Chapter 2 POWER AMPLIFIER V2 (Compatibility Mode)

Chapter 2: Chapter 2:
Power Amplifiers Power Amplifiers

SEE 3263: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
11
Power Amplifiers Power Amplifiers
SEE 3263 POWER AMPLIFIERS
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
Amplifiers main characteristics:
Linearity
Efficiency
Output Power
Signal Gain
2
Generally there are relationship between these
characteristics. Increase the linearity will reduce the
efficiency.
Must plan well before designing an amplifier.
For example, amplifier with higher output power must
be used in transmitter while amplifier with higher
linearity must be used in receiver.
2
AMPLIFIER SYSTEM AMPLIFIER SYSTEM
APPLICATION APPLICATION
33
POWER AMPLIFIER POWER AMPLIFIER
Large signal amplifier.
To deliver large power to the load.
Final stage of an amplifier system.
Able to dissipates large power.
Widely used as audio components in radio, TV
4
Widely used as audio components in radio, TV
receivers, CD/DVD players, PA System etc. The
load in these applications is most often a
loudspeaker which requires considerable power
to convert electrical signals to sound waves.
Sometime used to drive a motor in control
systems.
Used power transistor as the main device.
4
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Categorize according to the percentage
input cycle when amplifier operate in
linear region:
Class A
5
Class A
Class B
Class AB
Class C
Class D
5
6
Collector current waveform of a transistor when amplifier
operating as (a) class A, (b) class B, (c) class AB, and
(d) class C.
6
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIERS CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIERS
Class A amplifiers are biased so that the
entire input waveform is amplified without
clipping.
In other words, the DC bias and level of
7
In other words, the DC bias and level of
input signal are set so the output signal is
unclipped and undistorted.
Can be divided into two configurations i.e
RC-coupled and transformer- coupled.
7
SMALL SMALL--SIGNAL CLASS A SIGNAL CLASS A
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
Is the first stage of
the amplifier system.
Should be biased this
way because the
8
way because the
signal voltage swings
are not great until
later stages.
Biasing in this way reduces the DC supply
current and increases the efficiency of the
entire system.
8
LARGE LARGE--SIGNAL CLASS A SIGNAL CLASS A
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
9
Shows how the later stages of an amplifier
system should be biased.
The midpoint bias is used to allow maximum
signal swing.
The DC current requirement is higher because
of the higher I
CQ
and a higher bias current.
9
Small-signal and large-signal class A
amplifiers operate at 100% duty
cycle.
This means the transistor is ON all
the time and is dissipating power in
10
the time and is dissipating power in
the form of heat.
For this reason, the class A amplifier
is the least efficient of all classes of
amplifiers.
10
OUTPUT SIGNAL SWING OF OUTPUT SIGNAL SWING OF
CLASS A AMPLIFIER CLASS A AMPLIFIER
11 11
COLLECTOR CURRENT COLLECTOR CURRENT
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
12 12
Comprises of AC and
DC components
THE CLASS A Q THE CLASS A Q--POINT POINT
The Q-point should be in the middle of
the AC load line.
For the DC load line, that is no problem
because it is easily to design the class A
amplifier to have a Q-point in the center
13
amplifier to have a Q-point in the center
of the DC load line.
Adding a load will creates the AC load
line superimposed over the DC Q-point.
This will limits the amount of undistorted
output voltage swing.
13
Class A Power Amplifiers
A class A power amplifier class A power amplifier is a large signal amplifier that
operates in the linear region. Ideally, a class A amplifier is
I
c(sat)
I
C
designed to operate in
the center of the ac
14 14
0
I
CQ
I
c(sat)
Q
AC load line
V
CEQ
V
ce(cutoff)
V
CE
DC load line
the center of the ac
load line.
Notice that a class A
amplifier dissipates dc
power even with no
signal. The dc power
dissipated is the product
of I
CQ
and V
CEQ
.
LOAD LINES OF THE CLASS A LOAD LINES OF THE CLASS A
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
15 15
QQ--POINT AT THE MIDDLE POINT AT THE MIDDLE
OF THE AC LOAD LINE OF THE AC LOAD LINE
16 16
QQ--POINT NEAR CUTOFF POINT NEAR CUTOFF
17 17
QQ--POINT NEAR SATURATION POINT NEAR SATURATION
18 18
CLASS A POWER CONSIDERATIONS CLASS A POWER CONSIDERATIONS
19
For this amplifier, the Q-point is not in the center of
the AC load line.
