . characteristics of .the' form the barangay);\lhich has
site. Thus the units. have raised cial facilitislike a.school , stores,
floors (to avoid flooding) andtheir a medica! dirlic arid sports
basit structural unit is a triangle __ t!cs (see site plan cpposite).
(to resist earthquakes). In additior1, The.architei:ts seethe success
wind can pass freely thtough them of the individual dwelling units as
(in the event oLa typhoon): The depending-upOf! three factors: 1)
houses are framed in simply tri- adeqwate .sheltr,- 2) good locaJ i-
angulated sections of wood, and zation (meaning adequate job op
covered with local ly portunities and urb.an amerities
materials (see drawings below and nearby), and 3) security of
below opposite). Eath house has ancy. In achieving the latter. goal
an area of about 38 square meters they "do not prpose private
(41 o square feet), and houses are ership, but instead 'a long-lease
bliilt ontiguous to ea'ch other, so systern for individual with
that pairs of neighbors can. begin transference of the lease lirnited
by erecting party wal ls and then by the leasing authority . .They
move on to the. construttion of argue that prvate ownership is an :
their own interior living spaces. unstabl solution for
Groups. of . '12 to 14 houses people because ofthe temptation
forrn a arid this has to sell in an
Hector Giron de la Pefia is
a Mexican-born architect who
has studed and prac'ticed
there and in Europe. He now
teaches at the Universidad
Nacional Autnoma de Mexito.
GirOn de la Peiia'was the
head of a tea m for this
Cotnpetition. entry;
it also included Rau! Santana
Romero, arC:hitect and erigineef,
and Mario Rebolledo Zarate,
architect. .
144 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR[) May 1976 . ..
A . COMMUNITY CENTER (BARANGiiY)
8 ElEMENt AAY SCHOOL
C CHAPEL
D HEALTH CLINIC
E MULTIPUAPOSE COVER AND SHOPS
F PLAVGROUNDS-GREEN AAEA
G PUROK CENTER ' .
H VEHICLES
1 SAF!I-SAAI STQAES
J COMMUNITY PARCELS. .
K PATIOS WITH COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES
L PRINCIPAL PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE ROUTES
M FISHING ANO RIYER AREAS
N TALIPAPA-MARKET
ARCHiTECTURAL RECORD May1976 145
~ .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Honorable mention by a tea m of
japanese designers, led by ,
Akira Kuryu, develops an inexpensive
and efficient building system
based on a concrete block module
and using the "workable group approach';
Tf1e architects of this design ssert
that the most effective way .to .
make a scheme work is
to rnaxinii ze both the use and the
efficlency of labor and materials; .
todo this, they propas a cornpact
design based on a "wo.rkabl
group" of self-helpers. Their sur"
vey of Tondo residents incli cated
that the average farnily has clase
relationships with about 20 other
families. Alsci, research indicated
that in self-help construction proj-
ects a single foreman can super-
vise the construction of from 1 O to
25 houses. Thus a basi c grouping :
of frorn 1.6 to 20 houses was , de-
cicled on, and a system of modular
concrete blocks was developed,
using locall y availabie rnaterlals
stored in bulk within the
Climatic conditions: ar ta.ken
into consicleration.by the grouping
of the houses to reduce ihe num-
ber of walls bn which sunlight
fa li s, and b/ using the local cus-
tom of a masonry grouncl floor
(whi ch stays cool during t he day)
and a wood-framed upper floor
for the bedroorns (whicb C:ool
down quickly in he eveni ng).
Maxirnum i.Jse is. rnade of the pre-
vailing winds ando( sea brezes
in the placernent of the groups of
houss, .and every house has a
patio, as shown in the plan on the
opposite page.
. '
The team .. known as the Akira i<wyu
Studio Siace. Media consists of
tfrom left.tb rigHt and top to
bottom) .Akiia Kuryu; Akihiko
Hamada, Hi roshi Miyazaki, Jun
Matsui, Takeshi Aqy;igi , SusurilU
Masuda, John D. Lanib and
Kazynobu Kakita.
'
[
1
The drawings above sh6,;; th basic
modular tonrete bi'bck. (top) and the
mold ' with ;vhich it tiin b. made.
Below (and froril left tq right
l:ottom) are the vaiious which
it t an biopui: aj a wal.l, a
:lat1o, wall, fo1; P.1Pes
1
. a
\vindow, paving; signs; a_bench, 'i(ant-..
ers, garbage cans, wter' fountairs, b-
cycle racks and floocjlightili g.
the seond:floors
,, . . of 'wood
they .would thus ,cool
iCky t nighf. Hie
floors ar" masJe of the
lar .:oncrete blp.cks,
tend to stay cool dring
day. .
, on the right
(from top
hrogh a 1 house, the
plan, .. and the
. plari.
A.mongthe .

entries there is an
insttuctive . variety of
clear and useful deSign .itleas . ..
There was a generally high leve! of thought and execution thatwent
into rnany of the cornpetition subrnissions, but it was inevitable,. of .
course, that many plans that represented fine ideas (a!id a lotof work)
would not win. Ail this good effort, nonetheless,wa5' not in va in. Som.
of the yoi.mger architects who ente red found that, ih a'dditionto
eriing their own skills, they had through th.eir workdeveloped a majo( .
addition to their fledgl ing Jirm's portfolio. Others . haye already sed
the ideas generated in their: competition entries to seure contraci5for
work in countries other.than the Ph ilippimis, Most iniporiant ohill is
the fact that ideas are the competitionws finallyall bout even
\vhen they did not precise! y fit the jury's particular expecttioris; ihese
ideas cin still have hroad applicatior to th prohle.;of housillg \he
por everywhre. . .... .. .
