TOYOTA Engine Sensor Technology Instructor Guide position MODE sensors and SWITCHES Module Day 1 - Module 1 Total Time 70 minutes Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of power side and ground switched circuits. 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations Key skills to observe are: Service literature information is applied to the required tasks DVOM is used to provide accurate measurements Scan tool is used to get required information Knowledge of electrical circuit characteristics
TOYOTA Engine Sensor Technology Instructor Guide position MODE sensors and SWITCHES Module Day 1 - Module 1 Total Time 70 minutes Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of power side and ground switched circuits. 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations Key skills to observe are: Service literature information is applied to the required tasks DVOM is used to provide accurate measurements Scan tool is used to get required information Knowledge of electrical circuit characteristics
TOYOTA Engine Sensor Technology Instructor Guide position MODE sensors and SWITCHES Module Day 1 - Module 1 Total Time 70 minutes Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of power side and ground switched circuits. 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations Key skills to observe are: Service literature information is applied to the required tasks DVOM is used to provide accurate measurements Scan tool is used to get required information Knowledge of electrical circuit characteristics
Printed in U.S.A. Ver. 1 - May 2002 TOYOTA ENGINE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY Instructor Guide
POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Lesson Title POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Module Day 1 Module 1
Time Period 8:30 a.m. 9:40 a.m.
Total Time 70 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of power side and ground switched circuits. 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the switch sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the switch sensing circuit using the EWD and RM 3. Identify a normally closed and normally open switch 4. Identify the switch sensors and position from the Data List 5. Measure the voltage signal of the switch sensor at the ECM 6. Test a supply side switch and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test a groundside switch and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe the difference between a supply side and ground side switched circuit 10. Describe the difference between a normally closed and normally open switch
Lesson Key Points This worksheet is a performance pretest to judge the skill level of the technician. Key skills to observe are: Service literature information is applied to the required tasks DVOM is used to provide accurate measurements Scan tool is used to get required information Knowledge of electrical circuit characteristics is applied to understanding how the circuit operates.
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumpers leads TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 1
POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Slide 1 I. Electronic Engine Control System A. Engine electronic control system consists of sensors that detect various engine conditions, a computer called the Electronic Control Module (ECM), and numerous actuators that control a variety of engine components
Slide 2 B. Inputs 1. Sensors are used to convert engine operating conditions like temperature, rpm, throttle position, and other parameters into electrical signals which the ECM constantly monitors. 2. With this data, the ECM has sufficient information to run the programs that operate the engine and emission control systems.
Slide 3
C. Engine Control Module 1. Contains the programming to operate the engine
Slide 4 D. Outputs-Actuators 1. Devices controlled by the ECM
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 2
POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Worksheet 1-1 Position/Modes Sensors and Switches Point out shop safety procedures. Point out the chapter on Position/ Mode Sensors and Switches in the Student Handbook for reference information. Proceed with the worksheet. After they have completed the worksheet and comment sheet begin with review.
II. Position/Mode Sensors and Switches A. Supply side switches
Slide 5 1. A DVOM will measure 0 volts with the switch open
Slide 6 2. Here the DVOM reads +B when the switch closes. This indicates to the ECM a change has taken place. Using the DVOM confirms the circuit and switch are good.
Slide 7
3. DVOM measures 0 volts with switch open.
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 3
POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Slide 8 4. DVOM measures +B voltage.
Slide 9 B. Ground side switches
Slide 10 1. A DVOM will measure supply voltage when the switch is open
Slide 11 2. When the switch closes, the DVOM measures nearly 0 volts. Using the DVOM confirms the circuit is good
Slide 12 3. DVOM measures supply voltage.
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POSITION MODE SENSORS AND SWITCHES
Slide 13 4. DVOM measures nearly 0 volts.
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 5
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Lesson Title TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 2
Time Period 9:40 a.m. 10:40 a.m.
