BNG TNG KT KIN THC HO HC THPT LUYN THI I HC V CAO NG CH : !

!T LIPIT CH"T B#O CACBOHI$%AT A&IN A&INOA'IT PPTIT P%OTIN POLI&

PH(N I) !T LIPIT CH"T B#O
A* !T
1, Khi nim: L hp cht hu c c c khi thay th
OH trong nhm COOH ca axitcacoxy!ic "ng nhm O#$
2, CTTQ: CxHyO%
x y z x 2 ; 2 ,
ho&c #n'COO(#$m
'm)n *(
+,t -. /0ng 1-t1 th2ng g&p trong i t3p4
5) 6-t1 n ch7c m8h94 #COO#$ ' # *: #$ *;(
CxHyO<
x y x 2 ; 2
5) 6-t1 no) n ch7c) m8h9 #COO#$ ' # *: #$ *;(
CnH<nO< ' n <(
CnH<n < O ' n =(
5) 6-t1 k
o
no) n ch7c) m8h9 CnH<n5*COOCmH<m>* 'n ?:
m<(
CnH<n>*COOCmH<m5* 'n <:
m*(
3, Phn loi: @Aa th1o -. nhm ch7c B cu t0o g.c # B
#$
5) @Aa th1o -. ch7c4 6-t1 n ch7c B 1-t1 a ch7c
5) @Aa th1o cu t0o # B #$4 6-t1 no) 1-t1 khCng no ) 1-t1
thm
4, Danh php:
Tn este = Tn !" #$ % Tn !" a&it #C''(
), *+n phn: Dhi phEn tF c tG =C tr9 !Hn thI 1-t1 c
Jng phEn
CKc Jng phEn thu,c /0ng Jng phEn m0ch C) BiLtri- !i1n
kt ,i) ci- tran- 'nu c(
,- ./ 0+n phn .anh php: MNt BOi hp cht c CPQP
CRHSO<
HCOOCH<CH<CH= 4 propy! Tomat
HCOOCH'CH=(< 4 i-o propy! Tomat C R Jng phEn
1-t1
CH=COOCH<CH= 4 1ty! ax1tat
CH=CH<COOCH= 4 m1ty! propionat1
Uhng BOi CPQP CRHVO< !0i c V Jng phEn ' ; Jng phEn
cu t0o(
Cis 1 t2ans HCOOCHWCHCH= '*( '<(
HCOOCH<CHWCH< '=(
HCOOC'CH=(WCH< 'R( CH=COOCHWCH< ';( CH<WCHCOOCH=
'V(
3, T-nh "h4t ho h5":
a, P67 &89 2a : "h7" este:
5) QX7 thuy1r phEn 1-t1 9 mCi tr2ng kim B mCi tr2ng
axit
Y Prong H
5
4 #COO#$ 5 H<O
+
C t H
0
,
#COOH 5 #$OH
Uu -Zn ph[m ca pX7 ! axit B anco! thI pX7 ! pX7 thu3n
ngh\ch
]@4 CH=COOCH= 5H<O
+
C t H
0
,
CH=COOH 5 CH=OH
Uhng HCOOCHWCH< 5 H<O
+
C t H
0
,
HCOOH 5 CH=CHO
Y Prong OH
>
4 #COO#$ 5 UaOH #COOUa 5 #$OH
QX7 thu^ phEn trong mCi tr2ng ki_m !uCn ! pX7 m,t chi_u
5) QX7 khF 1-t1 "ng tKc nhEn Li`!HR t0o anco!
#COO#$
4 LiAlH
#CH<OH 5 #$OH
;, P67 &89 2a : !" # <= #$
5) Uu # ! H ta c 1-t1 /0ng HCOO%+ !Jng trong ch7c
1-t1 c m,t nhm CH,O ca ch7c an/1hit nHn c pX7 ca
an/1hit
QX7 trKng gng '`gUO=XUH=() khF Cu'OH(<XOH
>
) t
?
C) !m mt
mu //ar< B // D+nOR
5) Uu #)#$ ! g.c no pX7 th ha!og1n
5) Uu #)#$ ! g.c khCng no pX c,ng) trbng hp B
oxxihoa-
5) Uu #)#$ ! g.c thm pX7 th 9 Bcng 1n%1n
B* LIPIT V CH"T B#O
1, Khi nim
Lipit ! cKc hp cht hu c c trong t o -.ng khCng tan
trong nOc nhng tan trong cKc /ung mCi hu c khCng
phEn cAc
2, Phn loi
Lipit c phEn thnh nhi_u !o0i4 ch yu ! cht No) -Kp)
-t1roi/) photpho!ipit) d
3, Ch4t ;>o?
a, Khi nim?
Cht No ! tri1-t1 ca g!ix1ro! B cKc axit No gei chung !
trig!ix1rit
;, CTTQ "@a "h4t ;>o?
CH<OCO#
*
Prong cKc g.c #
*
) #
<
) #
=
! cKc g.c
hi/rocacon
CHOCO#
<
trong cac axit No4
CH<OCO#
=
", ABt s! a&it ;>o ha9 Cp
CH=fCH<g*RCOOH hay C*;H=*COOH 4 axit panmitic
CH=fCH<g*VCOOH hay C*hH=;COOH 4 axit -t1aric
CH=fCH<ghCHWCHfCH<ghCOOH hay C*hH==COOH4 axit o!1ic
CH=fCH<gRCHWCHCH<CHWCHfCH<gRCOOH hay C*hH=*COOH
., T-nh "h4t ho h5"?
Y QhZn 7ng thu^ phEn cht No trong mCi tr2ng axit
CH<OCO#
*
CH<OH #
*
COOH
CHOCO#
<
5 =H<O

CHOH 5 #
<
COOH

CH<OCO#
=
CH<OH #
=
COOH
Y QhZn 7ng thu^ phEn cht No trong mCi tr2ng ki_m 'pX7
x phcng hoK(
CH<OCO#
*
CH<OH #
*
COOUa
CHOCO#
<
5 =UaOH