This will limits the output maximum swing without
distortion.
P
DQ
= class A transistor power dissipates in the form
of heat
= V
CEQ
x I
CQ
19
This is the amount of power the class A
biased transistor dissipates whether or not an
AC input signal is present.
This means that the transistor will not
dissipate any more power when the input
signal is present and amplification is taking
place. Why?
Because v
ce
and i
c
increase and decrease by
equal amounts with each alternation of the
20 20
equal amounts with each alternation of the
output signal.
The average AC current is equal to I
CQ
and the
average AC collector-emitter voltage is equal to
V
CEQ
.
From the circuit, P
DQ(max)
= 6V x 60mA = 360mW.
The actual rating of the transistor should be at
least twice this value. A 1Wtransistor is best.
CLASS A OUTPUT POWER CLASS A OUTPUT POWER
(P (P
OUT OUT
= P = P
LL
))
P
L
power that is delivered to the load device
(resistance) in rms.
The maximum rms load voltage is 0.707 or
2
v
) p ( O
v
2

21
Notice that the AC load line limits the maximum
output voltage swing to 3V.
( )
( )
mW 45
) 100 ( 2
3
P
R 2
v
R
2
v
P
2
max L
L
2
) p ( O
L
2
) p ( O
L
= =
=
=
21
For any class A amplifier, the maximum
AC output voltage is either:-
v
o(pp)
= 2 (v
ce(cutoff)
V
CEQ
)
where V
CEQ
V
CC
/2
22
where V
CEQ
V
CC
/2
v
o(pp)
= 2 (V
CEQ
V
CE(SAT)
)
where V
CEQ
V
CE(SAT)
< v
ce(cutoff)
V
CEQ
22
CLASS A DC POWER CLASS A DC POWER (P (P
DC DC
))
Is the amount of power delivered to the
power amplifier from the DC supply
(voltage-divider power excluded). Thus
the DC power is:
P = V x I
23
P
DC
= V
CC
x I
CQ
= 12V x 60mA
= 720mW
This is also the maximum power that is
ever delivered to the amplifier, because
when AC is applied, the average collector
current is equal to I
CQ
.
23
CLASS A POWER CLASS A POWER
EFFICIENCY ( EFFICIENCY ( eta) eta)
Maximum efficiency occurs when the
% 100
P
P
% or
P
P
DC
L
DC
L
= =
24
Maximum efficiency occurs when the
output voltage swing is maximum,
which makes the load power
maximum.
) low very ( % 3 . 6 or 063 . 0
mW 720
mW 45
= =
24
Class A power amplifiers are not particularly
efficient, so they are restricted to low power
applications.
The maximum theoretical efficiency for a class A
amplifier is 0.25 (or 25%) and usually they are
considerably less.
If Q-point is at the middle of the AC load line,
the maximum output voltage swing will be 6V.
25
If Q-point is at the middle of the AC load line,
the maximum output voltage swing will be 6V.
Therefore:
% 25 or 25 . 0
mW 720
W 18 . 0
P
P
W 18 . 0
) 100 ( 2
) 6 (
P
DC
(max) L
(max)
2
(max) L
= = =
= =
25
What is the efficiency of an amplifier that delivers 200 mW
to a load if the power supply is 12 V at 400 mA? 6.7%
(a) If a 3 V
pp
signal is applied to the input, what
voltage do you expect to see at the speaker?
(b) What power is delivered?
V
26
(a) The CC amplifier has a
gain of nearly 1. The output
voltage is nearly equal to
the input = 3 V
pp
.
(b) The power delivered to
the speaker is:
( )
2
2
1.06 V
8
rms
V
P
R
= =
= 140 mW
V
CC
+12 V
Q
1
R1
C
1
C2
R
2
RE
Q2
10 k
22 k
100 F
0.22 F
22
2 W
Vou t
Vin
Speaker
8
For the 3 V
pp
input, what is the input power and
what is the power gain? Assume the Darlington
= 10,000.
