EN 1993-1-1 Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1: general rules and rules for

buildings
Designers guide to Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures
(L Gardner and D Net!ercot" #!o$as #elford
Access Steel website that provides much information on design to EC3:
Steel Construction Institute (SCI) (!)
Centre "echni#ue Industriel de la Construction $etalli#ue (C"IC$ ) (%rance)
Stalb&ggnadsinstutet Swedish Institute of Steel Construction (S'I) (Sweden)
(heinish)*estfalische "echnische +ochschule Aachen ((*"+) (,erman&)
-abein "ecnalia (Spain)
http:..www/access)steel/com.
Access Steel is a unique electronic resource to ensure that the European
steel construction community takes maximum advantage from the
commercial opportunities arising from the Eurocodes.
With input from six leading institutes for steel construction in Europe, it
provides harmonised information for clients, architects and engineers on:
multi storey commercial uildings
single storey uildings
residential construction
fire safety engineering!
S%$bols
'S0102 A 34& r 5 S I 6 + p& pb pc 7 $ 8 '49 d "4t
EC3 A &4: i *el *pl I It Iw f& ;-"f& ;f& < $ 8 '4h d tf4tw
"able 3/=: f& fu
Clause 3/>/? E @ >=2222 <.mm
>
, A B=222 <.mm
>
4 C @ 2/3
S>D0 f& @ >D0 <.mm
>
t E F2 mm
>00 <.mm
>
t G F2 mm
$aterial properties taHen from E< =22>0)>4 which gives additional values for different
thicHnesses/ So for S>D0 =? mm E t E F2 mm f& @ >?0 <.mm
>
/ "able 3/= is a
simplification of E< =22>0)>/
& Structural nal%sis
0/=/= (>) Calculation model and basic assumptions should reflect structural behaviour/
0/=/> (>) 9epending on Ioint behaviour simple4 continuous4 semi)continuous
0/>/= (3) %irst order anal&sis when Jcr @ %cr.%Ed K =2 elastic anal&sis
=0 plastic anal&sis
%cr: Elastic critical bucHling load
%Ed: 9esign load
0/>/=(F) %or portal frames and beam)column plane frames4 providing a3ial compression
in beams. rafters is not significant4
Jcr @

,
_

,
_

Ed H Ed
Ed
h
V
H
4

provided
Ed
y
N
Af
3 / 2 < 4 which translates as <Ed.<cr L 2/21
+Ed: 9esign hori:ontal load at bottom of store&
8Ed: 9esign vertical load at bottom of store&
h: Store& height
M+4Ed: +ori:ontal displacement of top of store& relative to bottom of store&
&'('( Structural stabilit% of fra$es
0/>/> (3) b) Second order effects accounted for partiall& b& global anal&sis and partiall&
through individual member stabilit& checHs according to ?/3
0/>/> (0) If Jcr K 34 amplif& all hori:ontal loads b&
cr

=
=
=

If Jcr E 34 second order anal&sis is necessar&/

Second order effects liHel& to arise in unbraced structures and in bracing design of braced
structures/
&'3 )$*erfections
0/3/> (3) a) ,lobal initial swa& imperfection: N @ N2 O Jh O Nm
N2: Initial value @=.>22
Jh: (eduction factor for column height @ >.Ph (>.3 L Jh L =) (h: structure height)
Nm: (eduction factor for number of columns in a row @ ( )
m
=
= 0 / 2 +
(ecommendation (SCI) ) use N2 i/e let Jh @ Nm @ =/2
0/3/> (3) b) (elative initial local bow imperfection ("able 0/=)
0/3/F (=) //taHen into account using checHs in ?/3 provided
Ed
y
N
Af
0 / 2 <
4 which
translates as <Ed.<cr L 2/>0
+se e,ui-alent !ori.ontal forces (E/0s" for all load co$binations
&'& 1lassification of cross sections
"able 0/> QR @ P(>30.f&)S Class =4>434F
2 +lti$ate li$it states
2'1 3aterial factors 43
T$2 @ =/22 (cross)sections) T$= @ =/22 ('ucHling) T$> @ =/>0 (%racture) (=/= in !)
2'('3 #ension
(=) <Ed L <t4(d
(>) <pl4(d @ Af&.T$2 gross section
(3) <u4(d @ 2/1Anetfu.T$> bolt holes
EN 1993-1-5: 6'13((" %or e#ual angle leg or une#ual angle connected b& its larger leg Aeff
@ Agross
EN 1993-1-5: 3'17'3((" <u4(d formulae for resistance of angle connected through one
leg using =4> or 3U bolts
2'('6 1o$*ression
(=) <Ed L <c4(d
(>) <c4(d @ Af&.T$2 (class =4>43)
Aefff&.T$2 (class F)
Aeff: E< =113)=)0 Clause F/> Aeff is determined b& e3cluding ineffective portion of
section/
2'('& 8ending $o$ent
(=) $Ed L $c4(d
(>) $c4(d @ $pl4(d @ *plf&.T$2 (class =4>)
*el4minf&.T$2 (class 3)
*eff4minf&.T$2 (class F)
(F) %astener holes in tension flange ma& be ignored provided:
Af4net 2/1fu. T$> K Af f&. T$2
2'('2 S!ear
(=) 8Ed L 8c4(d
(>) 8pl4(d @ Av(f&.P3).T$2
(3) I section Av @ A >btf U (tw U >r)tf but not less than Vhwtw
(?) Shear bucHling if hw.tw G D>R.V
V ma& be conservativel& taHen as =
E<=113)=)0 Clause 0/= <ote >: V @ =/> up to and including SF?24 otherwise =
2'('5 8ending and s!ear
(>) 8Ed L 2/08pl4(d no effect on $c4(d
(3) (educed moment resistance: reduced design &ield strength (=)W)f&
>
4
=
>

