THEPROFESSIONALENGINEER

EE302Spring2014
1
What is Engineering? WhatisEngineering?
The application of science and mathematics Theapplicationofscienceandmathematics
bywhichthepropertiesofmatterandthe
sources of energy in nature are made useful to sourcesofenergyinnaturearemadeusefulto
people.
Th f i d t h l t l th Theuseofscienceandtechnologytosolvethe
problemsthatsocietyfacesortoprovide
d t hi h i t d i productswhichsocietydesires.
2
ABET
*
Definition of Engineering ABET DefinitionofEngineering
Theprofessioninwhichaknowledgeofthe
mathematical and natural sciences gained by mathematicalandnaturalsciencesgainedby
study,experience,andpracticeisappliedwith
j d t t d l t tili judgmenttodevelopwaystoutilize,econom
ically,thematerialsandforcesofnatureforthe
benefitofmankind.
*AccreditationBoardforEngineeringandTechnology
3
The engineersprimarygoalistosolvepracticalproblems.
Thethingthatsetsengineersapartisthemanner in
whichtheyapproachproblems.Thediscipline
allowsanalyzing,reasoning,andsolvingdifficult
problems in an organized manner problemsinanorganizedmanner.
Engineershaveabasicknowledgeofmathematics,
physics chemistry and the ability to solve complex physics,chemistry,andtheabilitytosolvecomplex
problems.
E i i i Engineeringis
technical creative challenging
exciting difficult FUN!!!
4
Engineersvs.Scientists
Scientists
Scientists attempt to understand how the natural world Scientistsattempttounderstandhowthenaturalworld
functions.
Resultoftheirworkisexpansionofknowledge.
Finalproductoftenpublicationofaresearchpaper.
Engineers
Engineerssolveproblems;theresultoftheirworkisthe
developmentandproduction (orimprovement)ofa
product or process productorprocess.
ManyIssues
Can it be done? Should it be done? Canitbedone?Shoulditbedone?
SafetyEthicsPublicgoodEconomics
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Theroleofengineerandscientistareinterrelated
Anengineermayneednewscientificknowledgetosolvea
problem.Scientistsmaybeguidedbythepotentialfor
theirdiscovery.
Engineeringisacreativeprofession
Mustfacenewproblems needingimaginationfor
solutions solutions.
Problemmayhaveincompleteinformation.
Practitioners are highly skilled (rigorous program of study Practitionersarehighlyskilled (rigorousprogramofstudy
andcontinuouseducation).
Ethicalandtechnicalresponsibilities.
Welleducated andactivecitizens.
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PROBLEM SOLVING PROBLEMSOLVING
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EngineersSolveProblemsinaHighlyOrganizedWay:
TheScientificProblemSolvingMethod f g
Step1:ProblemStatement
ib h bl b l d h d i i Describetheproblemtobesolved.Thedescriptionmust
containalltheessentialinformationregardingtheproblem.
Asktwoimportantquestions:whatessentialinformationis p q
givenandwhatistobedetermined?
Step2:Diagram
Visualizetheproblembypreparingasketchordiagram.The
diagramshouldshowthesetupoftheproblem.
Step 3: Theory Step3:Theory
Toobtainasolution,youmustdescribearelationshipbetween
whatisgivenandwhatistobefound.Thisisknownas
modeling.Itoftenconsistsofdevelopingmathematical
equationsdescribingthesystem.
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TheScientificProblemSolvingMethod
Step4:Assumptions
Clearlydefinetheassumptionsmadetosimplifytheproblems
solution Different assumptions may lead to different results solution.Differentassumptionsmayleadtodifferentresults,
andmaystronglyaffectthefinalsolution.Youmayfindsome
assumptionsarenotacceptable.
Step5:Solution
Presentthesolutioninamannereasilyfollowedbyother
engineers Document your solution carefully Be engineers.Documentyoursolutioncarefully.Be
comprehensive.Provideenoughdatasothatyoursolutioncan
bechecked.