V
CC
+12 V
( )
k 15 . 6
R R R R R
L E 2 1 in(tot)
=
=
27
The power gain is:
( )
2
2
( )
1.06 V
6.15 k
rms
in
in tot
V
P
R
= =
= 0.183 mW
Q
1
R
1
C
1
C
2
R
2
R
E
Q2
10 k
22 k
100 F
0.22 F
22
2 W
V
ou t
V
in
Speaker
8
( ) 2 2
6.15 k
1
8
in tot
p v
L
R
A A
R
= =
= 769
28
Determine the power efficiency for the class A
amplifier of figure shown above. Assume
V
CE(SAT)
= 0.2 V.
28
{3.2%} {3.2%}
MATCHING THE LOAD FOR MATCHING THE LOAD FOR
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
The maximum power transfer states that:
Maximum power is delivered to a load
only when the load impedance (resistance)
is equal to the output impedance of the
29
is equal to the output impedance of the
amplifier.
Lets recalculate the power efficiency of
the previous example if the load 600 is
replace with a 100 resistance.
29
{9%} {9%}
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER--COUPLED COUPLED
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
The advantages of transformer-
coupled over RC-coupled are:
transformer able to achieve
impedance matching for maximum
30
transformer able to achieve
impedance matching for maximum
power transfer to the load.
blocks DC voltage/current from
getting to the load resistor.
30
+V
CC
R
L
R
1
R
2
R
S
C
1
V
S
N
P
: N
S
L
2
S
P
L
R
N
N
r
=
+
V
O
-
r
L
IC
VCE
VCC
(V )
Q
AC load line
)
r
1
slope (
L
=
2VCC
(v ( off))
0
0
ICQ
ic(sat)
DC load line
31
Therefore the DC load line is vertical
with slope
From the diagram,
(VCEQ) (vce(cut-off))
CC CEQ
V V =
2
i
I
) sat ( c
CQ
=
Question : Why DC load line vertical?
Answer : At DC, frequency, f = 0 Hz.
Inductive reactance,
= = = 0 L ) 0 ( 2 fL 2 X
L
= =
DC
R
1
and
31
Question : Why V
CEQ
= V
CC
?
CEQ L CQ CC
V X I V + =
CC CEQ
V V =
When the Q-point is at the middle of the AC
= 0 X
L
because
Answer : Since
32
When the Q-point is at the middle of the AC
load line,
CC CEQ ) off cut ( ce
V 2 V 2 v = =
CQ ) sat ( c
I 2 i =
32
33 33
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER--COUPLED MAXIMUM COUPLED MAXIMUM
POWER EFFICIENCY, POWER EFFICIENCY,
MAX MAX
( )
L
2
) p ( o
L
N
R 2
v
P

=
R
N
N
V
r
V
I but
I V I V P
L
2
P
CC
L
CEQ
CQ
CQ CC CC CC DC
= =
= =
34
( )
L
2
CC
2
P
S
L
CC
P
S
) p ( O
R 2
V
N
N
P
V
N
N
v but
=
( )
% 50 or 5 . 0
R
N
N
V
R 2
V
N
N
P
P
N
L
2
S
P
CC
L
2
CC
2
P
S
DC
L
L
S
=
= =
34
(a) R
E
, R
2
and R
1
.
(b) power dissipation in R
E
, R
2
, R
1
and Q when v = 0.
Given: V
CC
= 12 V, I
CQ
= 1 A, h
FE
=
DC
= 100,
V
CE(SAT)
= 2 V, V
E
= 0.1 V
CC
Design an amplifier with i
c
and v
ce
output
swing symmetry at Q-point. Assume DC
current in R
2
is 10 I
BQ
. Determine:
35
V
E
and Q
1
when v
i
= 0.
(c) power dissipation in R
L
and Q
1
when the amplitude of v
i
is
maximum.
(d) R
L
if the turn ratio of the
transformer is
2
N
N
2
1
=
35
CLASS B OPERATION CLASS B OPERATION
36 36
A class B circuit provides an output signal varying
over one-half of the input cycle.
This amplifier is biased at the cutoff point
makes the transistor operates in its linear
region for 180
o
of input signal or at 50%
duty cycle.
