BSC1050-0001 NOETS!!

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First Day - 8/18/2014

Powerpoint on basics of Environmental Science
Is the environment getting better or worse?
o Both
It depends on what aspect you are talking about
Games.cos.ucf.edu his website
IClicker

8/20/2014
Commons resources that were available to everyone
Extractive resource taking it away
Doing things in moderation will allow renewable resources.
What is the nature of human nature?
What is the nature of governments?
What is the nature of corporations?
Are we/they Altruistic?
Economic system: Communism?
Are we selfish?
There are different degrees of everything.
Competition can reduce the commons even more so when taken advantage of.
Greed can collapse the balance of resources.
India has the 2
nd
largest population in the world.
What is the ratio of cell phones to people?
o A) 1:1 B)1:2 C) 1:3 D) 1:5 E)1:10
Ratio of bathroom to people?
o 1:3; In India it is 1:500
o India tries to discourage peeing everywhere by putting religious symbols on the places
Modern Commons:
o Land
Solid Waste (Litter)
Poachers (animals, timber, plants)
Wood (fuel)
Overgrazing
o Freshwater/Groundwater
Liquid waste disposal (Pollution)
Irrigation/Drinking
o Marine
Liquid Waste Disposal (pollution)
Fisheries
o Atmosphere (Pollution)
o Space (Pollution)
Trash dumps on National Forest a Growing Problem USDA 2014
Tire dump in West Palm Beach, FL, in attempt to create an artificial reef.
o Tires are toxic? Not degradable.
o Things didnt grow on the tires
What is the most common trash item found on the beaches worldwide?
o Cigarette
8.2 million cigarette butts from 1999-2004
Takes 12 years to biodegrade
Toxic to invertebrates
9500 man-made objects officially tracked (up from 8,841 in July 1999)
More than 4 million pounds of stuff
More than8,000 objects orbiting Earth are bigger than a baseball.
100000 500000 total objects >1 cm
Bits and pieces scream along at 17500 mph (28000 km/h)
A speeding bullet ~2050 mph
In 1965, during first American space walk, the Gemini 4 astronaut
More than 200 objects, most of the rubbish bags, were released by the Mir space station during
its first 10 years of operation
Solutions to TOTC
o Privatization works at some scales (to own it)
Difficult to privatize the ocean and atmosphere
Profit motive can focus on short term
o Regulation Works at some scales
Often requires broad compliance
Needs enforcement = $
o Rethinking how we do stuff
Requires education and technology = $


8/22/2014
Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
o Isolated
o Volcanoes
o 2300 miles from S.A.
o 1400 miles from nearest major island
o Discovered by Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, on Easter (April 5) in 1722
Now a tropical paradise, but of a grass wasteland
o Captain James Cook 1774 described the islanders as Polynesians
o Native population was ~2000 in 17
th
and 18
th
centures
Lived in rock caves of volcanic origin
Island became famous for its other inhabitants, the enormous statues
Stones are called Moai
~200 are standing
Up to 33 feet tall, 82 tons
>700 more, in all stages of completion in quarries
Up to 65 feet tall and weighing up to 270 tons
Some were transported over 6 miles from the quarries
o Q: How did they move the statues?
A:
Jared Diamond wrote Collapse: described how civilizations make decisions that
led to the collapse of the civilizations.
Pollen Grains
Various shapes, sizes
Record of previous vegetation
Carbon Dating
Radioactive C forms in the upper atmosphere.
The rate of production of atmospheric 14C is assumed to be constant.
Through photosynthesis 14CO2 is absorbed by plants.
When plants die, they stop photosynthesizing.
Carbon-14 decays at a constant rate
Its half-life is 5370 years
Which means that half of the radioactive carbon becomes non-
radioactive after this amount of time.
Thousands of year ago, more trees from lakes
Historically had many trees, major change destroyed many tree life.
Possible method of using wood to life it up.
For ~30000 years before human arrival and during the early ywears of the
Polynesian settlement, Easter Island was not a wasteland at all.
Pollen records show Wasters forests well underway by the year of 800 AD
15
th
century marked the end for Easters primary palm species and the forest
itself.
Easters first Polynesian colonists stepped ashore some 1600 years ago.
Every species of native land bird became extinct
Even shellfish were overexploited until people had to settle for small sea snails
Porpoise bones disappeared abruptly from garbage heaps around 1500
Islanders couldnt harpoon porpoises anymore, since trees used for constructing
the big seagoing canoes no longer existed
In place of these meat supplies, the Islanders intensified their production of
chickens
Turned largest remaining meat source available: humans
Is this story unique?
No
Trees were the principal fuel and building material of almost every
society for the past 5000 years from the Bronze Age to the middle of the
19
th
century
Maya history example
Population increased as forests decreases and soil erosion increases
Caracol was no longer going on near the end
Looked at land with lasers on a flying object
Many terraces
90% of land are terraformed
Main diff between Easter Island and other civ
Cant move; trapped on island
Couldnt expand
99% of Eastern U.S. are 2
nd
growth (grown again)