Step6:VerificationandFinalResults
Youneedtoverifyyourresult,ifthisispossible.Youmustcheck
th f th l ti ki th t theaccuracyofthesolution,makingsurethatnoerrorsare
present.AlwaysaskIsthissolutionreasonable?
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TypesofEngineeringProblems yp g g
ClosedEnd
Typicallyusedinclasses.Focusonteachingaparticular
technique.
Design Design
Developinganewprocessoritem.
Troubleshootingg
Diagnosingaprobleminanexistingitemorprocess.
Simulation
Determininghowsomethingworksandcreatingmodelsto
explainthebehavior.
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ENGINEERING DESIGN ENGINEERINGDESIGN
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What is Engineering Design? WhatisEngineeringDesign?
Engineeringdesignisoneofthemostbasic,
challenging and fascinating activities of the challenging,andfascinatingactivitiesofthe
engineer.
I f t th d i f Infact,thewordengineercomesfrom
theLatinwordingenerare,whichmeansto
t create.
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Perhapsthebestdefinitionofengineering
d i i th t i b ABET designisthatgivenbyABET:
Engineeringdesignistheprocessofdevisingasystem,
component,orprocesstomeetdesiredneeds.Itis
d i i ki ( ft it ti ) i hi h adecisionmakingprocess(ofteniterative),inwhich
thebasicsciences,mathematics,andengineering
sciences are applied to convert resources optimally sciencesareappliedtoconvertresourcesoptimally
tomeetastatedobjective.Amongthe
fundamental elements of the design process are the fundamentalelementsofthedesignprocessarethe
establishmentofobjectivesandcriteria,synthesis,
analysis,construction,testing,andevaluation. y , , g,
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Itshouldberealizedthat:
Successfuldesignproceduresarequitevaried thereisno
widelyacceptedsequenceofstepsoralgorithmforsuccess.
Variousmodelshavebeenadvancedfordescribingthedesign
process.
Mostgoodengineersdeveloptheirownapproaches and
strategiesfordesign.
Onehaslotsoffreedom.
Theengineerfocusesondesignasaproblemsolution. The
designprocessmaybeviewedastheroadmapthatguidesthe
designerfromtheproblemtoitssolution.
Theproducttodaymaynotsimplybeadevice.Forexample,
softwareisaproductwherethedesignprocessisapplied.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTELLECTUALPROPERTY
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INTELLECTUALPROPERTY
Intellectualpropertylawshavesignificanceforengineersin
theircapacitiesasauthors,inventors,andbusinessmenand p , ,
women. InformationAge
Intellectualpropertyisgroupedintofourmainareas:Trade
secrets,Trademarks,Copyrights,Patents.
Intellectualpropertyalsoincludesvariousspecificlegal
i ti innovations.
Example:SemiconductorChipProtectionActof1984
h d d f d Thisactprovideda10yeartermofprotectionandwas
designedtopreventcopyingofthemasksetsusedfor
manufacturingintegratedcircuits. g g
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TRADESECRET
Atradesecretisanyconfidentialformula,device,orother
informationthatmaygivesomeoneanadvantageover
competitors competitors.
Example:CocaColaformula.
T d t t t d d t t l I T l it Tradesecretsareprotectedunderstatelaw.InTexas,lawsuits
mustbefiledwithin2yearsafteratheftisdiscoveredor
whenitshouldhavebeenreasonablydiscovered.
Atradesecretmustbekeptsecret,anditcanlastindefinitely.
Aninventioncanbeprotectedasatradesecret.However, p ,
havedisadvantagesinthatprotectionislostiftheinventionis
disclosed,independentlyinvented,orreverseengineered
Thereisalsoadisadvantagetosociety:Theinformationisnot
freelyavailabletopromoteadditionaldiscoveries.
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TRADEMARK
Atrademarkisaword,phrase,symbol,ordesignthatidentifies
thesourceofthegoodsorservicesanddistinguishesthemfrom
others others.
