Bgiang Sinh Thai Cong Nghiep Chuong 3F

Bi ging Sinh thi hc Cng nghip
Chng 3- nhim mi trng- Tc ng ca nhim

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Ngi son : PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Kim Thi Vin Khoa hc & KTMT - i hc Xy dng

35
Chng 3
nhim mi trng tc ng ca nhim

3.1. Bn cht ca nhim
Trc khi loi ngi xut hin, mi trng trn qu t hon ton l mi trng
nguyn thu, ch c bin xanh, tuyt trng, rng nguyn thu xanh ti m khng c th,
khng c nh my, hm m, t..
T khi con ngi xut hin, qu trnh sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi gy nn
nhim mi trng. Nh trnh by nhng chng trc, bn cht ca nhim l s ri
lon vn hnh mang tnh tiu cc trong cc chu trnh t nhin, m ngi ta c th nhn ra v
o lng c quan st thy mc khc nhau.
Cht thi ( Theo Lut BVMT) l loi vt cht c loi ra trong sinh hot, t qu trnh
sn xut, hoc t cc hot ng khc. Cht thi c th dng rn, dng lng hoc dng
khc.
c im ca vn cht thi c t vo im giao nhau ca nhng quan tm ln
trong x hi ca chng ta:
- S nhn bit v mt hnh tinh qu t vi nhng ti nguyn khong sn v nng
lng khng ti to c, c sn vi s lng c hn.
- S xut hin nhng bt trc c th xy ra cho mi trng t nhin v c khi cho
sc khe ca con ngi do s phn tn khng kim sot c ca nhng cht c
hi i hi phi gia tng s lm ch i vi nhng cht thi .
- S chuyn bin nhng quy lut kinh t ang iu khin cc hot ng ca chng
ta, ci t ra vn t nh l tnh n chi ph qun l cc cht thi.
- Gnh nng gia tng ca quy ch dn n nhng rng buc v mu thun cng
nhiu gy kh khn cho vic qun l.
- Cui cng l v phng din k thut th d hiu rng tt c cc ngnh khoa hc
(ha, sinh, nhit ng, a cht, c hc, sinh thi, vt l) l nhng chuyn ngnh
cn thit gii quyt vn , iu gii thch v s kh khn a ra c
mt cch tip cn n gin v t nhiu trit v nhng cng c qun l cht
thi.

Nhn chung, nhim mi trng phn ln do nhng hot ng kinh t khng hp l
ca con ngi gy nn nhng cng c nhng nhim do hot ng ca t nhin to thnh.
Hu qu ca nhim ny thm ch cn nghim trng hn, phm vi nh hng to ln hn so
vi nhim do hot ng ca con ngi v khng th trnh khi. Th d in hnh l ni la
phun ra nhng dng phn thch nng chy cao hng trm mt vi hm lng kh sunfuar
rt nhiu gy nn s nhim trn mt vnh ai rng ln , thm ch lm bin i kh hu cc
b.

nhim mi trng c nhiu dng, bao gm nhim khng kh, nhim ngun
nc, nhim t, nhim ting n..vi cc ngun gy nhim mang tnh a dng v lun
lun bin i.
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36

Ngun nc c coi l nhim khi thnh phn v tnh cht l ho sinh hc ca nc b thay
i, khng bo m cht lng ca ngun cung cp v cc yu cu khc

Mi trng khng kh b coi l nhim khi cc thnh phn b bin i khc vi trng thi
bnh thng. Cht gy nhim l cht c trong kh quyn nng cao hn nng bnh
thng ca n trong khng kh hoc cht thng khng c trong khng kh.

S nhim khng kh l kt qu ca vic thi ra cc kh, hi, git v cc lng kh
khc c nng vt qu thnh phn bnh thng trong khng kh gy nn cc tc ng c
hi hoc gy s kh chu (do mi, do bi, ...).

t b coi l nhim khi s tng nng cht t ti nng c kh nng lm xut hin
nhng tc ng bt li n nhng chc nng nh ca t n n s hu hoi ca h sinh
thi t .

Ting n ni chung l nhng m thanh gy kh chu, quy ry s lm vic v ngh ngi ca
con ngi. Ting n l mt yu t t nhin nhng cng l sn phm ca nn vn minh k
thut. Khi ting n lan truyn trong khng kh, chuyn ng m thanh ca cc phn t kh
gy ra nhng bin i nh v p sut khng kh m ngi ta biu hin bng p sut m, cng
m. Hin nay, ngi ta coi ting n nh l mt ch s nhim mi trng trong thnh ph.

3.2. Cc ngun gy nhim v cc cht gy nhim
Cc ngun gy nhim ch yu bao gm:
- T hot ng sinh hot;
- T hot ng sn xut cng nghip;
- T cc hot ng thng mi;
- T cc hot ng giao thng i li;
- T cc hin tng t nhin

Trong phm vi ca gio trnh ny chng ta tp trung vo cc nhim gy ra do ri lon vn
hnh ca cc chu trnh sinh a ha m in hnh l chu trnh carbon v ni t.

nhim gy ra t hot ng cng nghip ho du : Ha du tri qua mt qu trnh pht
trin cc k nhanh t nhng nm 1960 v cho php ngnh ha hc a ra c mt lot
nhng sn phm mi (cht do, dung mi, cht mu, thuc tr su, keo dnh, vecni...). Sn
xut, s dng, thi b tt c nhng hp cht ny u gy nhim hoc cho t, hoc cho mi
trng nc, v khng kh cng nh cho ng, thc vt.

Nhng hp cht hu c bay hi l nhng cht gy nhim thu ht s ch ca nh lp php.
Cc cht ny c dng ch yu lm nhin liu, dung mi ha tan cc sn phm khuych
tn ra mi trng (nh trong cng vic in) nhng cht dn xut cacbua hydro.
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37
Nhng cht cacbua hydro gy hu qu i vi mi trng, thuc v cc hp cht cacbua
hydro thm v cacbua hydro thm nhiu vng, bao gm tt c nhng hp cht bay hi cha
mt vng trong phn t (benzen, phenol, naphtalin...).

Cng vi nhng hp cht hu c bay hi, cc sn phm du m khc cng c mt tc
ng quan trng ln mi trng. l cc loi cht do, PCB, cc cht ty ra, cc loi thuc
tr su, cc loi phenol...

Ta hy xem xt trng hp cc loi thuc tr su lm v d. Thuc tr su chim mt
v tr c o trong s nhng cht gy nhim mi trng. Ngc li vi nhng cht gy
nhim khc, thuc tr su c ngi ta t nguyn phn tn ra trong mi trng t nhin
dit mt s loi su hi. Ngi ta phn ra 3 loi sau y:

a) Cc loi thuc tr su. Bao gm ch yu:
- Cc hp cht clor hu c c iu ch bng cch clor ho cc phn t vng thm
hoc cc phn t d vng (DDT, lindan). Nhng cht ny khng tan trong nc v
bn ti 10 nm.
- Cc hp cht photpho hu c l nhng este ca ru v axit ortho photphoric
(paration, malation) nhanh chng b phn gii sinh vt trong nc.
- Nhng cacbonat l nhng este ca axit N-metyl cacbamic. Nhng loi ny t c
hi i vi cc ng vt mu nng.

b) Nhng loi thuc tr nm: Thng dng nht l nhng loi thuc tr nm thu ngn hu
c. Chng c dng phi hp vi thuc tr su clor hu c bo qun ht ging.

c) Nhng loi thuc tr c. Nhng loi chnh l:
- Cc dn xut ca axit phenoxy axetic.
- Cc triazin
- Cc loi ur b th,v.v..
- Cc loi thuc tr su th hin nhng tc ng khc nhau ln mi trng:
- Nhng tc dng c hi trc tip i vi cc loi ng vt v thc vt.
- u c gin tip dy truyn dinh dng, c bit l cc loi chim n su v thu
sn.
- Lm gim tim nng sinh vt ca nhng loi b nhim thuc.
- Lm bin mt nhiu loi v nh vy lm mt cn bng ca cc qun th ng thi
lm tng nhanh chng nhiu loi do mt k sn chng lm mi.

