28 AUGUST 2014

NAME ID NUMBER
AHMAD HAMZI BIN AZHAR ME092805
MUHAMMAD IZZAT AFIF BIN HASSIM ME092828

SECTION 06



Purpose : The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to become familiar with the
operational amplifier characteristics and circuit connections, for the inverting and non-
inverting amplifiers.
Equipment :
1. Resistors: 1 k (2 nos.), 10 k (2 nos.), 20 k, 33 k, 47 k and 68 k
2. Operational Amplifier A741
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Oscilloscope
5. Function Generator (AC Power Supply)
6. DC Power Supply
7. DMM Probes x 2nos.
8. Oscilloscope Probes x 2nos.
9. BNC-Crocodile Clips Probe x 1no.
10. Crocodile Clips Connectors x 4nos.
11. Protoboard
12. Wire 22 AWG x 6nos.

Procedure:
Part A : Inverting amplifier
a. The op amp is placed in the lower central portion of the protoboard. The notch is
positioned so that pin 1 is at the top left. The op-amp is ensured that each pin of the op-amp is
inserted into a separate hole.
b. The resistances are measured using DMM and the resistances are recorded of RS = 10 k
and Rf = 10 k in Table 7.1.
c. The DMM is used to set the Tektronix DC power supply voltages at +15V and 15 with
respect to ground.
d. The inverting amplifier circuit is build as shown in Figure 7.8.



Figure 7.8: Inverting Amplifier Circuit

2. Variable Feedback Resistor, Rf
a. A 4V peak-to-peak 1 kHz sine wave is applied as input VS.
b. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the output VO is measured, and the gain, AV is calculated.
c. The dual trace feature of the oscilloscope is used to display VS and VO waveforms and
measurements for Rf = 20 k, 33 k, 47 k, and 68 k with RS = 10 k.
d. The theoretical gain, AR is compared to the measured gain, AV given:
=
- where Rf and RS are measured values and VO is 180 out of phase with VS.
e. The data is tabulated in Table 7.2 and the percentage errors are calculated.

3. Variable Input Voltage, VS
a. The same circuit is used as previous, let RS = 10 k and Rf = 47 k.
b. The peak-to-peak output voltage is measured with an input sine wave at a frequency of 1
kHz, for input voltage of 1V, 2V, 4V and 8V peak-to-peak respectively.
c. The results are tabulated in Table 7.3. The measured gain for each input is calculated.
4. Variable Bias Voltages
a. The previous circuit of RS = 10 k and Rf = 47 k are used.

15 V +
- V 15
R
S

10 k
=
R
f

= 10 k
V
S
pin 2


pin 3


pin 4


pin 7


pin 6


V
O
+



_

A741


~

b. With an input sine wave at a frequency of 1 kHz, the amplitude of the input VS is slowly
increased from zero (0) volts to a value where the output VO distorts on either the positive or
negative cycle (becomes clipped).
c. The peak-to-peak input and output voltages, at time of clipping, is recorded in Table 7.4.
d. The bias voltages of pin 7 and pin 4 are reduced from +15V and -15V to +12V and -12V
respectively.
e. The procedures b and c are repeated.

Part B: Non-inverting Amplifier
a. The resistances are measured using DMM and the resistances of R = 1 k and Rf = 1 k
are recorded in Table 7.5.
b. The bias voltages to +15 V and 15 V are set. DMM is used for setting accuracy.
c. The non-inverting amplifier is build as shown in Figure 7.5, with R = Rf = 1 k.
d. The input sine wave is set to be 1 kHz frequency.
e. The output voltage VO is measured when VS is set to 2V, 3V, 4V and 5 V peak to peak
respectively.
f. The results are recorded in Table 7.6.
g. The measured is compared with VO and theoretical values, calculated using measured
values of resistors and measured VS.









Results :


Table 7.1: Measured Resistance
Resistor Nominal ()

Actual ()
RS 10 9.84
Rf 10 9.86


Table 7.2: Results for Varying Feedback Resistors

Rf ()
Vs (V) Vo (V) AR
= Rf/R S
Av =
VO/VS

%
Error
nominal measured nominal measured measured theoretical measured
10k 9.86
4V 4.1
4.1 1
20k 19.94 8.2 2
33k 32.49 13.7 3.34
47k 46.52 19.7 4.80
68k 66.87 26.9 6.56


Table 7.3: Results to Verify Output Relationship

V
S p-p
(V)
VO p-p
Av =
V
O
/V
S

nominal measured
1 1.03 4.8
2 2.05 9.8
4 4.1 19.7
8 8.0 27.3




Table 7.4: Results for Varying Bias Voltages

Bias
Voltages
(V)
VS p-p VO p-p
+15 and -15 5.6 26.1
+12 and -12 3.6 16.9


Table 7.5: Measured Resistance

Resistor Nominal
()
Actual
()
R 1 0.98
R
f
1 0.99


Table 7.6: Results to Verify Output Relationship

Vs
p-p
(V) Vo
p-p
(V)
% Error
nominal measured calculated measured
2 2.05 4.12 4.20
3 3.06 6.15 6.10
4 4.10 8.24 8.40
5 5.10 10.25 10.50










Discussion:



The above circuit will have a gain of = 20 with the output being 180 out of phase. Can we use
the same op-amp to provide a gain of = 40? Provide complete calculations and necessary
adjustments to support your answer.































+ 15 V
- 15 V
R
S

= 1 k
R
f

= 20 k
V 1
pp



pin 2


pin 3


pin 4


pin 7


pin 6


20 V
pp


+



_

A741


~

During the experiment, there are several reasons that might contribute in resulting to errors. Some
of the errors occurs are:
Ensure all connection should be tight before switching on the power supply.
The function generator need to ensure that it is sine wave frequency of 1k and peak-to-
peak input voltage.

Define sustainability in engineering

1. Practices that promote environmental, social and economic sustainability through greater
resource efficiency, reduced pollution and consideration of the wider social impacts of new
technologies, processes and practices









Precaution:

1.Make sure the connection for all element in the circuit are correct to prevent amplifier from
explode.
2. The resistance to be choosen should be in Kohm range.
3. Best performance is being obtained within 50Hz to 1Mhz
4. Power supply should be switched off after completion of experiment.



Conclusion:

1. Understanding the basic operation of the op amp in two basic condition, inverting and non-
inverting.
2.





Reference

[1] Engineering Education for Sustainability and Economic Growth
in Developing Countries (the Sudanese Case), Abu-Goukh. M.E.a,, Ibraheem G.M b, Goukh,
H.M.E.A.c, 2012





LTSpice Report



Netlist
* C:\Program Files (x86)\LTC\LTspiceIV\Draft3.asc
V1 in 0 SINE (0 1 1K)
R1 in N004 5000
R2 N004 N005 10000
Figure 7.9 The Schematic Diagram.




Output waveform from the inverting amplifier

XU1 0 N004 N002 N007 N005 LT1001
XU2 N005 N003 N001 N006 out LT1001
R4 N003 out 20000
V2 N001 0 15
R3 0 N003 5000
V3 0 N006 15
V4 0 N007 15
V5 N002 0 15
.tran 2MS
.lib LTC.lib
.backanno
.end


Output and input waveform from non-inverting amplifier