Example:CocaColamarkanddesign,Kodak(aname),
McDonalds golden arches (a symbol). McDonald sgoldenarches(asymbol).
Unlikepatentsandcopyrights,trademarkrightscanlast
indefinitelyiftheownercontinuestousethemark.
Trademarksaregenerallyderivedunderstatelaw,butmaybe
registeredfederallyinthe
UnitedStatesPatentandTrademark
Office(PTO).
Thetermofafederaltrademarkregistrationis10years,with10
yearrenewalavailable.
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COPYRIGHTS
Acopyright isarightgiventoauthorsof "originalworks"
whichgivesthemtheexclusiverighttoreproducethework,
preparederivativeworks,ortoperformorplaythework
publicly.
A i ht t t th th f h i th i k i d Acopyrightprotectstheauthorfromhavingtheirworkcopied
byothers.
Under the federal copyright law a copyright lasts from the Underthefederalcopyrightlaw,acopyrightlastsfromthe
momenttheworkisfixedinatangiblemediumof
expressionuntiltheauthordiesplus70years(95yearsif
d b i ) C i h d d b 20 ownedbyacorporation).Copyrightswereextendedby20
yearsbyCongressin1998.
Copyrights can be registered with the Copyright Office of the CopyrightscanberegisteredwiththeCopyrightOfficeofthe
LibraryofCongress.
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COPYRIGHTS,CONT.
Anideaisnotcopyrightable;expressionsofthatideaare.
Example:Einsteincouldnotcopyright
E=mc
2
However,hecouldcopyrighthisbooksonthissubject.
Ideas in modern copyright law include Ideas inmoderncopyrightlawinclude
formulas methods principles
concepts procedures discoveries
processes
(i.e.,theabovearenot copyrightable)
Example: Computer spreadsheet Example:Computerspreadsheet
Thisisamethodofbookkeepingoraccountingthatisnot
copyrightable.
l l f f h d Examples:Literalmanifestationsofacomputerprogram,Rhapsody
inBlue,Casablanca,andMickeyMousearecopyrightable.
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SOFTWARELICENSE
All soft are is cop right protected (e cept material in the p blic domain) Allsoftwareiscopyrightprotected(exceptmaterialinthepublicdomain).
Asoftwarelicense isalegalinstrumentthroughcontractlawgoverningtheusage
and/orredistributionofsoftware.
Atypicalsoftwarelicensegrantsanenduserpermissiontouseoneormore
copiesofthesoftwareinwayswheresuchausewouldotherwisepotentially
constitutecopyrightinfringementofthesoftwareownersexclusiverightsunder py g g g
copyrightlaw.
Afreeopensourcelicensemakessoftwarefreeforinspectionofitscode,
modification and distribution Some free licenses (ex the GNU General Public modification,anddistribution.Somefreelicenses(ex.,theGNUGeneralPublic
License)allowtheproductand/orderivativetobecommerciallysold.
Inaproprietarysoftwarelicensethepublishergrantstheuseofoneormore
copiesunderanenduserlicenseagreement.
Ownershipofthecopiesremainswiththepublisher
Certainrightsregardingthesoftwarearereservedbythepublisher(terms)
Theendusermust acceptthesoftwarelicense(withoutacceptanceofthe
licensetheendusermaynotusethesoftware).
Example:MicrosoftWindows
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FREEANDOPENSOURCELICENSES
Twocategories:
Permissive minimalrequirementsonredistribution
Copyleft aimstopreservetheoriginalfreedomsforsubsequentusers
Permissiveexamples:
BSDlicense(usedintheAppleMacintosh)
MITlicense(Unlimitedpermissiontouse,study,andmodifythesoftware.
Thecodecouldbeusedaspartofclosedsourcesoftwareorsoftware
releasedunderaproprietarysoftwarelicense).
Copyleft example:GNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL)
U h li it d f d t t d d dif th ft Userhasunlimitedfreedomtouse,study,andmodifythesoftware.