Total Time 60 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Enable the technician to: Determine the condition of temperature sensor circuits based on their signal output. Determine the root cause of the failure(s) in the temperature sensing circuits using appropriate diagnostic procedures. 2. Explain the operation and purpose of NTC temperature sensing circuits 3. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 4. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the temperature sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the temperature sensing circuit using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the temperature reading from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage drop of the sensor 5. Test VC (supply voltage) and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test E (ground line) and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test sensor resistance and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of ECT and IAT 10. Describe ECM strategy if the ECT and IAT circuit fails
Lesson Key Points As temperature increases, resistance decreases The rate of voltage drop change above 140F decreases Extra, unwanted resistance has the most effect at high temperatures
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 6
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Instructor Note
III. Temperature Sensors Using the temperature sensor animation, explain the relationship of temperature to sensor resistance and voltage signal.
Introduce Worksheet 1-2 Temperature Sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points. What is the purpose of ECT, IAT, and EGR temperature sensors?
Slide 14 A. Purpose of ECT, IAT, and EGR temperature sensors
Slide 15 1. ECT measures engine coolant temperature for fuel control, engine cooling, transmission shifting, etc
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TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Slide 16 2. IAT measures intake air for modifying fuel injection and engine diagnostic routines
Slide 18 COOLANT TEMPERATURE ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate, click on the "hotspot" to add test leads, and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation. The ECM detects the change in temperature by a change in sensor ____________? Answer: resistance or voltage drop
As the engine warms up, the resistance and voltage signal _______________? Answer: decreases B. Temperature sensor circuit operation 1. The temperature sensor is connected in series to a fixed value resistor. The ECM supplies 5 volts to the circuit and measures the change in voltage between the fixed value resistor and the temperature sensor. 2. When the sensor is cold, resistance is high, and voltage signal is high. 3. As the sensor warms up, the resistance drops and voltage signal decreases.
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TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Slide 19
From the worksheet, how much change in resistance or voltage was there in the top (140F 180F) temperature range? Answer: very little
Excessive resistance, such as a corroded connection, will cause the ECM to think that engine temperature is __________________? Answer: colder than actual engine temperature
This may cause what engine symptoms? Answer: overheating, poor fuel economy C. Temperature sensor performance curve 1. Starting from cold temperature, for every 10F, the change in resistance and voltage decreases 2. Particularly in the top (140F - 180F) temperature range
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TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Slide 19 cont. An open circuit will cause the Diagnostic Tester to read ___________? Answer: cold -40F
Disconnecting the ECT sensor will cause the Diagnostic Tester to read ___________? Answer: cold -40F
A shorted circuit will cause the Diagnostic Tester to read ___________? Answer: hot 278F
A jumper wire connected between the two terminals will cause the Diagnostic Tester to read ____________? Answer: hot 278F TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 10
POSITION SENSORS
Lesson Title POSITION SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 3
Time Period 10:55 a.m. 11:55 a.m.
Total Time 60 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of position sensing circuits 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the position sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the position sensing circuit using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the TPS/EGR VPS reading from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage signal of the sensor 5. Test VC (supply voltage) and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test E (ground line) and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test sensor resistance and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of TPS/EGR VPS 10. Describe ECM strategy if the TPS circuit fails
Lesson Key Points The relationship of resistance to output voltage signal Relationship of the voltage signal to diagnosis
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 11
POSITION SENSORS
Instructor Note
IV. Position Sensors Using the TPS animation, explain the purpose of the three wires; VC, signal, and E2.
Introduce Worksheet 1-3 Position Sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points.
What is the purpose of TPS, APP, and EGR valve position sensors? A. Purpose of TPS, APP, and EGR valve position sensors 1. TPS indicates position of the throttle valve a. Engine mode: idle, part throttle, wide open throttle b. Switch off AC and emission controls at Wide Open Throttle (WOT) c. Air/fuel ratio correction d. Power increase correction e. Fuel cut control 2. APP sensor indicates position of the accelerator pedal a. Used by the ECM to determine driver request 3. EGR valve position sensor indicates position of the EGR Valve a. Used by the ECM to modify EGR flow and for diagnostic monitoring
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POSITION SENSORS
Slide 20 THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate, click on the "hotspot" to add test leads, and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation. As the wiper arm moves closer to the VC terminal, signal voltage _____________? Answer: increases B. Basic throttle Position Sensor Circuit 1. The basic TPS requires three wires. 2. Five volts is supplied to the TPS from the VC terminal of the ECM. 3. The TPS voltage signal is supplied to the VTA terminal. 4. A ground wire from the TPS to the E2 terminal of the ECM completes the circuit.