Mt c gng quan trng ang c thc hin tng bc sa li nhng hu qu :
- a ra nhng loi t c hi hn.
- Pht trin u tranh sinh hc.
- Lm tng sc khng ca cy trng.
- Ti u ho vic ng dng cc loi thuc,v.v..

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38
Mt vic cng cn phi c thc hin trong k hoch qun l cc cht thi l vic hu b
nhng kho d tr ln thuc tr su thu hi t th trngv nhng bao b bn v thuc cng t
ra nhng vn nghim trng cha ni ti nhng sn phm ph ca cng nghip sn xut
thuc tr su. Chng ta mi ch nhn mnh y n cc loi thuc tr su tng hp. Cn
nhng ngun thuckhc vn c s dng: v c (lu hunh, sunphat ng, st, arsenic) hay
nhng cht hu c t nhin (nicotin, rotenon...). Tng cng, khong 31 triu ha trng trt
nhn hng nm:
- 100.000 tn cht hu c tng hp.
- 60.000 tn lu hunh.
- 7500 tn ng; thng qua hn 500 ch phm thng mi.

Kh nng gy nhim ca cc loi thuc tr su c th hin Hnh 3.1.

nhim gy ra t hot ng khai thc m v sn xut vt liu xy dng :Theo C.
Guillemin, Futurible, n
o
20, feirier 1979), mi u ngi trn hnh tinh, mi nm khai thc 8
tn vt liu t t, trong :
- 2,5 tn bi thi m than.
- 3,3 tn vt liu xy dng.
- 1,7 tn nhin liu m.
- 150kg kim loi.
- 150kg qung phi kim.

Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc cht nhim khng kh pht ra bao gm cc loi bi ;
cc loi kh thi t qu trnh t chy l SO
2
, NO
2
, CO, CO
2
v cht thi hu c.

Cc nh my in, cc nh my ha cht, nh my in nguyn t pht ra cc cht phng x.
Ngun ch yu do s t than. Cc ht bi t qu trnh t than bao gm s lng ln l cc
bon, silicat (SiO
2
) nhm (Al
2
O
3
) v Fe
2
O
3
hoc Fe
3
O
2
c pht ra di dng tro bay. Cc
cht kh ng thi cng c bc ra t qu trnh t than. Cc yu t (thnh phn kh x)
c trnh by Bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1. Cc thnh phn kh x

Ngun x Cht nhim
T nh my in
(kg/tn than t)
T cc ngnh CN khc
(kg/tn than t)
HCHO 0,023 0,023
CO 0,23 1,38
CH
4
0,1 0,46
NO
2
9,1 9,1
SO
2
34,5 34,5

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39

Hnh 3.1. Kh nng gy nhim ca cc loi thuc tr su
Thuc
bo v thc vt
Ph liu
sn xut
Bao b
b nhim bn
S nhim qua
dy chuyn thc phm
Bay hi
Tn d trong
thc vt c
tiu th
S nhim bn
qua chui thc n
S mt cn bng
Qun th cn trng
Tri theo
dng nc
- S hp ph v hp th trn t
- S phn hu sinh hc/ho hc
- Lan truyn di tc dng ca nc
nhim ngun
nc ngm
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40
nhim gy ra t cc hot ng giao thng: Khng kh b do cc hot ng ca ng c
t, ngoi Oxyt ccbon v hp cht ca ch ra cn c cc kh khc nh Hydrocacbon v
Oxinit. Cc cht kh ny di tc dng ca nng lng mt tri, to nn nhng cht gy
thnh sng m, kch thch mt, lm tn hi cy ci.

ng c t cn sinh ra nhng cht c th gy ung th thc nghim trn ng vt.
Lng kh x ra do cc phng tin t nh sau:

Loi kh thi Lng cht thi
(kg/ngy chy xe)
HCHO 0,698 x 10
-3

CO 58 x 10
-3

CO
2
5 x x 10
-3

NO
2
2.9 x x 10
-3

SO
2
0.2 x x 10
-3

Ht 0.3 x x 10
-3

nhim gy ra t cc hot ng un nu v si: S nhim bn khng kh t cc l t
trong nh l hnh thc sm nht gy nhim bn mc d tc ng cc hi ca n khng nhiu.
Cc cht kh thi x ra t un nu v si bao gm :

Aldehyt (HCHO) 0,005 lb/tn than t = 0,002 kg/tn than t.
CO 50 1b/tn = 22,7 kg/tn than t.
CH
4
10 = 4,54 kg/tn than t.
NO
2
8 = 3,63 kg/tn than t.
SO
2
76 = 34,5 kg/tn than t.

Cc cht kh gy nhim : Nhng s pht thi kh khc nhau gp phn vo vic lm
nhim kh quyn quy m a phng (sng m oxy ha, ma axit...) cng nh ton cu
(hiu ng nh knh, l thng tng ozn...).

Nhng loi kh ny ch yu gy ra s ri lon chc nng ca chu trnh cacbon v chu trnh ni
t . Chu trnh cacbon b lin ly trong s pht thi ca cc hp cht hu c bay hi , ca CFC,
oxyt cacbon (CO), dioxyt cacbon (CO
2
), metan (CH
4
) v dioxyt lu hunh (SO
2
) (sn phm
ca qu trnh chy cacbua hydro).

Kh monoxyt cacbon (CO): Kh CO c sinh ra mt cch t nhin do cc ngun khc nhau
sinh vt hay phi sinh vt: ni la, qu trnh oxy ha ca ccpecten thc vt, to bin... Sn
sinh ra CO do hot ng ca con ngi ch yu l chy rng v s dng nhin liu m

CO, trong khng kh vi nng nh (t 0,1 n 0,2 ppm), tng ln nhng vng th c
lng xe t ln lu hnh (ti 20-100 ppm). Ngi ta khng nhn thy c s gia tng hm
lng CO trn ton cu theo thi gian, ch yu l do nhng c ch sinh-a-ha lm chuyn
ha thnh nhng hp cht khc:
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41
- CH
4
v CO
2
di tc dng ca mt s vi khun.
- CO
2
v H
2
trong tng bnh lu ca kh quyn do phn ng ca cc gc t do:
CO + OH
-
CO
2
+ 1/2 H
2

CO c tc dng c hi i vi nhng ng vt mu nng v ngi. Oxyt cacbon kt hp vi
nhng hng huyt cu to thnh cacboxyhemoglobin, cht ny khng c c nh oxy na.
ngi, 6400 ppm CO gy ra ci cht trong 1/4 gi. Mt nguyn nhn gy ra cht ngi cc
mnh li c th xy ra do s t chy khng hon ton trong i sng hng ngy. Cng may
mn l nhng vic do cn ngi gy ra khng dn ti s tch t CO trong kh quyn.