,
_

Rd pl
Ed
V
V

2'('9 8ending and a9ial force

?/>/1/= Class = and > cross)sections
(F) A3ial force can be ignored:
&& a3is: if <Ed L 2/>0<pl4(d and <Ed L 2/0hwtwf&.T$2
:: a3is: if <Ed L hwtwf&.T$2
(0) 8alues of reduced moment capacities: $<4&4(d4 $<4:4(d
(?) =
4 4
4
4 4
4

1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

Rd z N
Ed z
Rd y N
Ed y
M
M
M
M
Conservative alternative for all sections: ?/>/= (D)
=
4
4
4
4
+ +
Rd z
Ed z
Rd y
Ed y
Rd
Ed
M
M
M
M
N
N
E# ?/>
As bucHling is generall& critical and will XoverrideY E#/ ?/>4 the more e3act e#uations in
?/>/1 need not generall& be considered/
2'3 8uc:ling resistance of $e$bers
Elastic bucHling theor& (Euler)
<cr @ Z
>
EI.l
>
for ideal strut
"his value is modified b& various imperfections:
,eometric imperfections (initial curvature)
Eccentricit& of loading
(esidual stresses (XlocHed)inY due to differential cooling)
<on)homogeneit& of material properties
End restraints
"hese are taHen into account in the 7err&)(obertson formula
} {
E y E y
E y
cr


+ +
+ +

>
) > . ) ) = ( ((
>
) = (
EC3 provides solution for this e#uation/ Effectivel& [cr @ ;f&
2'3'1 +nifor$ $e$bers in co$*ression
?/3/=/= 'ucHling resistance
(=) <Ed L <b4(d
(3) <b4(d @ ;Af&. T$= (class =4>43)
;Aefff&. T$= (class F)
?/3/=/> 'ucHling curves
(=)
> >
=

(but L =)
[ ]
> >
) > / 2 ( = 0 4 2 + +
cr
y
N
Af

(class =4>43)
cr
y eff
N
f A

(class F)
J: imperfection factor ("able ?/=) ("able ?/>)
<cr: Elastic critical bucHling load
; (chi) can also be obtained from %igure ?/F
(F) If > / 2 ( cr Ed
N N 2F / 2
) bucHling effects can be ignored
?/3/=/3 Slenderness for fle3ural bucHling
fcr @ <cr.A @ Z
>
EI.Al
>
@ Z
>
EAi
>
.Al
>
@ Z
>
E.\
>
-etting fcr @ f& limiting slenderness \= @ Z (E.f&)
2/0
@ 93.9
\ @ -cr.i:
: non-dimensional slenderness (raio of ac!al slenderness o slenderness a "o!ndary
"e#een yieldin$ and elasic "!c%lin$& ' Z(E.fcr)
2/0
. (Z(Ef&)
2/0
) @ (f&.fcr)
2/0
@
(?/3/=/F "orsional and torsional)fle3ural bucHling)
cr
y
N
Af
=

2'3'( +nifor$ $e$bers in bending
'eam behaviour analogous to column behaviour
'eam subIect to e#ual moments at each end
0 / 2
>
>
>
>
1
]
1