Slide 21 C. IDL circuit 1. Called a Closed Throttle Position switch (also called an idle contact switch 2. Switch is closed when the throttle valve is closed 3. Used for idle position confirmation, fuel control programming, ignition timing control
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POSITION SENSORS
Slide 22
D. Electronic Throttle Control System w/ intelligence (ETCS-i) throttle position sensor circuit 1. TPS on the ETCS-i system has two contact arms and resistors in one housing 2. As the throttle opens the two voltage signals increase at a different rate 3. By having two sensors, ECM can compare the voltages and detect problems
E. Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) sensor circuit 1. Similar to ETCS-i TPS
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POSITION SENSORS
A DVOM connected between VC and E2 will measure ____________? Answer: approximately 5 volts
An open ground wire will read on the Diagnostic Tester as ____________ and on the DVOM as ____________ Answer: approximately 100%; approximately 5 volts
The signal wire measures 0 volts on the DVOM. There is 5 volts on the VC line, and TPS resistance is within specifications. What are the possible causes? Answer: open or shorted signal wire
An open wire will measure Answer: infinite ohms
To check for a short to ground in the signal wire, the DVOM should be connected between the ______________ and _______________. Answer: signal wire and E2 terminal
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MASS AIR FLOW (MAP) SENSORS
Lesson Title MASS AIR FLOW (MAF) SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 4
Time Period 1:00 p.m. 1:10 p.m.
Total Time 10 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of MAF sensing circuits 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the MAF circuit using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the MAF circuit using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the MAF reading from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage signal of the sensor 5. Test supply voltage and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test E (ground line) and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test sensor performance and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of the MAF sensor 10. Describe ECM strategy if the MAF circuit fails
Lesson Key Points The IAT sensor is molded into the MAF housing, but is NOT part of the MAF circuit MAF sensor uses B+ voltage Air density and volume change the voltage output The Repair Manual in the SF section confuses IAT with MAF diagnostics
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads
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MASS AIR FLOW (MAP) SENSORS
V. MAF Sensors Introduce Worksheet 1-4 MAF sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points.
Slide 23 What is the purpose of the MAF sensor? A. MAF sensor 1. The ECM needs to know intake air volume to calculate how much fuel to inject, when to ignite the cylinder, and when to shift the transmission, etc..
Slide 24 B. Hot Wire MAF 1. Most popular style 2. Air volume passing over the hot wire changes the voltage signal
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MASS AIR FLOW (MAP) SENSORS
Slide 25 As throttle and engine load increase, the MAF (VG) signal will Answer: increase
Slide 26 How many volts are needed to power the MAF sensor? Answer: +B
What is the ground terminal for the MAF sensor? Answer: E2G
What two terminals are used for the IAT sensor? Answer: THA and E2
Does the ECM need the MAF signal to start the engine? Answer: No
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MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSORS
Lesson Title MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 5
Time Period 1:10 p.m. 1:50 p.m.
Total Time 40 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of MAP sensing circuit 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the MAP circuit using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the MAP circuit using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the MAP reading from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage signal of the sensor 5. Test the VC supply voltage and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test E (ground line) and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test sensor performance and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of the MAP sensor 10. Describe ECM strategy if the MAP circuit fails
Lesson Key Points Manifold pressure is highest when the throttle is suddenly opened or key on, engine off The higher the pressure, the higher the voltage signal output
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads
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MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSORS
Slide 27
VI. MAP Sensors
Introduce Worksheet 1-5 MAP sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points.
What is the purpose of the MAP sensor? A. MAP sensor 1. ECM needs to know intake manifold pressure to calculate how much fuel to inject, when to ignite the cylinder, and other functions.
Slide 28 2. Pressure changes cause the silicon chip to flex changing the voltage signal
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MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSORS
Slide 29 As intake manifold pressure increases, the PIM voltage signal ____________. Answer: increases
Slide 30 If the MAP sensor connector is disconnected, output (PIM) voltage at the ECM will read ________. Answer: 3.5 volts
A leak in the hose between the MAP sensor and engine may cause the engine to ___________. Answer: stall, run rough
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 21
POSITION/SPEED SENSORS
Lesson Title POSITION/SPEED SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 6
Time Period 1:50 p.m. 2:50 p.m.
