Eee 306 Lab Documents

1
EEE 306
Power System I Laboratory
Experiment 1
Study of the transmission line models
Objective:
To study the characteristics of a transmission line at no-load and full-load.
To construct the models of short, medium and long transmission lines and
evaluate their performance in terms of voltage regulation, transmission efficiency
etc.

Introduction:

Electric power has three major areas of interest:
a) Power generation
b) Power transmission
c) Power utilization

The experiment is concerned with the transmission of power between a source (power
generator) and a remotely located load (power utilization).

Theory:

A transmission line has four parameters R, L, C and G distributed uniformly along the
whole length of the line. The resistance, R and inductance, L form the series impedance.
The capacitance, C and conductance, G existing between conductors and/or neutral form
shunt paths throughout the length of the line. Depending on the length of the line,
transmission lines are classified as

I. Short transmission line: When the length of a transmission line up to 80 km, it is
usually considered as a short transmission line. Due to smaller length, the shunt
paths can be neglected. The short length line model is shown below.

Z =zl
Load
~
Gen
+
-
V
s

I
s

I
L

+
-
V
L

2
where,
r = series resistance per unit length(m) per phase;
L = inductance per unit length(m) per phase;
C = shunt capacitance per unit length(m) per phase;
z =r +j L =series impedance per unit length(m) per phase;
l = length of the transmission line;

II. Medium transmission line: When the length of the transmission line is about 80-240
km, it is considered as a medium transmission line.
Medium length line( ) model:

where,
y = shunt admittance per unit length(m) per phase to neutral
Y = yl =j C

l =total shunt admittance per phase to neutral

III. Long transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is more than 240
km, it is considered as a long transmission line.
Long line model:

sinh Z l
l

Load
V
s

I
L

+
-
V
L

2
Y

I
s

-
2
Y

Z =zl
Load
V
s

I
L

+
-
V
L

2
Y

2
Y

~
Gen
+
-
I
s

~
+
Gen
3
where ,
tanh( )
2
2 2
( )
2
l
Y Y
l
and = zy =propagation constant.

Typical arrangement of a double line three phase transmission line is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. : Typical arrangement of conductors of a parallel-circuit three phase line

The transmission line parameters are

r =0.0962 /km at 50 Hz

L =6.13 x 10
-7
H/m per phase

C
n
=6.3462 x 10
-12
F/m per phase to neutral

We will use these values to model a l =208 km transmission line using short, medium
and long transmission line model.

Note: The ratio of the actual transmission line and simulated model parameters are

Voltage ratio: 500
Current ratio: 1000
Power ratio: 500000

10
/
10
/
18
/
18
/
21
/
a
a
/
b
/
c
/
b
c
4
Procedure:

1. Calculate the circuit parameters of the above-mentioned transmission line using
short and medium line models.

Table 1 : Parameters of the transmission line models

Type of the
model
Series
resistance, R
Inductive
impedance, X
L
Shunt
admittance, Y
short length
line

Medium length
line

2. Construct the equivalent circuit of the transmission line using short length line
model as shown in Fig. 2.

Use load of 400.

Measure the voltages of source and load end voltages and currents at no-load and
full-load conditions. Calculate the values of line voltage drop, voltage regulation,
line loss, transmission efficiency and sending end power factor.

Table 2 : Calculation for short length model

Loading
condition

V
s

I
s

V
L

I
L
voltage
drop

Voltage
regulation
Line
loss
efficiency Sending
end pf
No-load

Full-load

~
Voltage
source
230V, 50 Hz

I
s

V
s
R + j X
L
A A
V V
I
L

V
L
Load
5

3. Repeat step 2 for medium length model keeping the same load current obtained in
the short line model.

Table 3 : Calculation for medium length model

Loading
condition

V
s

I
s

V
L

I
L
voltage
drop

Voltage
regulation
Line
loss
efficiency Sending
end pf
No-load

Full-load

Report:

1. Calculate the voltage regulation, line loss and sending end power factor for the
same load using long transmission line model.
2. Give comparison of the voltage regulation obtained using the three different
models? What is the limitation of modeling a long transmission line using a short
line model?
Power System Laboratory, Dept. of EEE, BUET
Pslab05/labsheet/January2001/experiment4.doc Page 1 of 3
EEE 306: Power System l Sessional

Expt. No. 2
Load flow Study of a Power System

Introduction

The performance of a power system in steady state condition is of primary importance
for utility agencies. Given a specified load condition, the basic question to be
answered are:

What are the line and transformer loads throughout the system?
What are the voltages throughout the system?