8/25/2014
We are a part of nature, It supplies material requirements for life, absorbs our wastes, and
provides life-support services, such as climate stabilization, all of which to make Earth hospitable
for people.
How big would the glass hemisphere need to be so that the city under it could sustain itself?
o Biosphere was used to test how much we would need if we were contained in a container
sustainability
Biosphere II
o This 1.2 hectare (=100 x 100 m=2.47 acres) greenhouse outside Tuscon, Arizona was
built by Edward P. Bass, Space Biosphere Ventures and others for >$200 million.
o Testing the sustainability of humans in a closed environment
o Expensive, private funding
o Ecological systems system within the domes
o Basically a green house
o Test if and how people could live and study in a closed biosphere, while carrying out
scientific experiments
o It explored the possible use of closed biospheres in space colonization.
o On September 26, 1991, eight bionauts entered Biosphere II for a two year mission.
o The crew had a 3-month supply of food to sustain them in case crop production fell
too low to support their needs.
o They attempted to recycle air, water, and the animals', wastes for fertilizing crops.
o Their air supply was carefully monitored for oxygen content and loss of pressure due to
leakage.
o Didnt account for carbon dioxide rise.
o O2 levels rose due to bacteria in the soil and the type of concrete used in construction.
o Oxygen was pumped into the facility from an outside source to correct this problem.
o Crop production was so meager that inhabitants reportedly had food smuggled inside.
o Most of the animals brought into Biosphere II died,except for bugs such as ants and
cockroaches.
o The 4 men and 4 women lost between 10-18% of their body weight and their metabolism
slowed down.
o The experiment showed the difficulty of copying the functions of the natural Earth
systems with infrastructural capital constructed with present technology.
o Copying the natural environment of the Earth is difficult.
Ecological Footprint
o A measure of the "load" imposed on the natural environment by a given population and
represents the area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and
waste discharge by the population.
o Human activities such as eating, traveling, heating homes and purchasing consumer
items all contribute to ecological footprints.
o Footprints can be calculated for individuals, cities, nations, the world.
o How much land is needed to support the lifestyle of peoples
o Carbon dioxide is also included as the footprint
o How much surface area is required for us to live the way we choose to live?
o How much area do the other species on the Earth need if they are to survive?
o If everyone lived this way, what would our world look like?
o How can we take care of our needs and also take care of the Earth?
o Accounts for the use of the planets renewable resources
o It deals with demands placed on the environment
o It is a snapshot estimate of biocapacity demandusually for a single year
o It is an additive model
o It sums mutually exclusive bioproductive areas,
e.g., forests, arable land, pastures, sea space.
o Areas are normalized by multiplying them by equivalence factors based on their
bioproductivity
o The model answers the question, how many planets are necessary to support this
lifestyle if everyone consumed as much as those in region X.
o Major components of foot print is:
Fossil energy consumption, built environment, food land, and forest production
o Ex:
Biker 122 m^2 (one of the most efficient ways of transportation)
Bus 3033 m^2
1530 m^2
o Flying airplanes leaves a large footprint
o Ecological Footprints (circa 1999)
Average U.S. citizen requires 24 acres (UCF campus is about 1,400 acres) of
Earth surface area to support them every year
Average Canadian: 17 acres
Average Italian: 9 acres
World average footprint is 5.7 acres/person
There is less than 5 acres of space available /person
95% of the people on this planet have smaller ecofootprints than we do in the
U.S.
o
Earths surface is 51 billion hectares
36.3 billion are sea
14.7 billion are land
Only 8.3 billion ha of the land are biologically productive. Remaining 6.4 billion ha are marginally
productive or unproductive for human use.
o We only have a sliver of the land that we can use
As time increases, footprint and hectares per person increases
We are overshooting by at least 20%
This overshoot is largely due to a few people consuming too much
Carrying capacity limits can be overshot without a big bang. Harvests can still increase and
money incomes rise, and while there may be indications of ecological stress, all else may seem
normal. Ultimately, however, the consequences of eroded natural capital may be felt as eco-
catastrophe and population crash. (Wackernagel & Rees 1996)
It is a Tragedy of the Commons at a coarse scale.
Were adding too many sheep or some sheep are grazing too much.
Boiling Frog Syndrome
o Take a frog and put it in water
Heated it up slowly and frogs still happy
If everyone on Earth lived like the average American, we would need at least 4 more Earths
o Avg American ecological footprint = 24 acres