Total Time 60 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of position/speed sensor circuits 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives 1. Locate components in the crankshaft and camshaft sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the crankshaft and camshaft sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the crankshaft and camshaft readings from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage signal of the sensors with a DVOM 5. Observe the voltage signal pattern of the sensors with an oscilloscope 6. Test wires for continuity and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test sensor resistance and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of crankshaft and camshaft sensors 10. Describe ECM strategy if the crankshaft circuit fails 11. Describe ECM strategy if the camshaft circuit fails
Lesson Key Points
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 22
POSITION/SPEED SENSORS
Instructor Note
Slide 31 VII. Position/Speed Sensors Using the position/speed sensor animation, explain the relationship of rotor speed to frequency and voltage. Next, have the technicians refer to the Diagnostic Tester manual, OBD section, Autoprobe. Explain voltage and time scales and settings. Point out Auto function. POSITION/SPEED SENSOR ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate, and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation.
Slide 32 Introduce Worksheet 1-6 Position/Speed Sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points.
Slide 33 As engine speed increased, what happened to the signal frequency? Answer: It increased.
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POSITION/SPEED SENSORS
Slide 34 What is the purpose of the camshaft position sensor? A. Purpose of camshaft position sensor 1. To determine when cylinder No.1 is on the compression stroke. The ECM uses this information for fuel injection timing, for Direct Ignition Systems and for variable valve timing systems
Slide 35 What is the purpose of the crankshaft position sensor? B. Purpose of crankshaft position sensor? 1. The ECM uses crankshaft position signal to determine engine RPM, crankshaft position, and engine misfire.
Slide 36 2. Signal NE is crankshaft position sensor (the periodic gap is the missing tooth). Signal G combines with NE to identify cylinder position and stroke.
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 24
OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Lesson Title OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Module Day 1 Module 7
Time Period 3:05 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
Total Time 115 minutes
Instructional Objectives 1. Explain the operation and purpose of oxygen and A/F sensor circuits 2. Guide technicians where necessary with the worksheets 3. Summarize technician observations
Technician Objectives Oxygen Sensor: 1. Locate components in the oxygen sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the oxygen sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the oxygen sensor readings from the Data List 4. Measure the voltage signal of the sensor with DVOM and compare to specs. to determine condition 5. Test sensor performance with oscilloscope and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test heater supply voltage and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test ground lines and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of the front oxygen sensor(s) 10. Describe ECM strategy if the front oxygen sensor circuit(s) fails A/F Sensor: 1. Locate components in the A/F Ratio sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 2. Find wire colors, pin numbers in the A/F Ratio sensing circuits using the EWD and RM 3. Locate the A/F ratio sensor readings from the Data List and compare to specs. to determine condition 4. Test sensor performance and compare to specs. to determine condition 5. Test heater resistance and compare to specs. to determine condition 6. Test heater supply voltage and compare to specs. to determine condition 7. Test ground lines and compare to specs. to determine condition 8. Check and retrieve relevant DTCs 9. Describe purpose of the A/F sensor(s) 10. Describe ECM strategy if the A/F sensor circuit(s) fails
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 25
OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Lesson Key Points
Required Materials Instructor Guide including annotated Student Handbook Repair manuals and EWDs for vehicles Vehicles to accommodate teams of two - half equipped with oxygen sensors, and the other half with A/F sensors 4 Diagnostic testers 4 DVOMs Tpins and jumper leads TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 26
OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
VIII. Oxygen and A/F Sensors A. Purpose of oxygen sensors 1. To ensure the air/fuel ratio is correct for the catalytic converter a. Signal is used to adjust the amount of fuel injected 2. Monitor catalytic converter efficiency B. Types of oxygen sensors 1. Narrow range oxygen sensor, the oldest style, simply called the oxygen sensor 2. Wide range oxygen sensor, the newest style, called the air/fuel ratio (A/F) sensor
Slide 37 C. Oxygen sensor locations 1. OBD II vehicles require two oxygen sensors: one before and one after the catalytic converter 2. The sensor before the converter is sensor 1 3. On V-type engines one sensor will be referred to as Bank 1 Sensor 1 and the other as Bank 2 Sensor 1 4. The oxygen sensor after the catalytic converter is referred to as sensor 2
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OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Slide 38 OXYGEN SENSOR ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate, the center "hotshot" allows the animation to run or the instructor to select conditions, click on the right side "hotspot" to add test leads, and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation. Use oxygen sensor animation to convey the following information D. Oxygen sensor operation 1. The oxygen sensor generates a voltage signal based on the amount of oxygen in the exhaust compared to the atmospheric oxygen 2. When exhaust oxygen content is high, oxygen sensor voltage output is low. 3. When exhaust oxygen content is low, oxygen sensor voltage output is high. 4. During normal operation, the voltage signal cycles between 100 mV to 900 mV
Slide 39 E. Oxygen sensor construction 1. Zirconia with platinum electrodes on each side of the zirconia element
Slide 40 2. The greater the differences in oxygen content between the exhaust stream and atmosphere, the higher the voltage signal.