We are particularly interested in answering these questions as we evaluate proposed
changes in an existing system such as:

New generation sites
Projected load growth
New transmission line

Load flow solution of a system provides these essential information.

Objectives

In this experiment, load flow study for a 7-bus system will be made. CYMEPSAF
software will be used for this purpose.

Application of the software to be used

Follow the steps described bellow:

Open the software PSAF 2.81
From file menu, select the new study. Then select tabular format or one-line
option to study the network.
From Database menu select New Blank Database Directory to create your own
database.
From File menu, set preferences to identify the path of database and network.
Complete the network by sing either tabular format or one-line format.

Studies on a 7-BUS system

1. Following the steps described earlier, create network shown in figure.

#1 #2 #4 #3

T12 T34

T56

#5 #6 #7

Fig 4.1 : Single line diagram of a 7-bus system
Line Data:

ID KV level Ampacity1 R1 X1 B1
Tag (/Unit length) (/Unit length) ( Siemens/Unit length)

L1 132 800 0.4 2.4 155.5

Fixed tap transformer Data:

ID Nominal MVA Primary Secondary Pos. Seq. X/R Max Load (MVA)
Tag KV KV Z (PU)

T12 400 11 132 0.015 12.5 400
T34 500 11 132 0.012 12.0 500
T56 250 11 132 0.024 12.0 250

Generator Data:

ID Type Rated Rated Active Max. MVAR Min. MVAR
Tag KV MVA Generation
G1 SWING 11.0 650 - - -

G3 VOLTAGE 11.0 750 500 400 -300
CONTRILLED
G5 VOLTAGE 11.0 400 200 140 -100
CONTRILLED

Line connections and their lengths

From To Line Type Length(km)
Bus Bus
2 6 L1 10
4 7 L1 10
2 4 L1 6.52
6 7 L1 6.52

G1
G5
G3
BUS Information:

BUS Bus Base PL QL
No. Name KV (MW) (MVAR)
1 B1 11.0 0.0 0.0
2 B2 132.0 200.0 30.0
3 B3 11.0 60.0 8.0
4 B4 132.0 200.0 20.0
5 B5 11.0 50.0 5.0
6 B6 132.0 100.0 30.0
7 B7 132.0 200.0 50.0

2. From the output of the CYMEPSAF the voltage, power, voltage angle of various
buses will be known. You have to find out different problems from the results.
You have to determine what to do in order to improve this condition. You can use
capacitor bank at various buses to improve voltage. You can also use additional
lines to improve overloaded condition, it may also improve the bus voltage.
3. Add a new generator having capacity of 200 MW connected through a transformer
of appropriate rating at bus 7. Repeat the whole exercise with the changed
network configuration.

Report:

1. Submit the all the output reports.
2. Give your comments on the reports.
3. Describe your measures in improving the low voltage conditions. Provide the data
you used and consequent results you obtained.
4. Describe similar measure(s) you took for improving overloaded line conditions.
5. Describe results you obtained while adding a new generator.

Edited by-
Nahid-Al-Masood
Lecturer, EEE, BUET

Power System Laboratory, Department of EEE, BUET
EEE 306
Power System I Laboratory
Experiment -3

Study of Microprocessor Controlled Power Factor Improvement
(PFI) Plant
Introduction:

For fixed power and voltage, the load current is inversely proportional to the power
factor. Lower the power factor, higher the load current and vice-versa. At lower
power factor the KVA rating of the equipment has to be increased, making the
equipment larger and expensive. Moreover, if an amount of power is distributed at
low power factor line losses increases and also to cater for greater current conductor
size has to be increased Therefore, low power factor is not allowed in supply systems.

The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the industrial loads are
inductive and therefore take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor,
some devices taking lagging current should be connected in parallel with the load.
One of such device could be capacitance. In this experiment, study will be made on a
PFI plant controlled by a microprocessor activated relay where capacitor bank
switches are turned ON or OFF according to the power factor such that nearly unity
power factor is achieved.

Features of the microprocessor controller:

The reactive and active portions of power are continuously calculated within the
control relay using the measured value of the supply voltage and current.

In the case of lagging power factor one or more control contacts of the control relay
are closed after an adjustable time delay.