CHOH 5 #
<
COOUa

CH<OCO#
=
CH<OH #
=
COOUa
Y QhZn 7ng hi/rro hoK
Cht No !ing
+
0
2 , / t Ni H
Cht No rjn
Y QhZn 7ng oxi hoK
CKc cht No c cu t0o khCng no c pX7 oxi hoK 9 cKc !i1n
kt Ci hay a trong phEn tF
PH(N -) &.I LI/N H GI0A HI%OCACBON 1 CC $2N 'U"T CA HI$%OCACBON 3$4N 'U"T HALOGN* ANCOL*
AN$HIT5
'ICLOANKAN A%N
ANKAN 3PA%A6IN5
PH(N 7) CACBOHI$%AT 3GLU'IT5
k) TDn EFan <G "a";ohi.2at?
Khi nim: Cacohi/rat ! cKc hp cht hu c t0p ch7c phEn tF ch7a nhi_u nhm hiroxi '>'HI B cacony! 'JC='5
CKn th7" tDn EFt: CnLH2'Im
Aonosa""a2it: ]l /m nh n!uco%o) Tructo%o '_u c chung CPQP ! CVH*<OV(
Phn loi: QhEn !m = !o0i4 *isa""a2it : ]l /m nh oaccaro%o) +anto%o '_u c chung CPQP ! C*<H<<O**(
Polisa""a2it : ]l /m nh Pinh ,t) x1n!u!o%o ' _u c chung CPQP /0ng 'CVH*?O;(n(
kk) Aonosa""a2it: MlF"oNo <= O2F"toNo?
MPQC'R' O#QCT'R'
CTCT PJn t0i 9 hai /0ng ! m0ch Bcng B m0ch h9
&89: :;: CH<OHfCHOHgRCHWO
&89: <=>?: cu t0o Bcng V c0nh gJm < /0ng !
p>g!uco%o B q>g!uco%o
Prong mri Bcng c * g.c 1'H hemia&etan
PJn t0i 9 hai /0ng ! m0ch Bcng B m0ch h9
&89: :;: CH<OHfCHOHg=CCH<OH
O
&89: <=>?: cu t0o Bcng V c0nh 'p>g!uco%o( B
Bcng ; c0nh 'q>g!uco%o chim ts !t cao( trong Bcng
c * g.c 1'H hemia&etan
T-nh "h4t
ho h5"
T-nh "h4t "hFn:
5) Plnh cht ca anco! a ch7c4 QX7 BOi Cu'OH(< u ph7c Jng mu xanh ' < cht cho < -Zn ph[m(
QX7 BOi anhi/ritaxit u 1-t1 ; ch7c
5) QX7 c,ng H<'UiXt
?
C( u anco! V ch7c ' CH<OHfCHOHgRCH<OH 4 ooito! (
T-nh "h4t 2in:
5) QX7 Cxi hoK 9 ch7c an/Hhit trong phEn tF
QX7 BOi //ar<) //D+nOR) pX7 khF Cu'OH(<XOH)t
?
pX7
trKng 0c '`gUO=XUH=(
5) QX7 !Hn m1n ru4 p
<
-inh hoK -Zn xut anco!
CVH*<OV
enzim men,
<C<H;oOH 5 <CO<
5) QX7 BOi CH=OHXHC! khan u 1t1 m1ty! g!ico%it
u pX7 ch7ng minh g!uco%o co cu t0o m0ch Bcng
PSF T: v mCi tr2ng ki_m Tructo%o \ chuywn hoK
thnh g!uco%o nHn c cKc pX7 tng tA g!uco%o
5) QX7 trKng 0c '`gUO=XUH=() pX7 khF Cu'OH(< trong
mCi tr2ng ki_m un nng
5) xructo%o khCng c khZ nyng !m mt mu //ar<
hay // D+nOR
*iGF "hU Phu^ phEn tinh ,t B x1n!u!o%o 'H
5
) 1n%im(
'CVH*?O;(n 5 nH<O
+
H
nCVH*<OV 'g!uco%o(
kkk) *isa""a2it: Va""a2oNo <= AantoNo?
VWCCW#'R' AWXT'R'
CTCT P0o thnh 9i * g.c p>g!uco%o !i1n kt BOi q>
Tructo%o "ng !iHn kt C* O C<
z z
C ca p>g!uco%o C ca {CWO trong q>
Tructo%o
QhEn tF c nhi_u nhm OH nhng khCng c nhm
OH h1miax1tan nHn khCng chuywn m0ch h9 thnh
Bcng c
P0o thnh 9i < g.c p>g!uco%o !i1n kt BOi nhau
"ng !i1n kt p>*)R>g!ico%it8
QhEn tF c nhi_u nhm >OH Jng th2i c * nhm
>OH h1miax1tan nHn manto%o c khZ nyng chuywn
hoK tG m0ch Bcng thnh m0ch h9 !m xut hitn m,t
nhm anHhit CHO
T-nh "h4t
ho h5"
T-nh "h4t "hFn:
5) QX7 thu^ phEn 'H
5
) t
o
C( t0o cKc mono-accarit
C*<H<<O** 5 H<O
+
H
CVH*<OV 5 CVH*<OV C*<H<<O** 5 H<O
+
H
<CVH*<OV
oaccaro%o g!uco%o Tructo%o +anto%o g!uco%o
5) QX7 BOi Cu'OH(< 9 i_u kitn th2ng t0o ph7c Jng mu xanh !am <C*<H<<O** 5 Cu'OH(< u 'C*<H<*O**(<Cu
5 <H<O
T-nh "h4t 2in: QX7 9 ch7c an/1hit khi chuywn thnh /0ng m0ch h9
5) QX7 c,ng H<XUi)t
?
C
5) QX7 !m mt mu //ar<) //D+nOR
5) QX7 trKng 0c `gUO=XUH=) khF Cu'OH(<XOH
>
) t
o
QX7 BOi CH=OHXHC! khan ch7ng minh manto%o tJn t0i
cu t0o m0ch Bcng
k]) Polisa""a2it: Tinh ;Bt <= &enlFloNo?
TYXH Z[T \]XPQP'R'
C4F to 'CVH*?O;(n
nJm < thnh ph|n ! ami!o%o B ami!op1ctin
5) ami!o%o4 cKc g.c p>g!uco%o !iHn kt BOi nhau
"ng !iHn kt p>*)R>g!ico%it u cu t0o m0ch khCng
phEn nhKnh)chim ts !t thp
5) amip1ctin4 cKc g.c p>g!uco%o !iHn kt BOi nhau
"ng !iHn kt p>*)R>g!ico%it B p>*)V>g!ico%it u cu
t0o m0ch phEn nhKnh)chim ts !t cao trHn S?}
'CVH*?O;(n
~c t0o thnh 9i cKc g.c q>g!uco%o !iHn kt BOi
nhau "ng !iHn kt q>*)R>g!ico%it nHn c cu t0o
m0ch th"ng khCng phEn nhKnh) 7ng /mng w kNo -i
/i ) c 7ng /mng trong -Zn xut t
v mri g.c q>g!uco%o ccn = nhm OH nHn ng2i ta
th2ng Bit x1n!u!o%o /0ng
fCVHhO<'OH(=gn
T-nh "h4t
ho h5"
T-nh "h4t "hFn: QX7 thu^ phEn trong mCi tr2ng axit 'CVH*?O;(n 5 nH<O
men t axit , ,
0
nCVH*<OV
'n!uco%o(
T-nh "h4t 2in:
5) QX7 BOi //k< t0o ph7c mu xanh tlm &c trng
u /ung pX7 ny w nh3n it ra k< B tinh ,t
5) QX7 BOi HUO=&cXH<oOR &c t0o hp cht
x1n!u!oiax1tat ho&c x1n!u!otriax1tat
'fCVHhO<'OUO<(=gn Ho&c fCVHhO< 'OH('OUO<(<gn(
5) QX7 BOi anhiritax1tic t0o 1-t1
fCVHhO<'OH(=gn 5'CH=CO(<O ufCVHhO<'OCOCH=(=gn
5) QX7 BOi ki_m &c !y -Zn ph[m thu c thu^
phEn trong axit c t Bi-co
5) QX7 BOi nOc -ay/1 fCu'UH=(Rg'OH(<
*iGF "hU ~c -Zn xut tG thiHn nhiHn "ng pX7 uang hp ca cEy xanh VnCO< 5 ;nH<O
0
, , t as clorophin
'CVH*?O;(n 5
VnO<
ANKN 3OL6IN5 ANKIN
$2N 'U"T HALOGN
ANCOL AN/HIT @ 'TON
!T A'IT CACBO'YLIC
BNG TNG KT KIN THC HO HC THPT LUYN THI I HC V CAO NG CH : !T LIPIT CH"T B#O CACBOHI$%AT A&IN A&INOA'IT PPTIT P%OTIN POLI&
PH(N A) A&IN A&INOA'IT PPTIT P%OTIN
BB>? C)
A&IN A&INOA'IT
K:DE
>EFG
L hp cht hu c c c khi thay th * hay nhi_u
nguyHn tF H trong UH= "ng * hay nhi_u g.c
hi/rocacon
L hp cht hu c t0p cht phEn tF ch7a Jng th2i
nhm amin 'UH<( B nhm cacoxy! 'COOH(
CTTH
`min n ch7c4 CxHyU ' x *: y
<x 5 =(
`min n ch7c 3c *4 CxHyUH< 'x *) y <x
5 *(
#UH< '# *;(
`min no n ch7c m0ch h94 CnH<n5=U ' n *(
'UH<(a # 'COOH( 'a) *: # *<(
`minoaxit c * UH< B * COOH4 H<U#COOH '#
*<(8
`minoaxit no n ch7c m8h94 H<UCnH<n COOH 'n
*(
I>?
J:K>
Dhi phEn tF c tG <C tr9 !Hn xut hitn Jng phEn
thu,c /0ng Jng phEn m0ch Cacon
]@4 C<HhU c < Jng phEn ! CH=CH<UH<) CH=UHCH=
]Oi C=HU c R Jng phEn ! 'CH=(=U )
CH=CH<CH<UH<) CH=CH'UH<(CH=) CH=UHC<H;
Dhi phEn tF c tG =C tr9 !Hn xut hitn Jng phEn
thu,c /0ng Jng phEn m0ch C) B\ trl nhm ch7c
]@4 ]Oi C=HhO<U c < Jng phEn aminoaxit !
CH=CHCOOH B H<UCH<CH<COOH
UH<
$L>:
J:DJ
*) ]Oi amin 3c *8
5) PHn g.c ch7c 4 PHn g.c # 5 LGE>M
]@4 C<H;UH< 4 1ty!amin) 'CH=(<CHUH<4
i-opropy!amin
5) PHn th8th4 PHn hi/rocacon 5 -. chs B\ trl UH< 5
LGE>M
]@4 C<H;UH< 4 1tanamin) CH=CH'UH<(CH=4 propan><>
amin
<) ]Oi amin 3c < B 3c =8 'ch yu gei th1o tHn
g.c ch7c(
PHn g.c hi/rocacon thay th H trong UH= 5
LGE>M
]@4CH=UHCH=4 im1ty!amin) CH=UHCVH;4
m1ty!ph1ny!amin
ANEOM 5 ]\ trl UH< 5 LGE>PM 5 PHn axit tng
7ng
]@4
H<UCH<COOH4 axit aminoax1ticX axit
amino1tanoicXn!ixin
CH=CH'UH<(COOH 4 axit><>aminopropanoicX a!anin
HOOCCH<CH<CH'UH<(COOH4 `xit><>aminop1ntaioic
`xit><>aminog!utaric
`xit g!utamic

P:K> QP8E 5) QhEn !o0i th1o &c iwm cu t0o ca g.c
hi/rocacon
`min thm ' CVH;UH<() `min khCng thm 'C<H;UH<(
B `min /\ Bcng 'piro!i/in4 (
5) QhEn !o0i th1o 3c ca amin
`min 3c *4 CH=CH<CH<UH< '#UH<(
`min 3c <4 CH=UHC<H; '#*UH#<(
`min 3c =4 'CH=(=U

TR>: 9:SO
:PD :T9
1, T-nh ;aN^ 9UF
CH=CH<UH< 5 HC! CH=CH<UH=C!
CH=CH<UH=C! 5 UaOH CH=CH<UH< 5 UaC! 5 H<O
2, P67 <_i .. HX'26HCl
5) ]Oi amin 3c *8
`min khCng thm #UH< 5 HO>UO #OH 5 U< 5
H<O
`min thm
HCl HNO / 2 +u.i ia%oni
CVH;UH< 5HO>UO 5HC!
C C
0 0
5 0
CVH;U

UC!5<H<O
5) ]Oi amin 3c <
HCl HNO / 2 nitroamin 'm8Bng(
'CH=(<UH 5 HOUO 'CH=(<UUWO 5 H<O
5) ]Oi amin 3c =
`min k
o
thm k
?
pX7 BOi HUO< ho&c nu c pX7 thI
cng t0o thnh mu.i khCng _n / \ thu^ phEn
`min thm
HCl HNO / 2 -Zn ph[m th 9 nhEn 1n%1n
'CH=(<UCVH;
HCl HNO / 2 p 'CH=(<UCVHRUO 5 H<O
3, P67 an`9l ho amin L nn ;a" aminI
CH=UH< 5 CH=k CH=UHCH= 5 Hk
CH=UHCH= 5 CH=k 'CH=(=U
4, P67 : <bn ;enNen <_i "" amin th^m
CVH;UH< 5 =ar< <)R)Var=CVH<UH< trjng 5 Har
1, T-nh "h4t lScn t-nh?
H<U#COOH 5 HC! C!H=U#COOH
H<U#COOH 5 UaOH H<U#COOUa 5 H<O
2, P67 2in : nhdm eXH2 L%HX'26HClI
H<U#COOH 5 HOUO
HCl
HO#COOH 5 U< 5 H<O
3, P67 2in : nhdm 1C''H Leste hoI
H<U#COOH 5 #$OH
SO H 4 2 H<U#COO#$ 5 H<O
4, P67 t2fn nSn to polime % H2'
nH<H'CH<(;COOH
xt p t , ,
0
f>UH'CH<(;CO>gn 5 nH<O
), A: 2Bn <G mKi t2Sgn "@a mBt s! "h4t
a W pH W h mCi tr2ng trung
tlnh
#'COOH( a { pH { h mCi tr2ng a%
'UH<(a a pH h mCi tr2ng axit
#'COOUa( 5 'a5(HC! #'COOH( 5 UaC!
'UH<(a 'UH=C!(a