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OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Slide 41 3. The detection range for the narrow band oxygen sensor is very small 4. The ECM cannot tell how rich or lean the air/fuel mixture is
Slide 42
F. Oxygen Sensor Output vs. Temperature 1. When cold, the sensor acts as a resistor, until it reaches operating temperature. 2. At operating temperature, minimum operating temperature of 750F (400C), the oxygen sensor acts as a battery. 3. For accurate signal output, it is essential that the oxygen sensor is kept at high temperatures. 4. In the figure, the rich mixture is not accurately measured until oxygen sensor has reached operating temperature
G. Oxygen Sensor Heater 1. A PTC element inside the oxygen sensor heats up as current passes through it 2. The ECM turns on the circuit based on engine coolant temperature and engine load (determined from the MAF or MAP sensor signal). This heater circuit uses approximately 2 amperes.
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OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Slide 43 3. The heater resistance is checked with a DVOM
Slide 44 AIR FUEL RATIO SENSOR ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate, click on the hotspot to change from open to closed loop, and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation. H. Air/Fuel Ratio Sensor 1. Detects air/fuel ratios over a wide range 2. The ECM can more accurately meter the fuel reducing emissions. 3. Operates at approximately 1200F (650C), much hotter than the oxygen sensor 750F (400C). 4. Changes its current (amperage) output in relation to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust stream.
Slide 45
I. Air/Fuel Ratio Sensor Operation 1. A detection circuit in the ECM detects the change and strength of current flow and puts out a voltage signal relatively proportional to exhaust oxygen content 2. This voltage signal can only be measured by using the Diagnostic Tester or OBD II compatible scan tool
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OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Slide 46
3. The A/F sensor is designed so that at stoichiometry, there is no current flow and the voltage put out by the detection circuit is 3.3 volts. 4. A rich mixture, which leaves very little oxygen in the exhaust stream, produces a negative current flow. The detection circuit will produce a voltage below 3.3 volts. 5. A lean mixture, which has more oxygen in the exhaust stream, produces a positive current flow. The detection circuit will now produce a voltage signal above 3.3 volts.
J. Air/Fuel Ratio Sensor Heater 1. This heater serves the same purpose as the oxygen sensor heater, but there are some very important differences. 2. Engines using two A/F sensors use a relay, called the A/F Relay, which is turned on simultaneously with the EFI Relay. This heater circuit carries up to 8 amperes (versus 2 amperes for O2 heater) to provide the additional heat needed by the A/F sensor. 3. This heater circuit is duty ratio controlled (PWM). When cold, the duty ratio is high.
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OXYGEN AND AIR/FUEL RATIO SENSORS
Introduce Worksheet 1-7 and 1-8 Oxygen Sensors and Air/Fuel Ratio sensors. Have them rotate so that each team experiences both types of oxygen sensors. Remind them that important reference information for answering worksheet questions can be found in the Student Handbook. After they have completed the worksheet, begin class discussion with review of technician review sheet. If not covered during the discussion, go over the following key points.
When the air/fuel mixture became leaner, the oxygen sensor voltage signal _____________. Answer: decreased
When the air/fuel mixture became leaner, the A/F sensor voltage signal _____________. Answer: increased
What happened to oxygen sensor frequency when engine RPMs were increased? Answer: frequency increased
What happened to Short Term Fuel trim when the vacuum hose was removed on the oxygen sensor vehicle? Answer: fuel trim increased
Compared to the oxygen sensor equipped vehicle, the A/F sensor equipped vehicle adjusted fuel trim ________________. Answer: faster, almost immediately
TOYOTA Technical Training Toyota Engine Sensor Technology 32
APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Lesson Title APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Module Appendix Module
Time Period N/A
Total Time N/A
Instructor Note
Slide 47 The following slides are from Appendix A. It is for your use to supplement the technicians knowledge where needed. For example, you may need to use the slides to explain voltage on a ground switched pulsewidth modulated circuit or use the Pulsewidth Modulated Circuit Animation. PULSE WIDTH MODULATED CIRCUIT ANIMATION - click on the image to activate the animation, select the slide bar to demonstrate and click on the small button on the lower right side to return to the presentation.