Afterthe jdging in\!ancouver, RECORD editors Of1ci\Jding Mi id red
Schmertz who was a mehber of the jury) sele.tted a series of partic0,
lar! y clear ideas that were the essence of severa l. noncpremiated de
signs. these are showri on th following eight .pages: whi le every de-
sign is not shown infull , tne ideas are. lri general, thyfall ihto
two categories: constrctin technologies (Which are showh fifst), and
community planning, thefqrmer were intended to provide .soh1eper-
mallent framework Jor the inhabihmts' lhdiviCuaized efforts. Ex'
amples of the latter category are widely frbm
groups of houses scattered. across the 5ite . to more formal
schemes where _land use is rigidly, somet mes hlerarchkally, defined .
. What " of tlie schemes dn the following eight pages have in
COiilmOn is this: they al! tend to recdgnize that th preCise piahhing
of every detail is ndt just difficult but downrght iriappropriate in the
design of self-help housing. In one bf the followingschemes th.e de-
signer deciired eve11 t.o show tenta.tive fo,r his proposed:
housing, arguing that the details could not be predi<:ted, and that only
the over-all guidelines-or ideas-could. . .. . .. . ... .
Showing the folloWing collection of ceritriil design concepts is ro!
meani to dei1y the richness of secondary ares 6f cncerri that the
complete submissions . reflected. For instance, ore se heme (page J 53)
vvent into considerable detail describing the problems o oWrership
and of the concentration of labor required to erect individual hoUS\?S
The designer prop()sed .to limit the ownership of houses to,actual resi-
dents, and to limit the resale price to ihe amou'ht of eq'tythe residents
had accn1ulated. He also:prposed a labor bank for the parts of the
construdion that would require rJany hands; individual builders
cquld accumulate labor credii for their own houses .by worklngon
other people's construction proJects. .
Fortunately;such secondary ides-arid indeed the priniary idas
of matiy otner mprlallt submissions-wi! not reniairi permanent cas-
ualiies toa monthly ackof space. TheyWill be shown at.
an exhibit sponsored by The lnternational Architettural Foundation.at .
the Vancouver Art Gallery throughout HABITAT,: the UN Cohference
on. Human Settlments, (rvhy 31 ,jut1e 11 ,i 976),-and then will be. the
;ubject of an ARCHITECTURAL _RECORD bookto be publlshed. year.
148 ARCHITEURAL RECORDMay i97G
WOOD

TYPICAL ELEMENT.
CON. F>OR .
,ROO SLEEVE & r:6l
. COLUMN KEYSL!:f:J
BEAM TIE LOOP
. . ' SYMMETRICL .
CAGE : SiMILAR
. &
. A,NO, SEAM
POUREO CONc'
. l'boTING
.
One on-site form (drwii1g, . above)
could. Cst the lJ-shaped anf',other
cqncrete elemerl> tosupport .a com-
. plete two
days. Th elements, by
grad beams, can be used foj fo.unda- .
tihs; and are groovedto a va- '
riety of.infill. shown
. on far right) . Matril costs re ued
equal.to those. foi wod construcition.
. ' . i .1 ..
+ :f .. ,_

+ .
. ..
. ._1, ,,
;.. :
/endfrorne / Sur-Veyt: Exa:M::Jtion
1 1
(
.. Exarnpl.e::tliesestrong
precast.concreteJrames
,. . . 1
to.support tenants own

qy a tea m headed lb y
1
, 'architect Gerald Jbnas
TIE ROO
Submitted by a New Yor)< City . to . be maneuvered to prepared
team, that inc!uded an ngineer, footings by teams of tenahts; there
this proposal-notsurprisingly-' they would be assembled to form
contained a. high.)evel of innova- rigid frames of p to tvvo-and-
tive teChnical input Addressing a-half-stories (drawing below)
.the problem of the structural connected to the .footings by tie
SOUndneSS Qf tenants' OWf) C()n- . rods. (;rooved surfacs in the
struction in an a,rea subjec(to ty- trames would allow an interlock-
phocins; Gerald Jcinas, Hnry S te- inginfill of :,.;oden floors and of
"anderberg and Sil- o any availabl . mterial ;
vian Marcus proposeci that each from concrete to corrugated
.homesteldei pe Sljpplied with a metal to -woven barnboo. One
basic :Set f 16 concrete l.J -shaped . wall and one plan k floor of con-
c<:irnpqnents, plus .beams, 'planks -.yoyld provide braci11g.
arid a concrete pracing panel. In the proposai,'the architects
These .elements; financeq .by the emphasiid The pro-
and d1st cin the sita, :irietary strctures ca[] be skewed
_ wciuld be srn.alland lighenough to adapt'to irregula,r lolines. The
CONNECTING
?elt Help .lhfi 11
only precision task is the leveling
and spacing of footings. Upgrad-
ing of the encloswre materi als can
be accomplished in increments
according tO the abilities.of the in-
habitants, and qoes not require
basic rebuilding. The architects
also emphasized the long-term
econmies of . investment in per-
rnanent re-usable parts, the short-
terrn economies of the labor-in-
tensiva fabrication with erectior)
of the parts by . residents, and the
possibility of an on-going eco-
beneft to the residents in
having an ' oh-site industry fabri-
ca te the concrete elements for
otlier sites.