8/27/2014
Science involves scientific theory
o A well-established idea about the way something functions that has undergone significant
tests.
Science is a way of knowing and observing the world
o It is based on the idea that facts or observations govern the validity of generalizations or
theories
o Characteristics:
It is guided by natural law
It is explained by reference to natural law
It is testable against the empirical world
Its conclusions are tentative (it changes)
It is falsifiable
It doesnt show truth, it shows what is false
Science isnt:
o Art is the attempt to express an individuals feelings or ideas about something in a way
that others find beautiful, graceful, or in some way aesthetically satisfying.
o Technology
Science does not make things. Scientists generate knowledge that may lead to
technology. Engineers generate technology.
o Religion
Religions seek to: explain the origin, nature, and processes of the universe;
explain the meaning of human existence; define the nature of the human soul;
justify the existence of an afterlife; maintain a devotion to a diety or
dieties.
Religion is a culture of faith
Science is a culture of doubt
Richard Feynman, Nobel-prize winning physicist
o Science generates a body of knowledge. Though scientists seek truth, they do this by
proposing and testing theories. Theories are well-established, well-supported models of
how Nature works. However, occasionally science may undergo a major change in
thought, called a paradigm shift.
Paradigm Shifts scientific ideas may grandually evolve or may rapidly change
o Ex:
Geocentrism or Ptolemaic system (Greeks 6
th
century BC)
Earth was the center of the universe
There was a system of 56 concentric spheres that rotates around the
Earth
o Copernican System (1543) Earth and other planets revolve around the sun
o Galileo (1610) used his telescope to refute the Ptolemaic System lending support to
Copernicus
o In 1633, he was condemned by the Holy Office in Rome and confined to his home in
Siena.
o Today the Copernican System is pretty much the accepted version of the Universe.
o August 24, 2006 Pluto loses planet status; it is considered a dwarf planet (1 of 3), a
step above smaller solar system bodies (~10,000s)
Scientific Method
o Observations
Directly with our senses or indirectly with the help of instruments
May be quantitative or qualitative; looking for patterns
o Questions
Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?
First four questions describe the patterns of the natural world
Last two focus on explanation of how the system works
o Hypothesis (may be rejected by the results)
An educated guess to a question
o Predictions
A specific statement that can be directly and unequivocally tested
Science formulates models (or theories) which have predictive power.
Make new observations from which correlations may be drawn to refute the
hypothesis
o Test
Observational studies need to have a sufficient number of sample points to
ensure that trends are not coincidental
Experimental Design
Controlled experiments should have replicates in order to determine the
statistical significance of patterns
o Results
Using statistical methods, assess the probability that these results are unlikely to
be a result of random processes
If the hypothesis is rejected, science advances
If the hypothesis cannot be rejected, alternative hypotheses should be developed
and tested.
Models are false, but our best guesses
Avg Atlantic urricane system
o Predicted in April 10, 2014
9 Atlantic storms
3 predicted hurricanes
1 major (3,4,5)
8/27: 3 atlantic storms become hurricanes
The scientific standard permits 5% overlap, or a 1/20 chance 0f being wrong.
Scientific Process
o After scientific method
Scientific Paper
Peer review
Paper Accepted (if rejected, revise scientific paper or go back to scientific
method if its a fundamental flaw)
Publication in Scientific Journal
Further Research
Funding Process
o Write proposal
o Peer Review
o Proposal Accepted (If rejected go back to scientific method)
o Begin Research
o Complete Study and go to Scientific Process
Primary sources purest source of information
How does one distinguish science from pseudo-science or unbiased science
Ask:
o Is the hypothesis falsifiable, can it lead to predictions that can be tested
o Was the scientific method followed?
o Was the publication Peer-reviewed?
o Where did the $ come from that sponsored the research?
o What are the credentials of the researchers?
o Before even examining the science are there any potential flags that may call into
question the legitimacy of the study?
Scientists do science for:
o Money
o Fame
o Curiosity
All of the above because of greed, close-mindedness and attention

8/29/2014
o Solar energy is more common in Germany because they are smaller.
o Shibani Joshi
She made a mistake about solar energy when it comes down to subsidies and
political priorities.
o Solar energy are making it easier to make money off of it and becoming cheaper for more
people.