37
duty cycle.
For some input power, the class B
amplifier is able to provide very large
power to the load.
Therefore, class B power efficiency is very
much better than the class A amplifier.
37
COMMON-COLLECTOR
CLASS B AMPLIFIER
38
39 39
40 40
To produce the entire waveform, use two
complementary symmetry transistors. Also
known as push-pull class B amplifiers. These are a
matching pair of npn/pnp BJTs using two
emitter-followers and both positive and negative
power supplies.
41 41
CC CC
CC ) OFF ( CE CEQ
CQ
V V
I
V V V
, 0 I
= = =
= =
=
When transistor is OFF
42
CC CEQ AC CQ CEQ ) off ( ce
L
CC
AC
CEQ
CQ ) sat ( c
CC
DC
CC
) SAT ( C
V 0 V R I V v
R
V
0
R
V
I i
0 R
I
= + = + =
+ = + =
= = =
42
AC AND DC LOAD LINES OF CLASS B AC AND DC LOAD LINES OF CLASS B
PUSH PUSH- -PULL AMPLIFIER PULL AMPLIFIER
L
CC
R
V
43 43
CLASS B PUSH AMPLIFIER CLASS B PUSH AMPLIFIER
POWER EFFICIENCY POWER EFFICIENCY
AC load power
( )
L
2
CC
L
2
) p ( O
L AC
R 2
V
R 2
V
P P = = =

DC input power
CC CC DC
I V 2 P = (because of two V
CC
)

44

But I
CC
= I
CQ
+ I
P
sin wt =
L
CC
R
V Ip

Therefore
L
2
CC
DC
R
V 2
P
=
Efficiency % 5 . 78 785 . 0
4
R
V 2
R 2
V
P
P
L
2
CC
L
2
CC
DC
L
= =
= =
44
Determine the power efficiency and the
power dissipation in each transistor when
the peak output voltage, V
o(p)
= 2 V.
+12 V
Q
1
45
-12 V
Q
2
Q
1
80
V
i
t
v
o(p)
45
( )
( )
mW 25
) 80 ( 2
V 2
R 2
v
P
2
L
2
) p ( o
L
=
= = Load power,
) avg ( C CC DC
I V 2 P =
Input power
L
) p ( o ) p ( C
) avg ( C
R
v I
I
= Average current,
) V 2 )( V 12 ( 2
v V 2
46
mW 191
) 80 (
) V 2 )( V 12 ( 2
R
v V 2
P
L
) p ( o CC
DC
=

=
=
Thus,
% 1 . 13 % 100
mW 191
mW 25
% 100
P
P
DC
L
= = =
Power efficiency,
mW 83
2
mA 25 mA 191
2
P P
P
L DC
DQ
=
=
Power dissipation
in each transistor,
46
AVERAGE POWER DISSIPATION IN AVERAGE POWER DISSIPATION IN
EACH TRANSISTOR EACH TRANSISTOR vs vs PEAK OUTPUT PEAK OUTPUT
VOLTAGE OF CLASS B AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE OF CLASS B AMPLIFIER
47
CC
V 2
47
=
2
L DC
DQ
V V V
2
P P
P
0
V
P
) p ( O
DQ
=
P
DQ(maX)
achieved when
48
=
=
=
CC
) p ( O
L
) p ( O
L
CC
) p ( O
DQ
L
) p ( O
L
) p ( O CC
V 2
V
0
R 2
V
R
V
V
P
R 4
V
R
V V
48
L
2
CC
L
CC
CC
(max) DQ
R 4
V 2
R
V 2
V
P
=
( ) ( ) ( )
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
R
V
R
V
R
V 2
=
49
% 100
P
P
DC
L
=
( )
( )
% 50 % 100
2
1
% 100
R
V 2
R
V
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
= =
=
49
If the output voltage of the circuit shown
below is v
o
= 8 sin t V, determine the
maximum power dissipation in each
transistor.
50
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
mW 182
80 4
V 8
80
V 8 V 12
R 4
v
R
v V
P
2
L
2
) p ( O
L
) p ( O CC
(max) DQ
=
=
50
When V
B
= 0 V, both Q
1
and Q
2
is not
conducting. The input signal must equal V
BE
for Q
1
or Q
2
to conduct.