NON.--PREMIATEO ENTRIES conrinued
Example: these concrete
towers t hat partially
support constrction
and house sanitation .
faci 1 ities, proposed
by Kiyoshi Seike,. .
japanese architect Kiyoshi Seike
of the Tokyo lnstitute of Technol-
ogy, pwposed that the govern-
ment furnisb each family with t\vo
in-place, precast-concrete "core.
posts" which--"-whil e. partiaiJy
sup.port ing owner-built con-
struction up . to
stories-high-vvould also i::onta.in
a kitcherr and bath in the respecc
tive structural elef1lents. :
nected by grade bearns at the bot-
. tom, the core posts:-sUpplied
with wooden ribs bolted
woul.d forrn an and
storm-proofanchorfor the usally
rnorefragile construction attached.
(large drawing below); they might
. .
As the barangay was flllingwith resi- ,
dents (photo, above}, ii would reval a
landscape of both stark concrete-core
containing sanitary: facilities,
and houses built by . residents .around .
them. The precast towers would be in-
stalled by a crane (drawing opposite, .
top), travelirg over a linear .utility
trench. Houses- althciugh subjct to
the availabiiity of materi<lls and
owners' des i res-are . S!Jggested .. to be
in split-level forri on e.ither side 61 .th
cores, and iri groups of six ar.Lind a
common util _ity connection.
GAS PIPE
- - - W.A TEA SUPPLY
--. ..... RECYCLED SUPPLY
.WASTE"PIPE .
"' oo;xn .SOiL P!PE
150 RECORD ,'-'fY 1976
even . provide refuge under ex- Whil e Seike has given a clear
treme condi ti on.s. Croups of six indi cation by his beautilul delin-
houses vvoud be lo:ated around a eations of the ariti c:: ipated forms '
central . "energy point,!' yvhere the houses could take; he also
. their utility lines wou.ld connect phasizesflexibility and
with the m a in utility lines located ti cipation i11 the designo--fs he
in a coverd trer\ch (diagrarn, bot- has in he.overall pl nnirf . Shad-
tom). This . arrangernent woula ing devices ar1d the potive l- '
generate an intermediate sized 50' . fects dn natur.lventilatior of the . '
cial unit of mutually dependent. separated pdsts-'-as well a\that of
. around the losely d- the suggestd split,level ari--a(lge-
fined cp_rrtyards merit of among lls '
connections. (see large' dravving, techniqes for _. cllmate control: '
opposite page and site plan, ver: AnJ hi5 sensitivedesuiption f his
leal) . . Such interdependnce design's intended socializing el'
wou l d be emphasized by the .fect bn th residents of"the baraoc
dirct relation of li vin(rooins _t b gay his strong life style
CUrtyards a11d shared functions.. COilCerns.
1
. .
.
_
.

: .
. . : =:
1
1
1 1
i -
1
1
1
1 :.
- Q '
1 o: r.o .
' ,. l
L .:
1 800x 4,500 x 1,500(depth)
Excava\ ing by Power Shave\
l t---l
:;::;: ----, !!11
_.
o ,o
' .
;o
o.
'.-;
30cm in thi ckness
..
o,
? o
0,0, 00
o, o.
.o:
.
. . :.
::
' '
., . o."a( ;
\
NQN-f>REMIATED ENTR!ES continued
Neighborhood plans,
can be generated both by
the uti lity lines
--and ahumane concern
for small-scale spaces
Continuing his sensitivity to tch- buildings are regarded as assets,
nological and life style concerns which Would provide vis.al yai'i-
alike (displayed 'in his prbpqsal for ety nd accommodate differing
the housing. units shciwn qn the communal funct ions-like
last two pages) Kiyoshi Seike ball, miukets nd met i ngl;'""":
poses that e'ach barangay be la id still. .llowing fai.rly direct
out by a comrnittee of residents. access to the center. The alleys
But the . arrangement : of houses betweel} groups of houses .woid
would be loosely controlled by 'form eddies . in the main
the nature of freely placed 1 inear flow quiet cornmunity activi-
utility trench'es (see drawing, pag 'ti es like rading and talkihg. Ea eh
150, bottom) . The trenc.hesradiate barangaywuld be surround!'!d by
from a c;n.tral point between . .the a,communal vegetable garden bn
. buildings of the comrnunity center a berm .
(sh:ded area in diagram,_ righ,t). (section, below): lt is plahned that
The irregular. widths andwinding many goods (especially materiaJs
plans of th S paces that wouldnat- . -apd equip[T1nt durjhg the .. con- .
urlly between . rows cif . str.uction) "Yould rrjve water.
,:In his presentatin to the jury, Seike. in'
'i cluded diagratns (righ); whih explain
the desi;abilityoffreely formed public
spaces.: While each pathwy leads to
the community center, it is iust enough:',
off o( a straight alignment to provide "
. interest (diagrarii, top). Betause of the.
irregular community sites,- constantly
changing path . widths are bound tci .
provide v.arying .spaces. The .bottdm .. '
'diagram ili'ustrates the passive areas in
alleys.
ar
operYarea for.common
as probsd by
rchitectlwao Ontima
;:-
'.