Dioxyt cacbon (CO
2
) : S pht thi CO
2
, ni mt cch cng bng, khng a li hu qu lm
ri lon vn hnh ca chu trnh cacbon. Ngc li vi monoxyt cacbon, phn t CO
2
khng
c hi v nhng vn do cht t ra c ngun gc vic khi dy ngun cacbon ha
thch, s khai thc ba bi nhng nhin liu m, Thm vo l vic ph rng v t chy
sinh khi.

S tng gp i hm lng CO
2
trong kh quyn c coi nh bt kh khng trong th k 21
so vi hi u th k ny (300 ppm). Kh CO
2
, mt khc, l mt ch tiu c trng ca mc
sng cc cng ng c dn, v vy bin php lm pht thi kh CO
2
trn ton cu phi t nh,
trong tnh th l mt b phn ln ca th gii l cc nc ang pht trin hoc rt chm pht
trin.

S pht trin kh thi CO
2
, c biu th bng tn cacbon trn u ngi trong mt nm,
Hoa K l 5,2. cc nc trong cng ng Chu u l 2,3 (ring Php l 1,8). Con s trung
bnh cho cc nc ang pht trin l 0,4. Cho thy s khc bit v mt kinh t gia cc nc.

S tng ln ca CO
2
trong kh quyn hu nh l mt thc t mc du c s ln xung lin tc
trong tin trnh bin i. Vai tr iu tit ca cc i dng hoc s tng trng ca thc vt
phi c khng nh. Vn khng ch cn quan tm ti bo tn nhng ngun ti nguyn
m mt cch khn ngoan hn m khng p dng bin php qun l tit kim hn h thng
nng lng.

Nhng s nh gi thng xuyn cho thy thi i tin cng nghip c mt dng trao i
hng nm gia bu kh quyn v sinh khi ca lc a l 60 GT (1 gigatn tng ng vi 10
9

tn). Dng trao i gi cn bng gia qu trnh quang hp lm giu thm sinh khi v
qu trnh nh oxy lm giubu kh quyn.

Do nhng hot ng nng lng v cng nghip, ngi ta c lng rng dng trao i vi
lng 60 Gt v pha kh quyn c b sung hng nm khong 8 Gt (6 Gt do tiu dn hin
liu m v 2 Gt do mt rng), cn qu trnh quang hp lun mc ch tiu th 60 Gt.
Tc dng ca nhn t iu ho do cc i dng nm gi vai tr ch c th pht huy c
mc 4 tn trong 1 nm, iu dn ti l khong 4 Gt c pht thi vo kh quyn. Nh vy
bu kh quyn s cha 735 Gt CO
2
. Con s ny phi c xem xt mt cch cn thn, c bit
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42
l v kh nng iu ho ca i dng, mc d mt cng nghin cu nhiu v vn cn hiu
bit rt t.

Kh Mtan: Kh ny c sinh ra mt cch t nhin do s ln men k kh trong t, trong
nhng cnh ng ly nc ngt v nc mn. Khi cng cn l do dng kh thot ra khi
cc m cacbua hydro. Trong thi i ca chng ta, nhng nguyn nhn nhn tc c bit
nhiu, l:
- S pht trin ca trng cy nng nghip v chn nui (s ln men trong nhng
chung phn ca ng vt nhai li to ra li to ra mt ngun quan trng kh
metan).
- S tht thot kh metan trong cc m cacbua hydro (30 triu tn/nm).
- Kh metan c sn sinh ra bi rc thi sinh hot (v t nhng ph liu ln
men c) c cha trong nhng ni thiu khng kh.
- Nhng con s lin quan n kh metan rt dao ng. Ta c th ghi nhn lm
ch s cc gi tr sau y trn bnh din ton cu.
- Rung la (70 triu tn/nm).
- Gia sc (75 triu tn/nm).
- Tht thot trong qu trnh khai thc nhin liu (50 triu tn/nm).
- Do sinh khi thc vt (10 triu tn/nm).

Kh ny cng ging nh CO
2
, khng c hi, nhng chng tham gia mt cch tch cc
vo vic gy ra hiu ng nh knh.

Cc hp cht oxyt nit: Tn gi oxyt nit c dng cho cc hp cht l Oxyt nit (NO);
Dioxyt nit (NO
2
) v Oxyt nitric (N
2
O ).

Cc NO
x
c sn sinh ra trong nhng iu kin nhit cao (si, cng nghip, sn xut
nng lng...) v hu ht l trong cc ngc n (diesel, xng). Ngi ta thy rng kh thi
ng c n rt giu kh NO, nhng kh ny chuyn ha thnh NO
2
trong qu trnh b ha
long trong khng kh:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

Oxyt nitric (N
2
O) l loi kh c nit nhiu nht trong kh quyn khi khng b nhim
(0,25ppm). Kh ny ch dng mt vai tr rt yu trong vic lm nhim bu kh quyn tri
vi cc dng kh khc. Hin tng c ngha trong cc dng pht thi l nhng pht thi c
lin quan n cc hot ng ca con ngi, s lng cng ln nh cc pht thi t nhin (hot
ng ca sinh vt, ni la, xi mn gi).

Cc cht gy nhim mi trng nc : Ngun nc c coi l nhim khi thnh phn
v tnh cht l ho sinh hc ca nc b thay i, khng bo m cht lng ca ngun cung
cp v cc yu cu s dng khc.

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43
Cc cht gy nhim mi trng nc bao gm:

Cc cht thi hu c: l ngun cht gy nhim ch yu trong cc ngun nc mt. C th
l cc cht hu c kh b xy ho, hoc cc cht hu c d b oxy ho. Cc cht ny c
biu th bng cc ch tiu BOD, Nit tng s, pht pho, COD Trong nc thi sinh hot,
hm lng cc cht bn hu c nh sau :
BOD
5
= 80 - 120 gam/ngi-ngy m
Nit tng s = 8 - 15 g/ng.ng.. Trung bnh 10g/ng
Pht pho = 3 - 6 g/ ng.ng.
COD = 250 mg/l - 1000 mg/l

Thnh phn cc cht thi hu c s khc nhau tu thuc vo tnh cht ca tng loi
cng nghip khc nhau, nc thi ca cc x nghip ch bin thc phm (ng, sa, tht,
tm, c, nc ngt, bia ...) cha nhiu cht hu c cn c kim loi nng, sulfua; nc thi ca
x nghip c quy c nng axit, ch cao, nc thi nh my bt giy cha nhiu cht rn l
lng, cht hu c, mu, lignin, phenol ... vi hm lng ln.

Cc cht hu c b o xy ha thnh CO
2
, H
2
O di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt hiu
kh. Sau tc dng vi NO
3
to thnh N
2
, CO
2
, H
2
O thc hin qu trnh kh Nitrat di
tc dng ca cc vi khun kh Nit. Sau l qu trnh phn hu ym kh to ra CH
4
, H
2
S
gy nn s nhim.

