Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Obrero Campus, Davao City


SOLAR POWERED ROOM

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
ECE 426 and ECE 525
Instrumentation and Control/Industrial Electronics


Submitted by:
Altivo, Jan Rey
Lagata, Jayson
Lorilla, Franch Maverick
Matangcoy, Aljem
Villasencio, Ket Justine


Submitted to:
Engr. Rosanna Ucat

June 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract
Introduction
Significance of the Project
Block Diagram
Schematic Diagram
Simulation Results
Bill of Materials
Limitations of the Project
Recommendations
Appendices













ABSTRACT
There is a bright future for solar power. On the average sunny day, the sun shines
approximately 1,000 watts of energy per square meter, enough energy to power all of our
electricity needs and excess. This project aims to utilize this plethora of power to provide a
lighting and ventilation system in a room. Two modes are available for this project;
solar/battery mode and AC mode. As the project suggests, solar panel with a rechargeable
battery is the main source of the supply and AC acts as its backup. When the voltage in the
battery supplied by the solar panel lowers at a certain value which is not enough to power the
lighting and ventilation system of the room, the relay senses this action and quickly switches to
the AC mode.
The increasing price of electric consumption is the hindrance to almost all industrial
applications thus, this projects main advantage is on the economic side.












INTRODUCTION
In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,
alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One
such alternative is solar energy. Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and
collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied
directly by solar power. More still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be
examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. People use energy for many things, but a few
general tasks consume most of the energy. These tasks include transportation, heating, cooling,
and the generation of electricity. Solar energy can be applied to all four of these tasks with
different levels of success. Most of our tools are designed to be driven by electricity, so if you
can create electricity through solar power, you can run almost anything with solar power. The
solar collectors that convert radiation into electricity can be either flat-plane collectors or
focusing collectors, and the silicon components of these collectors are photovoltaic cells.
Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature, convert radiation to electricity. This
phenomenon has been known for well over half a century, but until recently the amounts of
electricity generated were good for little more than measuring radiation intensity. Most of the
photovoltaic cells on the market today operate at an efficiency of less than 15%; that is, of all
the radiation that falls upon them, less than 15% of it is converted to electricity. The maximum
theoretical efficiency for a photovoltaic cell is only 32.3%, but at this efficiency, solar electricity
is very economical. Most of our other forms of electricity generation are at a lower efficiency
than this. Unfortunately, reality still lags behind theory and a 15% efficiency is not usually
considered economical by most power companies, even if it is fine for toys and pocket
calculators. Hope for bulk solar electricity should not be abandoned, however, for recent
scientific advances have created a solar cell with an efficiency of 28.2% efficiency in the
laboratory. This type of cell has yet to be field tested. If it maintains its efficiency in the
uncontrolled environment of the outside world, and if it does not have a tendency to break
down, it will be economical for power companies to build solar power facilities after all. Solar
power has two big advantages over fossil fuels. The first is in the fact that it is renewable; it is
never going to run out. The second is its effect on the environment.
While the burning of fossil fuels introduces many harmful pollutants into the
atmosphere and contributes to environmental problems like global warming and acid rain, solar
energy is completely non-polluting. While many acres of land must be destroyed to feed a fossil
fuel energy plant its required fuel, the only land that must be destroyed for a solar energy plant
is the land that it stands on. Indeed, if a solar energy system were incorporated into every
business and dwelling, no land would have to be destroyed in the name of energy. This ability
to decentralize solar energy is something that fossil fuel burning cannot match.
Of all the energy sources available, solar has perhaps the most promise. Numerically, it
is capable of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire planet's energy needs.
Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the sources of energy. Practically, it can
be adjusted to power nearly everything except transportation with very little adjustment, and
even transportation with some modest modifications to the current general system of travel.
Clearly, solar energy is a resource of the future.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The primordial purpose of this project is to provide a complete analysis on the
effectiveness and economy of a Solar Powered Classroom. This project is intended to fulfill the
implementation of closed loop systems and thyristors in industrial applications.
For the application of closed loop systems, a feedback loop is used. Feedback loops take
the system output into consideration, which enables the system to adjust its performance to
meet a desired output response. As the voltage supply of the battery lowers at a certain
amount, the relay senses it and switches to the AC mode. So the AC mode is fed back to the
circuit.
The five thyristors used are Shockley diode, quadrac (diac and triac), SCR (silicon
controlled rectifier), and PUT (programmable unijunction transistor). The Shockley diode is used
as a current limiter; quadrac is used as a crowbar device; SCR is for switching purposes only;
and the PUT for biasing.






Appliance Consumption Computation



Computation
Assume:
Lights = 40W (2)
Fan = 60W (2)
For AC supply:
Step 1: 40 / 1000 = 0.04 kW per hour
Step 2: 0.04 kW x 24hrs = 0.96 kWh per day
Step 3: 0.96 kWh x 30 days = 28.8 kWh per month
Step 1: 60 / 1000 = 0.06 kW
Step 2: 0.06 kW x 24 hours = 1.44 kWh per day
Step 3: 1.44 kWh x 30 days = 43.2 kWh per month
Total = 28.8 + 43.2 = 72 kWh

For Solar/Battery:
12hrs Solar/Battery supply ; 12hrs AC supply
Step 1: 40 / 1000 = 0.04 kW per hour
Step 2: 0.04 kW x 12hrs = 0.48 kWh per day
Step 3: 0.96 kWh x 30 days = 14.4 kWh per month

Step 1: 60 / 1000 = 0.06 kW
Step 2: 0.06 kW x 12 hours = 0.72 kWh per day
Step 3: 1.44 kWh x 30 days = 21.6 kWh per month
Total = 14.4 + 21.6 = 36 kWh

This clearly shows that when supplying the lighting and ventilation system with the typical AC supply,
it consumes more power compared to the solar/battery powered mode and thus costs more. This
rela
tion
ship
is
clea
rly
sho
wn
in
figures 1 and 2.









0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Energy Consumption
AC Solar/Battery
(months)
(kWh)
Fig. 1

Fig. 2

BILL OF MATERIALS
Material
12 V 7.2 Ah Rechargeable battery
HC 872 Case
6A diode
Crown jack
7812
4700uF/25V
Drill bit
8050
12V Relay
PIC 16F628
Solar Panel
Connecting Wires
Plug
2N6027
Price/pc
550
145
6.50
8.50
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cost
AC Solar/Battery
(Cost in Pesos)
(months)
18
25
12
4.50
65
180
850
32
8
2
Diac
2N5061
2N2646
1N5822
12
14
45
12
Ferric Chloride 30
Soldering Lead 10
Q401E3 50
BT 136 13
Nikko Spray 85


TOTAL = P 2756.94


















LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
The scope of the project is for the lighting and ventilation system of a room. The study
will include the lights and electric fan of a said room. It is focused on the operation and
economy of the system in the switching capability of the solar panel and AC supply.
The study does not cover any other facilities that cant be seen in a said room.




RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were offered:
1. The final output of the design for the Solar Powered Room shall be implemented on a
large scale basis to maximize the effectiveness of the switching capability of the solar
panel and AC supply. Immediate implementation of this project is hereby
recommended since there is a great need for practicing greener or more energy efficient
Engineering practices today.
2. It is recommended that future designers shall study further on the aspect of creating a
greater solar panel voltage supply to achieve highly efficient electrical systems in the
design to optimize the effectiveness of the project that will reduce the cost of electricity
without sacrificing the light and motor speed output of the system when several loads
are needed.