Environmental History
o Galapagos Giant tortoise shell fossil excavated from Highlands Hammock State Park,
Florida (1933)
Human factor was why they are so big
Reintroducing tortoise back to islands
They have an impact on environment
o Homo sapiens origins 60000-176000 year and were initially hunter-gatherers.
o Agricultural revolution 10000-12000 years ago
o Industrial Revolution is 275 years ago
o Information and globalization 5 years ago
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
o Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) described the life of hunters as
Brutish, etc.
o Survived collecting edible plants and animals.
o Small groups lived in small bands of less than 50
o Nomadic having few possessions they moved seasonally to find food resources
o Survived by collecting wild edible plants, hunting, fishing, and scavenging
o Discovered a variety of plants and animals that could be eaten and used as medicine
o Understood how plant availability changed throughout the year
o Understood the migratory patterns of some animals
o High infant mortality, short life span (30-40 years)

o Most of the edible foods come from trial and error
Trying things out
More Advanced Hunter-Gatherer Societies
o Used more advanced tools and fire to convert forests to grasslands
o Altered the distribution of plants and animals by carrying them to new areas
o Contributed to the extinction of the mastodon, saber-toothed tiger, giant sloth, cave bearr,
mammoth, and giant bison.
Otzi, the iceman or Glacier Mummy
o Found in 1991 in the Alps between Italy and Austria
o Carrying seeds, berries, and mushrooms
When humans roamed, the trail left extinction of some mammals
Pygmy Island Mammoths
o 4-8 ft
o Lived on Wrangle Island until ~3700 years ago BP
o Also on the Channel Islands, most likely eliminated by Paloe-Native Americans 11000 BP
Agricultural Revolution Affecting t he Environment
o Allowed people to become less nomadic
o Involved a gradual move from nomadic groups to settled communities where wild animals
were domesticated and wild plants cultivated.
o Slash-and-burn and shifting cultivation (clearing and burning of vegetation in small plots)
was used in some of the tropical regions,
o These farmers usually had little impact because they:
Depended on human muscle power
Used low technology tools
Had small shifting populations
o Consequences
Domesticated work animals expanded agriculture supporting more people
extensive land clearing results in loss of habitats increasing rates of extinction
Erosion, Toxification and Desertification
Accumulation of material goods
Food storage and barter
Urbanization concentrations of sewage and other wastes polluted air and water,
diseases spread
Consumerism created growing volumes of waste
Conflict between societies
Survival of wild plants and animals became less important
o Did Agricultural Revolution affect the composition of the atmosphere?
It created more carbon
Led to a shift
o How has the industrial revolution affect the environment?
Began in England in the mid-1700s and spread to the U.S. in the 1800s
expanded production, trade and distribution of material goods.
Represented a shift from renewable wood (growing scarce due to unsustainable
cutting) and flowing water to dependence on machinery operating on
nonrenewable fossil fuels
Factory towns grew into cities
Conditions were harsh and dangerous.
Coal smoke was so heavy that many died of lung ailments
o Environmental Affects of Information Revolution (positives)
It is estimated that scientific technology doubles every 12 years and general
information doubles every 2.5 years
Understand economic and ecological complexities
Respond to environmental problems effectively and rapidly
Remote sensing surveys of vast ecosystems
Substitute data for materials, energy and communication to reduce degradation
of environment
Rapid exchange of data by environmental researchers
9/3/2014 (continued)
Environnmental Affects of Information Revolution (negatives)
o Provide an overload of information
o Cause confusion, distraction, and a sense of hopelessness as we try to identify useful
information in the vast sea of information
o Decreased cultural diversity
o Loss of native knowledge
o The threat to humanity by the potential impacts of unevaluated new technologies
The environmental history of U.S. can be divided into ffour eras
o Tribal 10000 BC - 1607
o Frontier 1607 1890
o Conservation 1832 1960
o Environmental 1960 today?
Indigenous people
o Practiced hunting and gathering
o Burned and cleared land for crops
o Small populations and simple technology had low environmental impact
o Many had a deep respect for the land and animals
o Many did not believe in land ownership
o These small agricultural groups grew
Cahokia near present St. Louisiana? Had pyramids bigger than in Egypt
What happened during the frontier era (1607-1890)?
o Colonists found a vast continent with abundant forests and wildlife and rich soils
o Viewed the continent as wilderness to be conquered
o Forests were cleared not only for resources but because they were viewed as hostile
wilderness full of wild savages and beasts
o 1500s An estimated 30-60 million bison living in NA
o 1830s Mass destruction of herds began
o 1870 Estimated 2 million killed
o 1876 Estimated 3-4 million killed
o 1877 Few roaming bison in Texas were killed
o 1882 10000 killed during a single hunt in the Dakota territory
o 1884 - ~325 bison left in U.S, 25 were in Yellowstone
o 2000 - ~25000 in public herds, ~250000 in private herds
Frontier Environmental worldview result
o Populations of wildlife, such as bison, beaver, wolf, grizzly bear decimated
o British colonists traded skins, lumber, and other natural resources with Europe in
exchange for manufactured goods
Fashion in Europe dictated what would be hunted in NA
o Contrast with that of the indigenous people
o By 1850 US government owned about 80% of the land, with the tribal cultures occupying
about 4%, mostly on reservation
Land Ownership
o By 1900 more than half of the countrys public land had been given away or sold cheaply
to railroad, timber and mining co., land developers, schools.
o Homestead Act of 1862- qualified settlers in the Great Plains were given 160 acres free
of charge.
Sooners are people who got their land before they were officially allowed to settle
on it
o They left some lands for the tribes to work on to keep the value of it
The frontier view prevailed for more than 280 years, until the government declared it over later
on in 1890