Cc cht thi cha vi sinh vt: Cc vi sinh vt bao gm vi khun, vi rt cc dng vi khun
gy bnh cho ngi. Ngun ch yu l nhim ca nc thi thnh ph, nc ma. Mt s
cc x nghip cng nghip tu vo loi sn phm c th cha cc cht nhim vi sinh vt
trong nc thi.

Cc cht c hi: Cht phng x t cc nh my ht nhn nguyn t cha mt s lng ln
cc cht c v ng thi cn cha cc loi nc lm ngui -> nh hng ti qu trnh t lm

sch ca ngun. Nhng cht kh b oxy ho thng c tch lu t ngun kia v tng dn
xung pha h ngun v c nh hng trc tip ti sc kho, s tch t sinh hc s xy ra v
theo ng: Vt cha cht phng x chui thc n ngi tiu th.

Cc cht gy nhim mi trng t:

Cc cht ho hc: Cc cht ha hc thng thy trong mi trng t bao gm cc loi
phn bn ho hc v cc cht dit cn trng, dit c, c bit trong cc cht dit c cha cc
sn phm clo ca phenol khi vo t, cc cht ny lm cho s lng cc trc khun tch t
phnol pht trin mnh. Ngoi ra cc hp cht ca ch, thu ngn hp thnh trong t nhng
cht cn lng bn vng v truyn vo cy trng.

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44
a s cc loi ho cht tr su, dit c u lm nhim cy trng, lm cc r cy b
cn ci trong t v cy khng pht trin c. Th d thuc bo v thc vt DDT sau 5 nm
s dng vn cn c tm thy 4 - 5% st li trong t do kh b hp th vo cc cu t ca
t. DDT nng thp (24 mg/l) gy nn s thay i sinh l ngc ca c, lm cht cc
loi chim. DDT rt d dch chuyn vo nc. DDT khi vo c th s tch t thnh cc khi u
c tnh. DDT thng tch t trong t, nc, khng kh, sau ri vo bin v c cc thu
sinh vt hp th gy nhim thc phm.

Cc cht ha hc mang tnh c hi cao i vi mi trng t l Asen, Flo v ch.
Sau khi c hp th, cc cht ny qua con ng thc vt, sa b v vo n ngi. Hm
lng cc cht ny trong t khu vc nh my thng cao gp 5-6 ln so vi vng t xa
ch 500m.

Cc cht thi cng nghip mang tnh nguy hi: Cc ph thi cng nghip rn to nn
ngun quan trng cc cht gy nhim t do cc sn phm ho hc c hi gy ra. Theo c
tnh, trong s 50% cc ph thi cng nghip c ti 15% c kh nng gy c hi nguy him.
M, gn 10
6
tn cht thi b khng chy, axit n mn hoc gy c hi c x ba bi ra
mi trng xung quanh. Nu tnh theo u ngi l 20 kg cht thi cng nghip/nm. Nhng
cht ho hc c hi thng gp trong t l asen, flo, ch...

Cc cht phng x: Cc cht phng x t cc v n bom ht nhn hoc cc cht thi phng
x pht ra t cc trung tm cng nghip hoc tung tm nghin cu khoa hc lng xung mt
t v c tch t li trong t nh cc C
14
, Sr
90
, Cs.... Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t vi lng
nh Be, Bo, Se...

Cc cht phng x xut pht t nhng v n bom ht nhn hoc nhng cht thi phng
x lng hay rn t cc trung tm cng nghip hay nghin cu khoa hc c th lng xung mt
t v tch t . Cc cht phng x ny v d C
14
xm nhp vo c th ng vt v vo t.
C
14
tham gia vo chuyn ha ccbon cy c... Mt s thc vt trn t nh nm, a y tch
t C
3
gy nguy hi cho ng vt n phi thc vt .

Cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh: Gm cc trc khun v nguyn sinh ng vt ng rut, cc
loi ny lm nhim t do vic s dng phn bn ly t cc h x hoc bn hay do s x
cc cht thi sinh hot ba bi. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi k sinh trng nh giun, sn, cc loi
nm...Cc loi vi khun gy bnh c th tn ti pht trin trong t b nhim bn cc ph thi
hu c nh phn, rc, ph thi cng nghip thc phm v.v.. t c th b nhim bi cc loi
trc khun l, thng hn, phy khun t hoc amp. Cc bnh do cc vi khun ny gy ra theo
con ng tip xc trc tip gia ngi vi t bn, vi nc bn hoc do rui, b ... Ngoi vi
khun gy bnh, trong t cn pht trin cc li cn trng gy bnh, l ni cha trng giun,
sn ... iu kin pht trin ca mi loi vi khun gy bnh ph thuc vo lng ma, nhit
khng kh, thc vt, nh sng mt tri, m ca t ...Hin nay ngi
ta thng dng cc loi vi khun Coli Aerogenes v Bact perfrigens, pht trin trong mi
trng phn ti, lm vi sinh vt ch th cho nhim bn phn ca t.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

45
Cc cht khc: Cc cht rn v c kch thc ln nh vt liu xy dng, ph liu st thp ...
hoc cc cht nha tng hp, Polyetilen ... bn vng trong t. Chng kh b phn hy v khi
thi vo t s ngn cn s pht trin ca thm thc vt, thay i cu trc t v a hnh. V
th ngi ta thng tn dng cc loi ny san nn hoc s dng li.

3.3. c hc sinh thi v cc tc ng, ri ro, nguy c
Nh trnh by Chng 1, c cht hc theo nh ngha l nhng cht gy c hi
hoc r hn l nhng sn phm nguy him vi con ngi. Phm vi p dng ca mn khoa
hc trong nhng thp nin gn y c m rng trong mt khun kh rng hn do s
chen ngang ca mt chuyn ngnh mi: sinh - thi - c - cht - hc m Jouany nh ngha
nm 1978 nh mt mn nghin cu v tt c nhng tc dng ca nhng cht c hi i vi
cc loi ang sng v cc t chc ca chng, mi tng quan ca chng vi cc vt cht v
sinh, mi tng quan ca chng vi nhau v ivi ngi.
Ngi ta thng phn bit hai kiu tng tc gia nhng cht c c tnh v nhng mc ch
tim tng ty theo l tc ng trc tip hay gin tip.
Trng hp tc ng gin tip thng tng ng vi s nhim c gn vi nhim mi
trng gy ra s nhim bn cc dy chuyn thc n.

Nhng biu hin ca c tnh : Nhng biu hin khc nhau ca c tnh tm hiu c
bng nhng php th sinh hc bao gm vic quan st din bin ca mt cc th (hay mt
nhm cc th) tip xc vi mi trng c nghin cu trong nhng iu kin thc nghim
nht nh. Ngi ta phn bit ch yu hai loi tnh c l c cp tnh v c mn tnh.

c cp tnh: L c tnh gy ra ca mt c th hay ca mt mi trng vi mt liu lng
hay mt nng rt cao ca mt cht c, trong mt thi gian rt ngn (mt vi ngy l ti
a, thng l 24g).

i vi mt nng ca mt sn phm c c xc nh (x), nng /liu lng gy
cht (y) s t vong ca nhng ch th biu th bng mt ng cong ca s t vong ph thuc
vo nng (thng c dng "sygmoide" nh hnh v 3.2).