Anymodificationsmadeandredistributedmustincludethesourcecode
andmustnotputadditionalrestrictionsbeyondwhatGPLallows.
Linuxbecamefreein1992whenLinus Torvalds rereleaseditunderthe
GNUGPL.
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PATENTS
A patent gives an inventor a 20 year monopoly on the Apatentgivesaninventora20yearmonopolyonthe
manufacture,useorsaleofhisorherinvention.Afterthat,
anyonecanuseit.
Patentsprotectthesubstance ofideas,whilecopyrightsprotect
onlytheforminwhichideasare"fixed".
A patent can not be obtained if the invention was in public use or Apatentcannotbeobtainediftheinventionwasinpublicuseor
onsaleformorethanoneyearpriortothefilingofthepatent
application.
U.S.PatentsareonlyvalidintheU.S.,anddonotprovidelegal
protectioninanyothercountries.
Y fil t t li ti i i di id l t i t l Youcanfileapatentapplicationinindividualcountriesseparately.
Thiscanbecomplexandexpensive,aseachhaveindividualpatent
laws.
Youcanalsofileaninternationalpatentapplication,designating
PCT(PatentCooperationTreaty)statesintheapplication. 23
PATENTS,CONT.
A patent is a property right granted by the U S government to an ApatentisapropertyrightgrantedbytheU.S.governmenttoan
inventortoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,orsellingan
invention.
The200yearoldpatentsystemwascreatedtopromoteinnovation.
Intheory,byofferingprotectiontoinventors,apatentencourages
creativity creativity.
Ifaninventorcanreceivealegalmonopolyoveraninvention,
he/shecanobtainmonopolyprofitsandthushaveeconomic
incentivetoattempttoinvent.
Bydisclosingdetailsofinventionsoncethepatentisgranted,it
spurs industry spursindustry.
Informationaboutnewideasanddiscoveriesisdisseminatedtothe
public,thatmightotherwisebekeptsecretbycompanies.
TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkofficehousesabout5.6million
patents.About70,000newpatentsareissuedeachyearintheU.S.
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PATENTS,CONT.
Tobepatentable,aninventionmustmeetthreecriteria:
1 It must be a process or product that is new and different from 1. Itmustbeaprocessorproductthatisnewanddifferentfrom
whathasbeendoneorknownpreviously.
2. Itmustbeuseful(interpretedratherloosely).
3. Itmustbeunobvioustoapersonof"ordinaryskill"inthefield.
Ideas,eventhemostoriginal,arenotpatentable.Einstein
ld ' couldn'tpatent
E=mc
2
(buthedidpatentarefrigerationprocess).
Patentprotectioncanbeveryimportanttoengineers,inventors,
andcompanies.FormanycompaniesinvolvedinR&D,patents
canconstituteasubstantialportionoftheirassets.Patentsare p
oftenconsideredthesafesttypeofprotection.
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ISSOFTWARE
PATENTABLE?
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YES!!!
Thepatentabilityofsoftwareinventionsisoneofthehotgrowth
areasinpatentlawtoday.
Sincescientificprinciplesorabstractideasarenotpatentable,
softwarepatentsbasedonmathematicalalgorithmswereonce
thought to be unpatentable thoughttobeunpatentable.
However,theU.S.SupremeCourtin1981heldthatcertain
softwarecanbepatented.
Undercurrentlaw,evenifacomputerprogramrecitesa
mathematicalalgorithm,itmaystillbepatentable(assumingit
t tilit lt d b i i t ) if th meetsutility,novelty,andnonobviousnessrequirements)ifthe
computerprogramisoperatingondatathatrepresentareal,
physicalphenomenonintherealworldandproducesanoutput
thatrepresentssomerealquantity,i.e.onewhichisnotamere
abstractnumber.
27
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
h l d f Aprogramthatmanipulatesinputdatafromapatients
heartbeat,andproducesasignalrelatedtotheheart
activity (an invention for analyzing electrocardiographic activity(aninventionforanalyzingelectrocardiographic
signals).