Slide 48 I. Circuit Inspection A. Analog Signal
Slide 49 B. Amplitude 1. Amplitude is a measurement of strength such as voltage. Amplitude can be measured from peak to peak, or from a reference point.
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APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Slide 50 C. Frequency 1. Some signals are measured by frequency. A frequency is defined as the number of cycles per second. A cycle is a process that repeats from a common starting point. The unit for measuring frequency is called Hertz (Hz). 2. Frequency should not be confused with period. A period is the time it takes for the signal to repeat and is expressed as time. A 1 Hz signal lasts 1 second. A 2 Hz signal has a period of 0.5 seconds.
Slide 51 D. DC Voltage 1. Direct current is where the current flows in one direction. Though current flow and voltage can be variable, the direction always remains the same. The DVOM must be in the DC scale to measure DC voltage.
Slide 52 E. AC Voltage 1. Alternating current is where the direction of current flow changes. Current will travel from positive to negative, and then reverse course going from negative to positive. The DVOM must be in AC scale to measure AC voltage. There are different methods for measuring AC voltage and some DVOMs use what is known as a True RMS (Root Mean Square) to measure voltage. It is important for you to realize that the meter specified by the manufacturer must be used to obtain accurate results when compared to manufacturer's specifications
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APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Slide 53 F. Power Side Switched Circuit
Slide 54 G. Ground Side Switched Circuit
Slide 55 H. Square Wave Duty Ratio Signals 1. When A and B are equal in length, the pulsewidth is 50%. This is a true square wave signal. A voltmeter connected to this circuit will measure half the supply voltage. The signal is said to have a low duty ration when the on time is less than 50%.
Slide 56 I. Duty Ratio Solenoid 1. As the duty ratio (On time) increases, current flow through the solenoid increases moving the control valve. Oil pressure is then applied to the component that needs to be regulated, such as the variable valve timing mechanism, or lock up control.
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APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Slide 57 J. Variable Duty Cycle/Variable Duty Ratio Signal 1. Duty cycle frequency has changed. Duty ratio has changed.
Slide 58 K. Measuring Available Voltage on a Ground Side Switched Circuit 1. When the circuit is on, the DVOM will measure nearly 0 volts at the ECM.
Slide 59 L. Ground Side Switch Voltage Pattern Interpretation
Slide 60 M. Measuring Across the Load 1. Connecting at the ECM is the most common point used in the Repair Manual procedures. However, it is also possible to connect the oscilloscope or DVOM across the device. If this is done, the interpretation is different. The DVOM will read 0 volts when the circuit is off, and nearly B+ when the circuit is on.
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APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Slide 61 N. Measuring Across the Load Pattern Interpretation
Slide 62 O. Measuring Available Voltage on a Power Side Switched Circuit 1. When the circuit is on, the DVOM will measure +B at the ECM.
Slide 63 P. Pattern Interpretation for a Power Side Switched Circuit.
Slide 64 Q. Checking Circuit Operation Across the Load 1. The DVOM will measure nearly +B volts when the circuit is on.
Slide 65 R. Normally Closed Solenoid 1. Most solenoids are normally closed. This means that when they are off, they prevent the passage of fluid, air vacuum, etc. When turned on, the passage opens.
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APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT INSPECTION
Slide 66 S. Normally Open Solenoid 1. A normally open solenoid means that when they are off, they allow the passage of fluid, air vacuum, etc. When turned on, the passage closes.
Slide 67 T. Multi-way VSVs 1. When energized, the condition changes (can be either normally open or normally closed type). Use an ohmmeter to check coil resistance.
Slide 68 2. A Three-Way VSV has three passages. When off, two passages are open and one is closed. When on, one passage will be closed and the other two opened.
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