Earthquake loading to AS1170.

4
Dr Ricky Chan
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 2
Earthquake damages to steel structures
Effects of the 2011 Tohoku J apan Earthquake on Steel Structures
http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2011-03-11-sendai/2011/08/03/eeri-steel-
structures-reconnaissance-group/
Failure of moment-resisting joint
1994 Northridge earthquake
Bridge deck unseated
1995 Kobe earthquake
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Earthquake forces
To understand earthquake and its effect on building structures requires
knowledge in structural dynamics (some universities include this topic in their
senior undergraduate courses)
This presentation introduce the use of AS1170.4, it does not cover essential
knowledge in structural dynamics.
All buildings / bridges design in Australia requires consideration of earthquake
AS1170.4 does not cover effects of possible failures of foundation, land
slides, liquefaction, etc
It does not cover the design of special structures like dams, nuclear power
plants, etc
Earthquake forces are horizontal (lateral) forces on structure due to ground
motion induced inertia force
Vertical components are usually ignored in earthquake design codes
(exception applies, see 6.8 of AS1170.4)
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Real-time earthquake update, visit web site of US Geological Survey
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/
Tectonic plates
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AS1170.4: Overview
Australia is generally not considered as an earthquake-prone region
1989 New Castle earthquake, magnitude 5.6, killed 13
Design category is assigned to building based on location, importance, soil
condition, building type.
Depending on design category, height and structural form of building,
different analysis procedure is assigned, range from static analysis, to
dynamic analysis.
Static analysis (earthquake forces are equivalent static loads) is based on
Rayleighs method which is derived from conservation of energy. This method
is commonly used in earthquake codes around the world.
A base shear force (i.e. total horizontal reaction) is calculated and then this
base shear is then distributed throughout the height of building.
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Concentrically-braced frames
Commonly used in non-earthquake regions.
Brace element connected to beam-column joints concentrically.
Very effective in lateral drift control.
(a) chevron-brace and (c) diagonal brace: brace member must be designed
against compression buckling. i.e. hollow sections are commonly used.
(b) cross-braced system can be designed as tension-only, brace member of
very small sectional area is possible.
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Eccentrically-braced frames
Commonly used in earthquake-prone regions for its superior performance
over concentrically-braced frames
bracing members intersect the girder at an eccentricity 'e', and hence transmit
forces by shear and bending. The length of the girder defined by e is termed
a 'link beam', which may behave predominantly in either shear or bending.
While retaining the advantages of CBFs in terms of drift control, eccentrically
braced frames (EBFs) can be configured to possess significant energy
dissipation capacity.
Excessive plastic deformations can be shifted away from beam-column
connections, thus improving the overall integrity of the frame.
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Moment resisting frames
Moment resisting frames (MRF) means lateral load resistance is provided by
beam-column joint fixity, not by diagonal braces. Portal frames are MRFs.
Special moment resisting frames (SMRF) are designed to accommodate
inelastic behaviour through the formation of plastic hinges at beam-ends.
MRF: Repeated cyclic bending
causes inelastic local buckling of
beam flanges
Examples of SMRF joints
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Structure classification
General structures
Type I: Not Type II or III
Type II: contain large number of people, or people if restricted or impaired
mobility, e.g. shopping centres, theatres, etc.
Type III: post-earthquake recovery facilities, e.g hospitals, police stations,
government headquarters.
Importance factor
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Acceleration coefficient
Mapped ground acceleration coefficient is given
based on the geographical location of structure
under design.
Melbourne: a=0.08
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Site factor
Soil conditions may significantly
affect vibration characteristics.
Rock / stiff soil: dominated by
short period vibrations
Soft soil: long period vibration
Soft soil may amplify vibration
magnitude
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Earthquake design category
Defined by product of S and a, and Type
For example: a shopping centre in Melbourne on dense sand
a=0.08
Type II structure
Importance factor I=1.0
Site factor S=1.0
aS = 0.08 * 1.0 = 0.08 design category = B
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Method of earthquake analysis
Category A
Earthquake analysis not required
Category B
For regular ductile structure, earthquake analysis not required
Others: Static analysis
Detailing requirements: see code
Category C
Static or dynamic analysis required
Category D
Static or dynamic analysis required
More stringent detailing requirements
Category E
Irregular structures will require dynamic analysis
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Static analysis
(1) determine natural period of structure (by computer or approximation equation
provided by code. Note: T is a function of mass and stiffness, every structure has its
own natural period.
(2) Earthquake design coeff
(3) Response factor R
f
from Table 6.2.6(a)
R
f
is a measure of structures ability to sustain inelastic deformation without
collapse. e.g. Eccentrically-braced frame R
f
= 7.0 compare to that of concentrically
braced frame of 5.0
(4) Gravity load
(5) Base shear
3 / 2
25 . 1
T
a
C =
Q G G
c g
+ =
g
f
G
R
ICS
V =
g
G V 01 . 0 =
( )
g
f
G
R
a I
V
5 . 2
=
Lower bound
Upper bound
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Vertical distribution

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Shear centre & centre of mass
On x-y plane of a structure (z is height),
there exists a centre of mass and a
shear centre
Centre of mass (CM) is defined by
geometry and mass distribution on plan
Shear centre (SC) is determined by
distribution of lateral (horizontal) load
resistance, i.e. distribution of braced-
bays, shear walls
When CM does not coincide with SC,
earthquake force applied at CM will
generate a torsional effect (rotation of
building on plan)
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Accidental torsion provision (ATP)
CM cannot be calculated exactly, therefore the code specifies a minimum
eccentricity (on plan) where the earthquake load is applied, this is called ATP.
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Drift determination and drift limit
Horizontal deflection of building under design earthquake forces is called drift.
Storey drift is calculated with
is the displacement obtained from elastic analysis (i.e. from software)
K
d
is a deflection amplification to account for plastic deformation of structure. When
structure goes into plastic deformation, stiffness will drop considerably and
displacement will increase.
Storey drift limit is 0.015h
x
(h
x
= storey height), see 2.10.2
xe d x
k =
xe