This causes the controller to switch capacitor in steps, as and when required, in order
to achieve the programmed target power factor. If the inductive reactive current
portion of the load is reduced, the excess of reactive current causes the capacitors to
be switched off. The control relay allows a variety of possible settings to meet the
condition on site.

Procedure:

1. Connect the load with the PFI plant and arrange the supply for the combination.
2. Examine the wiring inside the PFI plant. Also notice the connections of the
microprocessor relay. Draw the connection diagram of the complete set-up.
3. Vary the load and observe the switching of the capacitors. Also notice the overall
power factor.

Connection Diagram:

N
L 1
L 2
L 3
3 Pase CB
CT
L 2 L 3
Megnatic
Contructor
Megnatic
Contructor
Megnatic
Contructor
CT
Ratio -2:1
MC.Coil -1
MC .Coil -2
MC .Coil -3
MC-1 MC-2 MC-3Common
Microprossor Controlled
Unit
Fuse
Fuse
(R)
(L)
Variabl e
Inducti ve l oad
Fi xed Resi sti ve
Load
Mi croprocessor Contorll ed Power
Factor Improvement Plant( PFI)
C=17.5 Mfd
C=35 Mfd
C=52.5 Mfd

4. For each set of load, take reading of the load currents, overall power factor, serial
no. of capacitor switched on according to the format below.

Resistive current:
Inductive current:
Total current:
Observation
no
Total Current
(Load )
PF ( COS) Ind/Cap -C/+C
Indicator Lamp

# 1 # 2 # 3

5. Manual operation:

Press the button to switch to the manual mode. The man LED would

start to blink. Press the or the buttons for at least 10 seconds to

increase or decrease system capacitance. Press the button again to
switch to automatic operation mode.

Report:

1. Explain the connection diagram.
2. Explain the operation of PFI plant.
3. An industry has a maximum load of 200KVA. The minimum load of the
industry is half of its rated load. It is assumed that the reactive power
requirement of the industry is 40% of its KVA demand. A -P based PFI-
plant provide with a fixed base compensation together with variable
compensation. The targeted power factor is 0.95. You have a 6-step switching
module to switch on/off the capacitances. Design the switching sequences and
the KVAR steps for optimum pf control. What would be the worst scenario
with this system.

auto
man
I
w
+
I
w
--
auto
man
Pslab05/labsheet/January2001/experiment6.doc Page1 of 6 1

EEE 306: Power System I Laboratory

Experiment. No. 4
Short Circuit Study for a Test Network
Introduction
The normal operating mode of a power system is balanced three-phase ac. A number of
undesirable but unavoidable incidents can temporarily disrupt this condition. If the
insulation of the system should fail at any point, or if a conducting object should come in
contact with a bare power conductor, a short circuit or fault is said to occur. The
causes of faults are many: - they include lighting, wind damage, trees falling across lines,
vehicles colliding with towers or poles, birds shorting out lines, small animals Entering
switching gear. Power system faults may be categorized as one of four types in order of
frequency of occurrence: single line to ground, line to line, double line to ground, and
balanced three phases. The first three types constitute severe unbalanced operating
conditions.
It is important to determine the values of system voltages and currents during faulted
conditions so that protective devices may be set to detect and minimize the harmful
effects of such contingencies. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the power system
operating in unbalanced modes. The time constants of associated transients are such that
sinusoidal steady state methods may still be used. The method of symmetrical component
is admirably suited to unbalanced system analysis.

System Configuration & Data
The single line diagram of the test network is shown in the figure 4.1. It comprises of 2
generators connected to 3 load buses through transformers.

Figure 4.1: Single line diagram of the test network.

G
1
G
2
1
2
3 4
5
6
T43
T65

Use the following tables to construct the network.
Bus Data:
Bus No. Bus Name Base kV Operating kV
1 B1 69 69
2 B2 13.8 13.8
3 B3 13.8 13.8
4 B4 69 69
5 B5 13.8 13.8
6 B6 69 69

Transformer Data:
ID
Tag
Primary
kV
Secondary
kV
Rating
(MVA)
Z
1

(p.u.)
X
1
/R
1
Z
0

(p.u.)
X
0
/R
0
Standard
Loading
Limit
(MVA)
Connection
type
T43 69 13.8 100 0.133 13.3 0.133 13.3 100 Yg-D
T65 69 13.8 100 0.3 30 0.3 30 100 Yg-D

Generator Data:
ID
Tag
Rated
kV
Rated
MVA
Active
generation
(MW)
R
//

(p.u.)
X
//
(p.u.)
R
/

(p.u.)
X
/

(p.u.)
R
(p.u.)
X
(p.u.)
Winding
connection
G1 69 100 0 0.01 0.085 0.01 0.12 1.20 0.00005 D
G2 13.8 50 10 0.005 0.075 0.005 0.12 1.20 0.008 Yg

Here G1 is swing generator and G2 is fixed generation generator.