A computer based system employing video capture Acomputerbasedsystememployingvideocapture,
videomotiondetection,digitalI/Oand
communications technology applied to monitoring and communicationstechnologyappliedtomonitoringand
securityapplications.
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WHY PATENT SOFTWARE? WHYPATENTSOFTWARE?
Patentsprovidebroaderprotection.
Apatentprovidesprotectionfromsomeonewhodevelops
aslightlydifferentwayofdoingthesamething.A
copyrightprotectstheholderonlyfromdirectcopying,or py g p y py g,
plagiarism.
Morethan5,500softwarepatentswereissuedinthe
U i d S i 1995 UnitedStatesin1995.
Themostactiveareasforsoftwarepatentsarecomputer
networking, semiconductor manufacturing, data networking,semiconductormanufacturing,data
compression,computerarchitecture,andencryption.
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WHYNOTPATENTSOFTWARE?
(OR ANYTHING ELSE) (ORANYTHINGELSE)
Obtainingapatentcosts$5,000to$10,000(thatcomparesto$20foratwo
i h li i i h l l i d d) pagecopyrightapplicationwithnolegalassistanceneeded).
Patentsexpireafter20years.
A patent isnt guaranteed protection. If someone infringes on your patent it Apatentisn tguaranteedprotection.Ifsomeone infringesonyourpatentit
canbeverycostlytodefendit.Ifabigcompanyinfringesonasmall
company,andtheyvegotlotsofmoney,itskindofmeaningless(Austinhigh
tech CEO) techCEO).
Somepeoplefeelthatinventionsshouldbegivenawayforfreetobenefit
mankind(ex.,Linus Torvalds andtheLinuxoperatingsystem).
Keepingtheirworkatradesecretisthemostcommonwaysmallsoftware
companiesprotecttheirintellectualproperty.
Stifling innovation Some unpatented software has been standard procedure Stiflinginnovation.Someunpatentedsoftwarehasbeenstandardprocedure
andusedforyears.
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OWNERSHIPOFPATENTS
Federallawgovernsthecreation ofpatents.
whetheraninventionispatentable
whotheinventoris,etc.
Statelawdeterminestheownership ofpatents.
inventor/employee inventor/employee
employer,etc.
However,lawspertainingtopatentownershipinemploymentrelationsis
fairly uniform from state to state fairlyuniformfromstatetostate.
Ifanemploymentagreementhasbeensignedwhereworkrelated
inventionsareassignedtotheemployer,theemployerwillhaveownership.
I th b f l t t ll ti t t i ht th Intheabsenceofanemploymentagreementallocatingpatentrights,the
defaultlegalpresumptioninmoststatesisthattheactualinventorownsher
owninventions,evenifsheisanemployee(exception:hiredtoinvent
employment) Also shop rights may exist (the employer may have a right to employment).Also,shoprights mayexist(theemployermayhavearightto
makeandusetheinventioneveniftheemployeehasownership).
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PROVISIONALPATENTAPPLICATION
Aprovisionalapplicationforapatentisalegaldocumentthatisfiledwiththe
USPTO
It establishes a filing date Itestablishesafilingdate.
Aprovisionalapplicationrequiresspecifications(descriptionanddrawings)
butnotformalpatentclaims,oathsordeclarations,ordisclosurestatements.
A i i l li i i i 1 Th f h i fil Aprovisionalapplicationexpiresin1year.Therefore,theinventormustfilea
regularpatentapplicationwithinthistimeorthebenefitislost.
Advantagesoffilingaprovisionalpatentapplication:
Itisnotcountedaspartofthe20yearlifeofthepatentthatmaybe
subsequentlygranted.
Lowcost(typically$125);allowsaninventortodeferthethe larger
patentcostuntilcommercialviabilityisestablishedorsponsorsobtained.
Easeofpreparation;maybeofparticularvalueifthe1yearpublicuseis
comingup.