PROBLEMS IN CLASS B PROBLEMS IN CLASS B
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
(a) Crossover Distortion
51
for Q
1
or Q
2
to conduct.
There is a time lap between positive and
negative alternation of input signal when Q
1
or Q
2
conducting.
This time lap will cause a distortion at the
output (crossover distortion).
51
52 52
CLASS AB AMPLIFIER CLASS AB AMPLIFIER
To reduce or eliminate crossover
distortion, both transistors should be
biased slightly into conduction at V
BE
(0.7V).
The amplifier now is no longer operate
53
The amplifier now is no longer operate
as pure class B but instead operating as
class AB.
Class AB push-pull amplifier with
voltage- divider bias configuration is
shown in the next slide.
53
+VCC
Q1
R1
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE--DIVIDER BIAS CLASS DIVIDER BIAS CLASS
AB WITH TWO SUPPLIES AB WITH TWO SUPPLIES
54
-VCC
Q
Q2
+
VO
-
RL
R2
R1
Vi
54
Although class AB operation reduces crossover
distortion in a push-pull amplifier, it has the
disadvantage of reducing amplifier efficiency.
The fact that bias current is always present
means that there is continuous power
dissipation in both transistors.
55 55
It is hard to maintain Q-point stable
for class AB push-pull amplifier with
voltage-divider bias because V
BE
changes when temperature changes.
(b) Thermal Runaway
56
changes when temperature changes.
When temperature increases, V
BE
decreases, will increase thus causing
an increase in I
C
.
56
The increase in I
C
then
causes further increases
in temperature; V
BE
will
further decreases and
the transistor will finally
burnt.
In other words, the class
AB amplifier with
I
C
T3 T1 T2
57
In other words, the class
AB amplifier with
voltage-divider bias will
create thermal runaway
which can destroy the
transistor.
To overcome this, use
class AB amplifier with
diode biasing.
V
BE
0.7 V
57
V
BE
of diodes and
transistors will decrease
by 2.5 mV/
o
C when
temperature increases.
Thermal runaway is
eliminated because the
increase in temperature
will not make I
C
to
increase.
58
C
increase.
The chosen diodes must
match the characteristic
values of V
BE
for the two
transistors.
In a discrete circuit, the
diodes and the
transistors are installed
on the same heat sink.
58
59 59
R
VCC=+12V
If both transistors has V
CE(SAT)
= 2 V, determine:
(i) Maximum peak output voltage, V
O(p)
.
(ii) Maximum output power, P
L(max)
.
(iii) Maximum power dissipation, P
DQ(max)
in both
transistors.
(iv) Power efficiency, when P
DQ
= P
DQ(max)
.
60
Q1
Q2
RL
10
R2
390
R1
390
D1
D2
Vi
VCC=-12V
VO
60
REDUCING THE CROSSOVER REDUCING THE CROSSOVER
DISTORTION WITH NEGATIVE DISTORTION WITH NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK FEEDBACK
v v =
61 61
The diagram shows the buffered class B push-
pull amplifier with negative feedback resulting
in reduced crossover distortion.
i o
v v =
REDUCING THE CROSSOVER REDUCING THE CROSSOVER
DISTORTION WITH NEGATIVE DISTORTION WITH NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK FEEDBACK
F
v
R
1 v
+ =
62 62
The diagram shows the buffered class B push-
pull amplifier with gain.
i
F
o
v
R
R
1 v
+ =
Design a class B push-pull power amplifier
with an output power of 5W and an output
signal swing of 20V(p-p), given that the
input signal swing is 4V(p-p).
63 63
P
L
= 5W, V
o(p)
= 10V, V
i(p)
= 2V
Pick R
F
= 12k
and R = 3k.
4 1 5
R
R
R
R
1 5
V 2
V 10
v
v
A
F
F
) p ( i
) p ( o
V
= =
+ = = = =
But V = (V + 2V) and V = (V + V )
64 64
But V
CC
= (V
i(p)
+ 2V) and V
i(p)
= (V
o(p)
+ V
BE
)
Therefore V
CC
= V
o(p)
+ V
BE
+ 2V = 10 + 0.7 + 2 = 12.7V
Pick V
CC
= 13V.
