- all matter is composed of particles - particles are in constant motion - there are forces of attraction among particles Flow Rate and Viscosity - How quickly a fluid flows in a given amount of time - If a fluid has higher viscosity, there is a lower flow rate - Viscosity is the resistance that a fluid has to flowing and movement - Chocolate factories, pouring syrup or ketchup out of a ottle - !he flow rate can e an indicator of the viscosity - Helium alloons float in air ecause their density is less than that of air Mass, Weight, and Volume - mass is the amount of matter in an o"ect - weight is the measurement of the force of gravity pulling on the o"ect - weight is measured in #ewtons - Volume is the measure of the amount of space occupied y matter Density - density is the mass of a sustance per unit of volume of that sustance - it is calculated through this formula$ % & '(V - when there is less space etween particles, this means the density is greater - when a fluid is cooled, it ecomes denser ecause the particles slow down and grow closer together - when a fluid is heated, the opposite happens - water ecomes less dense if it is heated and also if it is cooled - when a gas is heated, it ecomes less dense Buoyancy - the upward part of the force e)erted y fluids is called uoyancy - if the force of uoyancy is greater than the force of gravity, then the o"ect will float, and the reverse - Archimedes Principle$ the crown appeared to weigh less in water than a ar of pure gold with the same mass* greater uoyant force on the crown* the crown displaced more water than the gold ar* the volume of the crown was greater than the gold ar* the crown had a lower density and was not made of pure gold - +ositive uoyancy if it rises, negative uoyancy if it sinks, neutral uoyancy if it remains level in the fluid - ,allast is any material carried on ships, sumarines, hot air alloons, or dirigiles -air ships. that acts as weight and alters uoyancy Pressure - gases are very compressile - liquids are only very slightly compressile - its state can e changed if enough pressure if applied ydraulics and Pneumatic systems - Hydraulics is the word we give to confined, pressuri/ed systems that use moving liquids - 0ses liquids under pressure to move things - 1iquid used in a hydraulic system is called hydraulic fluid - 2il from a tank is sent along a conductor to a pump where it is pushed into a cylinder which resemles a giant syringe and the oil pushes up the piston like a plunger - heart - +neumatics is the name for confined pressuri/ed systems that use moving air or other gases such as caron dio)ide - lunges The !artesian Di"er - the eyedropper had air in it - when pressure was applied water entered and the air inside was compressed - the water caused the eyedropper to sink Marshmallow Ma#ia - the marshmallow has air inside of it - when pressure was applied to it -pushing. it shrunk and the air inside of it was compressed - when pressure was pulled away, it grew ecause the air was eing pulled !ompressing water and gas - water is almost uncompressile - gas is easily compressed