'
Another area would a maximum
a very differerit plan from that of nmber of houses clos.e to the res-
Kiyoshi Seike on the opposite ident!( .own plots, and wide pe-
page: lnste;>d ofdistributing open . ripheral walkwayswould also ac-
space ;>nd houses in a fairly loase commc:Jate emeigency vehicles.
manner on almost al\ of the si te, treatment for the entire
lwao Onwma prC)poses that the community cold be processed
houses be bilt in tightly-knit within the open ara anq the
groups ofour (see isometrit effluenL percolated lnto the soil.
with concrete kitchen,toilet wnits Water supply for agriculture, toi-
at the lot lines .and intersecting ' iets ' and washing would come
concrete party walls. of the fron the river through 'open chan-
remaining materials .. wowld be neis the common area.
supplie.d by the tenants. The re- Des pite the rather den,.se con-
sulting savings .ih _larid coverage struction that wowld occui, the
would allow a large central com- scheme hasthe o( provid-
mon area for primarily urban character w ith its at-
use. The elohgated shape of the tendnt h!erarchy of spaces.
..
VEHICULAR
TRAfF!C
PATTERN
The efongated shapes of the.common
a;eas would conform to a group of
cominunities in a manner shown at t he
top of the page. The tightly knit house
layout necessary to produce theopen
space is shown below . .Jts con-
struction sequence can be seen in .the
various stages. of progress i the
perspective drawing. The lc:>cation of
the community center at thentrance
from the majar roadway; the large
central open are, and the small pri-
vate yards of the houses define a very
strictpattern of \and use.
RE::OR.D 1.53
, .
Ni'I -PREMIATED ENTRIES continued
<'
And one planning
proposal by architect
Kum-Chew L ye
proposed intensive
use ofthe water
that covered the site
'i> 154 ARCHITECTRAL RECORD May .1-976
Responding to the fact thatthe si te the construtt iori si tes and later to
had been covered with fish ponds, the houses (drawi ngs below). In
Kum-Chew Lye of the University sorne ares, tliese pipes would
of Manitoba de;igned a plan that .support ternporary for
would lace the barahgays with a . markets and provide shade frorn'
systern of ri ver-fed hlain channels . the sun (drawing, rightl. BecLise
leading to navigable srnaller chane of the low elevationof the land rec
neis petWeen each rpw of hoiJses. quired to promote'a free flw of
These waterways woUid provide wter, ea eh barangay woulcl have
drainage and allow small boats io a refuge rnound for safty during .
cjeliver . goods and pick up gi'll: storrns. Lye ernphasizes the small -
bage. S mal! concrete channels amount of fill tliat would be re-
'round each house -(shaded rec- quired by his scherne. He al so
tangles ori the- plan, points out that the high grourid
would provide positive drainqge floqrs requi red-to raise li\dng areas
for grund floors: Over eacl ,.Jac aboVe flciod levels can be used for
terway, ganged pipes wold bri'ng residentia ihe.
potable water and utilities firstto ownrs' coinmercial enterpri5es.
( 2)
'
i
1 j .
L ye was one of rnany entrants
wbo etnphasized that , eve.n
though their drawings suggested
defrnite forrns for pver-al l planning
. and for li'ousesandutilities, the di-
' vrsity aristng from det<iiled plan-,
f1ing by the residents was not orily
jnvitabfe but .desirable H is pro-
totype .! huse would have a
pOLited floor and
concrete colurnns supportiilg ' a
wood strudure ab6ve. sheathed in
galyanized roofing and
adjstabl e- vertical louvers,
of walls. Cooking facilities
would be placed on :he second
and washing .. and sanitar'y
facilities on the first floor.
The pJans at left
various systems
an entire barangay. At the top; .
the main waterways are shovvri
with heavy lines, broken to in-
dicate bridge locations, and the
llghter li.nes are the secondary
carals (with stub leeders) be"
tween rows of houses. The m id-
. die plan shows elevated util\ty:
lines above the canals, and the
bottom plan indicates the locac
tion 6f walkways between the
,anals. In the plan (opposi te)
/ the systems come together be-
tween the indicated ground-
floor drains of the individual
houses. Wide pedestrian streets
alternate with the narrow utili-
tarian rear yards. The typical ,
sanitary arrange1nent for a
house is shwn
( 1) ope'tl dra inj ce c.Jna l
(2) precast conCrete
( 3 ) s"ept i e tan k
( 4 l sewer pire
(5) dr inking wat er
(6 ) wash i na ;.afer
( 7) sub uti'lit y li ne
( 8) coo.l<i nq
(9) washin9.hath and t o i l et
A RECORD staff anlysis ofthe tesults:
The housing and input
but perhaps even more irnportanf was the
about how much is how
the projects, and the best ways to help . . .
As study of the foregoing pages will indicte, the li:ding com"
petitors in the IAF competition differed widely inthe degree of tech-
nologital .sophistication .. proposed for the hbusing>At the extreme 'of
zero tchnology, archite.cts Holl, suggestthat
new inhabitants of the Dagat-Qagatan resettiemeht areabuild tll!=ir
dwell ings as best they can, as they always ha ve (pges 136-139). The
government would construct an arcade, which, accordingtC archfc .
tects, would be "essentially the construction of a line, defini[1g public
and priva te space." this, the government would prCvide ,a
1ninimum of utilitiesfor the biological lile of th.e human
Amorm the competitorswho called for moderate use of the pro-
cesses o industrialization and prefabriation for the .housing was the
firstpr ize winner, l an Athfield (pages 1.14-123), who proposed that
coconut palm become basic.material for prefabricated panels and
hip-bsed cement .blocks. Many coillpetitors, partitularly )apa-
nese1 proposed high-technology soluti ons predicated .upon the as-
sumption,that the., G6vernment of the. Philippires would inv'est in the
plants and equiprnent necssary to manufacture the basic cornpo-
nents. The second pfize scheine by Tagaki Design Associates most
fully realized the potential of fhis approach. Alrriost no competitors
proposed prefabricated; lightweight as dwellirg Units.
lt can be assumed that thearchitectural and plimning professions are
now more aware 61 the of such an approach.