+Ci tr2ng ki_m 'pH { h( +Ci tr2ng axit 'pH
h(
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
+Ci tr2ng axit 'pH h( +Ci tr2ng a% 'pH { h(

#'COOH( 5'a5(UaOH#'COOUa(5aUaC! 5
'a5(H<O
'UH=C!(a 'UH<(a

EUV 9:W 5) `nky! hoK UH= "ng #k
UH=

+RI
#UH<

+RI
#UH#

+RI
#=U
BB>? -)
PPTIT P%OTIN
K:DE
>EFG
L hp cht hu c phEn tF c tG <>;? g.c p
aminoaxit !i1n kt BOi nhau "ng cKc !i1n kt p1ptit
L nhng po!im1 cao phEn tF c kh.i !ng mo!
khoZng hng ngn hng tritu BC
CTCT ]l /m cho m,t churi trip1ptit
L i H n k t p 1 p t i t

H<UCHCOXNH CH<COXNHCHCOOH
CH= CH=

`minoaxit |u U aminoaxit |u C
I>?
J:K>
Dhi phEn tF c tG < g.c p aminoaxit khKc nhau tr9
!Hn
]l /m4 ]Oi < p aminoaxit ! g!y B a!a c < Jng
phEn
H<UCH<COUHCH'CH=(COOH 4 g!y a!a
H<UCH'CH=(COUHCH<COOH 4 a!a g!y
P:K> QP8E QhEn thnh hai !o0i
5) O!igop1ptit4 phEn tF ch7a tG <>*? g.c p
aminoaxit
5) Qo!ip1ptit4 phEn tF ch7a tG **>;? g.c p
aminoaxit
QhEn thnh hai !o0i
5) Qrot1in n giZn4 t0o tG cKc g.c p aminoaxit
!i1n kt BOi nhau "ng !iHn kt p1ptit
5) Qrot1in ph7c t0p 4 aao gJm prot1in n giZn kt
hp thHm m,t Bi thnh ph|n phi prot1in nh !ipit)
axit nuc!1ic
TR>: 9:SO
<YO QR
L cht rjn) c B\ nget) tan t.t trong nOc 5) L cht rjn) tJn t0i 9 hai /0ng ! -i B c|u
@0ng -i4 ]@4 tc) mng tay khCng tan trong
nOc
@ang c|u4]@4 h1mog!oin) aumin '!cng trjng tr7ng(
Pan trong nOc t0o // k1o
5) Dhi un nng ho&c nhi // axit 'ki_m( Bo thI xut
hitn -A Cng tm
TR>: 9:SO
:PD :T9
1, P67 m=F ;iF2e Lp67 <_i CFL'HI2I P0o hp
cht c mu tlm &c trng
LZV [: Chs c cKc p1ptit c tG < !iHn kt p1ptit tr9
!Hn mOi c khZ nyng t0o ph7c BOi Cu'OH(<
2, P67 thFh phn LmKi t2Sgn H
%
, mKi t2Sgn
'H
e
I
Y) Phu^ phEn trong mCi tr2ng axit p
aminoaxit
H<UCH<COUHCH'CH=(COOH 5 <H<O
enzim

enzim
H<UCH<COOH 5 H<UCH'CH=(COOH
Y) Phu^ phEn XmCi tr2ng ki_m +u.i ca p
aminoaxit
H<UCH<COUHCH'CH=(COOH 5 <UaOH
C t
0


C t
0
H<UCH<COOUa 5 H<UCH'CH=(COOUa 5 <H<O
1, P67 thFh phn LmKi t2Sgn H
%
, mKi t2Sgn
'H
e
I
2, C" p67 m=F
Y) QX7 BOi HUO= &cXH<oOR&c kt ta mu Bng
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) Qo!im1 c cu t0o i_u ho B khCng i_u ho
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Cao -u c!opr1n
BNG TNG KT KIN THC HO HC THPT LUYN THI I HC V CAO NG CH : NITb* PH.T PHO* CACBON* !ILIC V &cT !. H^P CH"T HUAN T%NG CA
CHdNG
NITb PHOTPHO CACBON !ILIC
Ve OfR
<g 9SV
O8P
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trong aPH
> CaKu hInh 1!1ctron 4 *-
<
<-
<
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=
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'U U(
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CHP khoEng cc
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>CaKu hInh 1!1ctron 4 fU1g=-
<
=p
=
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12C:1s
2
2s
2
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2
C thuc chu k 2 nhm !", # s$ 12 %&n' h( th$n' tu)n
hon*
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chu ky = trong aPH
> CaKu hInh 1!1ctron 4 *-
<
<-
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=-
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TR>:
9:SO
VYO LR
La chaKt khl khoEng mau ) khoEng mui )
khoEng Bc )th+ hCi nh1 hCn k8khl ) hoba
!ong C > *V
?
C) hoba raNn4><*?
?
C Pan
raKt lt trong nCbc ) khoEng /uy trI -
chaby Ba - -oKng 8
Qhotpho cob < /ang thu hInh !a QtraNng Ba
Q o
P:hO J:P Ofi>? P:hO J:P jk
5) @ang tinh th1 /o
phaEn t QR
5) DhoEng mau
hoac Bang nhat
gioKng nh -abp 8
5) #aKt oc) gaEy
ong nang khi rCi
Bao /a8
5) DhoEng tan trong
nCbc nhng tan
trong /ung moEi hu
cC 4 CVHV ) 1t1 8 8 8
5) D1bm 1n t
chaby trong khoEng
khl C i1u ki1n
thCng
@ang Qo!im1
5) ChaKt ot mau
o
5) DhoEng oc
5) DhoEng tan trong
aKt ky /ung moEi
nao
5) a1n trong khoEng
khl C i1u ki1n
thCng ) 1n hCn Q
traNng 8
5) Dhi un nobng
khoEng cob khoEng
khl Q o Q traNng
5) Q traNng hoat
ong hCn Q o
Kim cng
Cu t,-c: ./ 01(n 23u*
.4nh cht: 5h#n' mu, kh#n' 06n nh1(t, 21(n* 7t c/n'
Than ch
Cu t,-c :89p
.4nh cht : :;m 2<n c ;nh k1m* =6n 21(n kh; t$t* C;c 89p
0> %on' ,?*
Fuleren
@Am c;c phn t CB0, CC0 c 0n' $n' hoDc c)u*
e Cof hai .akn thFl hmnh 4 Pinh th1 Ba
BoE cnh hInh 8
> oi!ic tinh th1 cob caKu trubc gioKng
cacon ) mau xabm cob abnh kim) /an
i1n ) t
?
nXcW *R<?
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?
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C 8 Cob tlnh
abn /an 8
> oi!ic BoE cnh hInh !a chaKt ot mau
naEu 8
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=+g 5 U< +g=U< '+agi1 Uitrua (
- ) TR>: o:pq 4

nhi1t o =???
?
C 'hoac ho
uang i1n ( 4
U< 5 O< <UO

Dhl UO khoEng 1n 4
<UO 5 O< <UO<

Cabc oxit khabc nh U<O ) U<O= ) U<O;

khoEng i1u ch1K trc ti1Kp t nitC
Ba oxi 8
C) TfLr>? O:LnE O:EsK> >:EsK> 4
> dang t do 4 chi1Km khoang S?}
th1 tlch khoEng khl ) ton tai < ong Bc 4
*R
U ')V=}( )
*;
U'?)=h}( 8
> dang hp chat ) nitC cob nhi1u trong
khoabng Bat UaUO= '@i1Em ti1Eu ( 4 co
cob trong thanh phan cua prot1in ) axit
nuc!1ic ) 8 8 8 Ba nhi1u hCp chaKt hu cC
thi1En nhi1En 8
- tEsgV 9:sD 4
L) TfP>? 9PK>? >?:EsuJ 4
> Chng caKt phaEn oan khoEng khl !ong )
C) TR>: PNE :PnL 4
Pabc /ung BCbi mot -oK kim !oai manh
' D) Ua ) Ca ) +g 8 8 8(
<Q

5 =Ca
o
t
Ca=Q<
- TR>: o:pq 4
> Pabc /ung BCbi cabc phi kim hoat ong
nh oxi )ha! ) !u huynh Ba cabc chaKt
oxihoba manh khabc
L) Taf" .Fkn <Kfi o&i :

Thieu oxi 4 RQ 5 =O< <Q<O=

D oxi 4 RQ 5 ;O< <Q<O;

8 Taf" .Fkn <Kfi "lo 4
Dhi cho c!o i ua photpho >nobng chay

Thieu clo 4 <Q

?
5 =C!<
<QC!=

D clo 4 <Q
?
5 ;C!<
<QC!;

Q cung tabc /ung BCbi o khi un nobng

tao thanh iphotphotri-unTua Q<o= Ba
iphotpho p1nta-unTua Q<o; 8
C T2on tok nhien:

DhoEng cob Q /ang t /o4

PhCng C /ang muoKi cua axlt

photphpric 4 cob trong uang apatit Ca;x'QOR(=
Ba photphoric Ca='QOR(<8

Cob trong proti1n thc Bat ) trong xCng )

raHng ) aNp thct ) t1K ao nao ) 8 8 8 cua
ngCi Ba ong Bat 8
- 8 pie=F "he:

aang cabch nung hon hCp Ca='QOR(<) oiO<

Ba than C *<??
?
C 8
1. Tnh oxi ho
?* Tc dng vi hiro C E 2F2
Gt , t
o
CF4
%* Tc dng vi kim loi 4"8 E HC
o
t
"84CH
2. Tnh kh
a. Tc !n" #$i oxi C E I2
o
t
CI2
NJu th1Ju oG1 CI2 E C
o
t
2CI
%. Tc !n" #$i ch&t oxi ho
C E 4FNIH 2Dc
o
t
CI2 E 4NI2 E 2F2I
C ) TfP>? O:EsK> >:EsK> 4

Dim cCng Ba than chI !a cacon t /o

gan nh tinh khi1Kt) ngoai ra con cob trong
khoabng Bat8
- ) tEsgV 9:sD 4

Kim "oKn nhan tako Xc t than chI )

ang cabch nung C =???
?
C Ba abp -uaKt h?
*?? nghIn atm trong thCi gian /ai

Than "hm 4 nung than coKc C <;?? =???