T l t vong (%)

100

50

Nng (x)

Hnh 3.2. ng cong ca s t vong ph thuc vo nng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

46
c cp tnh c biu th bng:
- Liu lng gy cht 50 (DL
50
): l tr s ca liu lng c a vo nhng c
th c th nghim (loi gm nhm (chut) chng hn) c th gy cht 50% ca
s c th c th.
- Nng gy cht 50 (CL
50
): l nng ca mt loi ha cht c a vo mi
trng sng (thng l mi trng thy sinh) gy cht 50% s c th c th (c
chng hn).
- Thi gian dng cho cc php th bin ng t mt vi pht n 96 gi.

c di hn: L c gy ra ca mt c th hay mt mi trng vi mt liu lng hay
mt nng yu trong mt thi gian rt di (t mt thng n thi gian sng ca nhiu th h
sc vt). Loi c tnh gi vai tr c bn trong nhim mi trng (th d: tc ng ca
mt n v cng nghip hay ca mt trm x l rc, nhim do t, hu qu ca cc cht ph
gia thc phm...) chnh l trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng khi nim vi th gy nhim
(micropolluant). Trong tt c cc tc dng gn vi c tnh di hn, c hai tc dng c bit
quan trng, l:
- Nhng tc dng ln ti sn xut: lm kh cn, lm gim ph, to ra qui thai (d
dng c th nh u to, thiu chn tay...);
- Gy ung th, bin i gen: ngi ta thy phn ln cc cht bin i gen (s
khc thng trong s lng hay cht lng nhim sc th ADN) cng l gy ung
th, iu gii thch xu hng hin nay l thay th cc mu th ung th (lu v
t) bng mu th bin i gen nhanh hn nhiu v tng i di din cho nguy
c gy ung th ca cc cht cn nghin cu.

Nhng nguy c gn vi vi trng gy bnh
Cch tip cn v c cht hc v sinh-thi-c-cht-hc c ch yu duy tr bi nhng ri ro
gn lin vi s ph cp trong mi trng nhng phn t hu c tng hp hoc cc kim loi v
mui kim loi.

Cc loi ph thi dng rn cng l mm gy bnh a li nhng mi nguy hi cho sc khe.
c bit l trng hp cht thi thi bnh vin, chn nui gia sc, v c rc thi th. l
nc thm thu qua cc lp cht thi m c cc ng vt sng trn vng t (cc loi gm
nhm, chim...) c th phn tn cc mm bnh trong lng cc qun th. cc mm gy bnh:
cc vi khun nh Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (bnh lao), Pseudomonas (tiu chy),
Salmonella (bnh thng hn), Vilrio (dch t) hoc cc loi nm.

Nhng nguy c gn vi rc thi
Gerard Keck (Trng th y Lyon, gio trnh c cht hc ca rc thi, DEAINSA Lyon) phn
tch nguy c rc thi thnh nguy c cp tnh v nguy c mn tnh.

Nguy c cp tnh: Nhng nguy c cp tnh c gy ra bi:
- Ni cha nhng bao b bn, thm ch thuc tr su qu hn (hoc khng cn c
php dng): gy c cho loi vt nui;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

47
- tho tri php vo sng ngi, h ao nhng cht dng bo qun g (linan,
penta clorphenol...) gy ra cht c;
- Cc v t rc nguy hi, gii phng axit xyanhydric ( do t vt liu xp bng
polyurethan) clor hay axit chlohydric ( t t PVC)...

Nhng nguy c mn tnh: Nguy c ny tp trung vo l nhng loi c kh nng tch t sinh
hc nh :
- Mt s kim loi (thy ngn, cadmi, ch).
- Nhng hp cht hu c (PCB, clordioxin, khi chng b tung vo mi trng t
nhin).

Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc loi gia sc sng gn ni pht thi, n c v ung
nc b nhim c th ni chung cht c s tp trung dn bng con ng thc n:

- Nhng s tp trung quan trng ammoniac, nitrat, nitrit trong mi trng thy sinh,
gy ra s d tha cc cht hu c khng b phn gii bi sinh vt (nhng rc thi
ca cc bp gia nh, cc trm thanh lc nc, nc cng t chung gia sc...).
Tc ng mn tnh a li cho mi trng lm bin i mi trng sinh thi c tr
trong dng nc;
- Nhng nhim vi sinh vt bt ngun t nhng nc cng ngm, ni chn nui gia
sc, v nhng vt ph thi b nm ra khng thn trng, i khi sc vt n phi
hoc lm nhim ngun nc sinh hot.

Nhng c trng ca tnh c sinh thi
Nhng c th v mt mi trng thng xuyn biu hin vi mt trng thi khc nhau ln v
vi th gy nhim, thng vi nng rt nh, iu t ra vn l phi tnh n hai hin
tng quan trng: cng lc v i khng.

Cng lc: Tc dng ca mt hp cht c th bin i rt mnh (thng l tng ln) ch cn
c s kt hp vi mt cht khc.

i khng: Ngc li, l mt cht c th biu l l phn t i khng theo nh ngha l s
c mt ca mt trong nhng phn t ngn cn tc ng ca cc phn t khc. Hin tng
khng nht nh l tch cc.
Th d trong trng hp ca thuc cha bnh, bn cnh tc dng mong mun, thuc c th b
hp th bi nhng c ch ng ho cc phn t khc ca c th.

Liu lng ti a chp nhn c v b qua c
Trin khai nghin cu trn hng lot tc dng c hi tng bc dn cc chuyn
gia ti xc nh c ngng, l nhng liu lng ti a chp nhn c, cho nhng cht gy
nhim chnh trong nc, khng kh v c trong thc phm. Nhng ngng , l hp l ph
hp vi s bo v hon ton cho c th, nhng khng th m bo hon ton khng thi trong
sn xut hoc tiu th.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

48
Nhng nguy him g c th i vi sc kho ca con ngi v nhng li ch g c th
c do vic s dng cc cht ng quan tm. l cch tip cn kinh t v x hi lm ni
dung thc hin mt cuc hi tho v cht ch ca cc tiu chun, trn gic sn xut
cng nghip cng nh cho vic lp t nhng thit b x l rc thi.

Kh nng chp nhn mt nguy c: ng biu din kh nng chp nhn nguy c c th
c biu din hnh 3.3.

Mc
thit hi

Chp
nhn
c

Kh nng xy ra nguy him

Hnh 3.3. ng biu din kh nng chp nhn nguy c

ng biu din trn y th hin mt s kin s c chp nhn nu mc trm
trng ca s thit hi c b li bi s t gy ra nguy him (trng hp ca ht nhn ly lm
th d, nu kh nng xy ra nguy him ln nhng mc thit hi nh th kh nng chp
nhn vn c). Cn ghi nhn rng s ng cong biu din kh thnh hin thc, ni chung
cng kh c x hi chp nhn ch da trn c s yu t khoa hc m b qua nhng gi tr
vn ho hay x hi.

Kh nng chp nhn ri ro
Khi nim v ri ro, t khi mt s ri lon chc nng c th c ca nhn tc xen vo:
cht ph thi c tch ra mt cch bt bnh thng t mt vt th (s c trn du trong mt
dng nc) hay d xut hin ca mt vt th khng vn hnh bnh thng (dioxin gn vi
vic chy ca mt bin th in).

Kh nng chp nhn ri ro thch hp vi nhng cht thi b c chp nhn hay t
nht c lin h vi cc hot ng ca con ngi ang vn hnh bnh thng.