Next Chapter (Ethics)
We (humans) are moral agents
o i.e., we can act right (morally) or wrong (immorally)
Children are moral subjects
o i.e., they have moral interests of their own and can be treated rightly or wrongly by others
Plato
o Universalists
There is a universal, permanent moral truth, e.g. Plato (~400 BC), Kant (1724-
1804)
o Relativists
There are situational, non-absolute ethics, e.g., Aristotle (~400 BC), Nietzhe
(1844-1900)
o Nihilists
The world makes no sense. All is arbitrary. Therefore only power, strength and
survival matter, e.g., Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
o Utilitarians
An action is right that produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest
number of people, e.g., Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Stuart Mill (1806-
1873)
Gifford Pinchot (U.S. Forest Service) - Protect resources for the greatest good for
the greatest number for the longest time.
o Utility Benefits the greatest number of people
o Virtue justice, equal treatment of individuals
o Categorical Imperative ~ Golden Rule, i.e. do unto others (Confucius, Hilliel, Jesus,
Kant, etc.)
HR 503: Horse Slaughter Prohibition bills
o Bill passed in the House of representatives by roll call vote. The totals were 263 Ayes,
146 Nays.
o Bill never became law
According the Rene Descartes (1595-1650) animals are simply machines. They have no feelings
or pain
Do fish feel pain?
o Fish cant feel pain or fear, university study concludes 2/9/03
o Yes it can
o Still debated
Expansion of Rights
o English barons Magna Carta, 1215
o American Colonists Declaration of Independence, 1776
o Slaves Emancipation Proclomation, 1863
o Women 19
th
Amendment, 1920
o Etc.
Classification of Peoples Ethical Worldviews
o Anthropocentric About people
How it affects people
o Biocentric Plants and animals
Animals are our central view of religious beliefs
o Ecocentric Environment.