Allowtimetoenhanceandrefinethefullapplication.
Allowtheuseofthetermpatentpending
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PATENTREFORM
On September 16 2011 President Obama signed the OnSeptember16,2011PresidentObamasignedthe
LeahySmithAmericaInventsAct
whichmakesmajorchangestotheU.S.patentsystem
Goals of the new legislation: Goalsofthenewlegislation:
Streamlinethepatentprocess
Reducecostlylegalbattles
Give the USPTO funding to process applications in a timely manner GivetheUSPTOfundingtoprocessapplicationsinatimelymanner
ThisisthefirstmajoroverhauloftheU.S.patentsysteminnearly60years.
Changes:
S it h U S f Fi t t I t t Fi t t Fil t SwitchesU.S.fromFirsttoInventtoFirsttoFilesystem
BetterfundsUSPTO(Theagencyhaslostnearly$1Bsince1992becausewhat
itreceivesfromCongressislessthanwhatitcollectsinfees.Itnowtakesan
average of 3 years to get a patent approved) averageof3yearstogetapatentapproved).
Allowsthirdpartiestosubmitinformationthatmayberelevanttothe
grantingofapatent.
Allows producers to continue to use a manufacturing process even if another Allowsproducerstocontinuetouseamanufacturingprocessevenifanother
inventorlaterpatentstheidea(typicallyatradesecretissue).
Otherchanges(feestructures,etc.)andsomechangesdonttakeeffectfora
yearormore.
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FIRSTTOFILESYSTEM
Thisisthemostsignificantchangetothepatentlaw.
ItputstheUnitedStatesinlinewithotherindustrializedcountries.
Apatentwillnowbeissuedtothefirstinventortofileavalidapplication. p pp
Oldsystem(firsttoinvent):
Awarded the patent to the inventor who could prove that they were Awardedthepatenttotheinventorwhocouldprovethattheywere
thefirsttomakethediscovery(regardlessofwhentheyfiledtheir
application).
Thi l d i h l li i i l i d Thisresultedinmuchcostlylitigation,relyingonsecretdocumentsas
partiestriedtoprovetheywerethefirstinventors.
Itwasdifficulttohaveaclearpictureofthevalidityofmanypatents
foryears.
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PATENTSEARCHES
YoumayusethePublicSearchRoomoftheU.S. PatentandTrademark
OfficeinArlington,VA.
ThreePatentandTrademarkDepository PartnershipLibrarieshaveenhanced,
onsite,uptodatepatentandtrademarkinformation.Theyarelocatedin
Sunnyvale Detroit and Houston Sunnyvale,Detroit,andHouston.
Morethan70depositorylibrariesaroundthecountrymaintainpatent
informationforpublicuse.
Theinternet.Searchabledatabasesinclude:
TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice:http://www.uspto.gov/
Delphion: http://wwwdelphion com/ Delphion:http://www.delphion.com/
GooglePatents:http://www,google.com/patents/
Thesesitestypicallyprovidetextdescriptionsfromearlypatentsissuedbythe
U.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice(<1970s)andimagesofmorerecent
patents.DataarestoredonthousandsofCDROMs.
35
WHATCOMPANYGENERATEDTHE
MOSTPATENTSIN2011?
36
IBM!
ToppedthelistofU.S.patentwinnersin2011forthe19thyear
inarow.
IBMinventorswereawardedarecord6,180patentsin2011,
comparedwith4,895forsecondplaceSamsungElectronicsCo.
IBMinventorsinAustinwerenamedinapproximately1,065of
thecompanyspatents(secondplacebehindtheThomasJ.