+
z
cr
z
#
cr
z
cr
E(
)( *
(
(
*
E(
M

"his is e3panded to:

$ $
z
cr
z
#
# cr
z
cr
z + z +
E(
)( *
(
(
%
%
*
E(
+ M
>
0 / 2
>
> >
>
>
>
>
=

1
1
]
1

+ +

,
_

for other load

situations/
C=4 C>4 H4 Hw: constants
:g: Eccentricit& of load relative to centroid of beam (destabili:ing load)
C=: depends on moment diagram
H4 Hw: depend on support conditions (generall& =)
C>: does not appl& when :g @ 2 (non destabili:ing loads)
7rogram to calculate $cr can be downloaded from http:..www/cticm/eu.
"he results for bucHling and lateral torsional bucHling are similar to those in 'S0102
(Anne3 C bucHling (e,ac&4 Anne3 ' lateral torsional bucHling)
2'3'('1 8uc:ling resistance
(=) $Ed L $b4(d
(3) $b4(d @ ;-"*&f&.T$=
*& @ *pl4& (class =4>) *& @ *el4& (class 3) *& @ *eff4& (class F)
2'3'('( Lateral torsional buc:ling cur-es General case
(=)
> >
=
*- *- *-
*-

(but L =)
( ) [ ]
> >
> / 2 = 0 4 2
*- *- *- *-
+ +
cr
y y
*-
M
f .

J-": imperfection factor ("able ?/3) ("able ?/F)
(3) ;-" can also be obtained from %igure ?/F
(F) If F / 2
*-
( cr Ed
M M =? / 2
) bucHling effects can be ignored
<CCI S<22>a: Simplified assessment of
= =
1 / 2
=

z
*-
+

where \: @ -cr.i:4 \= @ ZP(E.f&)

C= ($4]$)
] = /D0 /0 />0 2 )/>0 )/0 )/D0 )=
C= =/222 =/=F= =/3>3 =/0?3 =/BD1 >/>B= >/D2F >/1>D >/D0>
C= @ =/BB =/F] U 2/0 ]
>
(C= L >/D2)
] pinned4 udl fi3ed4 udl pinned4 central 7 fi3ed4 central 7 pinned4 >7 (^ pt/)
C= =/=3> =/>B0 =/3?0 =/0?0 =/2F?
2'3'('3 Lateral torsional buc:ling cur-es for rolled sections or e,ui-alent ;elded
sections
(=) %or members in bending (beams)
> >
=
*- *- *-
*-

(but L = and L
>
=
*-

)
[ ]
>
2 4
>
) ( = 0 4 2
*- *- *- *- *-
+ +
F / 2
2 4

*-
D0 / 2
J-": imperfection factor ("able ?/3) ("able ?/0)
(>) ;-"4mod @ ;-".f (L =)
[ ]
>
) B / 2 ( 2 / > = = ( 0 / 2 =
*- c
% f (L =) Hc: "able ?/?
/.3.0.3 !sed for rolled secions of 1sandard2 dimensions
/.3.0.0 can "e !sed for all secions incl!din$ plae $irders ("i$$er han 1sandard2
secions&3 casellaed and cell!lar "eams
2'3'3 +nifor$ $e$bers in bending and co$*ression
%or Class =4>43 sections4 E#uations ?/?= and ?/?> reduce to:
=
4 4
4
4
4
4 4
+ +
Rd z c
Ed 4
yz
Rd "
Ed y
yy
Rd y "
Ed
M
M
%
M
M
%
N
N
?/?=
=
4 4
4
4
4
4 4
+ +
Rd z c
Ed 4
zz
Rd "
Ed y
zy
Rd z "
Ed
M
M
%
M
M
%
N
N
?/?>
Anne3 A is more precise (%rench)'elgian)
Anne3 ' is easier to use (Austrian),erman)
"able '/3:
If ] @= (uniform moment in column no lateral load on column) Cm& @ Cm: @ Cm-" @ =
If ] @2 ($ varies from 2 to $ma3 no lateral load on column) Cm& @ Cm: @ Cm-" @ 2/?
$embers susceptible to torsional deformations:
("able '/>. "able '/=) ( F / 2 <
z
) (I sections)
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

Rd z "
Ed
m*- Rd z "
Ed
m*-
z
zy
N
N
+ N
N
+
MA5 %
4 4 4 4
) >0 / (
= / 2
= 4
) >0 / 2 (
= / 2
=