The leading qJmpetitorspaiq careful attention to the problems o
' . ' / : ' . . _ . .. - , . ', ' ._ . . _. '
water suppl)(, waste mangement and energy conservation. Most pro-
posed systems of water ..collediol'), solar heating panels, and the use
ofcorwerters to transforni biologiclwastes into metharie gasaf)d/cit
fertili zer" The use . of i\S fertilizer was also
mended. ,The competitofs ,showd great i_nterest in the use of wind-
mills as an energy so.Lirc. .
The competitior(program urged the comptitors to suggest ways
in which the housing could be financed, and this.request drew a wide
response .. Hector Giron de)<{ Peria believes thatthe limd should re-
main. property and .be administered by the .municipality. lndi-
vid!Jl tenantswould be given 50-year leases, with ayear! y or monthly .
payment whi ch cou!d be dela);ed until the was com-
plete. He ,is against prvate ownership of the. lar,1d which he cons.iders
an unstable solutiofl for people who.may'be forced to sell
their property in the all-too-1 ikely event that they b.ccme presseo for
cash. H believes thatthe squatters should f.Orrn a coinmunity
associati on which.wciuld ,b.legallyconstituted to borrow money or\
house c6nstrudion. This organization would ini:rease: collective re-
spohsibilityand .minimize risk. Housing loans, in his opinion, 'shold
not be givn directly to individuals. Monthly payments would be made
by the inhabitants to their husing association, whose directors (from
the community) would take into account the econoniic circumstances
of each family and dispense the necessary penalties for non-paymnt.
rnention winners ). Fong and R. F. Orwell, (pages 140-
143), share with almostall of the other competitofs, anothr point of
156 . ARCHITECTURAL RECORD 'May1976
. view. They believe tht self owhershippf huse and landby the iqhab-
itant ' \ V, ould be goodjnsurance forthe success of the projectWJwther
it is achieved by,Contributed labor; by rent .equity, ?r by sorne . . .
: ' of subsidy, it is .the elemef that . cngn"rate the pride, res pon-
. sibilityandihe upkep which ' wili ' project' c;:redit t'o
' . itscity and ts 'natin." .. .. . . ' 1 . . . . . . . t
. C::ompetitorlwao Oriuma (page 153), blieves that the. inhabitant .
kpt. from selling his valuable new iesidence to outside !ande'
lords, He' pr()pose; that n6 owner with 'an ioutstanding mortgag be
allowd io s.ell his He m ay, upon! leaving the
CE;iv(:! nly, the valu qeditedto him. No mortgage holder would h!=
allo.wed to obtai.n any formol refinancing any loan using his'.
s collatr<1l. In his proposal, all land, utilities, public facili-
. . ' . ' . ' .- - - ' " .
ties, and other costs wo.uld be initially governrnef)t fi- .
nanced. This public investrnhfw6uld be' repaid by long-term, low-ii1:
terest mortgages qbtained by the settlers. Those unable to pay install-
mnts on their would contribute ,their labor to the project
The inhabitant would finance his own house through credits given for
the value.of.his original property (assumipg he hada legal right to it),
through the cortribution of. his own labor, and through savings .. '
A number of competitors have proposed that the relocatecl f<lrni -
lies_simply be giventenure and notbe burdened with rnortgage
ments thky. cannot, afford. Holl, Tanner and Cropper point out that
"the ironitproblem of government rtliniml housing is that the f.ami-
lies that.are the most needy, the ones wifl1many small children, are
. often the hous!ng beca use of meet
payr,nents. E ven wheri they are in occupancy the possibility'of eviction
uriderrriines the family sense of security .and has the effect of reducing
enth,rsiasm to invest energy in developing.the buse."
rYgst otthe leading competitors. assumeJ thauhe best vvay to help
th,e inhabitanis to pay for their houses anclto improve their econornic
life in general, was to incorporate labof intensive industries on
resettlerilent site. Severa! proposed that the proclucti on building
cornP,onentsJor the housing and cornmunity faci lities be one of these
industries. Eventually these building product ma:nufacturing plarts ,
could serve th wider metropolitan area. lt was al so proposed that the
theiragricultural activity, pmviding food for
Manila region . .
Finally and rnost importantly, in the best cornpetitors' design su(,
missions, .the tradition and basic human needs of the Phi l ip-
pne squatter were respected. Absent was the deplorable tendency
attribute)ow status. to non-Western cultures ano life styles, ancl
versely t assign high prestige values to the high technology of
developed world. Aqvanced technology, when proposed, was incor'
porate:l for its rather than mere! y for its symbolic value. . .
Perhaps the most significan! achievement of the IAF
is the fact that Jor. once atter.tion has been paid to all ol th
and interrelated considerations which must be thought through.if
cssful human settleh1ents are to be
.,,
World .leaders in the struggle to improve
conditions of human settlemelltaround the world.
. . . ; . 1
urge--in these 'comrnents-rnore planning
1
and design input of the kind .generated
by the Design Competition
1 . .
Barbara Ward, noted author
and economist:
worl<: The prestige f " moderh/'
1
rnay well cut down enormously squatters whO-are obscene,
The fol/owing is excerpted froni.