WatsonResearchCenterinNewYork))
IBMworkinAustin:
DesignofUnixbasedservers g
Advancedmicroprocessordesign
Systemssoftwaredevelopment y p
ResearchLab
37
TOP10U.S.PATENTSIN2011
1. IBMCorporation 6,180
2 Samsung Electronics Company 4 894 2. SamsungElectronicsCompany 4,894
3. CanonIncorporated 2,821
4. PanasonicCorporation 2,559
5. ToshibaCorporation 2,483
6. MicrosoftCorporation 2,311
7 Sony Corporation 2 286 7. SonyCorporation 2,286
8. SeikoEpsonCorporation 1,533
9. HonHanPrecision 1,514
10. HitachiLtd 1,465
(8Asianand2U.S.companiesinthetop10)
Inall,theU.S.issuedarecord224,505patentsin2011,up2%from2010.
38
ENGINEERING ETHICS ENGINEERINGETHICS
39
Introduction t oduct o
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to
exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of
life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by
engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity,
and must be dedicated to the protection of the public
h lth f t d lf E i t f d health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a
standard of professional behavior that requires adherence
to the highest principles of ethical conduct. g p p
40
What is Engineering Ethics? WhatisEngineeringEthics?
Although engineers make technical decisions using precise scientific
principles, answers to ethical questions are often varying shades of
gray.
Engineering ethics:
Involves moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and Involves moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and
organizations involved in engineering.
I l l t d ti b t l d t h t id l d Involves related questions about moral conduct, character, ideals and
relationships of peoples and organizations involved in technological
development.
41
NSPECODEOFETHICSFOR
ENGINEERS
http://www.nspe.org/ethics
42
FundamentalCanons
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
1. Holdparamountthesafety,health,andwelfareofthepublic.
2 P f i l i f h i 2. Performservicesonlyinareasoftheircompetence.
3. Issuepublicstatementsonlyinanobjectiveandtruthful
manner manner.
4. Actforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsortrustees.
5 A id d ti t 5. Avoiddeceptiveacts.
6. Conductthemselveshonorably,responsibly,ethically,and
lawfully so as to enhance the honor reputation and lawfullysoastoenhancethehonor,reputation,and
usefulnessoftheprofession.
43
RulesofPractice
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
a) If engineers' judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or
property they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as
may be appropriate.
b) Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that are in
conformity with applicable standards conformity with applicable standards.
c) Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior consent
of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law or this Code.
d) Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business d) Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business
ventures with any person or firm that they believe is engaged in fraudulent or
dishonest enterprise.
e) Engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of engineering by a e) Engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of engineering by a
person or firm.
f) Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall report
thereon to appropriate professional bodies and when relevant also to public thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public
authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such
information or assistance as may be required.
44
RulesofPractice,cont.
2. Engineersshallperformservicesonlyintheareasoftheir
competence.
a) Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified a) Engineersshallundertakeassignmentsonlywhenqualified
byeducationorexperienceinthespecifictechnicalfields
involved.
b) Engineersshallnotaffixtheirsignaturestoanyplansor
documentsdealingwithsubjectmatterinwhichtheylack
t t l d t t d competence,nortoanyplanordocumentnotprepared
undertheirdirectionandcontrol.
c) Engineers may accept assignments and assume c) Engineersmayacceptassignmentsandassume
responsibilityforcoordinationofanentireprojectandsign
andsealtheengineeringdocumentsfortheentireproject,
providedthateachtechnicalsegmentissignedandsealed
onlybythequalifiedengineerswhopreparedthesegment.
45
RulesofPractice,cont.
3 E i h ll i bli t t t l i bj ti d 3. Engineersshallissuepublicstatementsonlyinanobjectiveand
truthfulmanner.
a) Engineersshallbeobjectiveandtruthfulinprofessional ) g j p
reports,statements,ortestimony.Theyshallincludeall
relevantandpertinentinformationinsuchreports,
statements,ortestimony,whichshouldbearthedate , y,
indicatingwhenitwascurrent.
b) Engineersmayexpresspubliclytechnicalopinionsthatare
f d d k l d f th f t d t i th foundeduponknowledgeofthefactsandcompetenceinthe
subjectmatter.
c) Engineersshallissuenostatements,criticisms,orarguments ) g , , g
ontechnicalmattersthatareinspiredorpaidforbyinterested
parties,unlesstheyhaveprefacedtheircommentsbyexplicitly
identifyingtheinterestedpartiesonwhosebehalftheyare y g p y
speaking,andbyrevealingtheexistenceofanyinterestthe
engineersmayhaveinthematters.