Cn c vo s hp l ca vic xy ra cc s kin, ng biu din ny th hin mt s
kin cn ng vc c th c chp nhn nu mc thit hi c b li bi t kh nng xy
ra nguy him, m kh nng ny li c b li bi s t ri lon vn hnh ca h thng, hoc
hn na nu kh nng ri lon vn hnh ln nhng c b li bi mt kh nng xy ra nguy
him t hn, m kh nng ny li c b li bi s t nghim trng ca thit hi.

Khng chp
nhn c
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

49

3.4. Cc tc ng ca nhim
c nhiu khung phn loi c xut lit k cc tc ng c th c trong
khun kh hot ng nhn tc. Nhng tc ng ny khc nhau ch yu v ch im ca tc
gi: bo v ng vt v thc vt, sc khe ca con ngi, s cn bng thin nhin. i vi
chng ta, ch yu l hiu r hn cc mi quan h gia s qun l cht ph thi v mi
trng, phi t gii hn 3 loi tc ng sau y:
- Nhng tc ng gn vi thm m v tin nghi.
- Nhng tc ng sinh thi.
- Nhng tc ng c hi v c hi sinh thi.

Nhng tc ng gn vi thm m v tin nghi
Cc tc ng loi ny bao gm mi, ting ng, mu sc, quang cnh, nhng b cc
phong cnh, khi... Qun l cc ph thi thng bao hm c tc ng . Nhng th d in
hnh nh sau :
- Trng hp nhng kiu vt rc, khi rc khng c gi gn cn thn, c th
giy hay mng cht do bay lung tung, thu ht qu nhiu chim chc, mi hi hm.
- Trng hp nhng l thiu rc, khi pht thi khi qu nhiu gy hi cho khu vc
ln cn.
- Trng hp nhng n v rc lm phn bn, khng khng ch mi hi thi
ca rc hoi mc bc ra.
- Trng hp ting n pht sinh do thu thp thng rc, hot ng ca cc cc my
nghin..
- Trng hp hot ng ca cc cng trng ngoi tri.

Kiu tc ng ny gy nhiu iu ng ch :
- Ting n, mi, mu sc thng thng c thy tng ln mnh bi cc b bao...,
hin tng ny cha c cng ngh x l. Gii php l phi y mnh vic gi
nghim nhng quy ch chng nhim hay l cht lng cng ngh ca dng c
khng tha mn. Ngoi ra t nhiu nm nay, ngi ta p dng bin php kh
nhng yu t tc ng, do cc chuyn gia qun l cht ph thi tham gia thc hin.

- S vic thuc loi ng chm n bn cht thm m c th ngy cng nhiu,
nhng tc ng n tm thn thn th (tm th) biu hin bng nhng triu chng
lm sng (nga trn da, nhc u, hoang mang lo s, suy sp...). V mt ,
nghin cu tm l v dch t hc phi tr nn mt ngnh rt tch cc ca khoa hc
mi trng.

- Sau cng, cn ghi nhn, v cng chnh l mt kh khn thc s, rng khng ai
phn i iu cho rng nhng tc ng thm m (mi, mu, ting n) cng gy ra
c hi hay c hi sinh thi.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

50

Nhng tc ng sinh thi
l nhng tc ng biu hin khng o m c, thng qua nhng qu trnh lm bin i
v h thc vt, h ng vt v c nc, khng kh v t nh:
- Thay i qun th h ng thc vt ca mt con sng.
- S bin mt hay ngc li s sinh si qu mc cc loi cy c.
- S gim st a dng sinh hc.
- Xi mn v nhim mn ca t.
- S bin i ca mt s cn bng: hiu ng nh knh, thng tng zn.

Cng rt nn nhn xt ngay t y rng bin gii gia tc ng sinh thi v tc ng
gy c hi hay c hi sinh thi l rt kh vch ra trn quan im cho rng cc tc ng
thng khng phn bit r ra c u l nguyn nhn, u l hu qu: mt s c c hi
thc vt c th l ngun gc ca s bin mt mt loi thc vt no hoc qu trnh tng bt
thng ca nhit gn vi hiu ng nh knh c th c coi nh kh nng a n nhng
ri lon quan trng trong i sng ca cc loi ng, thc vt v con ngi.

Th d v hiu ng nh knh c th hin hnh 3.4.

Khuych tn do my v kh quyn

Bc x
mt tri
thy c
hp th trc tip

Hp th bi kh
gy hiu ng nh knh
CO
2
, CH
4
, H
2
O,
N
2
O, CFC.
Tri t

Hnh 3.4. Hiu ng nh knh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

51
Hiu ng nh knh: Kh hu Tri t ph thuc vo s cn bng ca cc qu trnh bc x
ca ton th t, i dng, v kh quyn. Nhng kh quyn ng vai tr nh mt ci lc nhit
lng bng cch "nh by" cc tia bc x, thng qua vai tr trung gian ca cc cht kh, gy
ra hiu ng nh knh, bao gm: CO
2
, CH
4
, CFC.

Nhng loi kh xut hin mt cch t nhin trong kh quyn c kh nng hp ph bc
x hng ngoi v phn x tr li b mt tri t gy ra hiu ng m c gi l kh nh knh.
Cc kh nh knh c tnh nng hp th bc x nhit sng di (bc sng > 4m).

Nh vy hiu ng nh knh l hin tng gy ra s tng nhit ca b mt tri t
do s hp ph bc x nhit t mt t vo kh quyn bi cc kh nh knh lm cho nhit
kh quyn bao quanh tri t b tng ln.

S d gi l hiu ng nh knh ca kh quyn l v tc dng ca cc kh nh knh trong
kh quyn tng t nh lp knh ca cc nh knh trng rau xanh trong ma ng, bc x Mt
tri l sng ngn nn d dng xuyn qua lp knh truyn vo trong nh knh trng rau, cn
bc x nhit ca bn trong nh knh vi nhit thp, thuc loi bc x sng di, khng th
xuyn qua lp knh truyn ra ngoi c v kt qu l mi trng vi kh hu trong nh knh
m hn ngoi nh.

Nu nh Tri t khng c tc ng ca cc kh nh knh th nhit b mt ca n
c c tnh l 255
o
K, tng ng l -18
o
C hay 0
o
F. Khi c hin tng hiu ng nh
knh xy ra th nhit thc t ca b mt tri t b tng thm . C th ni tnh cht nguy
hi ca hiu ng nh knh hin nay l lm tng nng ca cc kh nh knh trong kh quyn
dn ti lm tng mc nhit t m ti nng do gy ra nhng vn mi trng. Bng
3.2. th hin c tnh ca nhng kh gy hiu ng nh knh ch yu ( bng 3.2. )

Bng 3.2. c tnh ca nhng kh gy hiu ng nh knh ch yu.

CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O O
3
CFC 11 CFC 12
Nng hin nay 354 ppm 1,7 ppm 310 ppb 20-40 ppb 280ppt 484 ppt
Mc tng hng
nm (%)
0,5 1 0,25 0,5-1 4 7
Thi gian tn ti
(nm)
50-200 10 150 0,1 60 120
Kh nng hp th
Bi phn t
21 206 2000 12400 15800
Ghi ch : (ppm: 10
-6
, ppb: 10
-9
, ppt: 10
-12
)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

52
Th d v s gy c hi ca ammoniac:

Ammoniac cn bng trong nc theo phn ng sau:
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-

Nng NH
3
, cht gy c, tng ln khi tng pH v nhit ; ko theo s cht c.;
ko theo s cht c.