?
C
trong !o i1n khoEng cob khoEng khl 8

Than "o" 4 Uung than mC C *???

*<;?
?
C )trong !o i1n ) khoEng cob khoEng
khl 8
C) TR>: PNE :PnL
QX/ BCbi kim !oai 4 ' Ca ) +g ) x1 8 8 8( C
nhi1t o cao 8
<+g 5 oi
?
+g<oi 'magi1 -i!ixua(
-) TR>: o:pq :
X Taf" .Fkn <Kfi phi `im :
nhiet o thng 4 oi
?
5 <x<
oixR
Khi un nong 4 oi
?
5 O< oiO<
oi
?
5 C oiC
- Taf" .Fkn <Kfi hKkp "hat 4
oi
?
5 <UaOH 5 H<O

Ua<
4 +
Si
O= 5 <H<
C) TfLr>? O:LnE O:EsK> >:EsK> 4
K oi!ic chi1Km gan <);} khoKi !Cng
Bo trabi aKt ) ton tai C /ang hCp
chaKt 'cabt ) khoabng Bat -i!icat )
a!umino-i!icat (
oi!ic con cob trong cC th1 ngCi Ba
thc Bat 8
2? pie=F "he 4
T!ong phong th" nghie# 4
oiO< 5 <+g oi 5 <+gO8
T!ong co$ng nghiep 4
thu nitC C >*V
?
C ) Ban chuy1n trong
cabc Inh th1bp ) n1bn /Cbi abp -uaKt *;?
at 8
v) TfP>? J:Pw>? O:R >?:EsuG 4
> un /ung /cch ao hoa muoKi amoni
nitrit ' Hon hCp UaUO< Ba UHRC! ( 4
UHRUO<
0 t
u U< 5 <H<O 8
Ca='QOR(< 5 =oiO< 5 ;C =CaoiO= 5 <Q 5
;CO

HCi Q thoabt ra ngng tu khi !am !anh ) thu

uCc Q C /ang raNn

Than oq 4 Dhi oKt chaby go trong i1u

ki1n thi1Ku khoEng khl 8

Than mFori 4 CHR C 5 <H< 8

Than mos 4 Dhai thabc trc ti1Kp t cabc

Ba than
oiO< 5 <C oi 5 <CO8
BNG TNG KT KIN THC HO HC THPT LUYN THI I HC V CAO NG CH : NITb* PH.T PHO* CACBON* !ILIC V &cT !. H^P CH"T HUAN T%NG CA CHdNG
AMONA! N"# M$% AMON A&T NT'! () M$% NT'AT * A&T +"OT+"O'! () M$, +"OT+"AT "-+ !".T !/A !A!0ON () 12!
!34
T5O
+"3N
T6
AMONA! N"#
> QhaEn t UH= cob caKu tao 8 mt t/ 01(n 23u
> QhaEn t UH= !a phaEn t phaEn cc 8
A&TNT'! "NO# A&T +"OT+"O'!
Lhotpho c s$ oG1 ho; E5
M$, +"OT+"AT
K Mu$1 photph?t LI4
HK
K Mu$1 h12,ophoph?t FLI4
2K
K Mu$1 21h12,ophotph?t F2LI4
K
T7N"
!".T
(8T
29
Amoniac 8 cht kh4, kh#n' mu, mN1 kh?1 G$c v t?n
,t nh13u t,on' nO9c*
Mu:i amoni 8 cht 21(n 81 mnh v t?n nh13u t,on'
nO9c*
A&T NT'!
K "G1t n1t,1c 8 cht 8Pn' kh#n' mu, t?n v# hn t,on' nO9c*
> La chaKt !ong khoEng mau
> aoKc khobi manh trong khoEng khl am
> `xlt nitric khoEng 1n ) phaEn huy * phan
RHUO= R UO< 5 O< 5 <H<O
M$% NT'AT
@1 tan trong nCbc Ba chaKt i1n !y manh
8trong /ung /cch ) chubng phaEn !y hoan toan
thanh cabc ion 8
A;i< =ho< =horic
Q cht ,Rn S 0n' t1nh th+ kh#n' mu*N t?n v# hn t,on'
nO9c
"-+ !".T !/A !A!0ON
A* !O
CI 8 kh4 kh#n' mu, kh#n' mN1, kh#n' vT*, ,t 2c*
0* !O>
K5hl khoEng mau) nang hUn k8khl) tan lt trong
nCbc8
> Lam !anh ot ngot C hV
?
C CO< hoba
thanh khoKi raNn goi >pxn9 yLn o:PK cob
hi1n tCng thaHng hoa 8
!?! "-+ !".T !/A 12!
!EQE9 yEPNEO 3!EO-5 4
> oiO< C /ang tinh th1 nguy1En t mau
traNng raKt cbng) khoEng tan trong
nCbc )t
?
nXcW*h*=
?
C) t
?
-W <;?
?
C 8
> Prong thi1En nhi1En chu y1Ku C /ang
khoabng Bat thach anh ) khoEng mau trong
-uoKt goi !a pha !1E thi1En nhi1En 8
T7N"
!".T
"O?
"@!
AMONA!
1.Tnh baz yu
a. Tc !n" #$i n'$c
NFH E F2I NF4
E
E IF
K
%. Tc !n" #$i (n" )ch m(*i
"8C8H E HNFH E HF2I "8VIFWH E HNF4C8
c. Tc !n" #$i axit
NFH E FC8 NF4C8
2. Tnh kh
a. Tc !n" #$i oxi 4NFH E HI2
o
t
2N2 E BF2I
%* .;c 0Xn' v91 c8o 2NFH E HC82 N2 E BFC8
M$% AMON
C) TLn9 zVr>? <xnE vL{x oEsgG 4
UHR
5
5 OH
>
UH= 5 H<O
5) Qhan bng nay /ung 1 i1u ch1K
UH= trong QPU 8
5) Qhan bng nay /ung 1 nhan i1Kt
muoKi amoni 8
- P:Lq> pn>? >:EsuO J:LK> :
Dhi un nobng cabc muoKi amoni /1 c
nhi1t phaEn )tao thanh nhng -an
pham khabc nhau 8
NF4C8
o
t
NFH E FC8 V1W
VNF4W2CIH
o
t
NF4 E NF4FCIH V2W
NF4FCIH
o
t
NFH E F2I ECI2 VHW
NF4NI2
o
t
N2 E 2F2I V4W
NF4NIH
o
t
N2I E 2F2I V5W
a? AFoi amoni tako ;Ksi a&-t `hon
"of t-nh o&ihofa :
Dhi un nobng c phaEn huy thanh
amoniac Ba axit
%" du : UHRC!'r ( UH='k( 5 HC!'k( 8
HC! 5 UH= UHRC!
;? AFoi tako ;Ksi a&-t "of t-nh
o&ihofa 4
> Uh axlt nitrC ) axlt nitric khi c nhi1t
phaEn cho ra U< hoac U<O Ba nCbc 8
%" du 4 UHRUO< U< 5 <H<O 8
UHRUO= U<O 5 <H<O
A&TNT'!
1. Tnh axit
K Qm Yu t4m ho; 2P FNIH F
E
E NIH
K
K .;c 0Xn' v91 %?ZU
FNIH E N?IF N?NIH E F2I
K .;c 0Xn' v91 oG1t %?ZU
2FNIH E M'I M'VNIHW2 E F2I
K .;c 0Xn' v91 mu$1
2FNIH E C?CIH C?VNIHW2 E F2I E CI2
2. Tnh oxi ho
a. Tc !n" #$i +im lo,i
Cu E 4FNIH V2DcW CuVNIHW2 E 2NI2 E 2F2I
Cu E 4F
E
E 2NIH
K
Cu
2E
E 2NI2 E 2F2I
HCu E [FNIH V8o\n'W CuVNIHW2 E 2NI E 4F2I
HCu E [F
E
E 2NIH
K
HCu
2E
E 2NI E 4F2I
K FNIH t;c 0Xn' v91 h)u hJt c;c k1m 8o1 Vt,] "u, LtW oG1
ho; k1m 8o1 2Jn m/c c?o nht, kh#n' '1&1 phn' h12,o*
K NJu FNIH 8o\n' th^ to thnh N2, NI, N2I, NF4NIH*
K FNIH 2Dc n'u1 thX 2n' v91 nh#m, sRt, c,#m*
%. Tc !n" #$i phi +im
BFNIH V2DcWE _
o
t
F2_I4 E BNI2 E 2F2I
5FNIH V2DcW E L
o
t
FHLI4 E 5NI2 E F2I
c. Tc !n" #$i h-p ch&t
H`<I E 10FNIH H`<VNIHWH E NI E 5F2I
M$% NT'AT
2. Phn ng nhit phn
5NIH
o
t
5NI2 E I2 V.] 2)u 0\a 21(n ho; +g(
CuVNIHW2
o
t
CuI E 2NI2 E
2
1
I2 V.] M'CuW
F'VNIHW2
o
t
F' E 2NI2 E I2 VC;c k1m 8o1 aJuW
3. Nhn bit !u"i nit#at
HCu E25NIH E4F2_I4 HCu_I4 E52_I4E2NI E 4F2I
HCu E 2NIH
K
E [F
E