46
RulesofPractice,cont.
4 Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees 4. Engineersshallactforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsortrustees.
a) Engineersshalldiscloseallknownorpotentialconflictsofinterestthat
couldinfluenceorappeartoinfluencetheirjudgmentorthequalityoftheir
services.
b) Engineersshallnotacceptcompensation,financialorotherwise,frommore
thanonepartyforservicesonthesameproject,orforservicespertaining
tothesameproject,unlessthecircumstancesarefullydisclosedandagreed
tobyallinterestedparties.
c) Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable c) Engineersshallnotsolicitoracceptfinancialorothervaluable
consideration,directlyorindirectly,fromoutsideagentsinconnectionwith
theworkforwhichtheyareresponsible.
d) Engineers in public service as members advisors or employees of a d) Engineersinpublicserviceasmembers,advisors,oremployeesofa
governmentalorquasigovernmentalbodyordepartmentshallnot
participateindecisionswithrespecttoservicessolicitedorprovidedby
th th i i ti i i t bli i i ti themortheirorganizationsinprivateorpublicengineeringpractice.
e) Engineersshallnotsolicitoracceptacontractfromagovernmentalbody
onwhichaprincipalorofficeroftheirorganizationservesasamember.
47
RulesofPractice,cont.
5. Engineersshallavoiddeceptiveacts.
a) Engineersshallnotfalsifytheirqualificationsorpermit
misrepresentation of their or their associates' qualifications They shall misrepresentationoftheirortheirassociates'qualifications.Theyshall
notmisrepresentorexaggeratetheirresponsibilityinorforthesubject
matterofpriorassignments.Brochuresorotherpresentationsincident
h li i i f l h ll i i f tothesolicitationofemploymentshallnotmisrepresentpertinentfacts
concerningemployers,employees,associates,jointventures,orpast
accomplishments.
b) Engineersshallnotoffer,give,solicit,orreceive,eitherdirectlyor
indirectly,anycontributiontoinfluencetheawardofacontractby
publicauthority,orwhichmaybereasonablyconstruedbythepublicas p y, y y y p
havingtheeffectorintentofinfluencingtheawardingofacontract.
Theyshallnotofferanygiftorothervaluableconsiderationinorderto
secure work. They shall not pay a commission, percentage, or brokerage securework.Theyshallnotpayacommission,percentage,orbrokerage
feeinordertosecurework,excepttoabonafideemployeeorbona
fideestablishedcommercialormarketingagenciesretainedbythem.48
Professional Obligations ProfessionalObligations
ThisisPartIIIoftheNSPECodeofEthics
Itconsistsof9obligationsconcerninghonesty,integrity,
publicinterest,conduct,confidentialinformation,etc. p , , ,
Eachobligationhas2 5additionalspecificstatements.
These obligations enhance and reinforce the fundamental Theseobligationsenhanceandreinforcethefundamental
canonsandrulesofpractice.
49
YOUR CAREER YOURCAREER
50
AttributesEmployersValueMostinCandidates
Communication skills (verbal & written)
Teamwork skills (ability to work well with others)
Interpersonal skills (ability to relate well to others)
Strong work ethic
In order of importance:
g
Motivation/initiative
Flexibility/adaptability
Analytical skills
Computer skills p
Organizational skills
Detail oriented
Leadership skills
Self-confidence
Friendly/outgoing personality
Well mannered/polite
Tactfulness
GPA (3.0 or better) ( )
Creativity
Sense of humor
Entrepreneurial/risk-taking skills
Notice that grade point average is low on the list!
Source: JOB OUTLOOK 2002 National Association of Colleges and Employers
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