Th d v tc ng v s gy c hi ca nit rt v nit rt i vi nc sinh hot:

Nh trnh by chng 2, khi nc b nhim nitrat th cng b nhim nitrit v qu trnh kh
ca nitrat.

Nhng ion nitrat v nitrit c nhng tnh cht rt khc nhau mc du c s ging nhau v cu
trc. Ion nitrat (NO
3
-
) bn vng do t hot ng, v v th t c hi, tr khi hp th qu
nhiu. Thm ch n cn c dng trong thuc cha bnh. Ion nitrit (NO
2
-
) khng bn vng
v rt hot ng, chnh v th gy c hi. Tuy nhin s c mt ca nitrat cng l iu khng
mong mun v kh nng chuyn ho thnh Nitrit.

Nhng nitrat khi b nut vo phn ln b hp th bi mng rut mt phn sau b quay vng
qua tuyn mt trc khi b thi bng ng tiu. Phn cn li ca nitrat b chuyn ha thnh
nitrit ming, di tc dng ca enzym (enzym kh nitrat).

Nitrit c hai tc dng gy c ch yu bng s to thnh methemoglobin v nitrosamin ( Hnh
3.5.)

Nitrat

Hng cu

Amin hay Amit
Kh

Methemoglobin

Nitrit Nitrosamin

Ngt, thiu oxy
(Cyanose)
Tc dng gy
ung th

Hnh 3.5. Tc dng gy c sinh thi ca nitrit

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

53
Trong mu, cc nitrit gy ra s chuyn ha hng cu thnh methemoglobin, phn t
khng m bo s chuyn giao oxy dn ti s u c mu. l s thiu oxy/tm ngi.

Nhng nitrosamin l nhng phn t hnh thnh t nhng phn ng ha hc gia nitrit
v amin (c trong cc c quan sng hay thc n). Cht n gin nht l dimetylnitrosamin.

Ngy nay ngi ta phn nh c 120 hp cht thuc dng nitrosamin, mt s
trong dng c tc dng gy ung th (gan, phi, d dy, thc qun...). Tt c mi iu kin
u hp li thc qun nitrit chuyn ha thnh nitrosamin (pH axit, nitrit t do, amin th
cp c ngun gc thc phm hay thuc cha bnh). Ngi ta v th c th tm thy nhng vt
nitrosamin trong mt s loi thc n: thc n mui, c, fomat, bia...
Ngoi ung nhiu loi rau cha ng nitrat v nitrit ( bng 3.3. )

Bng 3.3. S tch t nitrat v nitrit trong rau

Loi rau NO
3
-
(mg/kg) NO
2
-
(mg/kg)
C ci 2100 3,3
C rt 180 1,5
Cn ty 1300 0,7
Rau dip 1360 8,7

Nitrat v nitrit, ngoi ra cn c dng bo qun v nhum mu tht v p tht
(chng trc khun). Vic s dng cc cht ny ngy cng b kim sot cht ch.

V d v cc tc ng do ma axit
S to thnh axit l do qu trnh oxy ha trong khng kh ca SO
2
v NO
x
. Ngi ta
c lng khong 30% l s tham gia ca NO
x
vo cc trn ma axit (60% do SO
2
). Nhng
khu vc b ma axit ri rt rng v thng xa nhng ni pht thi (Trung u, pha ng nc
Php). Nhng v ma axit ri gy nhiu hu qu khc nhau:
- Axit ha v lm ngho t, ko theo lm h hi ln i vi rng th d nh
Vosges;
- Nhng s c v sc khe ca ngi v s lm giu ngun nc vi cc kim loi
gy c (ch, nhm...).
- Lm h hi cc cng trnh bng xi mng v cc kt cu kim loi.

Cng nn ghi nhn rng, i vi cc NO
x
, s chuyn ha thnh axit, ch yu xy ra do
qu trnh oxy ha trong pha kh:
2 NO + O
2
2 NO
2

2 NO+ H
2
O HNO
3
+ HNO
2

axit nitric axit nitr

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

54
V d v cc tc ng do nhim quang ha hc

Dng nhim ny bao trm t 7 n 10 km cch mt t. Cht gy nhim chnh b
lin quan l zn, cht ny bnh thng c mt trong khng kh ch vi nng rt thp.
tng i lu, nhng phn ng ha hc gia nhng trng hp cht (oxyt nit, hp cht hu
c, CO...) di tc dng ca tia mt tri dn ti s sn sinh ra mt lot cht gy nhim m
cht chnh l zn, cng vi nhiu loi axit hay cc cht gy xy ha (aldehyt, nit hu c,
nc oxy gi...).

C ch ca nhng tc hi ny rt phc tp v cn t c bit. Cc oxyt nit ng mt
vai tr quan trng trong nhng phn ng di y, dng minh ha, nhng c ch thng
c a ra:
- tng i lu, NO
2
b phn ly bi bc x mt tri.
NO
2
+ h V NO + O (< 430 nh my) (1)
- T zn cng c sinh ra:
O
2
+ O O
3
(2)
- S sn sinh ra zon,tuy nhin, cng b hn ch do phn ng ca n vi NO cung
cp bi (1)
NO + O
3
NO
2
+ O
2
(3)

Lng zon c to thnh ph thuc ch yu vo t l NO
2
/NO.

Nhng hu qu ca nhim quang ha: nhim quang ha y nhanh tc h hng ca
mt s vt liu (c bit l cht do) cng nh l gy ma axit (tham gia vo qu trnh oxy
ha SO
2
v NO
2
).
Ngi ta c lng tng ca hm lng zon tng kh quyn thp thuc bn cu Bc
khong 0,5 - 1%. Cht zon, rt hot ng, tc dng ln chc nng h hp, hp ng vi cc
NO
x
v peroxy-axetyl-nitrat (PAN). Cht PAN cng tc dng ln mt. zn lm bin i cc
hot ng quang hp ca cy: lm gim nng sut ...

Vn v tng zon: Lin quan n s ph hoi ca CFC hn l vai tr ph hu ca cc oxyt
nit. Clo b mang ln tng cao kh quyn bi cht CFC nhng tc ng ca cc oxyt nit cng
khng th loi tr. V rng oxyt nit l ngun gc ca s sinh ra zon trong tng kh quyn
thp, chng tham gia vo vic ph hoi kh quyn tng cao bi nhng chu trnh xc tc c
dng:
O + NO
2
NO + O
2

NO + O
3
NO
2
+ O
2

O + O
3
2O
2

Tng quan chung v nhng ngun nhim gn vi cc ri lon chc nng ca cc chu trnh
ni t v carbon c th hin Hnh 3.6.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55

Tng bnh lu

50 km Lp zn
NO
x
, N
2
O,
H
2
O, Cl
x

10 15 km
Hiu ng
nh knh,
CO
2
, N
2
O,
CH
4

nhim
2 km Ma a xt quang ho,
SO
2
, NO
2
, sng m,
HCl NO
x
,COV,
CO, CH
4

chn nui nng nghip i sng
th

Nc ung v thc phm Mi trng thu sinh

Gy c
cho ngi v gia sc Gy hin tng
ph dng
Gy c cho c

Hnh 3.6. Tng quan chung v tc ng nhim gn vi cc ri lon chc nng
ca cc chu trnh ni t v carbon

NH
4
+, NO
3
-, NO
2
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

56

3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim

C hai cch i ph vi cc cht thi rn v cht thi nguy him do chng ta to nn: Qun
l cht thi v ngn chn nhim (cht thi).