o
t
HCu
2E
E 2NI E 4F2I
A&T +"OT+"O'!
1. Tnh axit
FHLI4 F
E
E F2LI4
K
F2LI4
K
F
E
E FLI4
2K
FLI4
K
F
E
E LI4
HK
K =un' 0Tch FHLI4 c 2)a 2b t4nh cht cb? mt ?G1t, n 8
mt ?G1t c 2 mnh t,un' %^nh v 8 mt cht 21(n 81 aJu*
K L// v91 chc thT, %?ZU, oG1t %?ZU, mu$1, k1m 8o1 t,O9c F*
2. T$ %&ng '(i %ung %)$h ki*!
FHLI4 E N?IF d N?F2LI4 E F2I V1W
FHLI4 E 2N?IF d N?2FLI4 E F2I V2W
FHLI4 E HN?IF d N?HLI4 E HF2I VHW
eDt k f nN?IF/nFHLI4
NJu k g 1 th^ G&a ,? V1W
NJu 1h k h 2 th^ G&a ,? V1W v V2W
NJu kf 2 th^ G&a ,? V2W
NJu 2h k h H th^ G&a ,? V2W v VHW
NJu ki H th^ G&a ,? VHW
3. +xit photpho#i$ kh,ng th- hin tnh oxi ho !.nh nh/
axit nit#i$
M$% +"%T +"?T
* TAnh <an
K .t c& c;c mu$1 photph?t, h12,ophoph?t 23u kh#n' t?n t,]
photph?t k1m 8o1 k13m v ?mon1* !91 c;c k1m 8o1 kh;c chc
c mu$1 21h2,ophoph?t 8 t?n*
;? Phasn ofn thFs9 phan :
Cabc muoKi photphat tan c thuy phaEn trong
/ung /cch 4
VR $Vr4
Ua=QOR 5 H<O Ua<HQOR 5 UaOH
QOR
=>
5 H<O HQOR
<>
5 OH
>
8
@ung /cch cob moEi trCng ki1m
* NhBn CiD<
"'NIH E N?HLI4 d "'HLI4 j E HN?NIH
"'
E
E LI4
HK
d "'HLI4 j
mu vn'
AE !O kkm hot 2n' S nh1(t 2 thOln' ,c t4nh kh*
1. 0a$bon !onoxit 12 oxit kh,ng t.o !u"i
2. Tnh kh
.;c 0Xn' v91 oG1* 2CIEI2
o
t
2CI2 F h 0
.;c 0Xn' v91 oG1t k1m 8o1
HCI E `<2IH
o
t
HCI2 E 2`<
0E !O>.
0a$bon 3ioxit 12 oxit axit
./ Tc !n" #$i n'$c. CI2VkWE F2IV8WF2CIHV00W
./ Tc !n" #$i +i0m.
CI2 E N?IFd N?FCIH V1W
CI2 E 2N?IF dN?2CIH E F2I V2W
eDt k f nIF
K
/nCI2
NJu k g 1 th^ G&a ,? ph&n /n' V1W*
NJu 1 h k h 2 th^ G&a ,? ph&n /n' V1W v V2W*
NJu k i 2 th^ G&a ,? ph&n /n' V2W*
E, .;c 0Xn' v91 oG1t %?ZU Vk13mW
CI2 E C?I d C?CIH
E, CI2 p// v91 k1m 8o1 mnh S nh1(t 2 c?o
CI2 E 2M' 2M'I E C
&UOI CACBONAT :
C TR>: 9:LDO 9VqL GVPDE 9L9vP>LO
a? T-nh tan 4
>+uoKi trung hoa cua kim !oai ki1m 'tr
Li<CO=( amoni Ba cabc muoKi axit /1 tan trong
nCbc 'tr UaHCO=( 8
K +uoKi caconat trung hoa cua cabc kim !oai
khabc khoEng tan hoac lt tan trong nCbc 8
;?Taf" .Fkn <Kfi a&-t 4 HCO=
>
5H
5

CO< 5H<O 8
CO=
<>
5<H
5
CO< 5
H<O 8
"? Taf" .Fkn <Kfi .Fn .b"h `ie=m
HCO=
>
5 OH
>
CO=
<>
5 H<O 8
.? Phasn ofn nhiert phan 4
K +uoKi caconat trung hoa cua ki1m
1u 1n BCbi nhi1t
> Cabc muoKi khabc Ba muoKi axit /1 c
phaEn huy S t
o
c?o
V$ 4 +gCO= +gO 5 CO< 8
<UaHCO= Ua<CO= 5 CO< 5 H<O
Ca'HCO=(< CaCO= 5 CO< 5
H<O 8
B !UNG TIP PH(N CC H^P CH"T HUAN T%ONG CA CACBON V
!ILIC
- &PuO |PD GVPDE 9L9vP>LO }VL> OfPr>?
> CL>NE9L9vP>LO 3CLCO7 5 4
La chaKt ot nh1 mau traNng ) Cc /ung !am chaKt on trong !u
hoba Ba mot -oK nghanh coEng nghi1p 8
> NLOfE 9L9vP> o:L> 3NL-CO75 La chaKt ot mau traNng ) tan nhi1u
trong nCbc '/ang tinh th1 Ua<CO= 8*?H<O( Cc /ung trong coEng
nghi1p thuy tinh ) o goKm ) ot giat 8 8 8
> NLHCO7 4
La tinh th1 mau traNng hCi lt tan trong nCbc ) Cc /ung trong coEng
nghi1p thc pham ) y hoc 8
"-+ !".T F$AN T'@NG !/A 12!
C* !EO- H1ilic dio;i<I
K Pal o&it a&it ) tan cham trong /ung /cch ki1m ac nobng ) tan nhanh
trong ki1m nobng chay hoac caconat trong kim !oai ki1m nobng chay
8
]@ 4 oiO< 5 <UaOH Ua<oiO= 5 H<O8 oiO< 5 Ua<CO= Ua<oiO= 5 H<O8
>Tan t2on a&it tohin2i":
oiO< 5 RHx oixR 5 <H<O8 _1I2 E 2M'
o
t
_1 E 2M'I
- ANEO |EQENE9 <Lw GVPDE |EQE9LO 4
L) W&it sili&i"LH2Vi'35
K La chaKt C /ang k1Kt tua k1o ) khoEng tan trong nCbc ) un nobng /1
maKt nCbc
H<oiO= oiO< 5 H<O 8
> H<oiO= khi -aKy khoE maKt nCbc tao -i!icag1n 4 /ung 1 hubt am Ba
haKp phu nhi1u chaKt 8
> H<oiO= !a axit raKt y1Ku 4 Ua<oiO= 5 CO< 5 H<O H<oiO= 5 Ua<CO=
v) &VPDE |EQE9LO 4
> +uoKi cua kim !oai ki1m tan Cc trong nCbc)cho moEi trCng ki1m 8
> @ung /cch ac Ua<oiO= Ba D<oiO= goi !a thuy tinh !ong 8
> ]ai hoac go tam thuy tinh !ong -1 khob c chaby )Phuy tinh !ong
Cc /ung 1 ch1K k1o /abn thuy tinh Ba -b
C1N2 H3C HO4 H56 C7888
R9 nha( i h:c h;( c<
=&y n>m c?n" s@c %Ay "iB thCnh th<i
Th(yDt c&( t,o E th(Fc rGi
HGn" phAn ta c@ mIc Bi #iDt ra
=&y lo,i m,ch cJ A( xa
=,ch nhnh/ m,ch thKn"/ l(Gn L(a m,ch #Mn"
LiNn +Dt %Fi phJn" lon" nhon"
NhJm thD cOn" ch,y "Pn tron" Qnh n"oRi
HGn" Kn" cRn" S hTi ai
C&( t,o &y CHU/ thNm #Ro
VhAn "*c tQnh ch&t ra saoW
XYt liNn +Dt cJ phCn @n" nRo xCy ra
VhCn @n" thD thZt +hYo lR
H#[liNn +Dt <n ta m$i \]^
H?i %a liNn +Dt thZt h'
Tc nhAn cFn" chKn" ch_n ch] cFn" n"ay
XMe %Rn tay/ Dm n"Jn tay
`]a thD #]a cFn" Ay nRy "*c th<m
an L(R cOn" chKn" %bn" c<m
Th@c >n cc mJn phCi <m 9 _y
NhJm )nh ch&t thcc lPm thay
[OH lR r'-(/[O nRy ete
[COO[ dn" este
COOH[ #0 phe ch&t nRoW
Aci S nh$ lRm sao8
NhJm [CO[ l,i "Pn #Ro xeton
HIc %iet hEy nh$ phenol
Vhenyl fCgHh[i "Pn #$i "*c ol i(g +j
Anehit[car%onyl
Amin ch&t &y hEy nhkn nitrof[N[i
NRo tinh %Ft nRo cell(lose
Vrotit/ polyme/ lipit/ "l(cose/ nRo 'Bn"
=&y ch&t nRy cOn" nh$ l(?n
H:c th(Fc xem +l chKn" %(Gn ldc thi
R9 nha(m H;( c< h:c i
CJ ?n l(yen +l Pt thk lNn cA(n
\C?n" lNnh chKn" L(Cn %ao lA(
N"Ry nay n'$c %,c n"Ry sa( c<m #Rn"^
uuuXMvX XMw TxXH yzQ uuu
ND( em lR axit
Anh xin lRm %az<
Ho yN( Dn %&t n"B
HDn tr(n" hoR +h?n" +)p8
pm thQch lRm axit
CJ #) cht #) ch(a
Nh' ' #) tknh yN(
qh?n" n":t n"Ro 'Bn" mZt.
TQnh +hQ em Ic %iet
HA( chr cJ prot?n
Anh nRo %iDt tron" em
Ch@a %ao nhiN( H
.
Tknh yN( Rnh cho em
=,nh h<n lcc axit/
ThPn" cC lcc %az<
Ho Dn tZn %Ay "iB
`sn tr(n" hoR +h?n" +)p.
&cT VI PH~bNG PHP GII NHANH TON T%C NGHI& T LU]N HO HC V CC V $ &INH HO
J: >? J:J }V E
*( Dhi uy i hn hp nhiu cht '] /C4 hn hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O=
B x1=OR 888( 't = cht tr !n( thnh hn hp hai cht ' nh4 x1) x1O hoc
x1) x1<O= hocm8( mNt cht ' nh4 x1xOy hocm( ta phi o ton - mo!
nguyn t B o ton khi !ng hn hp8
<( Prong u trnh tnh ton th1o phng php uy i i khi ta gp -
m ' nh - mo! m) khi !ng m( ! /o -b tr khi !ng ca cc
cht trong hn hp) trong trHng hp ny ta Bn tnh ton nh thHng B
kt u cui cng Bn tho mn8
;( Dhi uy i hn hp cc cht B nguyn t th tun th1o cc lc nh
-au4
alc *4 uy i hn hp cc cht B cac nguyn t to thnh hn hp
alc <4 t n - thch hp cho - mo! nguyn t cc nguyn t trong
hn hp8
alc =4 Lp ptrnh /ba Bo cc -nh !ut o ton khi !ng) nguyn t)
o ton 1!1ctronm
alc R4 !p cc phng trnh /ba Bo cc gi thit ca i ton nu c8
alc ;4 gii cc phng trnh B tnh ton tm ra p n8
h( Cng thc gii nhanh8
Dhi gp i ton /ng -t B hn hp -t ta p /Cng cng thc
tnh nhanh -au4 Dhi p /Cng cng thc ny th chng ta cn chng minh
nhl B Bn /Cng !inh hot trong u ttrnh !m cc i ton trc
nghim 'cng thc c chng minh phng php o ton 1(8
a8 PrHng hp *4 tnh khi !ng -t an u trlc khi - xi ha thnh m
gam hn hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= B x1=OR 8
hh <
`<
C*m 5B*n
m V1W
10
+
= )
8 PrHng hp <4 tnh khi !ng m gam hn hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= B
x1=OR 8
`< <
hh
10*m 5B*n
m V2W
C