1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

+
yRd "
Ed
my
Rd y "
Ed
y my yy
N
N
+
N
N
+ M(N %
4 4 4
B / 2 = 4 ) > / 2 ( =
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+
Rd z "
Ed
mz
Rd z "
Ed
z mz zz
N
N
+
N
N
+ M(N %
4 4 4 4
F / = = 4 ) ? / 2 > ( =
H&: @ 2/?H:: H:& @ 2/?H&&
%or columns in simple construction < generall& dominates4 C sections are less liHel& to
bucHle about && a3is _ E#uation ?/?> liHel& to be critical/
As < dominates4 H values can be chosen conservativel&
Access Steel (S<2FBb)E<),') suggests H:&@ =4 H::@ =/0 (conservativel&)
= 0 / =
4 4
4
4
4
4 4
+ +
Rd z c
Ed 4
Rd "
Ed y
Rd z "
Ed
M
M
M
M
N
N
< Ser-iceabilit% li$it states
9eflections to be agreed with client 'S0102 values proposed in ! <ational Anne3
Cantilever: -ength.=B2
'eams carr&ing plaster or other brittle finish: Span.3?2
`ther beams: Span.>22
+ori:ontal deflection limits also provided
EN 1993-1-5 Design of =oints
"able >/= 7artial safet& factors for Ioints
'olts4 7lates in bearing4 *elds T$> @ =/>0 (!: =/0 for grade F/?)
Slip resistance at sls T$34ser @ =/=
7reload of high strength bolts T$D @ =/=
>/0 9esign Assumptions (=) 6oints should be designed on the basis of a realistic
assumption of the distribution of internal forces and moments/ (denify a load pah
hro!$h he 6oin and chec% 1all lin%s in chain2.
>/D Eccentricit& at connections
"able 3/= 'olt strength f&4 fu
3 Connections made with bolts4 rivets or pins
3/=/> 7reloaded bolts
"able 3/>
'earing: %v4Ed L %v4(d %v4Ed L %b4(d
Slip (sls): %v4Ed4ser L %v4(d4ser %v4Ed L %v4(d %v4Ed L %b4(d (use grade B/B or =2/1)
"ension: Include pr&ing action
"able 3/3 End4 edge distances (e) Spacings (p) (d7 8 "ol hole diameer&
e=4 p=: 7arallel to load e>4 p>: 7erpendicular to load
3/?/= (>) 7reload in bolts: %p4Cd @ 2/D fub As . T$D
(=2) Single lap Ioints with one bolt row
(=>) 'olts through pacHing
"able 3/F 9esign resistance
Shear resistance %v4(d @ Jv fub As. T$> Jv @ 2/? or 2/0
'earing resistance %b4(d @ H= ab fu d t. T$>
ab @ $in/ (ad4 fub.fu4 =) end bolts ad @ e=.3do inner bolts ad @ p=.3do 2/>0
H= @ $in/ (>/B e>.do )=/D4 >/0) edge bolts
H= @ $in/ (=/F e>.do )=/D4 >/0) inner bolts
"ension a Combined Shear and "ension also included
3/B -ong Ioints
3/1 9esign slip resistance %s4(d @ (Hsnb)%p4C). T$3
Hs @ = for bolts in normal holes ("able 3/?)
n is the number of friction surfaces
b: slip factor ("able 3/D)
Class A: shot. grit blasted4 spra& metallised with aluminium or :inc based coating
certified to provide a slip factor of 2/0
Class ': shot. grit blasted4 painted with alHali):inc silicate paint to produce a thicHness of
02 B2 bm
Class C: wire brushed or flame cleaned
Class 9: untreated
3/=2/> 9esign for blocH tearing
(>) 8eff4=4(d @ fu Ant . T$> U (=.P3)f& Anv. T$2 E# 3/1
(3) 8eff4>4(d @ 2/0 fu Ant . T$> U (=.P3)f& Anv. T$2E# 3/=2
Section 6 >elded connections
F/0/> Effective throat thicHness
F/0/3/> 9irectional method
F/0/3/3 Simplified method for the design resistance of fillet weld
(=) %w4Ed L %w4(d
(>) %w4(d @ fvw4d O a a (throat thicHness) @ 2/D leg length
(3) fvw4d @ fu.(P3 Oc O T$>) c: "able F/= (@ 2/B0 for S>D0)
& nal%sis? classification and $odelling
"able 0/= 6oint modelling
2 Structural =oints connecting / or ) sections
"able ?/= 'asic Ioint components
"able ?/> 9esign resistance of a ")stub
1olu$n 8ase *late
?/>/B/>4 %igure ?/=1
?/>/0 E#uivalent ")stub in compression
(3) %C4(d @ fId O beff O leff
(D) fId @ cI %(du. (beff leff) cI @ d
E< =11>)=)= Clause 3/=/? (=) fcd @ Jcc fcH . Tc Jcc @ = Tc @ =/0
<CCI S<23Da fId @ cI O J O fcd (J @ =/0)