Qun l cht thi l mt s tip cn cht thi mc cao l s quan st cc sn phm cht
thi nh l mt sn phm khng th trnh khi ca s pht trin kinh t v chng ta c gng
qun l cc cht thi theo cch lm gim nh hng c hi ca chng ti mi trng - ch
yu bi qu trnh chn hay t chng.

S ngn chn nhim v cht thi l s tip cn cht thi mc thp l quan st hu ht
cc cht thi rn v cht thi c hi nh l ngun tim nng m chng ta c th quay vng,
lm phn bn, s dng li, hoc khng s dng trong cc v tr hng u .
Vi hng tip cn ny, h thng kinh t c s dng lm suy yu vic to ra cht thi c
v vic ngn chn cht thi.

Theo t chc quc gia ca M v gio dc khoa hc, hng tip cn cht thi mc thp nn
c cc mc ch theo cc bc nh sau:
(1). Gim cht thi v nhim;
(2). S dng li mt s th c th c;
(3). Quay vng v lm phn bn cc cht thi mc nhiu nht
c th;
(4) X l sinh hc, ha hc hay thiu t cc cht thi m khng
gim c, khng s dng li c, hay quay vng hoc ch bin phn c;
(5) Chn cc cht thi m s cn kit khi di t hay trong
cc hm trn mt t sau khi xt ti mc ch u tin

Ti sao vic to ra t cht thi v t nhim l cch la chn tt nht:
(1) Tit kim nng lng v cc ngun nng lng gc;
(2) Gim s khai thc, x l, s dng cc ngun m tc ng ti mi
trng;
(3) Tng cng sc kho cng nhn v s an ton bi vic gim s
xut hin cc vt liu c c hay nguy him;
(4) Gim chi ph iu khin nhim v qun l cht thi (chi ph ny
ang tng rt nhanh hn c t l tng sn phm cng nghip) v
kh nng mc phi trong tng lai i vi cht thi c hi v nguy
him;
(5) Trong cc vn c bn ca s sng th c chi ph thp hn l c
gng loi b nhim v qun l cht thi m n to ra.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

57

p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn: Theo nh ngha ca UNEP: Sn xut sch hn l
vic p dng lin tc chin lc phng nga tng hp v mi trng vo cc qu trnh sn
xut, sn phm v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi
trng.
Trong thc t, cc thay i khng ch n thun l thit b m cn l cc thay i
trong vn hnh v qun l ca mt doanh nghip. Cc thay i cn c gi l gii php sn
xut sch hn, c th chia lm cc loi:

- Gim cht thi ti ngun: Qun l ni vi l mt loi gii php n gin nht ca sn
xut sch hn; Kim sot qu trnh tt hn m bo cc iu kin sn xut c ti
u ho v mt tiu th nguyn liu, sn xut v pht sinh cht thi; Thay i nguyn
liu l vic thay th cc nguyn liu ang s dng bng cc nguyn liu khc thn
thin vi mi trng hn; Ci tin thit b l vic thay i thit b c th nguyn
liu tn tht t hn; Cng ngh sn xut mi l vic lp t cc thit b hin i v c
hiu qu hn.
- Tun hon: Tn thu v ti s dng ti ch l vic thu thp cht thi v s dng li
cho qu trnh sn xut; To ra cc sn phm ph l vic thu thp (v x l) cc dng
thi c th tr thnh mt sn phm mi hc bn ra cho cc c s sn xut khc.
- Ci tin sn phm: Xem xt li sn phm v cc yu cu i vi sn phm ; Thay
i v bao b cng c th l yu t quan trng

Cch gim cht thi:
Tng mc tiu th
Thit k li cc qui trnh sn xut v sn phm s dng t nguyn liu hn.
Thit k cc sn phm to ra t nhim v t cc ngun cht thi hn khi s
dng.
Loi b s ng gi khng cn thit.
p dng cng ngh sn xut khng cht thi trong sn xut. Mc tiu ca
cng ngh ny l hn ch s dng ti nguyn v gim thiu cht thi, trong
tng lai c th gp phn to ra cng ngh hiu qu hn, to ra qu trnh sn
xut mi, cng nh bo v v ti s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin k c
vic chuyn ho cht thi thnh nng lng.

S dng li: S dng li l mt dng ca vic lm gim cht thi - m rng cc ngun cung
cp nguyn liu v gim nng lng s dng v gim nhim thm ch hn c ti ch.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

58

Hnh 3.7. Gii php sn xut khng cht thi

Cng ngh/ngnh sn xut khng cht thi

Cng ngh/ ngnh ti ch

Ti ch: Chai kiu ca qu trnh ti ch cc vt liu nh kim loi, thy tinh, giy v cht do:
ch yu v th cp. Kiu mong mun nht l kiu ch yu hay cn gi l vng lp kn trong
cht thi ca ngi tiu th thi ra l c ti ch to ra sn phm mi vi dng tng
t (giy bo chuyn thnh giy bo, hp nhm chuyn thnh hp nhm mi...). Vn s dng
nhng c phn km hn l kiu th cp hay cn gi l vng lp m trong cht thi c
chuyn ha thnh mt s sn phm khc. Qu trnh ti ch ch yu gim tng s vt liu
nguyn cht to thnh sn phm i 20-90%, trong khi qu trnh ti ch th cp lm gim
lng vt liu nguyn cht s dng ch khong 25%.

Ngnh
B
Ngnh
A
Ngi
tiu
dng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

59
Cc chng ngi ca vn ti s dng v ti ch: Qu trnh ti ch tr thnh ngnh kinh
doanh c nhiu mo him v tc ng cht t v vn u t. C 3 yu t cn lu tm:

(1) Khng bao gm chi ph mi trng v sc khe vo gi vt liu th trong gi th
trng ca ngi tiu th;
(2) loi b nhiu loi thu v thm tin tr cp vi cc ngnh cng nghip khai thc
hn l ngnh cng nghip ti ch;
(3) thiu mt th trng ln v u cho cc vt liu ti ch.

Xut khu cht thi: Mt s thnh ph ca M thiu cc vng bi rc lp t cn thit
vn chuyn mt phn cc cht thi rn ca h sang cc bang khc hoc cc quc gia khc.
Tuy nhin mt s quc gia t chi s chuyn nhng ny.

To ra c ch chnh sch hp l cho qun l cht thi:

o Khuyn khch cho cc nh u t b vn xy dng cc nh my x l cht thi.

o u t my mc, cng ngh hin i cho cc nh my ang hot ng nhm
gim thiu cht thi.

o Nghim cm, x pht i vi nhng c s sn xut thi rc thi ca mnh
khng ng ni qui nh, hoc thi cht thi c hi m cha qua x l gy
nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh xung quanh khu vc .

o To iu kin thun li cng nh khuyn khch cc c s sn xut t x l cc
cht thi c hi ca mnh trng khi thi ra mi trng ngoi.

Bgiang Sinh Thai Cong Nghiep Chuong 3F

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Chng 3- nhim mi trng- Tc ng ca nhim

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