=
c8 PrHng hp =4 tnh khi !ng mui to thnh khi cho m gam hn hp M gm4
x1) x1O) x1<O= B x1=OR Bo /ung /-ch HUO= nng /8
H H H H
`<
`<V NI W `< , `<V NI W
m
n n amo8 m 242*a '?mVHW
5B
= = = =
/8 PrHng hp R4 tnh khi !ng mui to thnh khi cho m gam hn hp M
gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= B x1=OR Bo /ung /-ch H<oOR c) nng /8
2 4 H 2 4 H
`<
`< V_I W `< , `< V_I W
m 1
n *n G mo8 m 400*G '?mV4W
2 112
= = = =
BE OP> 'T2{"h |} thi tF9~n sinh H C Khi Ze 2( Uung m gam
Nt -t trong oxi thu bc = gam hn hp cht rn M8 Ho tan ht hn
hp M trong /ung /-ch HUO= / thot ra ?8;V !t UO 'ktc( ! -n phm kh
/uy nht8 ni tr- m !4
`8 <8;< gam a8 *8V gam8 C8 =8=V gam8 @8 <8*? gam8
C"h 1: QF9 hn hp "hzt 2n \ <} hai "hzt Oe, Oe2'3
x1 5 RHUO= x1'UO=(= 5 UO 5 <H<O
?)?<;mo! ?)?<;mo!

NI
0, 5B
n 0, 025mo8
22, 4
= =
2 H
`< I
m W = > ?)?<; 8;V W *)Vgam
2 H
`<Vt,on'`< I W
1, B
n 0, 02mo8
1B0
= = mx1 W ;V'?)?<; 5 ?)?<( W <);< gam
`
C"h 2: QF9 hn hp "hzt 2n \ <} hai "hzt Oe', Oe2'3
=x1O 5 *?HUO= =x1'UO=(= 5 UO 5 ;H<O
=8?)?<; ?)?<;
mx1O W =8?)?<; 8 h< W ;)Rg
`<V`<IW
5, 4
n 0, 0C5mo8
C2
= =

2 H
`< I
m W = > ;)R W ><)Rg

G a
`< I
H H*0, 025
n
5BG 1Ba HG 2a
= =
+

H 2
`< I
G H
m 200
a 2
= =

`<VoG1t W
H*5B*H
m 2, 52'
200
= = ` ng
&h' (: Uu
2 H
`< I `<
H*2*5B
m 1B0 m 2,1'
1B0
= = = @ -ai
C"h 4: p .Kn "n thl" ii nhanh?
hh <
`<
C*m 5B*n C*H 5B*0, 025*H
m 2, 52'?m
10 10
+ +
= = = W{ ` ng
XXXXPPXXXX
&O <gE vgE OYJ >? z>? 9:P J:Z>? J:DJ
BE C: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp M gm x1O) x1<O= B
x1=OR ng HUO= thu c <8<R !t kh mu nu /uy nht
'ktc(8 C cn /ung /-ch -au phn ng c V8S gam mui
khan8 ni tr- m !4
`8 ;;8< gam8 a8 =*8< gam8 C8 <=8< gam @8
RV8R gam8
BE -: mNt chic kim ng -t !u ngy - oxi ha) -au
ngHi ta cn c S)< gam -t B cc xit -t cho ton N Bo
/ung /-ch HUO= c nng thu c R)RS !t kh mu nu
/uy nht 'ktc( B /ung /-ch mui ) c cn /ung /-ch mui
thu c m gam mui khan8
*8 khi !ng chic kim ng -t !4
`8 V)SV gam8 a8 =)R= gam8 C8 <)R< gam @8 V8<V
gam
<8 gi tr- ca m gam mui !4
`8 <)VR; gam) a8 <);h<R gam8 C8 =*)RV gam @8 <)?R
gam
BE 7: cho *<)?V gam x1 nung trong khng kh thu c m*
gam cht rn M gm x1 B cc xit ca n8 Cho m* gam cht
rn M trn Bo Bo /ung /-ch H<oOR c nng thu c *)h<
!t kh oO< /uy nht 'ktc( B /ung /-ch mui ) c cn /ung
/-ch mui cn nng m< gam cht rn khan8
C) gi tr- ca m* !4
`8 *R gam a8 *V gam8 C8 *S gam @8 <<)V gam
-) gi tr- ca m< !4
`8 R=)V gam8 a8 R=)< gam8 C8 R<)? gam
@8 RV)S gam
BE A: oau khi khai thc ung xit nhm c !n cc tp
cht4 oiO<) x1) cc oxit ca x18 !oi K tp cht ngHi ta cho
ung Bo /ung /-ch UaOH c nng / thu c /ung /-ch
M B m gam cht rn khng tan 8 xc -nh m gam cht
rn khng tan chim ao nhiu phn trmtng ung ta cho
m gam cht rn Bo /ung /-ch HUO= !ong / thu c V)h<
!t kh UO /uy nht'ktc( B /ung /-ch mui ) c cn /ung
/-ch mui cn nng *<* gam cht rn khan8 ni tr- ca
! m*
`8 =<)S gam a8 =R)V gam8 C8 R<)V gam @8
=V)S gam
BE \: Uung y mo! x1 trong khng kh mNt thHi gian thu c
*V)?S gam hn hp ` gm R cht rn gm x1 B cc xit -t8
ha tan ht !ng hn hp ` trn ng /ung /-ch HUO= !ong /
thu c Vh< m! kh UO /uy nht'ktc( B /ung /-ch mui8
ni tr- ca ! y4
&O <gE vgE OYJ >? z>? 9:P J:Z>? J:DJ vBP OPg> GPQ
sQsOfP>
BE C: )R gam Nt -t ngoi khng kh mNt thHi gian thu c a
gam hn hp cc cht rn x1O) x1<O=) x1) x1=OR 8 Ho tan hon ton
hn hp ng /ung /-ch HUO= !ong thu c <)<R !t kh UO /uy
nht 'ktc(8 ni tr- a gam !4
A: CC* ?LG a4 *V)< gam C4 <=)< gam @4 *=)V gam
BE -: Ho tan hon ton *)hR gam hn hp = kim !oi `!) x1) +g trong
/ung /-ch HC! thy thot ra *)=RR !t kh) nu cho mNt !ng gp i
hn hp trn tc /Cng Bli /ung /-ch CuoOR /) !c !y ton N cht rn
thu c -au phn ng tc /Cng Bli /ung /-ch HUO= nng /) thu c ]
!t kh UO< ktc8 ni tr- ] !4
A) C*C- QEO a8 <V)SS !t C8 ;=8hV !t @8 S)?RV !t8
BE 7: Ho tan hon ton m gam kim !oi Cu Bo /ung /-ch HUO=
!ong /) tt c kh UO thu c 1m xi ho thnh UO< ri -Cc Bo nlc
c /ng h);V !t oxi chuyn ht thnh /ung /-ch HUO= 8 ni tr- m
!4
`8 R<)V<R B: A7*- ?LG C4 =S)h< gam @4 =S)R gam
BE A: Cho !ung kh CO ua *V)R gam Nt x1<O= nung nng thu c
m gam hn hp M gm R cht rn gm x1O) x1<O=) x1) x1=OR 8 Cho hn
hp M ha tan hon ton ng HUO= /) thu c <8<R !t kh UO 'ktc(
! -n phm kh /uy nht8 ni tr- m !4
`8 =)?R gam a8 S)? gam8 C) CA* ?LG @8 *V)? gam8
BE \: Cho tan hon ton m gam hn hp M gm x1) Cu) `g trong /ung
/-ch HUO= !ong nng thu c /ung /ich B hn hp kh gm4 =)=V
!t kh UO B *)*< !t kh UO< 'ktc(8 C cn /ung /ich khi !ng
mui khan thu c ! **V gam8 ni tr- m gam !4
`8 RS)= gam B) \* ?LG C8 hS)= gam @8 <=)< gam
BE : Cho !ung kh H< ua m gam Nt x1<O= nung nng thu c M
gm R cht rn gm x1O) x1<O=) x1) x1=OR8 chia M thnh < phn ng
nhau8
> Qhn * ho tan ng HUO= /) thu c ?8*; mo! kh UO B ?8?; mo!
U<O8
> Qhn < ho tan hon ton trong /ung /-ch H<oOR c nng thu c
] !t oO< 'ktc(8 ni tr- ] !4
`8 R)RS !t B) -C*- QO C8 *R);V !t @8 *<)=< !t8
BE : Uung `! trong oxi thu c cht rn M) Chia hn hp M thnh <
phn ng nhau8
> Qhn * tc /Cng UaOH / thu c V)h< !t kh khng mu 'ktc(8
> Qhn < tan hon ton trong /ung /-ch HUO= thu c ] !t kh U<O
/uy nht8 ] /ng /-ch mui8 ni tr- ] !4
A) C* QO a8 *);VS !t C8 *)=RR !t @8 V)h< !t8
BE : Chia hn hp m gam gm `! B `!<O= thnh < phn ng nhau8
> Qhn * tc /Cng HUO= / thu c *)VS !t kh U<O /uy nht 'ktc(8
> Qhn < tan hon ton trong /ung /-ch UaOH thu c ] !t kh H< /uy
nht 'ktc(8 ni tr- ca ] !4
`8 *);VS !t B) *- QO C8 S)V !t @8 =)=V
!t8
BE : Cho =)V gam mNt xit -t tan hon ton trong HUO= thu c
*)*< !t kh mu nu /uy nht 'ktc( 8 Cng thc phn t ca xit
-t !4
A) 6sO* a8 x1<O= C8 x1=OR @8 khng xc8
-nh c8
BE C: Ho tan hon ton *)< gam kim !oi + trong /ung /-ch HUO=
/ thu c SV m! 'ktc( hn hp kh UO B UO< c t ! B th tch
*4=) B /ung /-ch mui) c cn /ung /-ch mui thu c khi !ng !4
`8 =)hV gam a8 )R gam C8 h);< gam $) \*A
?LG)
BE CC: Ho tan hon ton m gam x1 trong /ung /-ch HUO= /) thu c
V)h< !t hn hp kh M'ktc( gm UO B UO< Bli t ! mo! ! *4 *8 ni
tr- m gam !4
`4 ;)V gm B) CC*- ?LG C8 *V)S gam @4 *)V gam8
BE C-: Cho V)R gam Nt Cu tc /Cng Bli R?? m! /ung /-ch hn hp
HUO= ?8< + B H<oOR ?8?; +8 oau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton
-inh ra ] !t kh UO 'ktc( -n phm kh /uy nht8 ni tr- ] !t !4
2 H
`<V`< I W
2*V 2, 4W 4, [
n 0, 0Hmo8
1B0 1B0