9/5/2014
Midterm 1
o Covers ch 1, 6, 7
o All lectures since 8/20
What influences your environmental choices?
o Age
o Sex
o Upbringing (past)
o Religion
o Personal Philosophy
Religion
o Anthropocentric Religions
E.g., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
o Biocentric Religions Nature-based religion
E.g., Buddhissm, Shintoism, Taoism, Shamanism
o Ecocentric Religions Environmental Philosophies
Transcendentalists
Bartram traveled to Florida to explore the woods back then
o Poem inspired Americans and Europeans
John Muir(1838-1914)
o Scottish immigrant, made most of the national parks in the US. He is a mechanical
genius. Set off from Indianapolis down to Savannah from his job in a factory after the civil
war. Wanted to preserve the land he walked on after his 100 mile walk book.
o From Wisconsin
Aldo Leopold (1887-1949)
o From Wisconsin
o Also shares ecocentric view
Deep Ecology (1970s) Humans are inseparable from nature
Ecofemminism (1960s-70s) Patriarchal society is the root cause of environmental problems. It
is an alternative to domination of nature
Economics = Oikos (home) + nomos (counting)
Ecology = Oikos (home) + logo (logic)
Example of economies
o Subsistence economy comprised of people who rely on the natural environment to
meet daily needs and do not purchase or trade for most of lifes necessities.
o Capitalist economy Buyers and Sellers
Economists
o Adam Smith
If you allow buyers and sellers to do their own things, it would go well.
Supply and demand
o The point where supply and demand intersect, that would be the price
Assumptions of Neoclassical Economics
o Resources are infinite or substitutable
Easter Island
o Long-term effects are discounted
o Costs and benefits are internal
Only affects buyer and seller
o Growth is Good
more and bigger leads to more opportunities for the poor
Scarcity / Development cycles
o New resources created
o Prices fall and Demand rises
o Easily accessible are exhausted
o Scarcity of resources results
o Rising prices stimulate research and development
o New technologies lead to substitution, reuse, and recycling of materials
o Repeat
How do most politicians/economists measure the economic health of a nation?
o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = Total monetary value of the final good and services
produced by a country annually?
o When divided by the number of people in the nation, it is called Per capita GDP
o When the element of inflation is factored out, it is referred to as Real GDP

Exams are on Images, titles, artists
Dates, medium
Cultures
Geography/location of the sites
Context; Religious/social/political
30 seconds per image
Questions with and without images
Hall of bulls in located in france
Power of an akkadian king is represented by the victory of stele
Composite view is twisted perspective


9/8/2014
Tues 5-6:30 midterm chat review
Is economic wealth on Earth a Zero-sum game?
Gains and losses are balanced to zero or that there is a limited amount of wealth that is divided
up?
(cont)
o GDP counts up things that cost money, even if those things didn't actually contribute to
human progress
o For instance:
If gang violence puts people in the hospital, the price of their hospital care is part
of the GDP
However, if people do volunteer work, that work is not part of the GDP, no matter
how important it might be -- because no money changes hands
Or if a tire factory creates acid rain, which kills a forest full of trees and destroys
aquatic life in a lake, the sale of the tires adds to GDP -- but the loss of the forest
and the fish is not subtracted from it!
o GDP often increases as environmental quality decreases
o Is there an alternative to the GDP?
Genuine Progress Indicator of Index (GPI) takes into account more forms of
economic activity than the GDP.
It differentiates between economic activities that increase and decrease societal
well-being
The United Nations uses a comparable measurement called the Human
Development Index that assess a nations standard of living, life expectancy, and
education
In 2010, U.S. was #4 HDI, Norway was #1
Life expectancy, U.S. was #20 (79.4), Japan #1 (82.6)
In per capita GDP, U.S. was #7, Qatar was #1
o US is worst among developed countries in distribution of wealth between rich and poor
o Capital are resources out there
o In a Steady-State Economiy:
GDP stays constant
GPI increases, hopefully
Not producing as much stuff, but our quality of life will increase

Policy
o Movement of information driven by $$
o Setting Environmental Policy
~434k US children aged 1-5 years have blood lead levels higher than the CDC
recommended level
Lead poisoning can cause learning disabilities, behavorial problems, and, at very
high levels, seizures, coma, and even death
Sawgrass lake is surrounded by houses, businesses and a public park that
invites children to its environmental education center
State Rep Dennis Baxley from Ocala, a funeral director in private life, wrote a bill
Lead bullets take 1-6 inches of soil in 7-15 tonnes
ESPTM Bullets
Lead-free bullets
Tungsten
5x the cost of standard lead bullets
o 21% of land is federally owned (excluding Alaska)
o The policy cycle
Identify Problem
Set Agenda
Develop proposals
Build support
Enact law or rule
Implement policy
Evaluate results
Suggest changes
(repeat)
o DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
Invented in 1874 by a German chemist
Its use as a pesticide was discovered in the 1930s by Geigy Pharmaceuticals in
Switzerland
1959 was the peak year for use in the U.S. when nearly 80 million pounds were
applied
As concentration of DDE (from DDT) the eggs thickness of birds, started to
decrease. Kills bird species
o Rachel Carson, author of Silent Spring (1962)
She put all the pieces together to what caused the decimation of birds
In June of 1972, the US EPA cancelled all use of DDT on crops