The output power is
2
I V
P
) p ( o ) p ( o
L
=
A 1
V 10
W 5 2
V
P 2
I
) p ( o
L
) p ( o
=
= =
= = = 10
A 1
V 10
I
V
R
) p ( O
) p ( O
(min) L
The average DC current
drawn from the power
supply is:
A 318 . 0
A 1
I
I
) p ( o
DC
=
=
The DC supply input
power is given by:
W 268 . 8
A 318 . 0 V 13 2
I V 2 P
DC CC DC
=
=
=
65 65
The efficiency is:
% 47 . 60
% 100
W 268 . 8
W 5
% 100
P
P
DC
L
=
=
=
W 268 . 8 =
DARLINGTON CLASS AB DARLINGTON CLASS AB
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
66 66
67
Referring to figure above, if V
BE
= V
D
= 0.7 V, R
1
= R
2
= 1 k, V
CC
=12V
and R
L
= 8,
(a) Name the function of the diodes D
1
, D
2
, D
3
and D
4
(b) Sketch and label the DC and AC load lines.
(c) Calculate the maximum load power.
(d) Determine the DC input power, P
DC
, output power, P
L
and power
efficiency, if the input signal is v
i
= 4 sin t V.
67
CLASS AB PUSH CLASS AB PUSH--PULL PULL
COMPLIMENTARY COMPLIMENTARY--SYMMETRY SYMMETRY
WITH TWO SUPPLIES WITH TWO SUPPLIES
68 68
CLASS AB PUSH CLASS AB PUSH--PULL PULL
MOSFET WITH TWO SUPPLIES MOSFET WITH TWO SUPPLIES
69 69
Troubleshooting Assume a newly constructed
push-pull amplifier shows only
the lower part of the ac signal at
the output. How should you find
the problem?
Let start with dc measurements.
Q
1
V
CC
R
1
+15 V
510
+15 V
70
Q
1
V
S
R
L
V
CC
D
2
D
1
Q
2
15 V
30
R
2
510
Checking the dc voltages:
0.0 V
3.0 V
This is not the expected reading!
Can you figure out a likely problem?
Diode D
2
is likely to be open.
Remove it an test it.
15 V
CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER
Class C amplifiers are biased into conduction
much less than 180
o
.
Never use in any application that need higher
linearity like in audio amplifier because of bad
distortion in the output waveform.
Gives higher efficiency than class A, class B
71
Gives higher efficiency than class A, class B
and class AB because less power dissipated by
the transistor.
They are usually used in RF applications, such
as RF oscillators and modulators or tuned
amplifier at the transmitter.
71
ADVANTAGES OF A CLASS C ADVANTAGES OF A CLASS C
POWER AMPLIFIER POWER AMPLIFIER
High power efficiency ranging from
about 80% to nearly 100%.
Circuit simplicity. Not requiring a
72
Circuit simplicity. Not requiring a
specified bias circuit.
Excellent temperature stability.
No danger of thermal runaway.
72
BASIC CLASS BASIC CLASS C C AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
(NON INVERTING) (NON INVERTING)
73 73
OUTPUT CURRENT IN OUTPUT CURRENT IN
CLASS C AMPLIFIER CLASS C AMPLIFIER
74 74
CLASS C AMPLIFIER BASIC CLASS C AMPLIFIER BASIC
OPERATION OPERATION
The transistor is on when
the input signal exceeds
|V
BB
| + V
BE
. Because class
C amplifiers are biased on
for a small percentage of
time, they can be very
75 75
time, they can be very
efficient.
CLASS C WAVEFORM CLASS C WAVEFORM
76 76
CLASS C POWER CLASS C POWER
DISSIPATION DISSIPATION
The power dissipation of the transistor in a class
C amplifier is low because it is on for only a small
percentage of the input cycles.
77 77
) on ( D
on
) avg ( D
P
T
t
P
=
) SAT ( CE ) SAT ( C ) on ( D
V I P =
A class C amplifier is driven by a 200kHz
signal. The transistor is on for 1 s and the
amplifier is operating over 100% of its load
line. If I
C(SAT)
= 100mA and V
CE(SAT)
= 0.2V,
what is the average power dissipation of the
transistor?
