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7
METHODOLOGY
The four HSID methods viz. crash frequency (CF), fatal crash frequency (FCF) equivalent
property damage only (EPDO) and Index of frequency severity (I
FS
) that can be used in presence
of limited information are compared to evaluate their performance. Researchers have used the
first three methods earlier while the last one is a new method suggested by the authors.
Crash frequency (CF) method uses the crash counts (number of crashes) at a location and ranks
sites in descending number of crash counts. The site with maximum number of counts, receive
highest rank i.e. Rank 1. The locations with top ten ranks are designated as hotspots. The CF
method is useful in detecting sites having high frequency of crashes, but it fails to consider the
crash severities. As a result, a site experiencing more frequent non-severe crashes is likely to be
indicated as hotspot than a site experiencing relatively less number of crashes, but with higher
crash fatalities. Thus a modified CF method called Fatal Crash frequency (FCF) method is used.
This method uses the fatal crash counts as opposed to the total crash counts for ranking and the
sites are arranged in descending number of fatal crash counts.
The FCF method only takes the fatal crash counts for judging whether a site is critical or not but
severity of a crash cannot be only judged by fatality. A severe crash may have many grievous
injury crashes but no fatal crashes. The equivalent property damage only (EPDO) considers all
levels of severity of crashes occurring at a particular site for deciding a site as critical. In this
method total accident cost for each site in terms of its equivalent property damage cost is
calculated. The number of property damage only crashes, number of fatalities, number of major
injuries and number of minor injuries for each site are multiplied by a their equivalent property
damage weight factor and added to calculate the EPDO cost for each site. The costs of various
accident types are taken as: property damage cost Rs.16200, fatality cost Rs.535489, major
injury cost Rs.242736 and minor injury cost Rs.18855. These costs are taken from a TCS study
conducted in 1999 (Sen et al., 2010). The equivalent property damage weight factor is assumed
1 for property damage only crashes, and the equivalent property damage weight factors for other
crash types are calculated as: 33.05 for each fatality reported, 14.98 for each major injury
reported and 1.16 for each minor injury reported. The sites are ranked in descending order of
EDPO values and the top ranked sites are considered as potential hotspots.
Though the EPDO method considers the different levels severity of crashes but very high PDO
weight factors are assigned to each fatality, and major injury reported in a particular site. A
single accident reporting five fatalities will be indicated as hotspot while five crashes each
reporting single grievous injury will be indicated as non-hotspot by this method. Thus it is
important to have a method which takes into account the total count crash counts and total crash
counts reporting fatal injuries for deciding the safety of a location. Thus the authors propose an
index called index of frequency severity (I
FS
) which takes into consideration the frequency of
8
total crashes and the ratio of fatal to total crashes for a site to decide the safety status of the site.
The I
FS
is defined as:
I
PS
=
I
0.95CP
+
/
I
0.95R
Where,
I
PS
= Index of frequency severity at location i