,
_

1
1
]
1

>
4 4
2 4
=
4
6d
Ed 6
fc c 6d
Ed 6
c
f
N
" h f
N
MA5 A
-ong proIection. short proIection (when Ac42 E 2/10bh) base plate
Select plate dimensions determine c (%igure ?/F) $in/ outstand: tf
(F)
y
M 6d
p
f
f
c
2
3

< /ollo; Section =oints

EN 1993-1-& Plated structural ele$ents
Section 2 @esistance to trans-erse forces (;eb bearing and buc:ling"
%igure ?/= H%
?/> 9esign resistance %(d @(f&w-efftw). T$= -eff @ ;%l&
?/3 -ength of stiff bearing
?/F (eduction factor ;% @
2 / =
0 / 2

cr
y# # y
9
9
f l

#
#
9 cr
h

E % 9
3
1 / 2
?/0 Effective loaded length
m= @ f&fbf.f&wtw
m> @ 2/2> (hw.tf)
>
if
9
G 2/0 2 if
9
L 2/0
l& is the minimum of:
> = >
>
=
4
>
m m l m

l m
l
f e
f
e
f e
+ + +

,
_

+ +
c s "!
h f
E %
l
s
# y#
# 9
e
+
>
>
?/? 8erification
=
. ) (
=
>

M # eff y#
Ed
* f
9

< )nteraction
:.; (neracion "e#een shear force3 "endin$ momen and a,ial force
D/> Interaction between transverse force4 bending moment and a3ial force
Effecti-e lengt!s
"russ members: E< =113)=)=:
Anne3 ''/=/=: -cr @ - (for chord members)
Anne3 ''/=/>: < < eff
D / 2 30 / 2
4
+
4 y y eff
D / 2 02 / 2
4
+
4 z z eff
D / 2 30 / 2
4
+
$embers in compression ends held in position
'oth ends effectivel& restrained in direction 2/D-
7artiall& restrained in direction at both ends 2/B0-
(estrained in direction at one end 2/B0-
<ot restrained in direction at either end =/2-
$embers in bending compression flange laterall& restrained4 nominal torsional restraint
against rotation about longitudinal a3is at supports (<CCI S<221a)
Su**ort conditions
'oth flanges full& restrained against rotation on plan/ 2/D
Compression flange full& restrained against rotation on plan 2/D0
'oth flanges partiall& restrained against rotation on plan 2/B
Compression flange partiall& restrained against rotation on plan 2/B0
'oth flanges free to rotate on plan =/2
N11) SN77&a: Simple construction assume loads applied at =22 mm from face of
column (flange or web)/ (esulting moment can be distributed between upper and lower
levels in accordance with stiffness/
End Plate N11): SN713? SN716
se full depth end plate if 8Ed G 2/D0 8c4(d
$in/ number of bolts @ 8Ed.D0
7late dimensions
'eam depth tp (mm) bp (mm) Cross)centres (mm)
E 022 mm B4 =2 =02 12
G 022 mm =2 >22 =F2
*eld si:e (S>D0):
'eam web (mm) 1 => =0
"hroat (mm) F 0/0 D
-eg length (mm) ? B =2
'olts in shear: Shear resistance multiplied b& 2/B to account for presence of some tension
in bolts
End plate in shear (gross section): Shear resistance divided b& =/>D to allow for bending
moment in plate
*eld design: Shear resistance divided b& =/>D to allow for bending moment in plate
End plate in shear (blocH shear): ma& need to consider 8eff4=4(d (3/=2/> (>)) and 8eff4>4(d
(3/=2/> (3))
End plate in bending when bolt cross)centre distance is large4 bending in plate reduces
shear resistance
'eam web in shear to be checHed for depth @ plate depth
*eld design a K 2/31tw4b=
9uctilit& re#uirements:
p y
!"
p
f
f d

4
B / >