= = =
mx1 W ;V 8'?)?h; 5 '>?)?=(( W <);< gam ` ng
C"h 3: QF9 hn hp "hzt 2n \ <} mt "hzt l Oe& '9
=x1xOy 5 '*<x > <y(HUO= <x1'UO=(= 5'=x><y(UO 5 'Vx >y(H<O

H*0, 025
HG 2a
?)?<;mo!
`8 ?8<* mo! a8 ?)<=< mo!8 C8 ?)R<V mo! @8
=V)S mo!
BE : Ha tan m gam hn hp M n cht rn gm x1 B cc
xit -t ng /ung /-ch HUO= / thu c R)RS !it kh UO< /uy
nht'ktc( B *R;)< gam mui khan8 ni tr- ca ! m gam4
`8 RR gam a8 RV)R gam8 C8 ;S gam @8
<< gam
DJ D>
CKV C: B CKV -: A*
A
CKV 7:
B*B
CKV A: A CKV \: A CKV : B
A) *)*< !t a8 *)=RR !t8 C8 )VS !t $) *- QO)
BE C7: Ho tan **)< gam x1 ng /ung /\ch H<oOR !ong thu c /ung
/ich M8 @ung /ch M phn ng Ba Bli ] !t /ung /\ch D+nOR ?)?; +8
ni tr- ] !t !4 A) ?)R !t a8 ?)V !t C) * QO @8
?)< !t8
BE CA8 Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp x1 B Cu ' t ! mo! *4*(
ng HUO= thu c ;)V !t hn hp kh M gm UO B UO< 'ktc( B
/ung /\ch ' ch cha < mui B axit / (8 P khi ca M -o Bli H< ng
*8 ni tr- m gam !4
A) C- ?LG a8 *V gam C8 *S gam @8 << gam8
BE C\: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp M gm x1O) x1<O= B x1=OR ng
HUO= thu c <8<R !t kh mu nu /uy nht 'ktc(8 C cn /ung
/-ch -au phn ng c V8S gam mui khan8 ni tr- m !4 `8 ;;8<
gam8 B) 7C)- ?LG) C8 <=8< gam @8 RV8R gam8
&cT VI PH~bNG PHP GII NHANH TON T%C NGHI& T LU]N HO HC V CC V $ &INH HO
GII NHANH BI TON BNG CNG THC KINH NGHI&
gii nhanh i ton ng cc cng thc ! B cng uan trng trong cc k
thi) i n tit kim c rt nhiu thHi gian) mt khc n cn ph hp Bli ph>
ng php trc nghim nh hin nay8 Lm c nh By mli Bt trNi -o Bli cc i
th khc8
*) np i ton4 Cho n molL ho" , l{t?I o&it a&it C'2 L V'2I t" .Kn
<-i .Fn ."h CaL'HI2, LZaL'HI2 I thF |" a mol `t tna, saF |q |Fn
nqn .Fn ."h li thF |" ; mol `t tna na th ta ch cn p /Cng
nhanh cng thc -au4
2
CI
n ? 2*% VnW = +
an cht4 Dhi -Cc kh CO< Bo /ung /-ch nlc Bi trong Ca'OH(< ta c cc ph>
ng trnh phn ng xy ra4 CO< 5 Ca'OH(< CaCO= 5 H<O '*(
<CO< 5 Ca'OH(< Ca'HCO=(< '<(
Dhi un nng /ung /-ch ta c phng trnh phn ng xy ra4
Ca'HCO=(< CaCO= 5 CO< 5 H<O '=(
P '*( '<( '=( ta - c 'Y( nh trn8
<8 np i ton4 XFn m am Oe t2on `hn `h{, saF m>t thi ian ta
thF |" a am hn hp "hzt 2n \ m Oe, Oe2'3, Oe3'4, Oe'? Ho tan
ht a am hn hp "hzt 2n \ <o .Fn ."h HX'3 . thF |" , l{t
`h{ X'2 L|`t"I l sn phm `ho .F9 nhzt < .Fn ."h mFi saF
`hi lm `han |" ; am ? XF ;i ton "n t{nh m>t t2on "" i t2
m, a, ;, , th ta p /Cng nhanh cc cng thc li y8
a8 PrHng hp *4 tnh khi !ng -t an u trlc khi - xi ha thnh
m gam hn hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= x1=OR 8
<
`<
C*? 5B*n
m VnnW
10
+
= ) trong
<
!
n mo8
22, 4
= 8
5 oQ kh ! UO th
<
!
n H* mo8
22, 4
= 8 5 oQ Dh ! U<O th
<
!
n [* mo8
22, 4
= 8
5 oQ kh ! U< th
<
!
n 10* mo8
22, 4
=
8 PrHng hp <4 tnh khi !ng a gam hn hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= B
x1=OR 8
`< <
hh
10*m 5B*n
? V2W
C

=
trong n1 ccng tng tb nh trn8
c8 PrHng hp =4 tnh khi !ng gam mui to thnh khi cho a gam hn
hp M gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= x1=OR Bo /ung /-ch HUO= nng /8
H H H H
`<
`<V NI W `< , `<V NI W
m
n n amo8 % m 242*a '?mVHW
5B
= = = = =
/8 PrHng hp R4 tnh khi !ng mui to thnh khi cho m gam hn hp M
gm4 x1) x1O) x1<O= x1=OR Bo /ung /-ch H<oOR c) nng /8
2 4 H 2 4 H
`<
`< V_I W `< `< V_I W
m 1
n *n G mo8 , m 400*G '?mV4W
2 112
= = = =
=8 np i ton4 Cho m am hn hp nhi}F `im loi hot |>n tan hon
ton t2on .Fn ."h H2V'4 lon . thF |" , l{t H2 `h{ L .F9 nhzt
|`t"I? XF ;i ton "n t{nh a am `hi ln mFi sFnat thF |"
th ta p /Cng nhanh cng thc4
2
2
4
5Q 5Q F
_I
? m m m m oB*n VnnnW

= = + = +
mui 8
R8 np i ton4 Cho m am hn hp nhi}F `im loi hot |>n tan hon
ton t2on .Fn ."h HCl lon . thF |" , l{t H2 `h{ L .F9 nhzt
|`t"I? XF ;i ton "n t{nh ; am `hi ln mFi "lo2Fa thF |"(
th ta p /Cng nhanh cng thc4