" Human Settlements: Crisis and
Opportunity," an unoffiial report
often imported. rnaterials; has' on social costs sihce 0ho the etdnomit circumstalices
tended iri many aras to' reduce , careare the best guatdians ottlle squatter settlements neces- .
the use of lot a\ rsburtes arid tci sttlements in which they.live. Vi- sarythat are obsten .. ' . . '
inhibit expe.riment .in loi::al ly prQ- qlence, apathy, aimless dstrJc" Though the of. p'v :
duced variants of roofs; .. piping
1
. tion, a bus y policeforc(:'andover- erty ih the Cities differ . published by. theMinisiry of S tate
for Urban Affirs, Ottawa, Carie
ada. The report . is basrcd n a
rneeti!ig bf experts preparing foi:
HABITAT.
The environment in human settle-
ments is deterniined by a variety
of factbrs'-social, funcJior\al, spa-
tial-but the most immediate, in-
and profound inf!u-
ehces are social ihfluences exer-
cised in the first instance in the
home. Here family survives as
a biologica\ unit; with the hope of
adequate income, diet,, shelter
and privacy in accordance with
the world's vast variety of d mates
and cultures. Here citiins re-
ceive their first forma-
tion. Here they learh-or do not
scurity and the
sen se of how . to \ive \.vith other
human beings. The hous is the
core, the central place, the starting
point of al\ lile in human settle-
ments, in short, df hulllan .. life it-
self. The tragedy thatfollows from
the world's record of blighted
housing and decaying . slums is
that it can deprive the citizen of
the very foundations o security
andse\1-respect. '
Al\ sodeties are in need of re"
search for: new. ideas ahd tech-
niques in such critica\ fields as
more productive building technbl-
ogy, the better use of materials
and machinery, flexible and effi-
cient means of mobilizing_savihgs
for use in settlements, partiGularly
tor low-cost housing. But the need
for new concepts is mucli gieater
in develojJing areas. Muth "adc
vanced" techriolcigy_c_aimd as it
is t capital-iritensive, labor-sav-
ing methods__.:.is quite out of place
in ecnomies in which a quarter
of the labor force. m ay be out of
158 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR.D May 1976
floor surfaces and so (orih. Planc crwded penal iristitutins are al\ .. tially from those in the
ners have al so .toneglett costs ned n<it be :pa(d if side, the key to dealing wllli then1
the degree to which ilr.oup, savings ! citizens and their teel, in is the .sanie.
and cooperative schemes , tan b 1 the jJrfouridest sen se, that tliey Whatis rquired are p9l icies >
\JSec to intrese invesnent in are "athorhe. '' ac:':tiOns that will assist the por
h::;0sing withcut elab- inciease theii productivity: f':ri::
orate, often jJrematLire, individual Robert 5. McNamara, marily, this calls for measures tliai
mortgages. An uncritical cJit of presideht, will re m ove barr.iers to their earn,.
high technology . and rr\oderriity' WorldBankGroup: .. ing . opportuhities and improve
has al so ofteh. limitd the very The followjng is. an excerpt from their access to public
great possibilities inhernt ih se'lf- his Sep_tember 1/ 1975 address to such as transport, educatioh; and
help projects whith se.t people to the Boiird of Covernors of the . health. services . . Realistic housi.1ig,.
work in settlements not only to World Bank. policies mus! be established a11d.;.
build their ownhomes
1
luridries, The :deprivation suffered by the firmiy implemented. .
meeting halls, conimumll ltrines pocir is .nowhere more visible than . The fundamental consid- '
and bath houss, but also. to en- in the matter of housing. E ven the eration undtlying sucha program .
gage in ccilllnunaJ programs io most hardened.and Lmsentimental is the reassessmeilt of tfie role .f
clean up and refurriish the whcile . obse'rvr from the developed ihe cides in the developmerlt
rundown city el)vironmenv ' wo'rld is shocked by the squalid. process. Urbah pOverty can . be'
The activity is, in faet, part of slums and ramshckle shanty- cured . nowhere in the . worlci
a llluch wider iss.ue in the success- towns that ring the peripheFy Of t..inless cities .. are thought.of as
fui managerilent of settle- . everymajorcityinthedeveloping sorptive mecha11isins for
ments-the involvement of the countires ofthe world. ing productive emploYment .
citizehs themselves. Such plan e But there is one thing worse those who need .and seek _it. In the -
nihg often turris .. ciuUo be . pater- than liVing in a slum ora squatter pst 25 years in the developirig
leaders at the top settlement--'al')d that is having c'ountries, . sorne 200 to 300
telling the litile peopie at tlie bot- one's sluin or settlement bu\.1- \ion i!ldividuals have benefited at
tom wfiat todo. But the wisddm is dozed by a goverriment least.fnarginally by migratin, and ... , . .,,;,,,., ... ,
not alwys so evident, whereas whith. has no shelter 'of any sort sin ce even at their . unacceptably
the experience of actuallyliving ih to . offer in its lo.W levels of _income they have .
the settlements cari stirnulate the : When-that happens=and it ha[J- beeh .more productively em/
rriost lively wht t<> do pens often-there remains orily ployed in the cities than .
with and in them. Cnsulttion the pavemen(itself, or sorne rocky would ha ve been had they re-
befare plans are made; a real .ef- hillside or parched plain; where mained in the rural areas, the na- "
fort to secure a /ocal' injJut;carto the poor can once again begin iO tionl econOmy itself has bene-
see that technical dvice .is avail" build out of. packing .crates ahd fited n the\ong run . ..
able to the. cnrned citi:zens signboards . and scraps of sheet- This is nott make. a case for
and, laier n, an equal efforttd in- metal a tiny hove\ mig/atiOri frdm the.
