HSL 113 CHESS

Name: Muhammad Farid bin Rahman

Matric No: 2013675096
Course: AC110
Semester: 2
CHESS
INTRODUCTION
Chess is a two-player strategy board gameplayed on achessboard, a checkered
gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's
most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in parks,clubs,
online, bycorrespondence, and in tournaments.
Each player begins the game with 6pieces! one king, onequeen, two rooks, twoknights,
two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the si" piece types mo#esdifferently. $ieces are
used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, with the ob%ecti#e to 'checkmate' the
opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. In addition to
checkmate, the game can be won by the #oluntary resignation of the opponent, which
typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears una#oidable. &
game may also result in a draw in se#eral ways, where neither player wins. 'he course of
the game is di#ided into three phases! opening,middlegame, and endgame.
HISTORY
Predecessors
() *hess is belie#ed to ha#e originated in Eastern India during the +upta empire.
() ,rom the 6
th
century is was known as chaturanga, it represented by the pieces that would
e#ol#e into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respecti#ely.
() In 6--, the e#idence of e"istence of chess is found in the neighboring .assanid $ersia,
where the game came to known by the name chatrang.
() *hatrang is e#oked in three epic romances written in $ahla#i /0iddle $ersian1.
*hatrang was taken up by the 0uslim world after the Islamic conquest of $ersia
/6223441, where it was then named shatranj, with the pieces largely retaining their
$ersian names.
() In .panish 4shatran%4 was rendered as ajedrez /4al-shatran%41, in $ortuguese
asxadrez, and in +reek as 56789:;<= /zatrikion,which comes directly from the $ersian
hatran!1,but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by #ersions of the $ersian sh"h
/4king41, which was familiar as an e"clamation and became the English words
4check4 and 4chess4. 0urray theori>ed that 0uslim traders came to European
seaports with ornamental chess kings as curios before they brought the game of chess.
Origins of the modern game !"""#!$%"&
'( &round ?--, the rules of shatran% started to be modified in southern Europe.
() &round 4@A, se#eral ma%or changes made the game essentially as it known today.
() In the B
th
century, the center of European chess life mo#ed from .outhern
European countries to ,rance.
() &s the C
th
century progressed, chess organi>ation de#eloped quickly. 0any chess
clubs, chess books, and chess %ournals appeared.
()In the Bth century, the center of European chess life mo#ed from the .outhern
European countries to ,rance. 'he two most important ,rench masters were ,ranDois-
&ndrE Fanican $hilidor, a musician by profession, who disco#ered the importance of
pawns for chess strategy, and later Gouis-*harles 0ahE de Ga Hourdonnais, who won
a famous series of matches with the Irish master &le"ander 0cFonnell in B24.
)irth of a s*ort !$%"#!+,%&
() 'he first modern chess tournament was organi>ed by Ioward .taunton, a leading
chess player, and was held in Gondon in BA.
() 'he tournament won by an unknown +erman &dolf &nderssen, who was hailed as
the leading chess master and his brilliant, energetic attacking style.
() &n &merican $aul 0orphy, and e"traordinary chess prodigy, won against all
important competitors /e"cept Ioward .taunton, who refused to play1, including
&nderssen, during his short career between BA@ and B62.
() &fter $aul 0orphy there was a great players like him such as $rague-born
Jilhelm .teinit>, a +erman master Kohannes Lukertort and a young player a +erman
mathematician Emanuel Gasker.
()&fter the end of the C
th
cnetury, the number of master tournaments and matches
held annually quickly grew.
() .ome sources state that in C4 the title of chess +randmaster was first formally
conferred by 'sar Micholas II of Nussia to Gasker, *apablanca, &lekhine, 'arrasch,
and0arshall, but this is a disputed claim.
() &le"ander &lekhine, a strong attacking player who died as the Jorld champion in
C46. Ie briefly lost the title to Futch player 0a" Euwein C2A and regained it two
years later.
Post#-ar era !+,% and .ater&
'( &fter the death of &lekhine, a new Jorld *hampion was sought. ,IFE, who ha#e
controlled the title since then /e"cept for one interruption1, ran a tournament of elite
players.
() 'he winner of theC4B tournament, Nussian 0ikhail Hot#innik, started an era of
.o#iet dominance in the chess world.
() Ontil the end of the .o#iet Onion, there was only one non-.o#iet champion,
&merican Hobby ,ischer /champion C@?3@A1.
() 'here was a champion after another in a certain year such as C4B, CA, CA4
/Hot#innik1
CA@ /.myslo#1
CAB /Hot#innik1
C6- /'al1
C6 /Hot#innik1
C62, C66 /$etrosian1
C6C /.passky1
C@? /,ischer1
C@A, C@B, CB, CB4 /Parpo#1
CBA, CB6, CB@,CC- /Pasparo#1
.plit
title
*lassica
l
CC2 , CCA /Pasparo# 1
?--- , ?--4 /Pramnik 1
,IFE
CC2 , CC6 , CCB /Parpo# 1
CCC /Phalifman 1
?--- /&nand 1
?--? /$onomario# 1
?--4 /Pasimd>hano# 1
?--A /'opalo# 1
,IFE
?--6 /Pramnik 1
?--@ , ?--B , ?-- , ?-? /&nand 1
?-2 /*arlsen 1
?-4
Pre#modern
'( In the 0iddle &ges and during the Nenaissance, chess was a part of noble cultureQ it
was used to teach war strategy.
() *hess was often used as a basis of sermons on morality. &n e"ample is #iber de
moribus hominum et o$$iiis nobi%ium si&e su'er %udo sahorum /'Hook of the customs
of men and the duties of nobles or the Hook of *hess'1, written by an Italian
Fominicanmonk Kacobus de *essolis c. 2--.
Modern
()Furing the &ge of Enlightement, chess was #iewed as a means of self-impro#ement.
()Hen%amin ,ranklin, in his article R'he 0orals of *hessS /@A-1, wrote!
THy playing *hess then, we may learn!
()I/ 0oresight1 which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that
may
attend an action
()II/ Circums*ection1 which sur#eys the whole *hessboard or scene of action
()III/ Caution1 not to make our mo#es too hastily
Jith these or similar hopes, chess is taught to children in schools around the world today.
0any schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically
for children. 'ournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organi>ations
such as the Onited .tates *hess ,ederation and the Mational .cholastic *hess
,oundation.
Refrences
(iki'edia) *Adjusted+