Line Data:
ID Tag kV level Loading
limit
(Amps)
R
1
(ohm/km) X
1
(ohm/km) B
1
(micro
siemens/km)
Length
(km)
L14 69 800 0.4 2.4 155.5 10
L16 69 800 0.4 2.4 155.5 5
L32 13.8 800 0.4 2.4 155.5 5
L52 13.8 800 0.4 2.4 155.5 7


Load Data:
ID Tag P (MW) Q (MVAR)
LOAD3 10 5
LOAD5 10 2
LOAD6 20 4

Studies:
From the study menu, select Fault selected buses and solve the network for
LLL, LG, LL, and LLG faults and monitor the necessary parameters.

Sliding fault on lines:

The following studies are to be carried out.

Line ID Fault
location, %
Fault type
L14 5 LLL, LG, LL, LLG


Note:
First ring contribution
The first ring contributions are fault currents from links adjacent to the fault bus.

Figure 4.2: First ring contribution.

Report:
1. Explain all the results that you have obtained from the experiment.
2. Choose the rating of circuit breakers for the lines connected to a bus on which faults
have been simulated.

Reference
1. Elements of Power System Analysis William D. Stevenson

Prepared by-
Nahid-Al-Masood
Lecturer, EEE, BUET
1
St
ring bus 1
St
ring bus
1
St
ring bus
fault
EEE 306
Experiment 5
Study of BUET Power Plant and Sub-station

Objective

The objective of this study is to get an exposure to a realistic small power plant and LT substation.

Introduction

BUET has a small (2 MW) power plant and its own distribution network and sub-stations to meet its
electrical energy demand. The power plant is located at West Palasy campus of BUET and uses gas
as its primary source of energy. The power plant supplies electricity to three sub-stations through
under ground cable at 11 kV. The sub-stations distributes to each building, pump, street lighting at
230 V.

The peak demand of BUET campus at present is 1750 kW. The power plant supplies electrical
energy to BUET campus from early morning till mid-night and from mid-night till early morning
electrical energy is taken from the DESA distribution system. The changeover is done automatically
by Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS) located at each sub-station.

Figure 1 shows in block diagram the layout for the BUET electricity generation and distribution
system.

Figure 1. Block diagram of BUET power generation and distribution system

Power Plant

The BUET power plant consists of two 1 MW gas turbine generators and very soon another 2 MW
generator will be incorporated in the system. The plant is fully automated with control and
monitoring panels. It has protection system for generator overload and underload, generator short
circuit, high radiator temperature, low gas pressure etc. The plant has noise suppressor to reduce
noise.
BUET Power Plant
ATS ATS ATS ATS ATS
Main SS
(Panel 1)
Main SS
(Panel 1)
Main SS
(Panel 1)
NI Hall SS Rashid Hall
SS
11 kV Underground cable
DESA 11 kV
Feeder
Sub-station

All BUET substations consists of mainly the following components:
1. Step down transformer
2. Incoming and outgoing feeders
3. HT and LT panel
4. Circuit breaker
5. Automatic Transfer Switch
6. Relays
7. Metering instruments (CT, PT and meter)
Record the following readings
1. Record all incoming and outgoing feeder data for the power plant and Panel-3 at the main
substation in a table as shown below.
Table for feeder data record
Date and
Time
Feeder
name
Incoming/
Outgoing
Voltage,
V
Current,
A
Power,
kW
pf

2. Record the ratings of transformer, ATS, LT panel, PFI, circuit breaker at the power plant and at
the main sub-station and at Rashid Hall sub-station.

Report
1. Calculate the total current and power from the outgoing feeders and compare it with the
incoming feeder readings.
2. Draw the complete system of the BUET power plant using block diagram.
3. Describe briefly the power plant protection system.

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and = zy =propagation constant.

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