1
78
mW 4
) V 2 . 0 )( mA 100 (
s 5
s 1
V I
T
t
P Therefore
s 5
kHz 200
1
T is, period The
) SAT ( CE ) SAT ( C
on
D(avg)
=
=
=
=
CLASS C MAXIMUM OUTPUT CLASS C MAXIMUM OUTPUT
POWER POWER
R 2
V
P
L
2
) p ( O
L
=
79
% 100
P P
P
P P P
R 2
) avg ( D L
L
) avg ( D L DC
L
+
=
+ =
Suppose the class C amplifier has a V
CC
equal to 24V, R
L
is 100 and P
D(avg)
= 4mW.
Determine the efficiency.
W 88 . 2
) 100 ( 2
) 24 (
R 2
V
P power, oad L
2
L
2
) P ( O
L
= = =
80
% 86 . 99
% 100
mW 4 W 88 . 2
W 88 . 2
% 100
P P
P
, Therefore
) 100 ( 2 R 2
D(avg) L
L
L
=
+
=
+
=
TUNED CLASS C AMPLIFIER TUNED CLASS C AMPLIFIER
81 81
Class C operation is useful in oscillators. The
collector circuit has a parallel resonant circuit
(tank) and oscillations are sustained by the short
pulse of collector current on each cycle.
RESONANCE CIRCUIT RESONANCE CIRCUIT
OPERATION OPERATION
82 82
TANK CIRCUIT OSCILLATION TANK CIRCUIT OSCILLATION
83 83
CLASS C AMPLIFIER WITH CLASS C AMPLIFIER WITH
RESISTIVE LOAD RESISTIVE LOAD
84 84
CLASS C AMPLIFIER WITH LC CLASS C AMPLIFIER WITH LC
LOAD LOAD
85 85
A CLASS C AMPLITUDE A CLASS C AMPLITUDE
MODULATOR MODULATOR
86 86
CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER
Class D is designed to operate with pulse or
digital signals.
Because of its higher efficiency, class D is suitable
to be used as a power amplifier.
Similar to class C amplifier, this higher efficiency
is achieved because the transistor only in
87
Similar to class C amplifier, this higher efficiency
is achieved because the transistor only in
conduction for a short period of time thus
dissipates minimum power.
For class D amplifiers, the input signal, v
i
is
converted into square pulses, then filtered to
obtain the output signal, v
o
that is identical to
the shape of the input waveform.
87
This output signal, v
o
is then used to
drive the load at high power.
Below is the block diagram of the class
D power amplifier.
88 88
The low pass filter is use to change
the amplified pulse signal, v
c
to
sinusoidal output signal, v
o
.
The basic component of the class D
amplifier is the Pulse-Width
89
The basic component of the class D
amplifier is the Pulse-Width
Modulator(PWM) that produced the
square pulse trains, v
c
proportional
to v
i
.
89
v
mg
90
v
i
v
c
90
The diagram shows how PWM produce
the pulse trains, v
c
from sawtooth
generator and voltage comparator.
Note that the peak to peak voltage, v
mg
must be higher than the peak to peak
voltage of v
i
.
91
voltage of v
i
.
Also the frequency for v
mg
must be at
least 10 times the input frequency v
i
.
Because almost all power is transferred
to the load, class D amplifier is said to
have the highest power efficiency of all
classes.
91
POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BOARD
AND TRANSISTOR PIN CONFIGURATION AND TRANSISTOR PIN CONFIGURATION
92 92
Power transistors are rated to handle
(dissipate) a specified amount of power
with a case temperature, T
C
of 25
o
C.
If the case temperature increases during
operation, which of course it will,
transistor must be derated.
POWER RATING AND DERATING POWER RATING AND DERATING
93
transistor must be derated.
The transistor can be derated according to
the derating factor specified by the
manufacturer.
Derating factor is specified as watts per
degree centigrade (above 25
o
C).