vol ve peopie ih the irhplinnta- in which to house their fa1nilies. rllraf .. lt.is only to recognize .
tion of plans they have. ap" Sql.Jatter settlements by defi- that poverty ' wiil persist in the
proved-these make LIP the . s- nition.:-and by city .ordinance- tities uritil goverriinerlls deief-
sen ce of genuinely popular plan- are iliegal. E ven the word squatter mi he to increa,se their capacity ncil
ning and can crea te a relationship itself is vaguely .obscene, .. as if simply to absorb the poor, bu t. td
between citizens, their leaders somehow being penniless, promote their productiv,ity
and the places in whicli they have landless; and horrieless d- viding the employment opportu, _
to li ve which is stable, enjoyable liberate sins against the canohs ol nities, the infrastructure, l')d.
and live!y. By the same token, .it proper etiquette. But it is not services necessary for that
1
1
. pose. We must identify/ policies
and actiohs _to bring

as such. They should neither be
looked down upon in regard to
thelr standards, technical suffi-
. .- .
.... "" .
ha.ye the courage to squarely fa ce
. this and to act accordingly?
Enrique Pealosa, dency, . or lack of infrastructure; ).W. MacNeI,
Secretary-Gerr2ral nor as regards their differences Commissioner General
HABiTAT/United Nations ' with the organized city. of HABIT AT for Canada;
,i . l y, the ingenuity fthe inhabitants . At the HABITAT ccnference, one
. on Human .Settlements: need not be magnified nor their of th mbst\lmpprtant elements iri
:;: i .. urbanization is the spontaneity exaggerated. The pro, the search for. s'olutions to low"in-
F't ,-ypical form of urban growth in fessiona:l bodies must recognize come urbaw settlements will be
:--,-.-,.r:
problems of whole communities,
induding low-income families .
Similar cbmpetitions to this one
for Manila should be held in the
other developing regions.
The competition suggests that
many universities and speciali zed
faculties wciuld do well to con-
sider major modif>cations of their
programs to take account or the
"human settlerilents" thrtJst. pJ the Third World. lt :will probably and work with squatter settle- the sWdy ofmethds for the pre-
q,, :increase; as the pr?portion of mers s they are. -- plannihgqfsquattersettlements to
' self-built shelter: This does not lt i's in the imprvement of the meet minirmiril needs. In nations Hel.ena Z. Benitez, president,
iliake professinal planners . deslgn and production ot the ele- With low average in comes and 111 Governing Cot.incil,
necessary. 'Quite the COI')trary: ments alid corriponents of shelter minimal purchasing power, it is Unitd Nations Envirorm1ent
.since they are able to uhderstand ' that the professional bodies can . possible to help people to create Programme;and president,
}h phenomenoh, in depth, plan- contribute positively. Tbis produc- .decent livabl cornmunities wlth Philippine Women's
ners are alreagy badly needed in tibn must be geared to the eco- basic shelter, a sale water supply, University, Manila:
. the roles of .i.nterpreter and Gita- noinic capacity f the -population sanitary waste disposal, trans- The exhibit of the leading en tries
.lyst. Planners can -explaih the . botli"at the household and the na- portation,. and health arid educa- of the IAF competition will be an
squatter problerti and its real di- ticinai leve!. ltis useless to intro- ... ti on services. Such pre-planning outstanding contributiori' to the
. rnensions to .the witn a duce a technical .solution outside would represen! a mjor step for- Vancouver HABITAT scene. Un-
viewto cnvincjng them .of the in- the limits of family income or the ward for millions of people. fortunately, the resources of all .
vestment involved in these settle- traditions and aspirations of tfie i am therefore glad to wel- United Nations agencies are now
ments; of the lack .f immdiat cciuntry its people. come the IAF competition initia- stretched thin, nd there is little tci
the squat- . . . . tive iri the conscious design of spare for the more extensive efioit
te.rs, and therefore of the J.G. van squatter settlements. for broad human settlements im-
. catastrophic cbnsequences of . provement which such a competi-
demolition. Organization's committee for C..EricCarlson, deputy director, tion inspires.
Plannirg prfessionals cari , Divisio'n of Financia! To augr'nent th UN Habitat and
persuad .th authorities to pro- T.he IAF lnterntinal Design and Technical Services, Human Settlements Fouhdation' s
vide thse services and facilities Competitlon .has generated note- United Nations HA BIT AT and efforts,ne'w instruments should be
which are technically; ,financially,. worthy ideas about tfie use of ma, Human Settlements Foundation: created, perhaps involving much
and adrpinistratively impossibl e .terials, the of The results, meanirig ahd impact, greater private sector partici'
for .the squtters to frnish them- elements, the coriservation of nat- of the IAF . International Design pation. After all, human sett/e"
. ]'. selveswithciut help. ural resources and .the safeguard- Competition speak for themselves. ments irnprovement could be the .
Y> Plarine;s can also help the ing of yaiLible commuhity : har- For the whle HABITAT exercise, world's greatest growth industry.
\i) squatters in thir fight for security acteristics: they provide a les son in partici- The need is urgent, beta use
'L\' ;of tenure in order to legalize the The coriipetition demon- having enlisted the in- people can and must acquire a
5 ' settlemerits and relieve the squat- strates that mjortechnical prob- . terest, supp6rt and sponsorship of stakeintheir habitat. . ' . .