2
5Q 5Q F
C8
% m m m m C1*n VnnnnW

= = + = +
mui
8
;8 np i ton4 Xhdn m>t thanh `im loi W hqa t2 a L `hn tan
t2on n-"I nn m1 am <o , l{t .Fn ."h Z LX'3I; &A? VaF m>t
XXXXPPXXXX
&O <gE vgE OYJ >? z>? 9:P J:Z>? J:DJ
BE C: Cho m* gam hn hp M gm = kim !oi `'ho tri<() a' ho tr- =()
C'ho tr- n( u /ng Nt tc /Cng hon ton Bli oxi thu c hn hp
gm cc oxit c khi !ng m< gam8 Ph tch ]'!!( /ung /-ch HC! a +
Ba phn ng ht Bli /ung /-ch !4 ni tr- ]'!t( !4 ' it m<
{ m*(8
`8 'm< > m*( 4 =< a a8 'm< > m*( 4 a
C8 'm< > m*( 4 *V a $) 3G- X GC5 : L)
BE -: Cho m gam hrn hp M gJm x1O) x1=OR) x1<O= th cn *?? m!
/ung /-ch HC! ?8= + B ta thu c /ung /-ch gm < mui8 Cho
/ung /-ch DOH / Bo /ung /-ch thu c kt ta 8 1m nung trong
khng kh n khi !ng khng i th thu c *8V gam cht rn n8
ni tr- m !8
A) )A ?LG) a8 ?8;V gam8 C8 =8?R gam @8 kt u khc8
BE 7: Cho S8=< gam Cu tc /mng BOi ] m! HUO= * + thu c R8<S !t
kh hrn hp < kh UO B UO<8 ni tr- ] m! !4 'ait cc kh o ktc(8
`8*<? m! a8 <R? m! C8=V? m! $) A GQ)
BgE A) Cho <*gam hrn hp gm = kim !oi x1) n) `! tan hon ton trong
/ung /-ch H<oOR ?8;+) thu c V8h< !t kh H< ' ?
?
C) <atm(8 Dhi !ng
gam mui khan thu c -au khi c cn /ung /\ch B th tch !t /ung
/\ch axit ti thiu cn /ng !4
A) ) ?LG <g C)- QO) a8 RV)R gam B <)<R
!t
C8 RV)R gam B *8< !t @8 hS8V gam B *)*< !t
BgE \ 8 Cho mNt !ung kh c!o tc /Cng Bli 8< gam kim !oi -inh ra <=8Rg
mui kim !oi ho tr- k8 +ui kim !oi ho tri k !4
`8 LiC! a8 DC! C) NLCQ) @8 `gC!
BE 8 Ho tan m gam hrn hp < mui caconat ca kim !oi ho tr- k
B kim !oi ho tr- kk ng /ung /\ch HC! / thu c /ung /\ch ` B ] !t
CO< 'ktc(8 C cn /ung /\ch ` thu c 'm 5 =8=( gam mui c!orua
khan8 ni tr- ] !t !4
A) )- QO) a8 <8<R !t C8=8=V !t @8 R8RS
!t 8
BE 8 Cho mNt !ung kh CO i ua ng - bng m gam hrn hp gm
x1) x1O) x1=OR B x1<O= thu c VR gam hrn hp cht rn B kh M8 Cho
kh M !Ni ua /ung /\ch nlc Bi trong thu c R? gam kt ta8 ni tr- m
gam !4
`8 S?8R gam B) )A ?LG) C8 V8R gam @8 h;8S
gam
BE : Ha tan <? gam hn hp < mui +CO= B U<'CO=(= ng /ung
/-ch HC! /) thu c /ung /-ch ` B ?)Vh< !t kh 'ktc(8 C cn
/ung /-ch ` th thu c m gam mui khan8 m c gi tr- !4
A) -*77 ?LG) a8 <?)RV gam C8 *;)<V gam @8 *S)R= gam
BE : Ha tan ;)R gam hn hp < mui c!orua ca < kim !oi `) a
'u c ho tr- kk( Bo nlc c /ung /-ch M8 !m kt ta ht ion
C!o c trong /ung /-ch M ngHi ta cho /ung /-ch M tc /Cng Bli /ung
/-ch `gUO= thu c *h)<< gam kt ta8 Lc K kt ta) thu c /ung
/-ch 8 C cn c m gam hn hp mui khan8 m c gi tr- !4
`8 S)=V gam a8 *<)V gam C8 *?)*< gam $) *C- ?LG)
BE C: Ho tan hn hp gm ?8; gam x1 B mNt kim !oi ho tr- kk
trong /ung /-ch HC! / thu c *8*< !t kh H< 'ktc(8 Dim !oi ho tr- kk
!4
`8 +g a8 Ca C8 n $) Bs)
BE CC: Dhi ho tan h8h gam hp kim gm natri B ka!i Bo nlc thy
thot ra =8=V !t kh H<'ktc(8 Phnh phn phn trm khi !ng ca ka!i
trong hp kim !4
`8 =8<= B) -\)77) C8 hR8Vh @8
<=8S
BE C-: M B ! hai nguyn t ha!og1n < chu k !in tip trong ng
tun hon8 kt ta ht ion M
>
)
>
trong /ung /-ch cha R)R gam mui
natri ca chng cn *;? m! /ung /-ch `gUO= ?)R +8 M B !
`8 x!o) c!o B) CQP* vfPG) C8 arom) iot @8 Dhng xc
-nh c8
BE C7: Hn hp M gm hai kim !oi `) a nm k tip nhau trong nhm
k`8 Ly h)< gam M ho tan hon ton Bo nlc thu c R)RS !t hiro
' ktc(8 ` B a !
A) LE* NL) a8 Ua) D C8 D) # @8 #) C-
PH~bNG PHP !b ~NG CH#O
*X Qha tr,n hai /ung /\ch ca cbng m,t cht BOi nJng , ph|n trym C*{
C< B kh.i !ng tng 7ng m*) m< c /ung /\ch c nJng , ph|n trym
C) thI c - J 2ng chNo4
m*4 C* C C<
C khi 4
C C
C C
m
m

=
1
2
2
1
m<4 C< C* C
<X Qha tr,n hai /ung /\ch ca cbng m,t cht BOi nJng , mo! C*) C<
' C*{C< ( B thw tlch tng 7ng ]*) ]<) thI Bn c - J 2ng chNo nh
trHn B

C C
C C
`
`

=
1
2
2
1
8
=X ]Oi hrn hp gJm hai cht ' ho&c hai Jng B\( c DL+ ! +*) +< B -.
mo! tng 7ng n*)n< nu coi ! m,t cht tng ng c DL+Pa ! = thI
= =
= =
n
n

=
1
2
2
1
8 PG -uy ra } ' th1o -. mo! ( tng 7ng ca mri cht !4
} 'Cht +*( W
2 1
2
= =
= =

: } 'Cht +<( W
2 1
1
= =
= =

8
VR z -C: C|n thHm ao nhiHu gam DC! Bo R;? gam /ung /\ch DC! S}
w thu c /ung /\ch *<}8
GEBE: Ph1o - J 2ng chNo ta c4
12 100
[ 12
450

=
m
8 ]3y4 m W <?)R;
'g(8
VR z --: C|n thHm ao nhiHu !lt nOc ct Bo *? !lt /ung /\ch HC! c pH
W = w c /ung /\ch c pH W R8
GEBE: pH W = f H
5
g W *?
>=
: pH W R f H
5
g W *?
>R
8 Ph1o - J
2ng chNo ta c4
o
1
10 10
10
4 H
4
2
=

O H
HCll
`
`
8 ]3y4 ]H<O W ]HC! W
? !lt8
VR z -7: ~Jng trong tA nhiHn gJm hai Jng B\
V=
Cu B
V;
Cu8 Dh.i !ng
nguyHn tF trung Inh ! V=);R8 Ps !t } kh.i !ng ca
V=
Cu trong CuC!< !
`8 =*)=R} a8 =R)*S} C8 h=)??}
@8 =*)RS}
GEBE: nei x ! thnh ph|n } ca Jng B\
V=
Cu 8 Ph1o - J 2ng chNo ta
c4
x W
BH B5
54 , BH B5

W h=}8 ]3y } ' th1o kh.i !ng( ca

V=
Cu trong CuC!< !4
1[ , H4
54 , 1H4
BH * CH
= }8
C:T> jDJ D> B8
VR z -A: Cho R*)< gam hrn hp gJm C<H;COOH B C<H;COOCH= tKc
/mng BGa BOi /ung /\ch UaOH thu c RS)? gam mu.i C<H;COOUa8
Phnh ph|n } th1o -. mo! B } th1o kh.i !ng ca C<H;COOH trong
hrn hp |u !|n !t !
`8 =;)<} B R?)??} a8 R?)??} B =;)<} C8 =V)S;}B ;?)??} 8 @8
V?)??} B VR)?S}
GEBE: nhh W nmu.i W RSXV W ?); 'mo!(8 +axit W hR: +6-t1 W SS:
= W R*)<X?); W S<)R8 ]3y }-. mo! ' axit( W
C4 [[
4 , [2 [[

8*??} W R?}:
} kh.i !ng'axit(W
2 , 41
C4 * 5 , 0
8R?} W =;)<}
C:T> jDJ D> B8
thi an lz9 thanh W 2a < "n nn m2 am? XF ;i ton "n t{nh
`hi ln m am `im loi Z thot 2a( th ta p /Cng nhanh cng thc4
2 1
p p
p "
m m
m ?*M * VnnnnnW
?*M %*M

Tf> Q GO | z>? 99 vE OP> OEV vEV J zx>? >:L>: 99

9>? O:w9* |P>? OfR9 o:E J zx>? 99 v> J:E 9:w>? GE>: n9 9>?
O:w9 < O>? QG 99 vE OP> QE> }VL> |LV fO fL 99 9>?
O:w9 O>: >:L>: 9:P fE>? G>:) NV 9:>? OL J zx>? 9>? O:w9
G o:>? vEO v> 9:/O O: 9=>? ?E>? >: 9P> zLP - QE G O:E)
BE CA: Chia m gam hn hp `!) x1 thnh < phn ng nhau8
> Qhn * tc /Cng UaOH / thu c x mo! kh8
> Qhn < tan hon ton trong /ung /-ch HUO= thu c y mo! kh UO /uy
nht8 ni tr- m tnh th1o x B y !4
A)
5Ba 11BG
m
H

= ) a8
2CG 112a
m
H

=
C8
54a 112G
m
H

= @8
112G 10[a
m
H