P
D(max at operating temp)
= P
D(max at 25 C)
-[(T
C
-
25
o
C).D]
93
POWER DERATING FOR POWER DERATING FOR
2N3055 (NPN), MJ2955 (PNP) 2N3055 (NPN), MJ2955 (PNP)
94
DERATING FACTOR DERATING FACTOR
0.657W/ 0.657W/
o o
C C
The 2N3055 is a very popular high-power
NPN transistor. It is rated for a maximum
power dissipation of 115W at a case
temperature of 25
o
C. The specified derating
factor is 0.657W/
o
C. If the transistors case
temperature reaches 65
o
C during operation,
what is the transistor power rating?
95
P
= P
D(max at 25 C)
-[(T
C
- 25
o
C).D]
= 115W [(65
o
C-25
o
C)x0.657W/
o
C]
= 115W 26.3W
= 88.7W
HEAT SINK HEAT SINK
96 96
To remove dissipated power in the form of heat
from the transistor case quickly as possible.
When power dissipated by the transistor, the heat
produced at the collector-base junction must be
HEAT SINK HEAT SINK
97
produced at the collector-base junction must be
quickly removed into the air.
For small signal amplifier, the surface area of the
transistor is large enough to dissipate the heat
but not for the large signal amplifier.
97
Large power dissipation in the transistor
will increase the collector junction
temperature, T
J
and if greater than
T
J(max)
, the transistor will damage.
T
J(max)
for silicon 150
o
C -
200
o
C
T for germanium 100
o
C -
98
200 C
T
J(max)
for germanium 100
o
C -
110
o
C
Generally, the power transistor is cooled
by three mechanism of heat transfer.
First the heat is transferred to the
collector junction through the
semiconductor material, then through the
transistor case and finally into the air.
98
To increase the flow of heat transfer
quickly from the transistor case to air, add
a heat sink (to increase the surface area).
Average power dissipated by the
transistor is given by:
99
transistor is given by:
T
J
- T
A
=
JA
P
D
99
OHMS LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS OHMS LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR POWER TRANSISTORS FOR POWER TRANSISTORS
100
JA
A J
D
T T
P
=
R
V V
I
2 1

=
100
A transistor can dissipate power of 2W at its
base-collector junction. Junction to case
thermal resistance is 8
o
C/W and case to
ambient thermal resistance is 20
o
C/W.
Ambient temperature is 25
o
C. Determine (a)
junction temperature (b) case temperature.
101
A JA D J
T P T + =
CA JC JA
+ =
W / C 28 W / C 20 W / C 8
o o o
= + =
Junction to ambient thermal resistance,
Junction
temperature,
C 81 C 25 ) W / C 28 )( W 2 (
o o o
= + =
101
D
C J
JC
P
T T +
=
Transistors thermal resistance,
Case temperature,
102
JC D J C
P T T =
C 65 ) W / C 8 )( W 2 ( C 81
o o o
= =
Case temperature,
102
A 2N3055 power transistor dissipates 20W during
operation. The amplifier circuit is designed to operate over
an ambient temperature range of 0
o
C to 80
o
C. The worst
case condition exists when the ambient temperature is
80
o
C. The temperature case to heat sink thermal
resistance is 0.5
o
C/W and the heat sink is rated for a
thermal resistance of 3
o
C/W. Calculate the case
temperature of the transistor for worst case operating
conditions.
103
T
C
= (P
D
.
CA
) + T
A
= (20W x 3.5
o
C/W) + 80
o
C
= 70
o
C + 80
o
C
= 150
o
C
P
= P
D(max at 25 C)
-[(T
C
- 25
o
C).D]
P
D(max at 80 C)
= 115W [(150
o
C-25
o
C)x0.657W/
o
C]
= 115W 82W
= 33W
The transistor is actually dissipating 20W, so the maximum of 33W is a safe
margin.
Class A Class A
Power gain Power gain
A type of amplifier that operates entirely in its
linear (active) region.
The ratio of output power to the input power
of an amplifier.
Selected Key Terms
Efficiency Efficiency
Class B Class B
of an amplifier.
The ratio of the signal power delivered to a
load to the power from the power supply of
an amplifier.
A type of amplifier that operates in the linear
region for 180
o
of the input cycle because it is
biased at cutoff.

Chapter 2 POWER AMPLIFIER V2 (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 2 POWER AMPLIFIER V2 (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 2: Chapter 2:

Power Amplifiers Power Amplifiers

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