;t,: ters of the ahxiety of illegality. : lms can be sol ved. One can only the private seCtor for broad public . There should be more inter-
, ,,. . Finally, the professionals can be glad that the 17,000 families purposes, as well as by mobilizing hationa,l design competitions for
persuade the authorities that, even that will be resettled on the the ehthusiasm, experience and environri1entally- balanced com-
f<:: for squatter settlements, long-term Daga tan si te will be able to profit dedication of thousands of con- mul')i.ties in . both the rural and
:+,, plans are possible and thiH the from this effort. However; techn- professionals urban are as of developing coun, _
;
1
-:f'; go.vernments concerned should cal solutiohs are one thing; the the world. Looking ahead, we can tries. From these efforts will
relevant legal , adminis- possibility to apply therri on a see that future international design .emerge demonstration projects'''
financia! and technical large scale; another. competitionswill ha ve real usefulc . ' redy for incorporation into ,lof']g- .. ,
t rnechanisms instead of constantly A real solutiori of the squatter ness not only for th.e desigh of trm economic, social a;,d
being taken by surprise. problem cannot be brought abbut major natilnal .and internati onal : programs pcin
[>;.:: '. ':. Squatter settlements are in- without taking into consideration ' structures, ,..;_,hich 'has bei:!'n their. ;: brodly conceived nationl $tr't-
part o human settle- its economic and social context. role. in the past, helpin.gtp: gies fo'r human settlernelits loca- .'"
)':_me11ts and they must be accepted Will the HABITAT ' conference provide solutions tb tllf; basic , tion and development. . } :
: ARC::HITECTURAL RECORD !vlay '1976
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./
j . .,
. ,, .:.;
..
. A"fioal,. word: With
\1\fha.taction could be.taken-tcffollow.up?
are plenty of :. useful . alternatives ..
Th lmportant idea is that .
the. competition was only a begint1ing ...
The lnternat ional Architectural has, from the beginnings of its planning for the design
competition, had five niain goals: . '
';,
Gql. 1. " Alert architects and planners to the gravity of the cceJertiilg rbar crisis in d- 1
.velopif!g count1;ies." Afew of in the . , . .
lems ohhuman settlements. But 1t 1s our bope that theear!Jer wntrn,Q, IIJ RECQRD-:"and most espec1ally . ,
this .. issu .. e . ... b .. ro. ug h .. t.. th.e .d. es.peraie g.r av:.) . ! .. .. mb ... ' ..e. m. .. urba.nsl.um. samun.'d th. e. . . /
G?al2. of talent .and .. R 1 e\ . ailable .for plann1ng human /) /.
the. and plann: l's:\lj ! " . . . . . . '. . '. . li { r; .
th.at ist a direct competftioh. in ' i { '/
1
!
68 counlrres reg1stered for the and 46 . / 1 (!
work clearly made an enormous comm1tment of time and effort 111 mcreasmg the1r personal ''fund . f 1 \.::/
of talehfand expertise." While there was not spac in.thls to ofthis work 1
. . . ' . .., . . . 1
beyoncj the prer:niated designs, other work will _be shown in L'Afchitedure"'d'Aujourd'h'ui and
the bulk-of the workwillbe shown book on the conipetiti onplanned
by the IAF for .publ1 cat lof1 ea.rly next year. 1
Goal 3; 'ulr1volve architects and planilers _In the design of a demcinstration project in a major j
cityof ihe developihg ,wor!d." That is now the unqu nd massive responsibility of the compet- '
tion winner, Jan Athfild, and his staff and ccinsultants; working with General. Tobias and other
officials' of the Philippille government, and with the residents of theTondo Foreshore_who clearly
stand contribution of self-hep. : . ,. . . .
\ d)al ,4. ''Coritribute to the success of H-ABITA T." Over 2000 delegats.from 140 col.Jn-
tet hn:i ans others from non-gcivernmental organzatons-;will b gathered in Van-
couve/ in May ar1d to formulate an internti6nal strategy to guide effcirts in improvng the
conditi6ns of theurban poor aroundthe world, lt is oLirhopethatthis issue, and the exhibit of
the prrniated clesigns sponsored by the IAF t theyancoCve'r Art Gallery, w ill make a modest
contributi bn that great and important meeting. .
Cdal 5 . . "Ai::t as a catalyst for fu.r\hf'cor1tribuiions by indiviclwls; institutions
1
organizations
and governmemts to the:sol ubn of the pfbierns of poor. " Jhere ;re severa!
early ci6portnities for wmld leadersin ancl _ to implement
The governors-of the World Bank-'mt in actober to reteiyrecom;,eridations from
. ..
1
'/
1
HABITAT and deCide what action or fthei/ imoor_tr progr?.,ms they might
perhap,sJhcl\.lding a greater rol i.n dt_les in deveiopirig wor!d.(most .of .. -'
the. Bank's activity been in rural De\ielobm'entBahk might .
choose_to implemnnecomh:!endations of HA BIT AT .;.jindul irig th6se_ by' the compefi-
ti ori . Arid then.ther'e !he:whole which might be or rdirected by the'UN
Gener.ai'Assen'lblyas HABITAT. indi vdwfll:govemment thewor,ld Jl!ight ,
see new directions fm.their.: prqgramsof concepts design icJas geM- .
e1ated by the \. < . . . . .. ' . , : . . . , ,, , . .
, A( any rate, _IAF cotnpetition 'generated .. .sqme: for. ...
self-hei'P, and a host. 9f hew and thoughtful'and and !y ccep_table 0ys-f6r ..
''errrher1ts:to !Lves d ,the 'por d :'thfr.:conJries. ;nd . ...
compet(ti ein on laboreCr;o ., .: . : .. .:.::.W.'W:
j-60; , ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
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